3 typology of moral personalities conformist type. Types of moral personality
According to the works of I.L. Zelenkova and E.V. Belyaeva, exists classification of moral personality types, which opens the veil on the actions of people and their motivation. In total, the authors describe five personality types. It often happens that in one person there may be a mixture of several moral personality types with a predominance of certain traits. One way or another, all this is reflected in human manifestations that allow one to grow personally, to develop tolerance or the inadmissibility of something.
So, the classification of moral personality types:
1. Consumer personality type refers to the low-moral type, which is quite common in modern society. In his view, morality is to achieve personal happiness. According to the primitive scheme, we can say that such a type expects to receive candy for good behavior. Selfless deeds in this moral type of personality are something unattainable.
Thus, this type of person strives for happiness alone, but having achieved this goal, he begins to think that it would be nice to have someone nearby to share this happiness with others. The main motto of this type of personality is that you need to strive for happiness to the extent that it does not interfere with another. Sometimes there are no such restrictions and then you can observe an aggressive attitude towards others.
Most often, this type of personality understands such achievements as “happiness” as money, success, fame, i.e. social values. Therefore, he is distinguished by activity and activity, he can offer interesting ideas and progressively transform the surrounding reality. Actions, not motives, come to the fore in such a person.
The main moral rule of this type of personality is faith in oneself. And since the situations are different, then the rules of morality can be relative, which often comes to complete immorality. Often such a person, for the sake of his own goals, forgets about the norms of decency and can easily violate the rights of others.
Thus, behind the consumer type of personality lies an active, active person, an entrepreneur by nature, a pragmatist in his style of thought and a life-loving person in his attitude. The main value of such personalities is happiness, the motive is benefit, the orientation is sociality and activity.
2. Conformist personality type.
The main value of this type is community with the environment. For them, their native village, class, nation, or simply acquaintances are the source of moral norms and ideas about the world. If he is in a society with high requirements for human behavior, then he will turn into a well-educated person. At the same time, this whole idea rests on public opinion, when every act is in sight and discussed by others. Inappropriate behavior will immediately find itself reflected in sanctions: “to excommunicate from inheritance”, “not to shake hands”. The opinion of others is the main thing for this type of personality. The motive is the statement to be like everyone else and not stand out from the crowd. It is with an abundance of such personalities that powerful traditions are formed that give additional support to mores.
Most often, the conformist personality type took place among the nobility or the peasantry. Behavior is conditioned by customs and established traditions, and moral dissimilarity is eradicated in every possible way. The difference between the conformist type and the consumer type is that the first one strives to be similar to oneself, and the second one is sure that all people are the same. That is why the conformist personality type is intolerant of other moral systems, but is quite indulgent to destructive moments within its environment.
Thus, the conformist type stands up for collective happiness, which is possible only with the predominance of traditions, the desire to act like everyone else, focusing on the foundations of morality.
3. Aristocratic personality type.
Aristocracy was considered a virtue that is inherited. In view of which, such individuals are above others and this honor cannot be dropped in the face of others. Even in spite of all the hardships, this sense of specialness does not go anywhere.
A distinctive feature of this type is self-esteem, which cannot be taken away. It can be both a courtier and a knight. Especially often this type of personality is found in a creative environment, since such individuals consider themselves to have ascended above mere mortals. Such a person is not responsible to the public, but only to himself.
The morality of some social groups is in the opposite direction from the ordinary mores of the era. And the personality of this type often opposes itself to social rules and norms, which often goes against conscience. Often this type is asocial. In itself, the aristocratic type of personality is based on the autonomy of the moral personality, which is manifested in freedom of choice and self-legislation of the will. Often the inner freedom of such a person makes her indifferent to the mores of the environment. He is behaviorally passive, because he is constantly in his moral world. Hence, condescension towards others can also be traced.
The source of morality for the aristocratic personality type is spiritual tradition. In actions, this type adheres to dignity, trying not to drop it. The motive for all actions is the inner voice, which must be obeyed in order not to drop oneself to the bottom. That is why creative people most often belong to this type of personality.
Thus, the main value of the aristocratic type is the choice to be oneself and focus on one's inner world, which dictates spiritual traditions and ideals. A distinctive feature of this type of personality is social passivity, indifference and tolerance.
4. Heroic personality type.
The hero, unlike the passive aristocrat, is always active and goes to fight against what, in his opinion, does not correspond to his moral standards. Since the world is unfair enough, the hero has to fight everyone. But this fate does not bother him, because the more enemies, the more enthusiasm. Since the hero fights against the evil, it means from the good. But therein may be a problem, as the hero may fight just for the sake of fighting. Therefore, it is very important to keep the idea. It follows that the heroic personality type is the most ideological of all types. The idea is the main motive of behavior. At the same time, the heroes are not distinguished by tolerance.
The main idea of the hero is justice, which is the moral value of this type. The meaning of life and happiness are comprehended in the struggle. It follows that people of the heroic type are socially oriented, and serving society is one of their aspirations. But the hero is most often directed towards the society that he imagines ideal. And since the difference between the existing and the proper is significant, this type of personality is distinguished by a heightened sense of duty. Of all personality types, this is the most moral type.
moral development only possible thanks to the struggle of heroes who are constantly in search of new ways to achieve their goals. Usually the hero is always "uncomfortable" and brings discomfort to the minds of others. But he is not always right, because it depends on the idea he follows. As a rule, the hero's idea is always lofty and noble, but if it is the opposite, then the hero becomes a fanatic and can destroy the foundations of morality that he sought to uphold.
There is no doubt that people of this type are noble and even if they are mistaken in something, they do it sincerely. You can kill a hero, but it is impossible to destroy morality in him. Therefore, its source is beyond the reach of earthly authorities.
The heroic type is most often found among social reformers.
Thus, the main value of the hero is justice, therefore, he takes a fairly active life position, which is determined by a highly moral orientation.
5. Religious personality type.
The religious type may include atheists, who are distinguished by sincere belief in something. The fact is that the religious type follows certain sets of rules that both God and the people themselves can dictate. Moreover, God is understood as the moral world order as a whole, from which this type joins the mystery of the meaning of life and experiences it.
The main value of the religious type is the meaning of life, in which all norms and ideals are secondary. The non-randomness of being in this world comes to the fore, which manifests itself in a sense of harmony with the outside world and turns into the doctrine of the destiny of man. Teachings can be both religious and personal (this applies more to atheists), who find the source of morality outside the person and society. Thus, going beyond the human, such personality types go beyond the moral. Unlike a hero who seeks to change the world, religious people consider the world unchanged and try to go beyond it themselves.
Often religious type people irritate those around him with his detachment from earthly rules. But even despite all the detachment of such people, they are active and active in relation to others, moreover, without having any personal benefit under this. By their actions, they seem to support the highest values in the hierarchy of the world. As a rule, such people lead a simple life unpretentious in personal terms.
Naturally, those who are able to see a particle of the Divine in people have unlimited patience for human weaknesses. There is an understanding in this that bad deeds most often come from mental weakness, and evil thoughts from stupidity. Religious people have no enemies. They have a heightened sense of moral outlook on others.
Thus, the main value of the religious type of personality is the meaning of life, the motive of which is love for one's neighbor and a sense of unity with people and the world as a whole. This is an active person, whose worldview goes beyond human concepts, while being guided by values of a higher order.
In psychology, a person's personality has a number of characteristics - character, temperament, psychological type. In ethics, personality is characterized moral type. In social interaction with people, especially in the process of management, one must always remember that they have different life values, the meaning of life, and their life position. The leader should understand what moral types each of the subordinates, his leader, colleagues, and himself belong to. This will allow you to talk to people using concepts close to them, will provide an opportunity to better understand others and find a mutually acceptable compromise.
According to one of the scientific approaches, five main moral personality types can be distinguished: consumerist, conformist, aristocratic, heroic and religious.
The classification is based on the following signs:
1) highest moral values(meaning of life, freedom, happiness, justice);
2) sources of moral law(society, God, personality itself);
3) significance:
motive or action;
Ideas or feelings;
Norms or ideals;
4) commitment:
Duty or habit;
Individualism or collectivism;
Social or non-social orientation;
5) life position:
Active or passive;
intolerance or tolerance;
Pragmatic or specifically moral.
Consider the main characteristics of each of these personality types.
1.Consumer type. People of this type still cannot understand how an act can be disinterested. They believe that the only motive for a moral act can be profit, i.e. moral behavior should lead to success, gain, and ultimately happiness.
The main value is the desire for earthly happiness, for material success in life.
This type of personality is committed to social orientation, tk. values for him are social values.
People of this type have an active social position.
The source of morality is the person himself and the situation. Since the situations are diverse, the rules of morality are relative.
The motive of behavior is benefit, benefit.
2. Conformist (conciliatory) type - one of the most common personality types. Their virtue rests on agreement with the surrounding social environment. Without the support of public opinion, they quickly "go astray", because. unable to maintain moral guidelines on their own. Indeed, one whose morality depends on the approval and condemnation of others is very easily influenced by others.
The highest value is community with the social environment.
The source of morality is public opinion.
Commitment - social orientation, collectivism.
The motive of behavior is to be like everyone else, belonging.
The personality is passive in consciousness, but the criterion of morality for it is actions. From this follows intolerance towards other moral systems and tolerance towards violators of norms in one's own environment. But if the traditional group norm has been rejected, then the punishment will be merciless.
3. Aristocratic type. A distinctive feature is self-esteem, which cannot be taken away. Such a person is responsible for his actions not to public opinion, but to himself. A moral person of this type opposes any social conditions and rules if they do not agree with his conscience.
The highest value is the freedom to be yourself (therefore, people of this type are difficult to break with adversity or threats).
Adherence is asocial, individualistic. The morality of such a person is only his morality.
Life position - passive in behavior. We tolerate other people's views and weaknesses. Man is focused on his inner world.
The source of morality is the spiritual tradition of ancestors, conscience.
4. Heroic type. Always struggling with circumstances (events, people, ideas). The hero struggles with everything that does not stand comparison with his ideal. Since our world is far from perfect, then, having started the fight against some particular injustice, a person of this type is then forced to fight the whole world. The danger is that you can fight for the sake of fighting, realizing that you are a good, right person. The most dangerous problem that awaits people of this type is the problem of ends and means.
The main value is justice.
The motive of behavior is rational argumentation.
Commitment to social orientation, focus on the future, activity.
The most significant feeling is a sense of duty and ideals.
5. Religious type . This name is very conditional. Even atheists can belong to this moral type, while believers can belong to the heroic, conformist, and even consumer types. But most often the religious type is found among true believers.
The source of morality is the Highest personal or the Highest impersonal, therefore the moral law is higher than the social one. It manifests itself in the voice of conscience.
The main moral value is the meaning of life, which goes beyond the boundaries of human life.
Life position - tolerance for the world, internal active work on self-improvement, active help to other people.
The motive is the moral feeling of brotherly love.
The feelings of equality, brotherhood and unity of people are significant.
Commitment is extra-social in nature (not to strive for the accumulation of material wealth, for power, etc.). The person is committed to goodwill and active work for others, which is not an end in itself.
The author of the classification emphasizes that people usually combine signs of several moral types. Nevertheless, observing a person, it is quite simple to determine which signs of moral types are most clearly expressed in him.
consumer type. conformist type. aristocratic type. Heroic type. religious type.
In the culturology of the 20th century, attempts were made more than once to build not so much classifications as typologies. As O. Spengler singled out the archetypes of various cultures (Spengler O. Decline of Europe - M., 1993), and K. Jung - psychological types (Jung K. Psychological types. - M., 1992), the same method can be applied to the study moral processes. The advantage of this approach lies in the fact that it seeks to take into account all the diversity of the moral, without setting a one-dimensional criterion in the analysis. The proposed types of morality and the corresponding types of moral personality do not coincide with the historical sequence; in every era there are representatives of all types at once. They have no direct connection with the social environment. although large social groups often share a single moral stereotype. I would like to distinguish between moral types of personality not according to external moral criteria (historical periods, social origin, connection with ideology), but according to its own essential features. The logic of morality itself leads to the fact that types turn out to be such, and not otherwise. Although their distinction is not strict in the scientific sense.
It has been said more than once that the structure of morality is multifaceted and contradictory, its logic is largely “feminine” in its whimsicality. When compiling the typology, I would like to preserve this “openness” to the world, the incompleteness of development and controversy. Therefore, the personality types themselves can only be outlined in very approximate strokes.
So, moral consciousness and behavior have their own specific features: to oppose what is due and what is, to respond to ideal sanctions, be guided autonomous decision of the will and disinterested motives, act according to the general out-of-situation rule, etc. Naturally, in different moral types of personality, these signs will manifest themselves in one way or another. It is possible to arrange moral types according to the degree of strengthening of specific features of morality. It would seem that the stronger they are expressed, the more good the personality of the corresponding type would be. Meanwhile. evaluation criteria do not work here. There can be no "best" and "worst" types of morality. This is does not rule out that there are good people and bad people, but good people also come in different types. Accordingly, their value world will differ significantly. It is values, as the highest level in the structure of moral consciousness, that have a decisive influence on its entire structure.
The description of each moral type of personality shows: the general meaning of his moral views, the dominant moral value, the presence of specific signs of morality, their unique combination, the life fate of people of this type. The classification does not seem far-fetched, because m\
With each type, the reader will see a living face, recognize himself, his acquaintance, a literary character. However, dry<дения такого рода всегда довольно условны
consumer type.
Let's start with the simplest and "low-moral" personality type. It is widespread, its logic is understandable even to a child. Morality, in his view, is an establishment in society that allows the individual to achieve happiness. It is useful and in many ways pleasant. As in the primitive scheme of upbringing: behave yourself - you will get candy. The disinterestedness of the moral motive is still an unbearably complex idea for such thinking. A person of this type hopes to find in morality a means of obtaining one or another vital “candy”. That is why he is conditionally called the “consumer type”, such a person believes that the benefit is the main, and most importantly, the only motive for behavior. This means that moral deeds are one of the varieties of useful ones. They should lead to the goal, to success, to the acquisition of all benefits and, ultimately, to happiness. The pursuit of happiness is the main value for this type of moral personality.
The desired happiness is understood by the “consumer” as an achievement: money, fame, power, family well-being, etc. All these are social values. Yes. the consumer type wants to acquire as much as possible for himself, but only in society and thanks to its assistance can these dreams come true. That is why such a person can be socially useful, pleasant in communication, an excellent family man. In addition, since all this still needs to be achieved, this type is active, active. This means that both bright ideas and progressive transformations can come from it. For an active person, it is not motives that come to the fore in morality, but actions. Complex moral motivation, as indicated above, is not needed here. His decisiveness is based on the conviction that he is right.
What source of moral rules does such a person trust?" First of all - to yourself. The application of general considerations depends on the situation in which I find myself. And this is the second source of morality. And since situations are infinitely diverse, the rules of morality are not eternal, but rather relative. In practice, such relativism can lead to complete immorality. When all standards of decency are forgotten, the situation and personal gain allow me to trample on the rights of others with ease.
Of course, for people with a different type of moral organization, the consumer model can be presented as “petty-bourgeois”, “businesslike”, and “predatory”. In response to these accusations, the “consumer” can present his own moral merits. Although the ideals are not so lofty, but they are embodied in life; although we are not very disinterested, our life is well-established and we do not fall into asocial extremes; although we are somewhat selfish, we care about the needs of a person and do not torment him with impossible demands.
Behind these value orientations one can see the image of an active person, an entrepreneur by occupation, a bourgeois by social class, a pragmatist by style of thought, a lover of life by his attitude. It can be found at all times. The main moral value of people of the consumer type is happiness, the motive is benefit, the orientations are individualism, relativism, sociality and activity.
"Conformist" type
People with a lofty mentality consider conformism a vice, an ally of every evil, an agreement with the injustices of the world. However, look around: the virtue of the vast majority rests on good agreement with the surrounding social environment. Leave such people without the support of public opinion - they will go astray from the “true path”, because they are unable to support moral guidelines on their own. A typical example of this is a young man who has come from the countryside to the city and, unsupervised, "goes all out". For a long time, mothers have been afraid of the “corrupting influence of the world”, the “capital”, “bad society”, “street”, etc. etc. These fears are both ridiculous and justified. That. whose morality depends on the approval and condemnation of others, is easily influenced. The autonomy of the moral spirit, inner conviction, a sense of personal responsibility for the committed actions are poorly brought up in it. It would seem that the most important signs of moral behavior are missing here. However, let's look at a person of this type in her usual conditions.
The main value of the conformist type is a sense of community with the social environment. Whether it is a native village, a nation, a class, or just a circle of acquaintances, it is the social group that is the source of moral norms and ideas for such a person. If high demands on behavior are rooted in the environment, a person grows up well-mannered. Maybe even too harsh. Lofty ideals, concern for reputation. fidelity to Christian virtues - this is how the boarding school of noble maidens, "decent society" of all times and peoples, emerges. It rests on a widely spread public opinion, when every offense is made public. The sanction follows immediately: "refuse the house", "do not shake hands", "I'm not playing with you." The fear of “what Princess Marya Alekseevna will say” is not at all accidental. This fear is ridiculous for a developed personality, but to achieve such self-sufficiency from everyone and everything is a fruitless undertaking.
Not only is the person here socially oriented, but her aspirations are collectivist in nature, and not individualistic, as in the "consumer". Personal happiness is preferred by universal consent, adapted
adherence to the prevailing values is considered the best way of moral improvement, in the main motive of behavior - to be like everyone else. And therefore, once subsequent generations act like the previous ones, strong traditions are formed that give stability to mores.
A "conformist" type of moral personality can equally develop among the nobility, and among the peasantry, and in any other "environment". In terms of consciousness, this person is passive, because all the norms were worked out a long time ago. But with internal passivity, the criterion of morality here is actions. Behavior is prescribed by custom, the line between moral and habitual can almost be erased. Decent behavior becomes synonymous with good, and moral dissimilarity is expelled. If the "consumer" type naively believes that all people are the same, then the "conformist" type wants everyone to be the same - similar to him. Hence - intolerance towards other moral systems, but sufficient indulgence towards the violator within one's own environment. If only he breaks the rules, but does not reject the norms themselves. The sinner can repent and be taken back into the bosom. There is no beast more terrible than dissent. The ideas on which morality rests are assumed to be non-negotiable. That's why the motives are not particularly clarified: it is assumed that there is one correct motive. This is a performance for ingenuous souls, who do not know about the struggle of equally moral motives, about the "depths" and "abysses" of the soul, about its endless self-deception.
So, the basic moral value of the conformist type is collective happiness. Such a social orientation implies love for traditions, adaptation to them, a desire to act “like everyone else”, orientation on deeds, combined with an unshakable faith in the foundations of morality.
"Aristocratic" type
The name speaks for itself. Aristocracy was originally considered to be a hereditary virtue. And since from birth you belong to a class that is higher than others, then its honor cannot be dropped. Knowledge can become impoverished, fall into disgrace, be overthrown revolution but a sense of one's "specialness". which does not depend on the variability of earthly fate remains.
Self-respect, which cannot be reclaimed, is the hallmark of moral aristocracy. It is known to have been found in the Venetian gondolier or robber no less than in the powdered courtier or knight. Such "aristocrats" may be and artistic people. Belonging to art, they always feel elevated above mere mortals. They can be scientists or philosophers, highlanders and even beggars. In these circles, everyone should be a personality, and bright enough. Such a person is responsible for his actions not to public opinion, but only to himself.
The morality of special social groups is opposed to the ordinary mores of their era. And the moral personality of the aristocratic type opposes any social conventions and rules if they are not in agreement with his conscience. Such an individual is inevitably asocial. No, he will not necessarily be a robber or even just a troublemaker. But his morality will be strange, different. His morality. Naturally, at its core, such an orientation
dividualistic. Of all the specific features of morality, the aristocratic type embodies (and sticks out) everything that is connected with the autonomy of the moral personality, the self-legislation of the will, and freedom of choice.
Freedom is the basic moral value of this type. Therefore, the lack of happiness or the usual social position cannot break a person with an aristocratic spirit. It would be possible to be yourself. Freedom in relation to external conditions makes the "aristocrat" somewhat indifferent to the mores of the environment. If the social environment seems to this type not moral enough, he does not seek to overcome its inertia, but leaves it to itself until it encroaches on his personal freedom. This is a behaviorally passive type. He adores his inner moral world and acts according to his convictions, not interested in practical consequences.
"Aristocrat" is self-absorbed, and therefore quite tolerant of other people's views and weaknesses. What he does not allow himself, he condescendingly allows others. They are "inferior", what to demand from them. But ideals cannot be shaken by meanness and immorality. Nor can they be shaken by ideological attacks, which is what the “conformist” type is so afraid of.
What is the source of morality for the "aristocratic" type of moral personality? Oddly enough, this is also a tradition, but not a social, external, ritual, but a spiritual tradition. In actions, the "moral aristocrat" observes his dignity, striving not to drop the ideal, which only people of the spirit see. His motives do not represent the rules of the environment, but a certain “morality in general”, which has become mine. The motive here looks like an “inner voice” of either God, or a genius, or an innermost “I”, which must be obeyed if you do not want to lose yourself.
"Aristocrat" is full of spiritual experiences and aspirations, but their source seems to him irrational. Thus morality becomes akin to art. for her, too, one must be a particularly gifted, creative person.
So, the main moral value of the aristocratic type
This is the freedom to be oneself, for this he is individually focused on the inner world, the motives of behavior, the purity of ideals, follows spiritual traditions. Therefore, with a general antisocial orientation, he is passive in relation to the social environment, tolerant, and sometimes even indifferent.
Heroic type
A hero, by definition, always struggles with circumstances. It can be historical events, people, ideas. The fact is that in the eyes of the hero they are not moral enough and he wants to transform these circumstances. Like the "aristocrat", the "hero" stands out against the background of the social environment. But he does not resist him passively, but actively and aggressively. He does not want to be reconciled to the world as it is. And not because his personal interests are hurt. The "consumer" can also be an excellent fighter for justice, if he himself is offended and hopes to receive some benefit from this justice for himself. "Hero" opposes everything that could not stand comparison with
ideal, with the idea of absolute goodness. And since almost nothing in the world is perfect, then. having started the fight against some particular injustice, then one has to fight the whole world. But the "hero" is not embarrassed. The more enemies, the stronger the enthusiasm. If there are many opponents, then I am struggling with something significant, I am doing an important thing. If I oppose the evil, then I am good. At this point, the heroic personality faces the first danger of falling in love with fighting for the sake of fighting. There is so much evil that there is no need to stand on ceremony. Therefore, for the "hero" the problem of ends and means is the most acute. No matter how in the heat of victories the main thing is lost - the idea for which everything was started.
The idea plays a leading role in the moral consciousness of the heroic type of personality. This is generally a man of ideas. Unlike all previous ones. where theories were involved, as it were, retrospectively, to substantiate an intuitively taken life position. Here, rational argumentation is the leading motive of behavior. And these motives are of paramount importance. Of course, the "hero" is a man of action, but the moral meaning for him is not so much the events as their explanation. And the enemy of morality will be anyone who does the same as the "hero" himself, but for other reasons. Tolerance is not a heroic virtue.
What kind of ideas enchant the moral consciousness of the "hero"? First of all, it is a search for justice. Justice is the basic moral value of this type of moral personality. Happiness and the meaning of life are comprehended in the struggle for it, and freedom consists in placing oneself (voluntarily!) at the service of this Idea. No matter how each particular person understands what justice consists in, it is clear that this concept refers so much to the inner world of the individual as to social relationships. Therefore, personalities of the heroic type are socially oriented people. The thought of serving society is found here necessarily. But, unlike the "conformist", the "hero" is interested not in current, but in future tasks. He strives for a society that should be in accordance with the ideal of justice.
The “hero” feels the difference between what is and should be very keenly, because people of this type have an extremely developed sense of duty. And if we understand that tense duty is an essential feature of morality, then it is clear that this type embodies the specifics of morality with the greatest force. This is the “most moral” type. (Sometimes even a hypermoral type, when a person forgets that in addition to moral values there are other, not at all immoral values). To a man of duty, everything else seems insufficient.
If moral development is possible, then it is due to these people. What would the "conformists" and "aristocrats" protect if the "heroes" weren't looking for new ways? The heroic moral personality opens up not only new paths, but also new ideas; thinking about moral problems stimulates the heroic orientations of moral consciousness. It is not for nothing that almost everyone in their youth is a hero, while the search and formation of one’s “I” is going on, not only is the “hero” always “uncomfortable”, it brings discomfort to the existence of others and anxiety and
their minds. He is far from always right, and by and large morally, a lot depends on the idea that such a person indulges in. The idea of a "hero" is always sublime and noble. But there are many concrete theories of justice, and woe. if one turns out to be primitive, not taking into account the complexity and versatility of the world. Then the "hero" will turn out to be a moral fanatic and in fact will destroy the foundations of morality that he was going to support.
However, the personal nobility of people of this type is not in doubt, if they are mistaken, then they are sincerely mistaken. Therefore, such people invariably cause moral admiration. Each era is proud of its heroes. Others may not always agree with them regarding specific actions and decisions. However, even enemies recognize the high moral dignity of such a person, which cannot be taken away. In this "hero" is like an "aristocrat". He is he; A person can be killed, but it is impossible to destroy morality in him. Because its source lies beyond the reach of earthly authorities.
The heroic type of personality is found not only among social reformers, otherwise there would be few such people. As they say, "in life there is always a place for a feat." The simplest actions of an ordinary person can be carried out on the basis of complex motives and high values.
So, the heroic type of moral personality considers justice as the main value, takes an active and socially interested life position, pays attention to rational motives of behavior and their ideological support, and in general has a highly moral orientation.
religious type
This name, like the previous one, is very conditional. Even atheists can belong to the religious type of moral personality. In turn, believers can live heroic, conformist, and even consumerist moral lives. The same Christian commandments people fulfill, proceeding from a variety of motives. But most often the religious type of personality is found in people who are sincere believers. The feeling that I walk under God and confess morality in the face of God forms the basis of the worldview here. In the depths of my soul, I can communicate with the Creator of Everything, the innermost “I” can directly come into contact with the highest values and meanings. Therefore, morality is not reached by a collective, it is an individual matter, society cannot be its source, the moral law is higher than the social one. Social speaks about the convenient structure of the earthly community, moral - about the meaning of life of this community and individuals. The law of the meaning of life has a supernatural origin in the sense that it is higher than any concrete life. For a person of a religious type, God does not necessarily dictate specific commandments, because commandments are norms that people can invent. And in general, in morality, a free person each time solves the problem independently and does not need detailed instructions. God maintains the moral world order as a whole, keeps its secret. It gives the individual the opportunity to partake of the mystery of the meaning of life, thanks to which one can not only know the meaning, but also experience it.
The main moral value of the "religious" type of moral personality is the meaning of life. All norms, principles, ideals are secondary. This is particular in comparison with the feeling of one's non-randomness in the world, in being in general. The feeling of the harmony of God's creation, where each blade of grass has its own purpose, passes here into the doctrine of the destiny of man. Teachings can be very different: Christian and Buddhist, orthodox or personally invented. All of them find the source of morality outside of man and society. It turns out to be rooted in patterns more fundamental than earthly ones. Whether they are called God, the law of karma, the law of the Cosmos, or otherwise, is of no essential importance. Going beyond the limits of only the human in thought and feeling, personalities of this type go beyond the limits of only the moral. Ordinary morality goes without saying here, but "morality for the people" is considered limited and generally imperfect. If the "hero" considers the world imperfect, he seeks to transform it.
The "believer" considers the world to be incorrigible and strives to go beyond its limits. With detachment from the earthly rules of life, people of a religious type irritate everyone else, since their actions have no apparent reason. The motive of behavior is a strong moral feeling, akin to love. No wonder love is offered by Christianity as a universal way of relating to the world. This is a rare and complex motif. Needless to say, the rational justification of actions does not play a special role here. Arguments are selected in the light of a common line, which may look like dogma from the outside. However, its vitality and viability speak against the dogmatism of the supreme ideal. It is as if the earthly personality receives concrete advice from the supreme ideal every time. The "believer" will say that moral decisions are given by revelation or illumination. Like the "aristocrat", he hears an inner voice, the voice of conscience. But he knows the source of that voice.
Despite the preoccupation with spiritual motives, inner life, the morality of the "religious" type of personality is by no means contemplative. Not new ways of thinking, but new ways of life, morality must affirm. People of this type lead a very simple life. Not ascetic, but unpretentious in personal terms. They are active and active in relation to others, but they understand that any activity is not an end in itself, and that the global laws of the universe cannot be changed by it. Therefore, their practicality, unlike the "consumer", is not aimed at personal benefit. And maybe it doesn’t pursue any special benefit at all. By my actions, I only support the highest values in the hierarchy of the world.
Naturally, that one. who is able to see the "likeness of God" in the very last little man. possesses a truly unlimited tolerance for human weaknesses both in the field of thought and in the field of actions. This is not the contemptuous tolerance of an "aristocrat" and certainly not indifference. This is an understanding of the relativity of all human truth, and therefore also of the relativity of error: the understanding that evil deeds come mainly from weakness. and evil thoughts - from stupidity, and not from natural evil. For the “believer” there are no enemies. There are no “lower” ones, there are no “alien” ones. He has a heightened sense of moral equality
for all people and the unity of the human race. And this is one of the most essential signs of a moral outlook on the world.
So, the religious type of personality professes morality, where the leading value is the meaning of life, the motive is love for a person and feeling higher unity with people and the world. This is an extra-social, but active person, whose worldview goes beyond the purely moral and is guided by the experience of high-order values.
In conclusion, we should once again recall the features underlying the description of the basic moral types of personality. These are the highest moral values: the meaning of life, freedom, happiness, justice. These are the possible sources of the moral law: society, God, or the individual himself. This is the significance of motives or deeds, ideas or feelings, simple norms or high ideals. This is a commitment to duty or habit, individualism or collectivism, social or non-social orientation. This is an active or passive life position, intolerant or tolerant, pragmatic or specifically moral. Combinations of these features reflect the diverse, but non-random structure of morality itself.
PRACTICAL BLOCK.
Questions forreflections and self-training:
1. We talk about personality types. Are the concepts of "strong" identical?
personality” and “moral personality”? Can a moral person be
weak?
2. Are there many moral aristocrats in an aristocratic society?
judging by the fiction you are familiar with 9
3. The novel by M.Yu. Lermontov is called "The Hero of Our Time". To which
would you classify Pechorin as a moral type?
4. Napoleon cannot be called a model of morality, although he was a hero
for his generation, and for the next. Why 9
5. Feats in war are impossible without a heroic moral orientation
tions. What idea do you think inspired the heroes of the Great Patriotic War?
6. What qualities, in your opinion, are most inherent in youth, and not in maturity
scrap age: tactlessness, stinginess, maximalism, respect for friends, not
tolerance, rudeness, irritability, tediousness, hypocrisy, truthfulness.
sincerity, irascibility, courtesy, coquetry, courage, embarrassment
ness, sociability, wisdom.
7. Divide the qualities you highlighted into positive and negative
nye. What is the origin of both?
*■+■:*,-:*^ *******************************************************
Topics for examinations and essays:
1. Love as the basis of morality in Christian ethics.
2. Sources of the formation of moral types of personality:
a) psychological (influence of temperament, mindset, emotions and will):
b) socio-historical (the influence of historical circumstances, lifestyle, group social orientations, education systems).
Literature for self-study:
Kagan M.S. The world of communication. - M, 1988. Peccei A. Human qualities. - M., 1985. Frankl V. Man in search of meaning. - M., 1990. Schweitzer A. Culture and ethics. - M., 1973.
Quiz "Your Type of Improvement"
Almost every person would like to see themselves and others in something more perfect. Of the psychological qualities, those listed in the table are most often lacking. Imagine that you have a unique opportunity to develop any of these qualities in yourself - but only one. What exactly would you like to add to yourself first? Circle the number of the corresponding quality in the left half of the table (to yourself).
Now imagine that it became possible to develop any of these qualities in other people, but again, only one. What would you like to add to others in the first place? Circle the number of this quality in the right half of the table (Other).
| Other | |||||||
| I | 2 | -1 | 5 | 6 | |||
| In s () s;> 1 (K and | G | A | B | B | BUT | B | BUT |
| . 1 (1O1> II> K". "1 ShP" L hit 01 P11 | i | H | G | G | H | G | AT |
| Itskrip nm "ini | H | G | G | H | /■" | H | |
| (11.1Y ftrj."lll | 4 | A | i; | B | BUT | B | BUT |
| (feeling | 5 | AT | G | G | AT | G | |
| Unerenospn | 6 | A | P | B | BUT | B |
Results processing:
There are four types of psychological cultivation. For Vis, the most characteristic is the one that is indicated by the letter at the intersection of the row and column you selected:
A - become stronger together with everyone (make the world stronger):
B - to establish oneself in a softer environment;
B - soften your temper, helping others to establish themselves:
G - become softer with everyone (make the world kinder).
At the heart of the selection of moral types of personality is the dominant moral value, the motives of behavior. This typology is conditional, there are no evaluation criteria and are not absolute.
consumer type.
The most immoral type.
A person of this type considers morality a means of obtaining benefits. It is the benefit that is the main and only motive of behavior. Moral deeds are one of the varieties of useful ones, they should lead to success, happiness, goals, the acquisition of goods, and therefore to happiness, which is the main value of this type of personality. The position of the individual - strives for happiness alone, and only having reached, begins to share recipes with others. This type is active.
conformist type.
Easily influenced, his morality depends on the approval or condemnation of others. The main value is a sense of community with the social environment. The main moral value is collective happiness. The main thing is to act like everyone else. The autonomy of morality is poorly developed in it.
aristocratic type.
This type of personality is characterized by responsibility for actions not to society, but to oneself. The personality type opposes any social conventions and rules if they disagree with his conscience. This type is asocial, its orientation is individualistic, the moral value is freedom. He is tolerant until his personal freedom is encroached upon. The source of moral rules is the inner voice of conscience.
Heroic type.
The hero always struggles with circumstances, other people, with historical events. The main values are the struggle for justice. He is very active, opposes everything that could not stand comparison with the ideal, with the idea of absolute goodness, however, there is a problem that, having started the fight against some particular injustice, he begins to fight the whole world, i.e. there is a danger of falling in love with struggle for the sake of struggle, therefore the main problem for this type is the problem of choosing ends and means. This type takes an active life position, pays attention to rational standards of behavior and, in general, has a high moral orientation.
religious type.
Believers and even atheists can be attributed to this type. The main thing for this type is the feeling that he walks under God, professes morality in the face of God, i.e. can directly come into contact with the highest values and meanings. From this it follows that one comes to morality individually, not collectively. Commandments are norms that determine the regulation of human behavior. The main moral value is the meaning of life. The motive of behavior is a moral feeling, identical to love. This type of personality is active and by its behavior tends to search for the meaning of life.
In the philosophical and ethical understanding, a hero is a person who performs an act of self-sacrifice for the common good. In philosophy, this concept was comprehended by Hegel, where the hero is interpreted as the embodiment of the national spirit.
"Heroic" type. A hero, by definition, always struggles with circumstances. It can be historical events, people, ideas. The fact is that in the eyes of the hero they are not moral enough and he wants to transform these circumstances. Like the “aristocrat”, the “hero” stands out against the background of the social environment. But he does not resist him passively, but actively and aggressively. He does not want to be reconciled to the world as it is. And not because his personal interests are hurt. The “consumer” can also be an excellent fighter for justice if he himself is offended and hopes to receive some benefit from this justice for himself. "Hero" opposes everything that could not bear comparison with the ideal, with the idea of absolute goodness. And since almost nothing in the world is perfect, then, having started the fight against some particular injustice, one then has to fight the whole world. But the "hero" is not embarrassed.
The idea plays a leading role in the moral consciousness of the heroic type of personality. This is generally a man of ideas. Unlike all previous ones, where theories were involved, as it were, retroactively to justify an intuitively taken life position. Here, rational argumentation is the leading motive of behavior. And these motives are of paramount importance. Of course, the “hero” is a man of action, but the moral meaning for him is not so much the events as their explanation. And the enemy of morality will be anyone who does the same thing as the “hero” himself, but for other reasons. Tolerance is not a heroic virtue.
What kind of ideas enchant the moral consciousness of the “hero”? First of all, it is a search for justice. Justice is the basic moral value of this type of moral personality. Happiness and the meaning of life are comprehended in the struggle for it, and the freedom of the individual consists in placing oneself (voluntarily!) at the service of this Idea. No matter how each individual person understands what justice is, it is clear that this concept refers not so much to the inner world of the individual, but to social relationships. Therefore, personalities of the heroic type are socially oriented people. The thought of serving society is found here necessarily. But, unlike the “conformist”, the “hero” is interested in non-current, but promising tasks. He strives for a society that should be in accordance with the ideal of justice.
The “hero” feels the difference between what is and should be very keenly, because people of this type have an extremely developed sense of duty. And if we understand that tense duty is an essential feature of morality, then it is clear that this type embodies the specifics of morality with the greatest force. This is the “most moral” type. (Sometimes even hypermoral, when a person forgets that in addition to moral values there are other, not at all immoral values). To a man of duty, everything else seems insufficient.
The idea of a “hero” is always sublime and noble. But there are many specific theories of justice, and woe if one turns out to be primitive, not taking into account the complexity and versatility of the world. Then the “hero” will turn out to be a moral fanatic and in fact will destroy the foundations of morality that he was going to support.
However, the personal nobility of people of this type is not in doubt. If they are wrong, they are sincerely wrong.
The heroic type of personality is found not only among social reformers, otherwise there would be few such people. As they say, "in life there is always a place for a feat." The simplest actions of an ordinary person can be carried out on the basis of complex motives and high values.
So, the heroic type of moral personality considers justice as the main value, takes an active and socially interested life position, pays attention to rational motives of behavior and their ideological support, and in general has a highly moral orientation.