Grapes of Wrath. The structure and nature of multiethnicity in the Russian Federation

07.08.2024 -

Among Russian regions, the most tense interethnic situation has developed in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Stavropol Territory, and the republics of Dagestan and Tatarstan. Such data are presented in a study conducted by employees of the Center for the Study of National Conflicts and the Club of Regions from September 2013 to March 2014.

According to experts, a total of 570 “ethnically motivated actions” occurred in Russia during this period. This category includes a wide range of actions - from posting xenophobic content on the Internet to mass clashes with the use of weapons and death.

Experts state that the global trend - the demographic pressure of the poor agricultural south on the industrial and richer north - is also manifested in Russia. Global Islamization directly affects the ethnocultural situation in Russian regions, and not only Muslim ones.

Researchers have identified the following factors of interethnic tension: uncontrolled migration; socio-economic depression, leading to a “search for the guilty” and xenophobia; lack of a clear national policy; the related problem of the population’s lack of awareness of the real situation and the lack of a culture of interethnic communication; confrontation between elites and clans against the backdrop of high levels of corruption and mass poverty in a number of national republics; low responsibility of the media, which often stir up conflicts; and, finally, the spread of the ideas of radical Islam and the activity of other states.

Most experts unanimously identify Dagestan as one of the most problematic regions. In addition to this, Chechnya, Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, and Kalmykia are also named as regions with a very difficult situation. The “smoldering” North Caucasus has a negative impact on nearby regions, primarily the Stavropol and Rostov regions. As for the Volga region, experts characterize it as “an independent hotbed of tension.” The “risk zone” also includes several regions of Siberia, where the spread of radical Islam among visitors could be a destabilizing factor, and the Far East, where the presence of migrants and seasonal workers from China is a serious problem.

“Mass unrest in Pugachev, Biryulyovo and other regions showed that it is impossible to overcome inter-ethnic hatred by promoting the friendship of peoples alone,” point out the authors of the study with the catchy title “The Grapes of Wrath.” “In the absence of a state policy of “active intervention,” the ideological vacuum is intensively filled by various organizations, including those professing destructive, antisocial ideas. It must be remembered that nationalist ideas are largely abstract in nature, so fighting organizations alone will not give the desired effect. Involving young people in the regions in socially useful projects is becoming not a good wish, but a vital means of reducing the risk of spontaneous social eruptions,” experts emphasize.

Experts predict that if existing conditions continue (state ethnic policy, migration dynamics, and so on), interethnic tension in the regions of Russia will only increase. At the same time, in many regions, interethnic tension is latent in nature and can turn into a spontaneous protest under the influence of a high-profile crime involving visitors.

Kireev Kh. Interethnic conflicts in Russia: origins and solutions//Power. 2007. No. 10. Panarin S. Conflicts in Transcaucasia: positions of the parties, prospects for settlement, possible contribution of Russia // Power. 2008. No. 4.

References

Baranova G.V., Alekhin E.I. Formation of social tension in the regions of the Russian Federation. Methodology for analyzing and forecasting social tension // Vestnik VSU, series: linguistics and intercultural communication. 2007. No. 2
Zhovtun D. T. Multi-ethnic Russia tested by conflicts//Bulletin of the Vladimir Law Institute. 2008. No. 4.
Kireev H. Interethnic conflicts in Russia: origins and solutions//Power. 2007. No. 10.
Panarin S. Conflicts in Transcaucasia: positions of the parties, prospects for settlement, possible contribution of Russia // Power. 2008. No. 4
Savchenko I. V. Assessment of the growth of interethnic tension in Russia using the example of the Stavropol Territory//Bulletin of SamSU. 2007. No. 5.

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It is not necessary to pay obligatory duties to protect the life and health of children (Article 137 CC).

ST 137

Whose evil is without a middle object There are also mortuary containers, which are used to protect the health and life of the individual. The qualification of the action taken depends on patient, which is a child (not of age), a person who has not reached the 18th century.

Objective side evil (part 1 of article 137 CC) includes the following signs: 1) act unforgivable or inappropriate forfeiture of the special ones of their professional and service obligations for the protection of life and health of minors; 2) inheritance from the view causing real harm to the health of the victim; 3) causal link between activities and inheritances.

The harm ends the moment it causes real harm to the victim’s health.

Subject –special(a person who has professional and service obligations to protect the life and health of minors).

Subjective side malice is characterized by an unguarded form of guilt.

Qualifying marks evil (part 2 of article 137 CC) є causing death to a minor or other serious consequences. Herself death minors may occur through other circumstances (for example, as a result of a fight with a classmate or minor activities of the day-care workers, where children were involved, the behavior of which can be controlled by the guardian), and also through fall from grace (for example, drowning or falling from height) or self-destruction . To other heavy inheritances It is necessary to ensure that the victim receives severe or moderate bodily harm, and then the loss of his or her safety.

Response Plan:

1. Northern Caucasus: background tension and latent conflict in Dagestan, secession conflict in the Chechen Republic, Ossetian-Ingush conflict, conflict in Karachay-Cherkessia, problem of integration of the Circassians.

2. The Urals and the Volga region: background tension and latent conflict in Tatarstan and Bashkortostan.

3. Siberia: latent conflict potential in Tyva, Sakha (Yakutia), Buryatia.

4. Russian Far East: the problem of Chinese and Korean immigration.

The most difficult zone where military operations took place and continue to this day is the North Caucasus. A special feature of this region is its extremely difficult socio-economic situation.

The following reasons for conflict can be identified:

Large number of refugees in Dagestan, Ingushetia, and North Ossetia leads to increased unemployment, social tension, and crime.

Social contradictions in the North Caucasian republics have been felt since the 70s. By 1989, in North Ossetia, the share of specialists with higher education among Ossetians and Russians was almost equal (see causes of conflicts). Trained specialists were not always able to find work in their specialty.

Under these conditions the desire of national elites to actually come to power in the wake of the disintegrating USSR, it became a factor of ethnopolitical tension. However, since we are talking about a multi-ethnic region (there are republics with two titular nations, there is no titular nation in Dagestan), contradictions arose not only with the Russian ethnic group, but also between the Caucasian peoples.

Complicating the situation in the region and traces of deportations, the desire of ethnic groups to restore their statehood and autonomy. The crippled past gives rise to frustration among significant groups of people.

In addition, interethnic tensions are used by a number of leaders of the republics to maintain power. Elites have great influence on the population, as they rely on traditional institutions and ideas, as well as the low political culture of the population.

Predominantly non-violent conflict actions; isolated unrelated cases of ethnically motivated violence

Adygea, Altai region, Arkhangelsk region, Buryatia, Transbaikal region, Irkutsk region, Kaluga region, Kamchatka region, Karelia, Kemerovo region, Kirov region, Komi, Kurgan region, Kursk region, Mordovia, Murmansk region, Novgorod region, Primorsky region, Pskov region region, Ryazan region, Tver region, Tula region, Udmurtia, Chuvashia, Yaroslavl region

No recorded conflicting actions or several online actions; absence of proven violence based on ethnicity

Amur Region, Belgorod Region, Bryansk Region, Vologda Region, Jewish Autonomous Okrug, Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Kaliningrad Region, Kalmykia, Karachay-Cherkessia, Kostroma Region, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Magadan Region, Mari El, Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Orenburg Region, Oryol Region , Penza region, Altai Republic, Sakhalin region, North Ossetia, Smolensk region, Tambov region, Tuva, Tyumen region, Ulyanovsk region, Khakassia, Chechnya, Chukotka, Yakutia, Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

Analysis of interethnic tensions in Russian regions

Russian society remains divided socially, ideologically, culturally and nationally. In 2013 the problem of interethnic relations came to the fore. Mass unrest in Pugachev, Biryulyovo and other cities showed that it is impossible to overcome inter-ethnic hatred by promoting the friendship of peoples alone.

The problem of separatism has been replaced by a new threat - the growth of xenophobia and related extremist ideologies. Currently, the growth of interethnic tension is noted by all the experts interviewed, and it is obvious that a thorough study of this phenomenon and long work to relieve tension and prevent conflicts are necessary.

Our monitoring of open sources showed that, in total, since September 1, 2013. to March 20, 2014 in Russia there were 570 ethnically motivated conflict actions of varying degrees of intensity (from posting xenophobic content on the Internet to mass clashes with the use of weapons and deaths). We can predict: if the effectiveness of state ethnic policy remains at the same low level, interethnic tension in society will grow, and the geography of conflicts will expand.

Protest sentiments caused by socio-economic problems, imperfect political systems, and corruption are increasingly expressed in the form of nationalism, including radical ones. Meanwhile, the federal center actually shifts responsibility onto the regions and municipalities, demanding that they prevent manifestations of xenophobia. Locally, the task is considered difficult to achieve. An indicative situation is that there are no applicants for the position of responsible for interethnic relations introduced in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The problem requires in-depth study and flexible response to challenges that are global in nature. The global trend - the demographic pressure of the poor agricultural South on the industrial and richer North - is repeated in Russia. Global Islamization directly affects the ethnocultural situation in Russian regions, and not only Muslim ones.

The transborder nature and efficiency of online media and the blogosphere deprive local officials of the opportunity to “hush up” an interethnic conflict or present it as an everyday one. The only way to avoid escalating the situation and escalating it into a social explosion is through intelligent decisions made taking into account public sentiment.

Russian March 2012

Main factors of inter-ethnic tension

Experts have identified the following factors of interethnic tension:

uncontrolled migration;
socio-economic depression, leading to a “search for the guilty” and xenophobia;
lack of a clear national policy;
the related problem of the population’s lack of awareness of the real situation and the lack of a culture of interethnic communication;
confrontation between elites and clans against the backdrop of high levels of corruption and mass poverty in a number of national republics;
low responsibility of the media, which often stir up conflicts;
the spread of radical Islam and the activity of other states.

Most of these factors are general, some have regional specifics. Let us take a closer look at some of the problems related to the growth of interethnic conflicts.

Changing ratio of ethnic groups

Experts note that an increase in the number of a particular non-indigenous ethnic group is not necessarily a factor of tension, but unregulated migration leads to an increase in crime and the displacement of the local population from a number of areas of activity, which, of course, causes a negative reaction from them. Under these conditions, the most acute situation has developed in the southern regions.

Photo: Konstantin Chalabov / RIA Novosti

Also at risk are regions and individual cities with a high standard of living, regardless of geographic location (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tyumen region, Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets districts, etc.), regions attractive for educational migration (Tomsk and Novosibirsk region, Primorsky Territory), “transit regions” (Stavropol Territory, through which the migration flow is sent to Central Russia).

Experts point to the Kaluga region as a positive example, where, despite the high influx of migrants, there is no aggravation of interethnic relations yet. This is explained primarily by the isolated residence of guest workers in specially created workers’ camps.

Thus, in conditions of insufficiently effective state policy, a change in the numerical ratio of ethnic groups in regional society can be considered a factor in the growth of tension.

The problem of “titular ethnic groups”

In general, experts do not believe that the status of the titular ethnic group in a subject of the Federation is necessarily a factor of tension; at the same time, they note problems associated with the displacement of representatives of other peoples, primarily Russians, by representatives of the titular ethnic group from state and municipal authorities in a number of republics. primarily in Tatarstan and Yakutia. In Karachay-Cherkessia and Kabardino-Balkaria, where two ethnic groups are the titular ones, one of them, according to experts, is in a disadvantaged position.

At the same time, experts almost unanimously noted that such a process as the occupation of certain niches in business by certain ethnic groups, although it occurs, is not a conflict-generating factor and is of a natural nature. The only exception may be Moscow, but this is caused by extremely high migration dynamics.

Ethnic crime

According to some experts, crime is a supranational concept, caused by socio-economic, rather than ethnic factors. The very term “ethnic crime” is called into question, since there is no clear definition yet. There is an opinion that it is more correct to talk about “migrant” crime.

Half of the experts surveyed, however, believe that the phenomenon of ethnic crime exists and is a factor in the growth of interethnic tension. Moscow is separately noted as the region with the highest level of ethnic crime and as the city with the highest probability of forming a ghetto. The situation is due to the colossal level of internal and external migration to the Russian capital in the absence of effective control over visitors by law enforcement agencies. Separately, experts highlight criminal communities that unite people from Central Asia and the Chechen Republic.

Ethnic nationalism

Nationalism in its radical manifestations is a significant factor in the growth of interethnic tension, both Russian nationalism and the nationalism of ethnic minorities.

Mass detention of migrants by police during an inspection at a vegetable base in Western Biryulyovo.

Russian nationalism is more typical of Moscow, St. Petersburg, and southern Russia. Situational manifestations of xenophobia also arose in relatively calm regions: Karelia (Kondopoga), Sverdlovsk (Sagra), Nizhny Novgorod (Arzamas) and Saratov regions (Pugachev).

As one of the respondents noted, it is not nationalist organizations that are popular, but nationalist ideas, and the bearers of these ideas are often teenagers who have no experience communicating with representatives of other nations.

Nationalism of ethnic minorities is characteristic of national republics (where it takes the form of chauvinism of a “titular ethnic group”), as well as of young representatives of a number of diasporas. In a number of republics, everyday nationalism is combined with the ethnocentrism of local elites. For such regions, separatist discourse is relevant.

Experts, among other things, named inappropriate public statements by representatives of regional authorities as one of the factors for the growth of nationalist sentiments in the Krasnodar Territory.

Separately, experts highlight depressed regions, the growth of nationalism in which is inevitable and natural, regardless of the national composition of the population.

Prospects for protests with ethnic rhetoric

Experts predict, firstly, the ethnicization of everyday and social conflicts, and secondly, the politicization of ethnic conflicts, as well as the growth of protests related to ethnic themes and the formation of their own organizations by visitors.

The general opinion is that the growth of ethnically motivated protests is not associated solely with ethnicity; the following factors can be cited: the spread of radical Islam; passivity of the federal center and attempts to influence national regions by other states; rapid urbanization of the North Caucasian population and its outflow to Central Russia; increased competition for jobs between the indigenous population and newcomers. It is worth paying attention to the growing activity of political organizations that exploit ethnic issues (including during election campaigns) in order to increase popularity.

Problematic aspects of state national policy

The lack of a systematic federal policy is only partly compensated by regional policy; moreover, a sufficiently effective regional policy is not implemented everywhere. In the vast majority of calm regions, conflicts do not occur due to natural reasons (migrants do not show interest due to the lack of earning opportunities when the region is remote and poor) or the absence of events that could serve as detonators.

Police officers detain rioters during a “people's gathering” in the Moscow district of Biryulyovo. Local residents in the Biryulyovo Zapadnoye district in Moscow are demanding that the killers of Yegor Shcherbakov be found.

Some experts note the interest of the authorities of a number of national republics in maintaining a certain level of interethnic tension. For the elites of these regions, the national card is one of the trump cards in bargaining with Moscow.

The tightening of legislation does not indicate a systematic state policy, the development of which began only after the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin drew attention to this area.

The inability of regional authorities to deal with construction companies, which are most interested in the influx of migrants, is characterized by respondents as one of the most obvious indicators of the inefficiency of the state.

Regions with ineffective national policies include the Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories and Moscow. Regarding Moscow and the Moscow region, the opinion was voiced that ethnic themes are not so much present objectively as they are artificially created. In most Russian-speaking territories and regions, authorities most often react to interethnic issues after the fact.

Among the regions with a successful national policy, experts named the Saratov, Orenburg regions, Mordovia, and Chuvashia.

The thesis regarding the well-being of the situation in Chechnya is very controversial: the effectiveness of national policy and interethnic stability are caused, firstly, by the authoritarian style of governance, and secondly, by the displacement of the non-Chechen population from the republic as a result of well-known events and its transformation into a mono-ethnic entity.

Regions at risk

As experts note, the most threatening interethnic situation, for a combination of reasons, has developed in Moscow, the Moscow region, St. Petersburg, the North Caucasus and the Volga region.

Most experts unanimously identify Dagestan as one of the most problematic regions. In addition, regions with a very difficult situation are Chechnya and Ingushetia (the catalyst is a long-term territorial conflict), Kabardino-Balkaria (the conflict between the Turkic and Caucasian peoples), as well as Kalmykia (the conflict between the Nogais and Kalmyks). Experts predict a decrease in the relevance of the topic of “genocide of the Circassian people,” promoted by a number of organizations.

The “smoldering” North Caucasus has a negative impact on the surrounding regions, primarily the Stavropol and Rostov regions, where the problem of interethnic relations is becoming increasingly acute.

If tension in the regions of the Southern Federal District (Volgograd, Rostov regions, Krasnodar Territory, etc.) is due to the proximity of the North Caucasus, then experts characterize the Volga region as an “independent hotbed of tension.”

Several regions of Siberia and the Far East are also included in the “risk zone”.

Participants in the action “Our response to Kurban Bayram” in Moscow. Representatives and supporters of several nationalist communities plan to march from the Prazhskaya metro station towards Biryulyovo.

Siberia and Far East

Siberia and the Far East are traditionally perceived as the most peaceful territories in interethnic terms. At the same time, according to a number of experts, the spread of radical Islam among visitors could become a serious destabilizing factor in Siberia.

The Tyumen region, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug are in a potential risk zone (due to the large influx of foreign migrants and Russian citizens from other regions), however, experts do not assess the situation there as threatening for several reasons: the wealth of the region, which makes it possible to level out social risks; traditionally multinational composition (the first specialists who came to develop oil production were people from Azerbaijan, Bashkiria, Tatarstan, etc.); purposeful national policy of the authorities.

At the same time, in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug there is already a growing influence of criminalized Caucasian diasporas, which are not only gradually displacing the Russian-speaking population, but also entering into conflicts with Asian migrants.

Some interethnic tension is present in the national republics of Siberia and the Far East, but it is more restrained than in the Volga region or the North Caucasus; it is not of a direct confrontation, but rather of a gradual ethnicization of government bodies.

A very serious problem is the presence of migrants and seasonal workers from China, which is somewhat mitigated by the size of the territory (experts say the density of residence is a more significant factor of tension), but remains a significant risk. Moreover, China even benefits from the negative attitude of residents of the Far East towards migrants from Central Asia, since it allows them to expand the zone of penetration of the Chinese.

3. It is obvious that there are major centers of interethnic tension, and, apparently, the regional authorities in them will not be able to cope with the threatening situation on their own.

4. The most acute interethnic situation has developed in several regions, but any conflict on ethnic grounds in the capital automatically increases the level of xenophobia in the country as a whole.

5. In many regions, interethnic tension is latent and can result in spontaneous protest under the influence of a high-profile crime involving visitors.

6. Increasingly, conflicts are becoming ethnically colored, the causes of which should be sought not only in the interethnic, but also in the socio-economic and political spheres. This is supported, in particular, by the fact that almost all mass ethnically motivated protests of the local population in recent years have occurred in disadvantaged cities (Pugachev) or districts (Biryulyovo).

7. The spread of radical Islam increases the likelihood of conflicts even in those regions where representatives of different nationalities coexist peacefully (Tatarstan).

Police officers in a cordon near the Biryuza shopping center in Moscow's Biryulyovo district.

8. The cause of interethnic conflicts also lies in the cultural isolation of migrants, which leads, on the one hand, to inappropriate behavior of people from the Caucasus and Central Asia, and on the other, to the formation of the image of an enemy-migrant in the minds of Russian youth. A separate problem is the low level of awareness of the population: both about other ethnic groups and about thematic events, the purpose of which is to bring them closer together.

9. At the federal level, there is virtually no national policy; in the regions, governors and mayors react to problems situationally and after the fact. Generally accepted effective models for preventing interethnic threats have not yet been created. At the same time, the development of mass communications increases the requirements for the speed and publicity of the government’s reaction, and this must be taken into account.

10. At present, the state in the sphere of resolving interethnic conflicts is only strengthening its punitive function, the effectiveness of which is debatable. Punitive measures are applied intensively, but indiscriminately, and the concept of “extremism” is interpreted arbitrarily. In some regions, a large number of convictions are made for relatively harmless posts on social networks, which causes outrage among citizens. As a result, a relatively calm situation becomes tense.

11. As a result of the lack of general law enforcement practice, different penalties are applied for the same offenses in different regions. There is no uniform standard for how officials respond to incidents in the interethnic sphere, which leads either to attempts to hush them up or to inappropriate statements that only provoke interethnic conflicts.

12. An analysis of interethnic conflicts in the regions shows that their number noticeably decreases with the high dynamics of political and economic processes. Thus, during the period of the Olympic Games and the political conflict in Ukraine, the number of conflicts decreased significantly.

13. The principle of subsidiarity can be implemented by transferring part of the powers and responsibilities to public councils under government bodies and motivating them to participate. Such an “involvement strategy” will make it possible to establish cooperation, including with moderate nationalists, and win the “struggle for youth.”

14. In the absence of a state policy of “active intervention,” the ideological vacuum is intensively filled by various organizations, including those professing destructive, antisocial ideas. It must be remembered that nationalist ideas are largely abstract in nature, so fighting organizations alone will not give the desired effect. Involving young people in the regions in socially useful projects is becoming not a good wish, but a vital means of reducing the risk of spontaneous social eruptions.

On October 6, the Center for the Study of National Conflicts (CINC) published the second ranking of interethnic tensions in the regions of Russia. The full version is posted on the Club of Regions website.

Regions with very high tensions included Moscow, the Republic of Dagestan and the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. CINC experts recorded high tension in the Krasnodar Territory, the Republic of Crimea, Tatarstan, St. Petersburg, the Saratov Region, the Stavropol Territory and the Chelyabinsk Region. The remaining subjects of the Russian Federation are divided into zones with medium, low and very low interethnic tension.

According to experts, the number of recorded ethnically motivated conflict actions and situations compared to the period of the first study decreased by 35%. In their opinion, the Ukrainian crisis has united Russian society, pushing into the background such pressing problems as uncontrolled Central Asian and Caucasian migration and ethnic crime. In this regard. The document states that there is serious concern about the national issue demonstrated by the federal center at the end of 2013. - early 2014, was replaced by calmness.

At the same time, as researchers point out, despite the decrease in the number of interethnic conflicts, the ethno-confessional situation has not changed fundamentally: Central Asian migration is gradually becoming one of the most pressing problems, ethnic crime remains the subject of heated debate, and the expansion of radical Islam remains a powerful destabilizing factor.

The study reports that in most regions with a difficult ethno-confessional situation, there is no clear national policy; local authorities eliminate the “symptoms” and not the “cause of the disease.”

As part of compiling the rating, about 70 experts were interviewed. Some of them chose not to advertise their participation in the study. This time CISC placed greater emphasis on expert assessments from the regions, since federal experts cannot always characterize events in all regions in the same detail.

The scientific director of the project, Ivan Zhukov, emphasized that the conclusions of any such study are to a certain extent approximate. According to him, a truly complete picture of interethnic relations will be provided by a full-scale study: sociological, combining qualitative and quantitative methods, and psychosemantic.

Let us note that the data from the first CINC rating did not coincide with the research results of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Its director Valery Tishkov criticized the way the ZINK rating was compiled.