What are synonyms for? What is a synonym and why is it needed Why do we need synonyms in Russian

The Russian language is difficult for foreigners trying to learn it, due to the abundance of words that, with different semantic shades, can describe one subject. In most languages, the number of words that describe a subject is small. In Russian, dozens of word forms can be selected to characterize each subject. These are the words synonyms, examples of them can often be found in colloquial speech.

What are synonyms in Russian - these are words that in most cases refer to one part of speech, describing one object or action, different in spelling. For example: pants - pants. These are words that characterize an element of a wardrobe with a certain cut, dressed on a specific part of the body.

What do synonyms mean. They give the same object a subtle characteristic, highlighting specific features. In a certain context, synonymous words can replace each other if the general meaning of what is said does not change.

In the sentence there are trousers hanging in the closet, the word "trousers" can be replaced with "pants". The meaning of what has been said does not change - THIS TYPE OF CLOTHING hangs in the closet.

In the sentence “The dress code obliges men to wear trousers indoors”, the words cannot be replaced, since trousers, a model of a specific cut from a certain type of fabric, belong to the classic type of clothing.

Pants is a term that defines a simple cut model, in the context it implies concepts such as sports or pajama models. In the first case, the meaning of the sentence itself provides for the wearing of a classical form, so the terms cannot replace each other.

What are synonyms for? They expand vocabulary, allow you to describe objects from different angles, enrich your vocabulary and allow you to express yourself most clearly. They are indispensable in literary texts: they provide ample opportunities in the description and allow you to endow objects and states with individual, unique properties.

Note! Synonyms do not always act as one word. Phraseological turns are typical representatives.

The peculiarity of Russian speech is such that a single word-synonym can be selected for the whole sentence, giving a brief and complete description.

For example: From the bay-floundering - unexpectedly. Goal, like a falcon - poverty, poverty.

Kinds

Synonymy in Russian speech arose due to the arrival of foreign words in the vocabulary, the emergence of new terms and the general development of the lexicon. As Wikipedia says, these factors were the reason for the formation of 4 groups.

Absolute and semantic

Absolute terms have different sound and spelling, but their semantic load is absolutely identical.

Arose due to the advent of foreign words into speech. Today, there are few absolute synonyms. Example - alphabet - alphabet.

Semantic give the object a characteristic on several points. In the semantic group, the match passes only on one of the points: ball-sphere.

A ball is a round, voluminous object, hollow inside, with only a shell. Sphere - a round, voluminous object, without cavities. Outwardly, both objects look the same, but from a technical point of view, these are two completely different figures.

Stylistic

Speech has styles - artistic, business, journalistic and others. This means that certain words carry a specific semantic load.

One and the same object can be described by words that are different in spelling and sound, which will give it a specific meaning. Representatives of the stylistic group are interchangeable depending on the context.

For example: a toddler is a child. Peanut is a common definition. Applies to very young children. Causes tenderness, gentle, caressing word.

It is unacceptable for use in scientific or journalistic texts. Child is a general term applied to a person who has not reached the age of majority. It is used in scientific, medical and journalistic texts. For a 10-year-old boy, the term "peanut" is no longer applied, in contrast to the concept of "child".

Contextual

Words that are different in meaning, sound and spelling, but describe the same object in a particular sentence. Separately, they are not related to each other in meaning.

For example: Thief was elusive. This rat eluded the guards through back streets and narrow courtyards. Silhouette literally dissolved in the darkness of the streets, seeping through fences and fences.

Thief, rat and silhouette are contextual synonyms. All three words characterize the same object, refer to the same part of speech (in the proposed example, this is a noun). Individually, each term has its own character and cannot be replaced.

A thief is a person who steals something. The rat is an animal. A silhouette is a description of a human figure.

Neutral

Words that are close in meaning, describing the same object or action, but different in spelling and giving the object unique characteristics, form rows.

Run, rush, go, accelerate - a number of synonyms that characterize the type of movement. The differences are in speed and movement.

The series contains neutral synonyms - words that do not give the object a pronounced characteristic, but simply describe its state without betraying additional meaning.

For example: laugh, laugh, giggle. A synonymous series of words defining human emotions and ways of their manifestation:

• laughter is a neutral synonym for the manifestation of emotions. Does not give any additional semantic load;
• laughter - loud laughter caused by violent emotions, manifested by additional gestures. May act as a reaction to a person's failure and be offensive;
• a chuckle is a quiet laugh that a person tries (not always) to hide. It can act as a manifestation of mockery of a person or occurs in situations where a person cannot openly laugh due to circumstances.

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How to identify synonymous words in Russian. As a rule, they refer to one part of speech in most cases: What to do? Walk, walk, march. Who? Woman, mother, brunette. Synonyms describe a certain property to varying degrees: color - color, coloring, palette; speed - quickly, instantly, urgently.

Examples of synonyms in Russian:

1. Properties - features, individual qualities, signs, traits. "Slowly" - inhibited, like a turtle, like a snail.
2. Designation - a concept, definition, sign, mark, symbol. "Loudly" - with all his might, not restrained.
3. Definition - formulation, precise description, finding, identification, assignment, measurement. "Beautiful" - sweet, charming, pretty. "Small" - tiny, small, microscopic, with a fingernail.

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Conclusion

Not only in literary texts, but also in everyday life, the use of synonymous words allows you to decorate speech, make the vocabulary rich, give a clear description of what is happening in one capacious word. It is convenient, understandable and beautiful. Synonymy enriches Russian speech, making it multifaceted, beautiful, rich.

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Synonyms (gr. synonymos- eponymous) - these are words that are different in sound, but identical or close in meaning, often differing in stylistic coloring: here - here, wife - spouse, look - look; homeland - fatherland, fatherland; brave - courageous, courageous, fearless, fearless, fearless, daring, dashing.

A group of words consisting of several synonyms is called a synonymic row (or nest). Synonymic rows can consist of both heterogeneous and single-rooted synonyms: face - face, overtake - overtake; fisherman - angler, fisherman. The first place in the synonymic series is usually taken by the defining and stylistically neutral word - the dominant (lat. dominants- dominant) (it is also called the pivotal, main, supporting word). Other members of the series clarify, expand its semantic structure, supplement it with evaluative values. So, in the last example, the dominant of the row is the word brave, it most capaciously conveys the meaning that unites all synonyms - "fearless" and free from expressive stylistic shades. The rest of the synonyms are distinguished in the semantic-stylistic sense and in the peculiarities of their use in speech. For example, intrepid- a book word, interpreted as "very brave"; daring- folk poetic, means "full of daring"; dashing- colloquial - "bold, risk-taking". Synonyms brave, courageous, fearless, fearless differ not only in semantic nuances, but also in the possibilities of lexical compatibility (they are combined only with nouns that call people; one cannot say "brave project", "fearless decision" etc.).

Members of the synonymic series can be not only individual words, but also stable phrases (phraseological units), as well as prepositional case forms: a lot - over the edge, without counting, chickens do not peck. All of them, as a rule, perform the same syntactic function in a sentence.

Synonyms always belong to the same part of speech. However, in the word-formation system, each of them has related words related to other parts of speech and entering into the same synonymous relations with each other; cf. beautiful - charming, charming, irresistible --> beauty - charm, charm, irresistibility; to think - to think, to think, to think, to think --> thoughts - thoughts, reflections, reflections, thoughts: Such synonymy is stably preserved between derivative words: harmony - euphony; harmonious - euphonious; harmony - euphony; harmonious - harmonious one . This pattern clearly demonstrates the systemic connections of lexical units.

The Russian language is rich in synonyms, rare synonymic series have two or three members, more often there are many more. However, compilers of synonym dictionaries use different criteria for their selection. This leads to the fact that the synonymic rows of different lexicographers often do not match. The reason for such discrepancies lies in the unequal understanding of the essence of lexical synonymy.

Some scientists consider the designation of the same concept by them as an obligatory sign of synonymous relations of words. Others take their interchangeability as a basis for highlighting synonyms. The third point of view boils down to the fact that the proximity of the lexical meanings of words is recognized as the decisive condition for synonymy. At the same time, the following is put forward as a criterion: 1) proximity or identity of lexical meanings; 2) only the identity of lexical meanings; 3) proximity, but not identity, of lexical meanings.

In our opinion, the most important condition for synonymous words is their semantic proximity, and in special cases, their identity. Depending on the degree of semantic proximity, synonymy can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent. For example, the synonymy of verbs hurry - hurry expressed more clearly than, say, laugh - laugh, burst, roll, roll, giggle, snort, squirt, with significant semantic and stylistic differences. Synonymy is most fully expressed with the semantic identity of words: here - here, linguistics - linguistics. However, there are few words that are absolutely identical in the language; as a rule, they develop semantic shades, stylistic features that determine their originality in vocabulary. For example, in the last pair of synonyms, differences in lexical compatibility have already been outlined; compare: national linguistics, but structural linguistics.

Full (absolute) synonyms are most often parallel scientific terms: spelling - spelling, nominative - nominal, fricative - slot, as well as single-root words formed with the help of synonymous affixes: wretchedness - squalor, guard - guard.

With the development of the language, one of the pair of absolute synonyms may disappear. So, for example, the original full-voiced variants fell out of use, giving way to Old Church Slavonic in origin: licorice - sweet, good - brave, helmet - helmet. Others change the meanings, and, as a result, there is a complete break in synonymous relations: lover, lover; vulgar, popular.

Synonyms, as a rule, designate the same phenomenon of objective reality. The nominative function also allows you to combine them into open series, which are replenished with the development of the language, with the emergence of new meanings for words. On the other hand, synonymic relations can break up, and then individual words are excluded from the synonymic series, acquiring other semantic connections. Yes, the word scrupulous, formerly synonymous with haberdashery[cf.: London trades scrupulous(P.)], now synonymized with the words thin, delicate; word vulgar no longer synonymous common, popular(cf. the hope expressed by the writer Trediakovsky that the book he wrote would be even a littlevulgar ) and approached next to: vulgar - rude, low, immoral, cynical; at the word dream the semantic correlation with the word is currently violated thought[cf.: What a terribledream! (P.)], but preserved with the words dream, dream. Accordingly, the system connections of related words also change. The semantic structures of the given lexical units influenced the formation of such, for example, synonymous series: scrupulousness - sophistication, delicacy; vulgarity - rudeness, meanness; to dream - to dream.

Since synonyms, like most words, are characterized by polysemy, they are included in complex synonymous relations with other polysemantic words, forming a branched hierarchy of synonymic series. With other words, synonyms are connected by relations of opposites, forming antonymic pairs with them.

Synonymic connections of words confirm the systemic nature of Russian vocabulary.

They say Russian is one of the most difficult languages ​​in the world to learn. Not surprising, because even native speakers of a language do not always know all its aspects thoroughly. But it seems difficult only from the first time, let's try to understand a little with the rules of our native speech.

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Synonyms: definition

Synonym (from Greek - the same) - words are the same or close in meaning, but different in spelling. For example: child, baby, child. One of the criteria for determining the richness of a language is the presence of such common meanings in it. They have synonymous properties such as helping us avoid repeating the same phrase in sentences and making our language more diverse.

Do not confuse them with homonyms and antonyms. - these are the same in sound and spelling, but different in meaning, for example:

• The key opens the door.
• The key is birds.
• The key is a spring.

And antonyms - denote opposites, that is:

• Day Night.
• Black White.
• Boy - girl.
• Synonym - antonym.

But synonyms are not just interchangeable words, they are divided into types and in lexicology have many definitions. Let's try to figure out how words that are close in meaning are “sorted”.

Types of synonyms

In Russian, words that are close in meaning have long been sorted out, we just have to try to understand at least a little the principle of these layouts, which we will try to do now. So, the following types of synonyms are defined:

Same Root and Different Roots. Everything is simple here, single-root ones are not only close in meaning, but also having the same root. Such examples of synonyms in Russian are:

• Water is water.
• Forest - forest.
• Bass - bass.
• Sour - sour.

But words with different roots, these are those that are not even similar in sound:

• Joy happiness.
• Storm is bad weather.
• A friend is a comrade.
• Calm - unruffled.

Partial and complete.

Full - these are words that are identical to each other in meaning, for example - linguistics and linguistics. But, relying on other sources, we can say that the belonging of this group of words to synonyms is rather controversial.

Partial synonyms have a common designation, but they differ from each other in three ways. Let's take a closer look at them:

• Semantic - synonyms that differ in emotional color. For example, beautiful (an emotionally unsaturated word) and beautiful (colored with a touch of admiration). The same with examples of big and huge, small and scanty, sympathizes and likes.
• Stylistic - their difference in style. It can be a synonymous series of colloquial, literary and archaic words. For example - a finger (colloquial) and a finger (archaism), to speak and rant, and so on.
• And stylistic-semantic, that is, synonyms with a pronounced difference in emotional coloring and with a difference in styles. An example is the secret and hidden. The first is a neutrally colored colloquial word, the second is a rich literary one.

Synonym difference

In order to determine the properties of a synonym and how one differs from the other need to check it in few steps. It happens like this:

1. Let's take a synonym.
2. We compare each link with the most neutral, emotionally uncolored word.
3. We select words opposite in meaning to them - antonyms.
4. Replace one word in a sentence with another.
5. Find two figurative values ​​for each link in the chain.
6. Consider the grammatical structure of each link.

This is how you can designate for yourself an expression with a neutral color and the properties and designations of all the words following it.

Why do we need synonyms in Russian

It would seem, why complicate everything so much and come up with some tricks with words that are the same in meaning and different in spelling, and so on. But everything is not as simple as it seems, in fact, they play an important role in our speech. This is not only a criterion by which the wealth, beauty and diversity of a language is determined, but also important functional unit in language.

They play a semantic role, helping to build sentences in such a way as to avoid repetition of even the most necessary words, and at the same time not lose the thread of the conversation. This makes the text or dialogue more interesting and pleasing to the ear.

And also a stylistic role. The same meaning can be embodied in several styles, and the color of the sentence will change. Here is an example:

The cold outside the window has been pestering for days. (Literary style)

The cold on the street got tired in a few days. (Conversational style)

findings

So, it's time to draw conclusions from all of the above. Synonyms are words that are close or identical in meaning, but differ from each other in spelling. They are used in speech to avoid tautologies (repetitions) and use the same meaning in different styles. They are divided into several types according to emotional coloring, style and proximity of meaning.

Now, for sure, you will not have questions about what phrases of the same meaning are and what they are eaten with.

What are "synonyms"? What are synonyms for?

Synonyms are words that sound different but have the same meaning. Synonyms show the richness of the language, because the same phenomenon can be called by many words (fearless, courageous, brave, fearless). Often synonyms are used in different styles: Wife - neutral style, Spouse - official style, zhinka - colloquial.

Synonyms enrich speech, help to avoid lexical repetitions: He came to his homeland. Native places met him with love.

Synonyms are words related to the same part of speech, which are spelled and pronounced differently, but have a similar lexical meaning. The Russian language has a huge number of synonyms, which speaks of the greatest wealth of our language. I will not give examples, Dictionary of Russian synonyms is here.

I think that synonyms are designed to diversify our speech so that the same words are not repeated at every step, which makes our statements monotonous and boring.

In linguistics synonyms Words are considered to have a similar or identical meaning, but sounding and spelling differently.

For example, we can classify adjectives as synonyms:

polite, considerate, tactful, obliging, helpful, courteous, delicate.

All these synonymous words are united by the common meaning polite and form a synonymous series.

Synonyms can differ in shades of meaning, starting with a weak and ending with a stronger manifestation of it. For example, in the synonymic series red, scarlet, scarlet, crimson words differ in shades of meaning, ranging from a neutral color (red) to more saturated shades of color (crimson, crimson).

Synonyms may vary stylistically, that is, to have a stylistic coloring and be used in different styles of speech. I will give as an example a synonymous series with stylistic synonyms:

face (neutral word) - face (exalted style, bookish word) - muzzle, physiognomy, mug (colloquial words).

Synonyms- these are words belonging to the same part of speech, different in sound and spelling and having a similar meaning. For example, synonyms for the word battle are battle, war, slash, battle. Stylistic synonyms refer to different styles of speech, for example:

Synonyms are needed for a variety of living and written speech. As synonyms, both ordinary phrases and phraseological units can act.

Similar in meaning, but different not only in sound, but also in spelling, words called synonyms are needed not only to pass off someone else's as one's own, deceiving programs for checking the uniqueness of texts.

Synonyms help to better convey nuances, give color, sharpness and a special flavor. With their help, not only excrement can be used to make confectionery, but also many other interesting things. Stylization, text, ..., but little else.

It's good that no one can, with their strong-willed decision, take it like that and prohibit the use of synonyms, everywhere and forever! What happiness!

Synonyms are:

Words (not necessarily of the same part of speech (but most often just like that), which in their lexical meaning either completely coincide (have identical meanings), or partially coincide (have similar meanings). But in terms of their sound and spelling, they do not they never coincide, and often they do not resemble each other at all in these characteristics.

Synonyms can be semantic, ideographic, stylistic, expressive, semantic-stylistic. They are sometimes cognates, and sometimes they are not.

Why are they?

The very word synonym; Bert began his own from distant Greek ( synonymous - means same name). It would seem, well, why do we need these similarities? If I used to call courage courage, then why this courage? To get confused?

In fact, there is no confusion. Language develops in such a way that more and more becomes synonymous (incomplete, contextual). This enriches both the language and our personal speech.

But the purpose of synonyms is not only to aestheticize texts. After all, each synonym (with very rare exceptions) carries a set of semantic shades. So, using synonyms, we will speak more precisely, hit the nail on the head, our speech will become more accessible.

Examples.

1 .Find - discover - look for.

2 .Beginning - initiative - starting point.

3 .ABC - alphabet - beginning.

In the third example, we see an interesting phenomenon where some meanings of one word are synonymous with separate meanings of another word.

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What are synonyms and antonyms for? Teacher of the Russian language and literature Balakireva Tatyana Anatolyevna, MOU secondary school No. 256, Fokino, Primorsky Territory Lesson for the development of speech in the 5th grade according to the teaching materials, edited by V.V. Babaitseva

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Read the text It was a wonderful winter day. The sun was shining brightly. The snow glistened. Transparent, like crystal, icicles sparkled, shimmering with all the colors of the rainbow. The sky above the city shone with the purest blue. (M. Efetov.) Determine the topic and main idea of ​​the text. How are the sentences in the text related?

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Determine the meaning of the words Shine Sparkle Shine - make shine. - emit a bright, iridescent sheen. - emit a strong, bright, but even light.

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Linguistic experiment An emerald drop trembles In the green palm of an alder. (G. Graubin.) Indicate synonyms in the text. How will the sound of the poem change if the word emerald is replaced with a synonym for green?

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Compare 1. If instead of the word emerald we put its synonym green, then there will not be that trembling, transparent beauty in the description of the dewdrop, which is in these lines of the poet. 2. The drop will merge with the leaf, and it will not be visible at all. And the word emerald shows us that the drop is transparent, shimmering in the rays of the sun. 3. Emerald - from the word emerald. And the emerald is not just a green stone, but bright green, transparent, precious.

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From the memoirs of Valeria Dmitrievna Prishvina about the Veksha River (in the Moscow region) Pure water in the sunlight was all covered with a carpet of water lilies, white and yellow. White lilies spread their petals wide and, like ladies in crinolines, danced on the waves with gentlemen in yellow to the music of a fast-flowing river; the waves below them shimmered in the sun like music too.

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Work on a miniature Prishvin M.M. "Ball on the River" Ex. 205. Explain the meaning of the title. Find synonyms. Define their role. Write down the text.

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Text synonyms What are text synonyms? Words that only in this text mean the same thing are called textual synonyms. What is their role? Text synonyms avoid unnecessary repetition and can be catchy words.

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Find text synonyms Write down sentences with these words ... I was sitting by the hut, basking in the sun after a caustic morning fog. Suddenly, a shadow passed over my legs. I looked up and saw a hawk. The predator swiftly rushed to the river, pressing its strong wings to its sides. How are the sentences you have written related? What role do textual synonyms play in their connection?

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Read the dictionary entry, find synonyms in it; think about what they are used for? Homeland, noun. w.w., only singular, w.p. Otch-izn-s (book). Homeland, fatherland. My friend, let us dedicate our souls to the fatherland / Beautiful impulses of the soul. (A.S. Pushkin.) The selection of synonyms is one of the ways to interpret the lexical meaning of a word.

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The use of antonyms in speech What is the role of antonyms in speech? Antonyms give clarity and expressiveness to speech. They are one of the ways of interpreting the lexical meaning of a word.

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Find antonyms What idea do they help to express most vividly? Larks, larks! Fly to us, Bring us a warm summer, Take away winter from us, Cold winter. (Children's folk song.) Write the text from memory

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Select antonyms for the highlighted words and insert them in place of the dots 1) In a foreign land, kalach is not a joy, but for ... and black bread to your heart's content. 2) A small thing is better than a big one.... 3) The root of learning is bitter, but its fruit .... 4) Easy to say yes... to prove. 5) Run forward, and ... look back.