Mordovian language Erzya phrasebook for beginners. Russian Erzya dictionary online

Russian-Moksha-Erzya dictionary

1500-1700 years ago, the Mordovian people, according to one scientific theory, had a single culture and spoke the same common Mordovian language. Another theory says that inat that time there were various- but related! - Mordovian tribes who spoke related dialects, which later formed the basis of the Erzya and Moksha languages.

In the common Mordovian language(or in related Mordovian dialects) notthere were complex sentences. Two types of simples were usedsentences: with one main member and with two main members. Orderthe words in the sentence were not free.

Approximately in the V-VI centuries.a single Mordovian language (or different but related Mordovian dialects) were divided into two closely related, but independent languages: Moksha and Erzya.Currently, newspapers, books, and magazines are published in both languages. Both languages ​​are studied in schools and universities, and are used on television and radio. But in the public sphere, the use of languages ​​is constantly declining: if about thirty years ago Mordovian speech was quite common and heard on the streets of towns and cities, now Mordovian languages ​​are spoken mainly only in villages, in cities - only in families, on the streets Mordovian speech is heard extremely rarely.

The main lexical fund of the Moksha and Erzya languages ​​was inherited from the common Mordovian language (or from its various dialects): ( moksh. kyad "hand", kyal "tongue", selme "eye"- Erz. ked, kel, selme). However, in the Moksha and Erzyan languages ​​there are also words of different roots (there are more than a hundred of them): moksh. otsyu "big", ilyad "evening", shuzhyar "straw"- Erz. poksh, chokshne, olgo. In the vocabulary of modern Mordovian languages there are borrowings from Iranian languages (moksh. syada "hundred", veroz "lamb", mirde "husband"- Erz. sito, virez, mirde; Baltic (Erz. cypo "millet", purtsoz "pig"- moksh. sura, purkhtso); Turkic (Erz. emezh "fruit", syukoro "flatbread", konak "guest"- moksh. imozh, tsyukor, konok). And also large number Russian borrowings.

In the sound systemMokshalanguage 7 vowel phonemes: a, o, y, i(s), e, a", b, vErzya The language has 5 vowels: a, o, u, i(s), e. IN erzyans com language has 28 consonants, Moksha - 33: labial - Erz., moksh. 6, p, m, v, f; anterior lingual- Erz. t, t", d, d", c, c", s, s", z, z", n, n", l, l", p, r", h, w, g; moksh. t, t", d, d", c, c", s, s", z, z", n, n", l, lx, l", lx, p, px, p", px, h, w, w; middle language- Erz. th, moksh. y, yh; posterior lingual- Erz., moksh. g, k, x.V Moksha In the language there are voiceless “sonorants” рх, ръх, лх, лъх, йх. Mokshansky initial w in Erz Yangsky corresponds to h: shi "day", seam "foam"- Erz. chi, chow. At the beginningMoksha And Erzyawords, voiceless consonants predominate, voiced consonants are deafened in front of the voiceless ones: after all, “water” is “vet” of “water”, kuz “spruce” is bush “fir”. In general, the phonetics of both languages ​​are similar.

Any noun inMordovian languages varies according to three declinations: basic (in moksh. 12 cases, in Erz. - 11); index (in moksh. 3 cases, inErz. - 10); possessive (in moksh., Erz. - 10 cases). Demonstrative declension (using demonstrative suffixes to denote certain objects: kud "house"- where is "this house") of all Finno-Ugric languages characteristic only of Mordovians.

IN Mordovian languages The category of gender is not expressed grammatically: moksh. mazy tsera "handsome guy"- wash the ointments" beautiful girl", Erz. Vadrya Tsera- Vadrya teyter.

The verb in Mordovian languages ​​can be objectless (only person action is expressed V atelier) and object (both person and number of direct action are expressed:Erz.kundyze "he caught him") conjugation, has 7 moods: indicative, subjunctive, desirable, imperative incentive, conditional, conditional subjunctive. All parts of speech can be complicated by formants of predicate change:moksh. mazyyan "I am beautiful" (mazy "handsome"),Erz. pokshtanok "we are big" (poksh "big").

Many foreign linguists consider the Moksha and Erzya languages ​​to be two dialects of one language.

Monuments of writing inMordovian languages ​​have been known since the 17th century. Mordovian writing is based on Russian graphics. The first "Mordovian grammar," compiled in the Mordovian-Moksha dialect by P. P. Ornatov, was published in 1838, the first primer (in the Erzyan language), prepared by A. F. Yurtov,- in 1884

Moksha-i Erzya-Mordovian languages, although related, still differ from each other. Both languages ​​have 80% in common (vocabulary, phonetics, grammar, etc.), which gives some scientists grounds to justify the possibility of “bringing closer” both languages ​​to each other and even further transforming them into a single national language.

Based on materials from the book "Secrets of Mordovian names" by N. Mokshin

Sample phrases in Russian, Erzya and Moksha languages

The Mordovian language dictionary will help you translate words from Moksha into Russian.

When creating the dictionary, materials were used from the Russian-Moksha Dictionary by V.I. Shchankina, 1993.

Mordovian dictionary will be useful for students studying the Mordovian language.

Republic of Mordovia (Mordovia) - a republic consisting of Russian Federation, a subject of the Russian Federation, is located in the center of the European part of Russia. Formed on January 10, 1930. Part of the Volga region federal district. The administrative center is the city of Saransk.

Population

The population of the republic, according to Rosstat, is 808,888 people. (2015). Population density - 30.96 people/km2 (2015). Urban population - 61,22 % (2015).

Russians, Mordva (Moksha+Erzya), Tatars

Areas of compact residence of Mordovian ethnic groups are located according to a geographical principle: Mokshans live mainly in the center and west of the republic, Erzyans - in the eastern part.

Cases

Noun- This is a part of speech that denotes an object and answers the following questions: what?(Who?), meze?(what?) - singular; whale?(Who?), revenge?(what?) - in the plural.

Examples: whoa? -ava(who? -woman), whale?-avat(who? - women). Meze?-Vaz(what? - hat), revenge?(what? - hats).

In the Moksha language there are the following cases:

nominative,

genitive,

dative,

negative,

local,

original,

directive-adjuvant,

commutative,

comparative,

indicative,

transformative,

causal,

as well as three declensions: main, demonstrative and possessive.

Noun in the nominative case answers the following questions: what?(Who?), meze?(what?) -singular; whale?(Who?) , revenge?(what?) - in the plural.

Noun in genitive case answers the questions: Throw it?(whom?), Mezen?(what?). A suffix is ​​added to the base of the word -ny.Example: Ceremony(guy).If the ending of a word is a hard consonant, then a connecting vowel is added between the base of the word and the suffix -O.Example: where(house)- somewhere(at home). If the ending is a soft consonant, then the connecting vowel is -e. If the ending of the word is one of the following syllables: -ma, -me, -da, -ta, -ga, -ka, -ge, -ke, then before the suffix genitive case the final vowel changes to a consonant - O.Exceptions: varma-varman and borrowed words: card-cartan, desk-partan.

Noun in dative case answer the questions: kindy?(to whom?), mezendi?(what?). A suffix is ​​added to the base of the word - ndi.Example: tsera-ndi, lopa-ndi.If the noun ends in syllables: - ma, -me, -da, -ta, -ga, -ka, -ge, -ke, then before the suffix you should add a vowel - O.Exceptions: varma-varmandi, parta-partandi.

Noun in the positive case answers the questions: kida?(who? from whom? from whom?), mezda?(what? from what? from what?). A suffix is ​​added to the base of the word - that or - Yes.Suffix - Yes used if the noun ends in a vowel or voiced consonant (except: b, d, d).Suffix - that used if the word ends in a voiceless consonant or in: b, d, d.

Noun in locative case answers the questions: kitty? drop your ego? (in whom?), messa? (in what?). A suffix is ​​added to the base of the word - sa.If the word ends with -n, -ny, then instead of - sa the suffix is ​​added - tsa.

Noun in original case answers the questions: cyst? throw it away? (from whom?), putty?(from what?). A suffix is ​​added to the base of the word - hundred, and if the words end in - n or - no, then the suffix - wtf.

Noun in the directive-noun case answers the questions: kitty? kin es? (to whom?), mess? (in what?). Suffixes are added to the base of the word: - V , -With, -at.If the word ends in vowels - A or - I, then use the suffix - V.Suffix - at used if the noun ends in - ъ.After vowels - And, -s, -at, -yu, use the suffix - With.

Noun in the commutative case answers the questions: kigya? throw ezga?(by whom?), pulp(for what?). If a word ends in a vowel, then a suffix is ​​added to the base of the word - va.After hard voiced consonants the suffix is ​​used - ha.After voiceless and hissing consonants it is used - ka.After soft consonants - gya.

Noun in comparative case answers the questions: intestine? throw the shit? (from whom?), little thing? (why?). A suffix is ​​added to the base of the word - shka.

Noun in the indicative case answers the questions: kyftoma? (without whom?), mesphthoma? (without what?). A suffix is ​​added to the base of the word - phthoma -ma, -meh, then the vowel before the suffix becomes - O.Exceptions: varma-varmaftoma.If the word ends in yes(ta), ga(ka), ge(ke), then the vowel before the suffix is ​​dropped. Exceptions: kata-katovtoma,unda-undoftoma.

Noun in the invertive case answers the questions: Kix? throw a lapel?(to whom?), mezks? (into what?). A suffix is ​​added to the base of the word - ks.If the word ends in syllables ma, meh, Yes, that, ha, ka, ge,ke, then before the suffix permutative case final vowels become O.Exceptions: varma-varmax, card-cartax.

Noun in the causative case answers the questions: kinks?throw inks? (because of whom?), mesenxa? (because of what?, for what?). A suffix is ​​added to the base of the word - nxa.If the word ends in syllables ma, meh, Yes, that, ha, ka, ge,ke, then before the suffix causative case final vowel becomes O.Exceptions: varma-varmanxa, parta-partanxa.

Plural noun

Plural form of a noun in the Moksha language it is formed using suffixes - T ,-t in basic declension; - no, -Not in the index declension; - Not, -no, -sleep, -tsna, -nza, -nke, -nte in the possessive.

Nouns in the main declension take the plural form only in the nominative case; in other cases, the suffixes are the same for the plural and singular forms.

When a noun ends in any vowel except And(polysyllabic words) or for a paired hard consonant, use the plural indicator - T.Example: kud-kutt(house-houses), vele-velet(village-villages).

If the stem of the word ends in - s, -And(polysyllabic words) or for paired soft consonants, then the plural indicator is used - t.Example: candy-kendikht(wasp-wasps).

Plural indicators - T And - t in words ending in syllables: -ga, -ka, -da, -ta, -ge, -ke, -de, -te cause the final vowel to drop out.

Before plural indicators - T, -t final voiced consonants pass into voiceless consonants m→p, n→t.Example: tev-teft.

Diminutive form

In the Moksha language there are two diminutive suffixes: - ka, -nya.

Suffix - kya used if the word ends with a vowel (except and) and consonants: h, With, and, f , w, T.Suffix - nya used if the word ends in a vowel - And or on a consonant except h, With, and, f , w, T, as well as letter combinations - t, s, s.Words with endings - h, s, are exceptions and can be used with either of the two suffixes.

If the word ends with a voiced consonant, then before the suffix - kya this consonant is deafened.

Adjective

An adjective is a part of speech that denotes a characteristic of an object and answers the questions: codema?(which one?, which one?, which one?), codapt? (which ones?). In the Moksha language there are two types of adjectives: qualitative (denoting color, size, etc.) and relative (denoting place, material, etc.).

Qualitative adjectives are formed as follows: noun+suffix(-у, -у, -и(н), -в).Relative adjectives: noun+suffix(s).

Postposition

Postposition- this is the auxiliary part of speech. Moksha language postpositions appear after nouns, numerals and pronouns, in the forms of nominative, genitive and depositive cases.

a).Spatial postpositions- ala(under), langsa(on), ftama(for), ingole(before), wax(near), Potmoss(inside), velkhkssa(over), etc.(between).

b).Temporary- mele(after), ingole(before).

c).target- inksa(because of, for), melge(for).

d).comparative- Latsa(like, like) koryas, measles,(compared to, like).

Verb

Verb-part of speech answering questions: meze teams?(what to do?), messendems? (what to do?), denoting any action or state of an object or living being.

If the basis verb(Moksha) ends in a hard consonant, then a connecting vowel is used between the stem and the suffix of the infinitive - O, after the soft base is used - e.

Example: sermad-o-ms, tonafn′-e-ms.

The verb in the Moksha language has three forms of the infinitive, ending in - ms, -ma, -hmm: mora-ms(sing), tonafn-e-ms(study), leave korkhta-ma(started talking) tray tonafn-e-mda(stopped studying).

And also seven moods:

indicative, imperative, subjunctive, conditional, conditional subjunctive, incentive and desirable.

Verb in imperative mood has suffixes: -k, -t, -t in the singular and - yes, - yes in the plural. The suffix -к is used in the singular if the root ends in a vowel: mora-ms(sing) → mora-k(sing), and also if the root of the verb ends in - G.Suffix - T used if the stem ends in a hard consonant: Cand.Oms(carry)→ cant-t(carry).Suffix - t used in the singular if the root ends in a soft consonant: tyasht′-ems(write)→ heavy(write).

Verb in incentive mood is formed using suffixes: - for in the singular( molems→mol-za) -st in the plural( morams→mora-st).In the 1st person singular the verb suffix is ​​added - n.In the 2nd person singular suffix - T.

The following suffixes are used in the plural: - Yes And - there is.Sacredness(you take it) wow(take it).

In the Moksha language there are some words (interjective-imperative) that are used only in indicative mood.For example: norak, ozhu(wait) rustle(go away) arht(go) norada, ojuda(wait) varda(go away) arda(go) are(let's go), aryada (let's go).

The action denoting a verb can be single or multiple. A multiple verb is formed using suffixes: - mend, -kshn.Suffix - mend used in one-syllable verbs: tums→tu-mend-o-ms The suffix -kshn is used if the root of the verb ends in - d or, if the root has two vowels: ushedoms→ushet-kshn-e-ms.

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Mekshams M. hurry up, hurry up. Probably the basis of meksh(a) is an image. character, which can be indicated by pike- in E. pixterse quickly, mar. pise fast, vashkash, vashkash hurry, vysht - figuratively about fast movement, vash- in k. vashodny to drive. Wed. etc. M. bza fussy, bz- v bzordoms fuss; hurry up, hurry up.

M.
Melchke M. gland (n., salivary). Probably depicted, cf. (?) E. white grains (and ‘extremely shabby clothes)’ and M. dial. mälhkya bead (m. b., mixing with Russian small, chalk, cf. M. dial. mälhkä beads from small beads, and also cf. E. chalk small money from Russian). Wed. udm. Molek tubercle, acorn, (??) malya: malyapu rosehip, veps, mull ’ bump (on the forehead).

Mentei E. hearty (n., lunch). Wed. ment wealth, mentse in abundance (n., to live). The connection with M. myandems fold is unclear. Wed. marG. myndyr contentment, abundance, marV. myndyr-myndyr blood with milk; well-fed. Wed. etc. (?) E. pandya enough, enough, stop, pondu plump (from ponda body, torso). Wed. (??) Mar. the motor is beautiful; good; plentiful (see also matarendams). Wed. (?) udm. mod-: modos stem; skeleton, (?) Sami, mountain komel; nen. myndey's satiety, myndey's pregnancy, (?) pana(s) to fill up, panda(s) to fill up. (?) ponzponzyada frequent, thick, continuous. Chuv. mantar ‘fatness, fatness; lush’, most likely from Mar. Wed. (??) rus. Voronezh. Mantulit the dish to lick.

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• Etymological dictionary of Mordovian (Erzyan and Moksha) languages, Volume II, Vershinin V.I., 2005
• State of mind, conversations about pedagogy as a science about ways to realize the functional capabilities of the brain, Vershinin B.I., Popov L.E., Postnikov S.N., Slobodskoy M.I., 2011