Examination prescription in pharmacology. Types of prescription formulations All prescriptions in Latin in pharmacology

Tablets are a solid dosage form of drug release, mainly for internal use. The composition includes one or more active basic substances, in addition to them, tablets may contain auxiliary substances - glucose, starch, lactose, sorbitol, cellulose.

Among all dosage forms, tablet preparations account for 80%, which is explained by ease of use and, accordingly, greater patient adherence to treatment.

Recipe in Latin: basic rules

A prescription is a written request from the attending physician to a pharmacist or pharmacist. Its design must comply with strict rules, without violating the sequence of sections:

• stamp of the institution;
• date of writing;
• Name and age of the patient;
• Name of the doctor;
• recipe (Rp.) - a section in which the drug and its dosage are prescribed;
• da tales doses (D.t.d.) - quantitative designation, form of release of the drug;
• signa (S.) - recommendations for use for the patient, in Russian;

doctor's signature.

Prescription Options

Tablets can be prescribed in different ways:

Medicinal substance in the section Recipe indicated in the genitive case, without dosage form. The form is prescribed in the following section - "D.t.d. №20 in tabulettis»(give out 20 pieces in tablets). Chapter Signa without changes.

Extract example:

D.t.d: No. 10 in tabulettis

S: 1 tablet orally 2 times a day after meals for 5 days.

Dosage form precedes the name of the substance in the section Recipe in accusative singular ( "tabulettam"), In chapter - "D.t.d" only a quantitative indicator is indicated.

The recipe looks like this:

D.t.d. N.30

1 tablet by mouth at night for 30 days.

The recipe starts with tabulettas- tablets in the accusative plural, after the name of the medicinal substance and its dosage are prescribed, after the quantitative value. Thus the section "D.t.d" missing, it is merged with the section Signa and is denoted as D.S., which translates as "issue and designate".

S. 1 tablet by mouth during dinner.

Coated tablets are prescribed as follows: between the single dosage and the amount, the abbreviation for the shell is added - obd.

Rp.: Tabulettas Silimarini 0.035 obd. N 30

D.S. 2 tablets inside 3 times a day after meals without chewing.

The second way to checkout with a saved section "D.t.d":

D.t.d. N.100 in tab. obd.

2 tablets orally 3 times a day 1 hour before meals.

If the medicine is prescribed in the trade name, the doctor first writes tabulettas, followed by the commercial name in quotation marks. In the same section ( "Rp.:") the number of tablets is prescribed, below D.S.:

D.S. 1 tablet orally 1 time per day.

In the case of a multicomponent drug, each active substance is prescribed separately with its single dosage in a tablet, an example of an extract:

Riboflavini 0.005

D.t.d. N.10 in tabulettis

1 tablet 3 times a day

Wrong prescription

In addition to the above rules for extracting, there are requirements for forms. Some drugs (narcotic, psychotropic) are prescribed on special prescription forms and are valid for 5-10 days.

If the prescription is written in an inappropriate way, it is considered invalid. It is marked with a stamp, information about it is transmitted to the management of the institution in which the prescription was issued.

Brief rules for writing prescriptions - methodological student allowance

medical, pediatric and pharmaceutical faculties

MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL PRECISE

The general formulation as a branch of pharmacology combines medical and pharmaceutical formulations. Medical prescription studies the rules for prescribing drugs (more precisely, dosage forms). The pharmaceutical formulation includes the rules for the manufacture of dosage forms and is currently separated into a special branch of pharmaceutical knowledge - the technology of dosage forms.

THE CONCEPT OF MEDICINAL SUBSTANCE, DOSAGE FORM AND DRUG

Medicinal substance (or drug) is a chemical compound with pharmacological activity.

medicinal product - This is a medicinal raw material subjected to special processing. Sources of medicinal raw materials can be of mineral, vegetable, animal, synthetic origin and waste products of microorganisms.

dosage form they call the release form given to the medicinal substance, which best suits the purposes of application and is most convenient to use.

Medicine is a medicinal substance in a certain dosage form.

RECIPE AND ITS STRUCTURE

Recipe - this is a written request from a doctor to a pharmacist about the preparation of a medicine, indicating how the patient should use this medicine. Fulfilling the doctor's prescriptions, the pharmacist (pharmacist) controls the correctness of the prescription (this mainly concerns the dose of the medicine and the compatibility of the prescribed substances). The patient, in turn, must strictly observe the specified method of using the drug.

The prescription of the medicine is carried out in Latin, while the instruction on how to use the medicine to the patient is in Russian (native) language.

Recipe Structure

The recipe consists of the following sections:

Medical institution stamp;

Name and age of the patient;

Name of the doctor;

Medicine prescription;

An indication to the pharmacist to prepare a specific dosage form (optional for official and abbreviated prescriptions)

Instructions to the pharmacist on the peculiarities of dispensing the medicine to the patient

Telling the patient how to take the medicine correctly

The signature of the doctor, his personal seal and the seal of the institution.

The main section of the prescription is the prescription of the medicine. It always begins with an appeal to the pharmacist: Recipe - take it, after which the medicinal substances are listed in a certain sequence. The obligatory part of the prescription is only the main active ingredient or basis (basis), which is placed on the first line. It is on its application that the pharmacological effect of the drug is based. In second place in the prescription are auxiliary substances (adjuvans): they are used to enhance the action of the basis or weaken its undesirable effects. In third place are corrective substances (corrigens), which are introduced into the composition of the drug in order to correct its unpleasant organoleptic (taste, color, smell, etc.) properties. In the last place are substances that give a certain form to the drug - these are formative substances (constituens): water in solutions, petroleum jelly in ointments, sugar in powders, etc. There can be several auxiliary, corrective and formative substances in the receptor prescription.

BASIC DESIGNATIONS ACCEPTED IN THE FORMULA

The number of medicinal substances included in the prescription is indicated on the right side of the form. measure weight in the recipe is a gram (1.0) and its shares: 0.1 - decigrams; 0.001 - milligram; 0.0001 - decimilligram; 0.00001 - centi-milligram; 0.000001 - microgram. The measure of volume in the recipe is milliliter (1 ml). The length is indicated in centimeters (sm).

If two or more medicinal substances are indicated in the same dose, then it is indicated only once after the name of the last substance. The word "ala" (equally) or abbreviated "aa" is used to indicate that the quantity indicated refers to all substances listed.

If a doctor prescribes a drug in a dose exceeding the highest single dose, then he is obliged to write its amount in words and put an exclamation mark (!).

In the event that the recipe does not fit on one side of the form, you can write "verte" (turn over) at the bottom and finish the recipe on the other side.

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN FORMULA

Reduction	Full name
		no, equally
		distilled floor
		Give out such doses
		extract
		let it be formed
		drop, drops
		liquid ointment, liniment
		liquid
		oil (liquid)
		how much you need (need)
	Repete, Repetalur	Repeat, let it be repeated
		rhizome
		designate
		tablet
		tincture

TYPES OF PRECISIONS

There are three main types of prescriptions for medicines: official, manual and trunk.

The prescription, which is legalized by entering into the Pharmacopoeia, and is not subject to change, is called official (from the Latin oficina - pharmacy). Pharmacopoeia is a medical and pharmaceutical code that has legislative significance. The State Pharmacopoeia of Russia is a collection of mandatory national standards and regulations that regulate the quality of medicines.

The official prescription is always abbreviated, that is, it only indicates the basis, its quantity and the name of the dosage form. Only the following dosage forms are officially prescribed; tablets, dragees, extracts, tinctures, syrups, true emulsions, aerosols.

An example of an official prescription: for a patient with chronic hepatitis, prescribe Espa-lipon tablets in dose 0.6.

Rp.: Espa-Liponi 0.6

D.t.d.N30 in tab.

S.: 1 tablet 1 time per day on an empty stomach

Example of official prescription 2: indapamide tablets at a dose of 0.0025 are prescribed to a patient with hypertension (with such a low dose of the drug substance, excipients are present in the tablet, but they are not indicated in the official prescription).

Rp.: Indopamidi 0.0025

S.: no 1 tablet 1 time per day in the morning

The prescription of complex drugs that are carried out according to the standard prescriptions placed in the Pharmaceutical Manual is called manual (from the Latin manus - leadership). The manual prescription is always detailed, that is, it indicates all the ingredients of the medicine and instructs the pharmacist which dosage form to prepare from them.

An example of a manual prescription: for the treatment of neurosis, prescribe Charcot's mixture:

Rp.: Inf. rad. Valerianae 0.6 - 200ral

Sodium bromide 6.0

Codeini phosphatis 0.2

S.: no 1-2 tablespoon 3 times a day

Prescriptions drawn up by a doctor at his discretion and based on the patient's condition are called main (from Latin magister - teacher). The main line is always expanded.

An example of compiling a main prescription: prescribe a medicine for the treatment of hypertension, prepared in such a way that individual medicinal substances affect the regulation of various parts of vascular tone: ednit, blocking the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme, reduces the formation of angiotensin II; corvitol, blocking beta1-adrenergic receptors of the heart, reduces the importance of the cardiac component in increasing vascular tone; normodipine interferes with the entry of calcium in vascular smooth muscle cells.

Rp.: Ednyti 0.005

Normodipini 0.0025

Prescription prescriptions can also be expanded and abbreviated, simple and complex, subsidized and underdosed.

If one medicinal substance is prescribed in the prescription, then the prescription is called simple .

Example: prescribe a cardioselective beta-blocker with vasodilating activity nebilet for the treatment of hypertension.

Rp.:Nebueti 0.005

D.t.d.N 28 in tab.

S.:no 1 tablet i times a day

When prescribing drugs that include several components, the prescription is called complex .

Example: prescribe to a patient with arterial hypotension a powder containing dihydroergocristine in a single dose of 0.0005, reserpine - 0.0001 and clonamide-0.005 (the composition of the powder is similar to the drug "Acenosin").

Rp.: Dihydroergotoxini 0.0005

Reserpini 0.0001

S.: no 1 powder 2 times a day

A prescription in which all the ingredients included in the medicine are sequentially written out, and an instruction is given to the pharmacist to prepare the dosage form, is called deployed .

Example: prescribe a powder containing digoxin (single dose 0.00025) and veroshpiron (single dose 0.025) to a patient with chronic heart failure.

Rp.: Digoxini 0.00025

Verospironi 0.025

S.: no 1 powder 2 times a day

A prescription that indicates only the name of the dosage form and the main drug substance with appropriate indications of em concentration and the total amount of the drug dispensed, without a list of its ingredients, is called abbreviated .

Example: prescribe 0.5% solution of seduxen in ampoules of 2 ml for the relief of convulsive syndrome.

Rp.: Sol. Seduxeni 0.5%-2ml

D.t.d. N5 in amp.

S.: administer intravenously

The prescription of a medicine that is dispensed in separate equal doses is called based . In this case, a dose of medicinal substances is written for 1 dose and there is always the phrase "Give such doses by number ..." -D.t.d. N.

Example: for a patient with pain in the spine, prescribe donalgin tablets at a dose of 0.25.

Rp.:Donalgini 0.25

D.t.d. N30 in amp.

S.:no 1 tablet 3 times a day

The prescription, where medicinal substances are prescribed in the total amount for all appointments, is called undosed . The medicine from the pharmacy is not dispensed in separate doses, but is dosed by the patient himself based on the explanations recorded in the signature.

Example: for a patient with muscle pain, prescribe 50 g of Revmogel.

Rp.:Reumogeli 50.0

S.: rub a thin layer on the affected area

2-3 times a day

CLASSIFICATION OF DOSAGE FORMS

Dosage forms are most often classified according to their physical and chemical properties: they distinguish between solid, soft, liquid, aerosol and gaseous.

Aerosol and gaseous dosage forms are prescribed only officially.

SOLID DOSAGE FORMS

The main solid dosage forms include: powders, tablets, dragees and granules. Tablets, dragees and granules are prescribed only officially.

POWDERS

Powders is a solid dosage form for internal and external use, which has the property of flowability. Powders for external use are called powders, they are undosed. Powders for internal use, as a rule, are dosed. Powders can also be simple or complex.

Powders for internal use

When prescribing dosed powders, there is a rule about 1 decigram, which says: the weight of the powder cannot be less than 0.1. If the weight of the powder is less than 0.1, then a filler is added. Exceptions to the one decigram rule: if the powder weight is less than 0.1, no filler is added if the powder is in capsules and ampoules. The maximum weight of the powder must not exceed 1.0; otherwise it will be inconvenient to take.

The filler for powders must meet the following requirements: not to enter into chemical interaction with medicinal substances, not to have its own pharmacological activity and irritant effect. The most commonly used fillers are: sugar (Saccharum), milk sugar (Saccharum lactis), glucose (Glucosum), sodium bicarbonate (Natrii hydrocarbonas).

Complex dosed powder for internal use

Example: for the treatment of ascariasis in a child of three years old, prescribe decaris powder, a single dose of 0.05:

Rp.: Decarisi 0.05

S.: but 1 powder at night.

Simple dosed powder for internal use

When prescribing a simple powder, the name of the dosage form is indicated only in the signature.

Example: for a patient with chronic gastritis to relieve heartburn, prescribe gelusil powder, a single dose of 0.5:

Rp: HeJusili 0.5

S.: 1 powder 3 times a day after meals

Undosed powder for internal use

In the form of undosed powders, safe medicinal substances are administered inside, the dosage accuracy for which is not of fundamental importance. They are prescribed in bulk, and the patient himself divides the medicine into separate portions. Depending on the method of application and its duration, the amount of powder ranges from 5 to 200 grams.

Example: for a patient with urolithiasis to dissolve stones, prescribe blemaren powder

Rp.: Blemareni 200.0

S.: 1-2 scoops (3-6 grams) 2-3 times a day. Dissolve in a glass of water before use

CAPSULES

Capsule - this is not a dosage form, but a receptacle (shell) in which dosed powdered, granular pasty or liquid medicinal substances are placed. Typically, capsules contain medicinal substances that have an unpleasant taste and/or irritant effect on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity.

There are capsules soluble in the stomach or only in the intestines. In enteric capsules, those substances are placed that are destroyed upon contact with the acidic contents of the stomach. Capsules soluble in the stomach: starch (capsula amylacea) and gelatin (capsula gelatinosa). Capsules soluble in the intestine: glutol (capsula glutoidea) and keratin (capsula keratinosa).

When prescribing powder in capsules, you do not need to add a filler, that is, capsule powder is an exception to the one decigram rule.

Example 1: for the treatment of flatulence (bloating), prescribe zspumizan capsule powder in a single dose of 0.04:

Rp.: Espumisani 0.04

D.t.d. N 100 caps. gel.

S.: 1 capsule 3 times a day.

Example 2: a patient with pneumonia is prescribed hemomycin capsular powder at a dose of 0.25.

Rp.: Hemomycini 0.25

D.t.d. No. 6 in caps. amylaceis

S.: no 2 tablets 1 time per day for 3 days

Example 3: a patient with epilepsy is prescribed carbapine capsule powder in a single dose of 0.2 (carbapine should not come into contact with the contents of the stomach):

Rp.: Carbapini 0.2

D.t.d. N60 caps. keratinosis

S.: no 1 capsule 3 times a day.

ampoule powder

Ampoule powder is an exception to the one decigram rule,

Ampoule powder is an injectable dosage form and is prepared in the factory. It is sterile and after dilution in an appropriate solvent (which is usually attached to the ampoule powder), an injection solution suitable for use is obtained. In the form of ampoule powders, those medicinal substances are released that are unstable (quickly destroyed) in a dissolved state.

Example: for the treatment of peptic ulcer, prescribe Kvamatel ampoule powder in a single dose of 0.02:

Rp.: Quamateli 0.02

D.t.d. N5 in amp.

S.: dilute the contents of the ampoule with a solvent and inject intramuscularly.

POWDERS

Powders for external use are called powders. For the preparation of powders, the medicinal substance is used in the form of the smallest powder (in this may be omitted from the recipe). Their prescription is not dosed and expanded. They are issued in the amount of 5-100 g.

Powders can be simple or complex. In complex powders, talc is most often used as a filler. ( Talcum ), starch (Amylum), zinc oxide (Zinci oxydum) and white tire (Bolus alba). To prescribe them, it is necessary to know the concentration of the drug substance and the total amount of the drug.

An example of a simple powder : prescribe 20.0 powders of norsulfazole.

Rp.: Norsulfasoli 50.0

An example of a complex powder: write out 50 grams of 10% streptocide powder:

Rp.: Streptocidi 5.0

S.: apply to affected areas.

PILLS

Tablets are a dosed solid dosage form prepared by pressing or forming medicinal substances. The weight of the tablets ranges from 0.1 to 2.0. Most often, tablets are intended for oral use, however, tablets are also made for sublingual administration and for the preparation of solutions.

Tablets are prescribed only officially. Although their composition, in addition to the main medicinal substance, usually includes several auxiliary ones, only the basis, its dose and the number of tablets are indicated in the prescription.

Tablets are divided into simple (one medicinal substance) and complex (several medicinal substances).

"Classic" way

Example 1: for the treatment of hypertension, prescribe diroton tablets, a single dose of 0.01:

Rp.: Dirotoni 0.01

D.t.d. N 28 in tab.

S.: no i tablet 1 time per day.

Example: for the treatment of prostate adenoma, prescribe prostaplant tablets in a single dose of 0.32:

Rp.: Prostaplanii 0.32

D.t.d. N60 tab.

Example: for the treatment of giardiasis, a 12-year-old child is prescribed Macmiror tablets, a single dose of 0.2:

Rp.: Macmirori 0.2

D.t.d. N20 in tab.

S.: 1 tablet 2 times a day.

Some modified ways

For better assimilation of the material on the modified method of prescribing tablets, the prescription of the basis in the first prescription is given without abbreviations, and in the second prescription an abbreviated version is given.

Example 1a: for the treatment of chronic heart failure, prescribe ednit tablets, a single dose of 0.0025:

Rp.: Tabulettarum Ednyti 0.0025 N28

S.: no 1 tablet i times a day.

Example 1b: for the treatment of hypertension, prescribe Altiazem PP tablets, a single dose of 0.18 (the type of prescription is the same, but the word "tablets" is abbreviated):

Rep.: Tab. Altiazemi RR 0.18 N20

S.:no 1 tablet 1 time per day.

Example 2a: for the treatment of angina pectoris, prescribe corvitol tablets, a single dose of 0.05:

Rp.:Tabulettae Corvitoli 0.05

S.: nol tablet 2 times a day.

Example 2b: for the treatment of a fungal infection, prescribe Mycosyst tablets, a single dose of 0.05 (the type of prescription is the same, but the word "tablet" is abbreviated):

Rep.: Tab. Mycosysti 0.05

D.t.d. N7 S.: no 1 tablet 1 time per day.

Complex pills

Example 1a: for the purpose of long-term contraception, prescribe regulon tablets:

Rp.: Tabulettarum "Regulonum" N21

S.: no I tablet 1 time per day.

Example 16: for the treatment of pyelonephritis, prescribe antibiotic tablets (inhibitor-protected penicillin) panklava (the type of prescription is the same, but the word "tablets" is abbreviated):

Rep.: Tab. Panclavum N15

D.S.: no 1 tablet 3 times a day

Soluble tablets

They are prescribed according to the rules of simple or complex tablets, and the fact that they are soluble (effervescent) is indicated only in the signature.

Example: for a patient with urolithiasis to dissolve stones, prescribe complex blemaren tablets:

Rp.: Tab."Blemarenum" N20

S.: 1-2 tablets 3 times a day. Before use, dissolve the tablets in a glass of water.

DRAGEE

Dragee is a solid dosage form for internal use, obtained by repeated layering of medicinal and excipients on sugar granules. The weight of the dragee ranges from 0.1 to 0.5 g.

Dragees are issued only officially. Although their composition, in addition to the main medicinal substance, includes auxiliary ones, the prescription prescription indicates only the basis, its dose and the number of pills. Prescription dragee begins with the name of the dosage form.

Example 1a: for the treatment of sore throat, prescribe Falimint dragee, a single dose of 0.025:

Rp.: Dragee Faliminti 0.025

S.: Dissolve 1 tablet in the mouth 3-5 times a day.

Example 1b: for the treatment of insomnia, prescribe radedorm dragee, a single dose of 0.005 (the type of prescription is the same, but the word "drug" is abbreviated):

Rep.: Dr. Radedormi 0005

S.: 1 tablet 20 minutes before bedtime.

GRANULES

Granules - a solid non-dose dosage form for internal use in the form of round, cylindrical or irregular grains containing a mixture of medicinal and excipients.

Granules are issued only officially. Their prescription begins with the name of the dosage form

Example: for the treatment of tuberculosis, prescribe granules of sodium paraaminosalicylate.

Rp.: Granulorum Natrii para-aminosalicylatis 100.0

S.: 1 teaspoon 3 times a day one hour after meals.

FEATURES OF PRESCRIBING SOLID DOSAGE FORMS FROM PLANT RAW MATERIAL

Anatomical parts of plants can be directly used for the manufacture of solid dosage forms. In this case, the word "pulvis" is indicated before the name of the anatomical part of the plant. The word "pulvis" only indicates that all anatomical parts of plants (bark, root, leaf, etc.) must be ground into powder before making the medicine.

Powders from anatomical parts of plants are a partial exception to the one decigram rule, as the filler is added to them only when the weight of the powder is less than 0.05.

Example 1: for the treatment of heart failure, prescribe powder from digitalis leaves, a single dose of 0.05:

Rp.: Pul. fol. Digitalis 0.05

S.: no 1 powder at night.

Example 2: for pain in the abdomen, write out the powder from belladonna leaves, a single dose of 0.01:

S.: no 1 powder 3 times a day.

Example 3: for pain in the abdomen, write out pills from belladonna leaves, a single dose of 0.01:

Rp.: Pul. fol. Belladonnae 0.01

D.t.d. Nl0 in tab.

S.: no 1 powder 3 times a day.

SOFT DOSAGE FORMS

Soft dosage forms include ointments, pastes, liniments, patches, suppositories. In the classroom and in the control work, soft dosage forms should be written out only in detail. With the exception of suppositories, these are not dosage forms.

All soft dosage forms in one group are united by the fact that their composition as a formative substance includes fats and fat-like substances, which are called "ointment base". The main properties of ointment bases are:

1. high smearing ability;
2. indifference (do not enter into chemical interaction with medicinal substances and do not irritate the skin and mucous membranes);
3. mix well with medicinal substances;
4. do not change properties under the influence of light and air;
5. melting temperature close to body temperature.

Classifications the main characteristic of ointment bases

Ointment bases are classified according to their origin. Allocate the basis of animal, vegetable, mineral and synthetic origin.

Ointment bases of animal origin

Ointment bases of animal origin are relatively well absorbed from the skin, so it is advisable to use them in ointments used for deep action.

Purified pork fat (Adeps suillus depuratus). Its source is the interior fat of pigs. It is closest in structure to human fat, is well absorbed from the skin, and melts at body temperature. Burns quickly (within 2 weeks) in the light.

Lanolin (Lanoline). It is extracted from the wash water obtained during the processing of sheep's wool. It has a very viscous consistency, as a result of which it is not used independently, but added to other ointment bases. Hydrophilic (100 g of anhydrous lanolin absorbs 150 g of water without loss of ointment consistency), which allows it to be used in wetting processes. Melts at body temperature.

Yellow wax (Cera flava). Obtained by melting bee honeycombs. It melts at a temperature of 63-65 ° C, therefore it is added to ordinary ointment bases to increase their melting point (which is important in a hot climate). When stored in the sun, it becomes white and brittle.

Spermaceti (Spermacetum). Obtained from the cavities of the sperm whale located above the skull and along the spine. It melts at a temperature of 45-54°C. It is added to other ointment bases as a sealant, as well as to make them hygroscopic and elastic. It has its own pharmacological activity: it enhances the processes of regeneration and local immunity.

Fish oil (Oleum jecoris Aselli). It has a liquid consistency, as a result of which it is used for the preparation of liniments. It has its own pharmacological activity: it contains a large amount of vitamins A and D.

Ointment bases of plant origin

Ointment bases of vegetable origin are liquid oils (an exception is cocoa butter, which has a solid consistency) and are used in the manufacture of liniments or added to ointments to make them softer. They do not penetrate well into the skin.

The main vegetable oils used in pharmaceuticals are sunflower oil (Oleum Helianthi), linseed oil (Oleum Lini), olive oil (Oleum Olivarum), almond oil (Oleum Amygdalarum), peach oil (Oleum Persicorim), sesame oil ( Oleum Sesami), bleached oil (Oleum Hyoscyami), cottonseed oil (Oleum Gossypii). castor oil (Oleum Ricini), cocoa butter (Oleum Cacao).

Ointment bases of mineral origin

Mineral ointment bases are oil processing products and are mixtures of solid and liquid saturated hydrocarbons. They have high chemical resistance. They are practically not absorbed from the skin, so it is advisable to use them in ointments used for superficial action.

The most important mineral bases are vaseline (Vaselimim), vaseline oil (Oleum Vaselini) or liquid paraffin and hard paraffin (Paraffmum soHdum). Vaseline and hard paraffin are used to prepare ointments, vaseline oil - liniments.

Recently, ointment bases of synthetic origin, which are essentially artificial polymeric materials, have become increasingly important.

OINTMENTS

Ointment - dosage form, which is a homogeneous mass of soft consistency and intended for external use. Ointments are obtained by mixing the basis with formative substances, which are called ointment bases. If the composition of the ointment, in addition to the ointment base, includes one active principle, then this is a simple ointment; if two or more - this is a complex ointment. The amount of prescribed ointment usually does not exceed 100.0.

An example of a simple ointment: for the treatment of muscle pain, write out 50 grams of 5% butadiene ointment:

Rp.:Butadioni 2,5

Vaseline ad 50.0

M., f.unq. D .

S.: apply to affected areas.

An example of a complex ointment: for the treatment of candidal colpitis (inflammation of the vagina caused by yeast-like fungi - candida), write out 30 grams of an ointment containing 100 mg of macmiror and 40,000 units of nystatin per 1 g (corresponds to the composition of the vaginal cream "Macmiror complex 500 "):

Rp.: Macmirori 3.0

Nistatini 120000ED

Vaselli ad 30.0

S.: apply to affected areas.

For a number of ointments, there is an official prescription (in this case, the ointment is produced in the factory and contains a well-defined number of active principles and ointment bases).

An example of an official prescription for N1a ointment: for the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the joints, prescribe Fastum ointment (contain 1 gmazi25 mg of ketoprofen):

Rp.: Unguentum "Fastum" 30.0

S.: apply to affected areas.

An example of an official prescription for ointment N16 (the type of prescription is the same, but the word "ointment" is abbreviated): for the treatment of purulent-necrotic skin lesions, prescribe Iruksol ointment (contains an antimicrobial agent and a proteolytic enzyme):

Rp.: Ung. "Iruxohun" 30.0

S.: apply to affected areas.

An example of an official prescription of ointment N2: for the treatment of skin manifestations of psoriasis, prescribe ointment "Psoriaten" (contains several ingredients of plant origin):

Rp.: Ung. "Psoriatenum" 30.0

S.: apply to affected areas.

An example of the official prescription of ointment N3: for the treatment of pain syndrome in traumatic, inflammatory and neurological diseases, sour Apizartron ointment (contains several ingredients of animal and synthetic origin):

Rp.: Ung. "Apisarthromum" 20.0

Eye ointment

There are three main differences between an ophthalmic ointment and a regular one (i.e. applied to the skin and mucous membranes): 1) its total weight is not more than 10.0; 2) for its manufacture, lanolin is necessarily used in a ratio of 1:10 in relation to the main ointment base; 3) it is sterile.

Example: for the treatment of eye herpes, prescribe 5 grams of 3% acyclovir ointment:

Rp.: Acicloviri 0.15

M., f.imq. Sterilis!

D.S.: apply under the eyelids of the affected eye

PASTES

Paste is a soft dosage form with a content of free-flowing substances of at least 25%, but not more than 65%. If powdered substances are less than 25%, then indifferent substances are added: talc (Talcum), starch (Amylum), zinc oxide (Zinci oxydum), white clay (Bolus alba) and some others.

The presence of a large amount of powdered substances gives the pastes a denser consistency, as a result of which they do not melt at body temperature, but soften. Therefore, they last longer than ointments on the skin and last longer.

Example 1: for the treatment of a superficial wound, prescribe 50 g of 30% streptocid paste:

Rp.: Streptocidi 15.0

Vaseline ad 50.0

D.S.: Apply to affected areas.

Example 2: for the treatment of a superficial wound, prescribe 50 g of 10% streptocid paste:

Rp.: Sireptocidi 5.0

Vaseline ad 50.0

D.S.: Apply to affected areas.

LINIMENTS

Liniment is a soft dosage form where liquid oil is used as an ointment base.

Example: for the treatment of a superficial wound, prescribe 50 g of 10% streptocide liniment:

Rp.: Streptocidi 5.0

Ol. Vaseline ad 50.0

M.,f. linimentum.

D.S.: Apply to affected areas.

CANDLES

Suppositories are solid at room temperature and melt at body temperature in a dosage form. By shape and weight, rectal (1.1-4.0) and vaginal (1.5-6.0) suppositories are distinguished. If the weight of suppositories is not specifically indicated, then rectal suppositories are prescribed with a weight of 3.0, vaginal - 4.0. Prescribing candles in the classroom and in the control work is main, deployed and dosed.

For the preparation of candles, cocoa butter (Oleum Cacao) is considered the best ointment base, which is hard and brittle at a temperature of 15-20 ° C, and turns into a transparent liquid at a temperature of 30-34 ° C.

An example of rectal suppositories: for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, prescribe rectal suppositories with indomethacin, a single dose of 0.05

Rp.rujdomeracini 0.05

Ol. Cacao ad 3.0

M., f.supp.rectale. D.t.d. N10.

S.: inject 3 times a day.

An example of vaginal suppositories: for the treatment of trichomonas colpitis (inflammation of the vagina caused by protozoa - Trichomonas), prescribe vaginal suppositories with klion, a single dose of 0.1

Ol. Cacao ad 4.0

M.,f.supp.vaginale

S.: enter 1 time per day.

For the manufacture of candles, the anatomical parts of plants can be directly used. In this case (see "Solid dosage forms"), the word "pulvis" is pricked before the name of the anatomical part of the plant.

Example: for the treatment of hemorrhoids, prescribe rectal suppositories with belladonna leaf, single date 0.01:

Rp.: Pul. fol. Belladonnae 0.01

Ol. Cacao ad 3.0

M.,f.supp.rectale

S.: inject 3 times a day.

LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS

Liquid dosage forms include solutions and medicinal extracts from plants: decoctions, infusions, tinctures, extracts, syrups, emulsions.

SOLUTIONS

Solutions are a homogeneous mixture of one or more substances in a solvent, in which the solutes are in a molecularly dispersed state and are distributed in the form of individual molecules and ions.

There are solutions for external use, internal use and injection.

Important in the preparation of solutions is the solvent, which ideally should be neutral and not alien to the body. Basic properties of solvents:

1) must dissolve the medicinal substance, without chemical interaction with it;

2) should not have an irritating effect, its own pharmacological activity and toxicity.

Water (Aqua destillata, and for injections - Aqua bidestillata) satisfies the requirements most fully, however, not all substances are soluble in it, therefore, oils, ethyl alcohol (Spiritus aethylicus), ether (Aether aethylicus), chloroform can be used as solvents. (CMorofonnum), glycerin (Glicerinum) - the last three are only for the preparation of solutions for external use.

Solutions for external use

They are prescribed in small doses and abbreviated, for their prescription it is necessary to know the concentration and volume of the solution; concentration is expressed only in % or as a ratio.

Example: to wash the wound, write out 500 ml of 0.02% (J: 5000) solution of furacilin:

Rp.: Sol. Furacilim 0.02%-500ml(1:5000-500ml)

Eye drops

Eye drops are solutions for external use. There are three main differences between them and conventional solutions:

1) their total volume usually does not exceed 10 ml;

2) small volume of dosing;

3) sterility.

Example: for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis, prescribe 10 ml of a 0.5% solution of allergodil:

Rp.: Sol. Allergodili 0.5%-10ml

D.S.: no 2-3 drops in each eye

Solutions for internal use

Prescription solutions for internal use undosed, expanded or abbreviated (optional) ). To prescribe them, you need to know a single dose, the amount of intake (spoons, drops) and the total number of doses (10-12 when taken with spoons and 20-60 drops). The patient doses the solutions himself, based on the instructions of the doctor, recorded in the signature.

The volume of a tablespoon is 15 ml, dessert - 10 ml and a teaspoon - 5 ml; in 1 ml of water - 20 drops, alcohol and ether (conditionally) - 50 and 80 drops, respectively.

Example: for the treatment of allergies, prescribe a Zyrtec solution for internal use, a single dose of 10 mg, dose with tablespoons, desserts, teaspoons and 10 caps. at the reception (we write out for 10 receptions with a spoon and 20 with drops):

expanded abbreviated

Rp.: Zyrteci 0.1 Rp.: Sol. Zyrteci 0.07%-150ml

Aq.destill. ad 150.0 D.

M.S.: l tablespoon 3 times a day

S.: 1 tablespoon 3 times a day

Rp.: Zyrteci 0.1 Rp.: Sol. Zyrteci 0.1%-100ml

Aq.destill. ad 100.0 D.

M.S.: 1 dessert spoon 3 times a day

S.: 1 dessert spoon 3 times a day

Rp.: Zyrteci 0.1 Rp.: Sot. Zyrteci 0.2%-50ml

Aq.destill. ad 50.0 D.

M.S.: 1 teaspoon 3 times a day

S.: no 1 teaspoon 3 times a day

Rp.: Zyrteci 0.2 Rp.: Sol. Zyrteci 2%-10mI

Aq.destill. ad 10.0 D.

M.S.: no 10 drops 3 times a day

D.S.: 10 drops 3 times a day

For a number of solutions (both for external and for internal use) there are official prescriptions (in this case, the solution is produced in a factory way and contains a clearly defined amount of active principles and a solvent).

An example of an official solution for internal use: write out a solution of cordiamine 20 drops per dose (the number of drops of a single dose corresponds to the total volume in ml):

Rp.: Cordiamini 20ml

S.: 20 drops 3 rals per day

An example of an official multicomponent solution for internal use: for a patient with bronchitis, prescribe a solution of "eucabal" 20 drops per dose:

Rp.: Eucabali 20m!

D.S: 20 drops 3 times a day

Examples of official solutions for external use:

1. For the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the vagina and cervix, prescribe a solution of "Tantum Rose":

Rp.: Tantirosae 120ml

D.S.: douche 1-2 times a day

2. For the treatment of acute rhinitis, prescribe a Nafazol solution:

Rp.: Nafesoli 10ml

S.: instill 2 drops in each nostril 2-4 times a day

Injection solutions

Injectable solutions are a finished dosage form for parenteral use. When preparing injection solutions, 3 rules must be observed: they must be sterile, pyrogen-free and isotonic (the latter is important for large volumes of administration).

There are ampoule solutions (prepared in the factory) and in pharmacy packaging (prepared in a pharmacy).

Ampoule solutions

Ampoule solutions are a dosage form. Oli are written out in abbreviated form, the concentration of the solution is expressed in%.

Example 1: for the treatment of allergy complications, prescribe an ampoule solution of prednisolone (single dose of 30 mg) in 1 ml ampoules:

Rp.: Sol. Prednisoloni 3% ml

D.t.d. N3 in amp.

S.: inject intramuscularly 1 time per day

Example 2: for the treatment of osteoporosis, prescribe an oil solution of retabolil (single dose of 50 mg) in 2 ml ampoules:

Rp.: Sol. Retabolili oleosae 5%-I ml

D.t.d. N1 in amp.

S.: inject deep intramuscularly 1 time in 4 weeks

Solutions in pharmacy packaging

Solutions in a pharmacy package are a non-dosed dosage form, they are prescribed in large quantities. A detailed prescription allows us to show that not distilled, but bidistilled (pyrogenic) water is used to prepare this solution. For prescribing, it is necessary to know the single dose of the substance, the single volume of the solvent and the total number of injections.

Example: write out a solution of diphenhydramine (single dose i 0 mg) in a pharmacy package for 50 injections of 1 ml:

Rp.: Oimedroli 0.5

Aq. bidestill. ad 50.0

MEDICINAL EXTRACTS FROM PLANT RAW MATERIALS.

For the preparation of dosage forms from plant materials, the part of the plant with the highest content of active principles is usually taken.

Anatomical parts of plants

Russian name	Latin name
rhizome

ACTIVE MEDICINAL PLANT PRINCIPLES

The active principles determine the therapeutic effect of preparations from medicinal plants. The main groups of active principles include alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, essential oils, tannins.

Along with them, vegetable raw materials contain many different substances that do not have medicinal activity (fiber, proteins, starch, sugars, and others) and are called "ballast substances".

alkaloids (alcali - alkali, cidos - similarity) - a group of nitrogenous organic compounds of races of crucible and animal origin, which has a pronounced pharmacological effect. Most plant hells belong to the group of alkaloids. In its pure form, alkaloids are crystalline substances or liquids, usually poorly soluble or insoluble in water. In medical practice, their water-soluble salts are used (atropine sulfate, papaverine hydrochloride, etc.).

Glycosides - these are complex two-component organic compounds, consisting of a sugary part (glycone) and a non-sugar part (aglycone or genin), interconnected by an oxygen or nitrogen bridge. Genins have the most diverse chemical structure, being arbitrary phenols, anthracenes, steroids, flavones, etc. Glycones can be represented by both sugars familiar to the body (glucose, mannose, lactose, etc.), and foreign (digitoxose of cardiac glycosides). They can be six-membered (then the corresponding glycosides will be called pyranosides) and five-membered (furanosides). Glycones determine the pharmacokinetic properties of glycosides, and pharmacodynamics are determined by genins. Glycosides in most cases are crystalline substances, easily soluble in water and alcohol.

Saponins (sapo- soap) are structurally similar to glycosides, but have surface-active properties; form foaming soapy solutions with water. The genins of saponins are called sapogenins. Saponins have a bitter taste and irritant effect on the skin and mucous membranes. When taken orally in large doses, they cause nausea and vomiting, in small doses they have an expectorant effect. When released into the blood, they can cause hemolysis of red blood cells.

Essential oils - These are organic compounds of plant nature and are oily liquids with a strong characteristic odor, burning taste and high volatility. They are insoluble in water, but when shaken, they impart their taste and smell to it, which is the basis for the preparation of aromatic waters and their use as agents that improve the organoleptic (taste, smell, etc.) properties of the drug. Essential oils are also used as medicinal substances: many of them have neurotropic, irritant, choleretic, expectorant, antimicrobial and other types of action.

Tannins are nitrogen-free organic compounds of complex structure that have an astringent and tanning effect on the skin and mucous membranes. The main tannin of plants (oak bark, alder seedlings, etc.) is tannin. Tannin also forms insoluble compounds with salts of heavy metals and alkaloids, which makes it possible to use it as an antidote for poisoning with these compounds.

Mucus, resins, organic acids, vitamins, phytoncides and plant antibiotics can also be attributed to the active principles of plants.

INfusions and Decoctions

Infusions and decoctions are aqueous extracts of active principles from medicinal raw materials of plant origin. Infusions are prepared from soft (flowers, leaves, grass), and decoctions from hard (bark, roots, rhizome) anatomical parts of plants. There are exceptions to this rule. So, due to the volatility or easy destructibility of the active principles, infusions are prepared from the roots and rhizomes (valerian, ipecac), and infusions from dense leathery leaves (bearberry).

The infusions are heated in a water bath (infunder apparatus) for 15 minutes, decoctions for 30 minutes. After the specified time, they are filtered: decoctions are still hot after 10 minutes, and infusions after complete cooling (after about 45 minutes). Before preparing infusions and decoctions from alkaloid-containing raw materials, it is moistened with a solution of citric acid, which dramatically increases the extraction of alkaloids into the aqueous phase.

The main disadvantage of infusions and decoctions is the short shelf life: 3-4 days in the refrigerator.

Infusions and decoctions are non-dose dosage forms and are always prescribed in short form. The prescription begins with the name of the dosage form, then the anatomical part of the plant, the name of the plant, its total dose and the total amount of the finished dosage form are indicated. They are dosed with spoons and drops. As a rule, decoctions and infusions are prescribed for 10-12 doses.

An example of an infusion: for the treatment of heart failure, prescribe an infusion of foxglove leaves, a single dose of 0.05:

Rp.: Inf. fol. Digitales 0,5-150 ml

D.S.: no 1 tablespoon 3 times a day.

An example of a decoction: for the treatment of constipation, prescribe a decoction of buckthorn bark, a single dose of 0.5:

Rp.: Dec. cort. Frangulae 5.0-150mI

D.S.: 2 tablespoons at night.

HERALENIC PREPARATIONS

Galenic preparations include tinctures, extracts, cnpoifbi and mucus. They are extracts obtained by complex mechanical and physico-chemical processing of medicinal raw materials. This allows you to increase the content of active principles in the preparation, and reduce the amount of ballast substances. Water, ethyl alcohol and ether are most often used as extractors.

All herbal preparations are prescribed officially, the anatomical parts of plants are not indicated in the recipe.

Tinctures

Tinctures are liquid, transparent alcohol-water or alcohol-ether extracts of active principles from medicinal raw materials. They are prepared by methods of maceration, percolation and dissolution of extracts. Most tinctures are intended for internal use, less often they are used externally (rinsing, rubbing).

Tinctures are prescribed in an undosed amount. When prescribing them, the name of the dosage form is first indicated, why the plant from which it is prepared, and the total amount of tincture. There is a rule: the total volume of the tincture is equal to the number of drops per reception.

Example: for the treatment of constipation, he prescribed a tincture of buckthorn bark, a single dose of 25 drops:

Rp.: Tinct Frangulae 25ml

D.S.: no 25 drops per reception.

extracts

Extracts are condensed (compared to tinctures) extracts from medicinal raw materials. The technological process of their manufacture is similar to the production of tinctures. Currently, there are two types of extracts: liquid and dry.

The rules for prescribing liquid extracts are the same as for tinctures. Since, by her total number of decrees repents in volume units (ml), then the word "liquid (fluidum)" after the name of the plant is optional.

Example: for the treatment of constipation, prescribe a liquid extract of buckthorn bark, a single dose of 25 drops:

Rp: Extr.Frangulae 25ml

D.S.: 25 drops per reception.

Dry extracts are prescribed in the form of tablets, powders, dragees, suppositories. They are dosed by weight units; the word "dry (siccum)" after the name of the plant is optional.

Example: for the treatment of constipation, prescribe a dry extract of buckthorn bark in powders, tablets and suppositories, a single dose of 0.05:

Rep.: Extr. Frangulae 0.05

S.: no 1 powder Zraza per day.

Rep.: Extr. Frangulae 0.05

D.t.d. N10 in tab.

S.: no 1 tablet 3 times a day.

Rep.: Extr. Frangulae 0.05

Ol. Cacao ad 3.0

M., f.supp.rectale.

S.: enter W times a day.

In the event that firms - manufacturers of pharmaceutical products assign trade names to preparations from plant materials, then their prescription is carried out according to the rules for prescribing chemicals.

Example: in case of violation of cerebral blood flow, prescribe memoplant (reference preparation of dry extract from ginkgo leaves) at a dose of 0.04:

Rp.; Memoplanti 0.04

D.t.d. N120 in tab.

S.: 1 tablet 3 times a day.

EMULSIONS

Emulsions are liquid dosage forms that are formed by mixing water with liquids insoluble in it. Emulsions consist of three components: medium, suspended matter and emulsifying agent. In appearance, they resemble milk.

Emulsions are used to mask the unpleasant taste of liquid oils, soften the irritating effect of drugs on the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract, and also to evenly distribute drugs in fats. Emulsions are prescribed internally and externally. For parenteral use, it is obtained by ultra-emulsification by means of ultrasonic vibrations.

According to the method of preparation, emulsions are divided into oil (false) and seed (true). For the preparation of oil emulsions, a variety of liquid oils are used (see the topic "Ointment bases"). In the case when the weight of the oil is not indicated, it is written out 1/10 of the weight of the emulsion. In order for the emulsion to be stable, an emulsifier is added, which envelops the oil particles and prevents them from merging. By their nature, emulsifiers are carbohydrates (gum arabic - Gummi Arabici; apricot gum - Gummi Armeniacae; tragacanth - Tragacanthum; dextrin - Dcxtrinum) or proteins (gelatose - Gelatosa; egg yolk. Vitellum ovi). The emulsifier is usually taken in half the amount of oil. Exceptions: for 10.0 oil, apricot gum is taken - 3.0, tragacanth - 0.5 and one egg yolk for 15.0 oil.

Oil emulsions

The recipe for oil emulsions is expanded and underdosed. An emulsion, where there are only three mandatory components (oil, emulsifier, water) is called simple, if one or more medicinal substances are additionally prescribed, then this is a complex or medicinal emulsion. In a medicinal emulsion, the main medicinal substance (basis) is put in the first place.

Emulsions for internal consumption are dosed with spoons and prescribed for 10-12 doses; the total amount of emulsion for external use usually does not exceed 100.0.

An example of a simple emulsion for internal use: for the treatment of simple dyspepsia in a child, write out an emulsion of castor oil, one dessert spoon per reception:

Rp.: Ol. Ricini 10.0

Aq. destill. ad 100.0

D.S.: nol dessert spoon per reception.

An example of a medicinal emulsion for external use: for the treatment of a superficial wound, write out 100 ml of a 15% streptocide emulsion:

Rp.: Streptocidi 15.0

Aq.destill. ad 100.0

D.S.: apply to the affected area

An example of a medicinal emulsion for internal use: for the treatment of increased anxiety, prescribe a Rudotel emulsion in a single dose of 0.01, dosed with teaspoons:

Rp.:Rudoteli 0.1

Ol.Persicori 10.0

Aq.destill. ad 50.0

D.S.: no 1 teaspoon 3 times a day.

SLIME

Slimes are thick viscous liquids and are obtained by treating with water plant materials that contain mucous substances (flax seed - semen Lini, orchid tuber - tuber Salep, marshmallow root - radix Althaeae, seaweed - Laminaria), or they themselves are pure mucus (gum arabic - Gummi Arabici; apricot gum - GummiArmeniacae). Slime is also obtained by brewing starch (Amylum) with hot water in a ratio of 1:50.

Mucus softens the irritating properties of medicinal substances, slows down their absorption in the digestive tract, and corrects an unpleasant taste and smell. They are discharged officially and always with an equal amount of water.

Example: for the treatment of stomach ulcers, write out the mucus of flax seeds:

Rp.: Mucilagtnis Lini

Aq.destill. ana 75.0

D.S.: 1 tablespoon 3 times a day

MEDICINAL enemas

When prescribing medicinal enemas, two rules must be observed: 1) their volume should not exceed 50 ml; 2) they always contain mucus. The recipe for medicinal enemas is expanded.

Example: to relieve psychomotor agitation, prescribe a medicinal enema with atarax, a single dose of 0.025:

Rp.: Ataraxi 0.025

Mucilaginis Amyli

Aq.destill. ana 20.0

D.S.: for insertion into the rectum.

NEW HALENIC DRUGS

Novogalenic preparations are extracts from medicinal raw materials obtained by special treatment with alcohol, ether or (and) water. Due to the high degree of purification, they contain a minimum amount of ballast substances, which allows them to be used parenterally (unlike galenical preparations).

Novogalenic preparations are an official dosage form: when writing a prescription, only their name and total quantity are indicated.

An example of a novogalenic preparation for internal use: for the treatment of chronic heart failure, prescribe lantoside 10 drops per dose:

Rp.:Lantosidi 10.0

D.S.: no 10 drops 2 times a day.

An example of a novogalenic preparation for parenteral use: for the treatment of acute heart failure, prescribe corglicon in 1 ml ampoules, a single dose of 0.0006:

Rp.: Sol. Corglyconi 0.06%-l ml

D.t.d. N10 in amp.

S.: inject intravenously 1 time per day

AEROSOLS

Aerosols are aerodispersion systems in which the dispersion medium is various gases, and the dispersion phase is particles of solid or liquid substances ranging in size from 1 to several tens of microns.

Aerosol preparations are used for both internal and external use. Aerosols for internal use are often equipped with a special dosing device.

Aerosols are prescribed officially, the prescription is underdosed. Example: to relieve asthma attacks, prescribe an aerosol of salbutamol:

Rp.: Aerosolum SaIbutamoli 50ml

D.S.: no l inhalations 3 times a day

HOMEOPATIC MEDICINES

Recently, homeopathic preparations have become widespread, which are produced in a variety of dosage forms, the main of which are solutions, tablets, granules and ointments. The prescription of homeopathic preparations is official.

Example 1: for the prevention of SARS, prescribe Influcid 10 drops per dose:

Rp.: influcidi 30,0

D.S.: but 10 drops once a day

Example 2: for the treatment of a pathologically occurring menopause, prescribe climactoplan tablets:

Rep.: tab. "Klimaktoplan" N60

S.: no 10 drops 1 pat a day

Example 3: for the treatment of eczema, write out the ointment "Irikar":

Rp.: Ung. "Iricar" 50.0

S.: apply to affected areas 3 times a day.

THE CONCEPT OF DURANTING PREPARATIONS

Durant (retard, prolonged) drugs are drugs with a slow release of the active substance from the dosage form, which leads to a prolongation of the time of its action. The main dosage forms with prolonged action include tablets, spansules (capsules containing many microgranules), patches, and some injection forms.

The mechanisms for slowing down the release of the active substance in different dosage forms are different. For example, in a number of injectable dosage forms (powders, suspensions), the basis binds to an indifferent substance, which gradually releases it from the muscle depot. Tablets may consist of several shells, which gradually dissolve as the drug passes through the digestive tract. Tablets can also be compressed from microgranules with different disintegration times.

Example: for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, prescribe a retard form of diclofenac in a single dose of 0.1:

Rp.: Diclofenaci-retardi 0.1

D.t.d. N20 in tab.

S.: 1 tablet per day.

RECIPE

Medicines introduced into the human body may have a different appearance (tablets, solutions, suppositories, etc.). It is chosen by the doctor, guided by the characteristics and condition of the patient and the need to ensure the supply of the substance to the desired organs and cells (bioavailability or bioavailability). The state (appearance) that provides ease of use and bioavailability of medicinal substances (PM) is called a dosage form. A medicinal substance in a specific dosage form is called a medicinal product (drug). The doctor must be able to prescribe medicinal substances in basic dosage forms in prescriptions. Methods for prescribing various dosage forms are studied by the section of pharmacy - formulation.

Classification of dosage forms

I. At the place of manufacture (this circumstance affects the method of prescribing):

1. Ready-made (manufactured at pharmaceutical factories and pharmacies only sold).

2. Extemporaneous (produced in a pharmacy in accordance with the prescription of a doctor).

II. Dosing method:

1. Divided or dosed (the total amount of the drug is divided by the manufacturer into separate doses).

2. Undivided (the user independently takes the right amount from the total mass as directed by the doctor).

III. According to the method of administration:

1) Enteral (through the gastrointestinal tract)

a) introduced "inside" (through the mouth, per os)

b) through the rectum (per rectum)

2) Parenteral (bypassing the gastrointestinal tract)

a) injection - administered with a violation of the integrity of the skin subcutaneously (1-2 ml), intramuscularly (1-10 ml, more often 3-5 ml), intravenously (10-20 ml with jet and 100-400 ml with drip), and also intradermally, intraarterially, epidurally, subarachnoidly, intraosseously, etc. Injectable dosage forms must be sterile (without live microorganisms) and non-pyrogenic (without pyrogens, substances that increase body temperature, killed microbes). To ensure sterility, various methods are used, primarily heating. Non-pyrogenicity is achieved by using special solvents and aseptic filtration through microporous antimicrobial filters. The industry produces four types of dosage forms for injections: powders, solutions, suspensions and novogalenovy preparations. They are available in ampoules (in ampullis, abbreviated in. amp.) and vials (in vitro originale, abbreviated in vitr. orig.), which are glass containers that guarantee the preservation of sterility and apyrogenicity (vials are convenient for the ability to aseptically dissolve or suspend medicinal substances and administer content in multiple steps).

b) non-injectable

Through the skin (application on the skin, iontophoresis)

Through mucous membranes (sublingually, intranasally, intravaginally)

Through the respiratory tract (inhalation).

IV. By consistency:

1. Solid: tablets, dragees, powders, granules.

PILLS(Tabuletta (nom. sing), tabulettas (acc. pl.)) - finished, solid, dosage form obtained by pressing powdered or granular substances. By composition, simple (containing one medicinal substance, auxiliary and technological substances are not taken into account) and complex (two or more medicinal substances) are distinguished. Tablets can be assigned conditional (proprietary, commercial) names. Tablets can have a different shape (flat, round, etc.), a shell containing sugar, dextran, wheat flour, cocoa. They should disintegrate in heated water within 15 minutes.

DRAGEE(Drage, not leaning)- solid dosed finished dosage form for internal use, obtained by repeated layering of medicinal substances on sugar granules. Like tablets, they contain excipients. There are simple and complex (patented). Dragees should disintegrate in the gastrointestinal tract within 30 minutes.

POWDER(Pulvis (nom. sing.)) - solid dosage form for internal (usually divided) and external (usually undivided) use, with flowability. If the powder has an irritating effect, an unpleasant taste or smell, it can be prescribed in capsules.

Capsules (Capsula (nom. sing.), capsulis (abl. pl.) - shell-containers for dosed powdered, granular or liquid medicinal substances intended for internal use.

GRANULES(Granulum (nom. sing.), granulorum (gen. pl.) - finished solid dosage form in the form of homogeneous grains (grains), 0.2-0.3 mm in size, intended for internal use. This dosage form, most often, is written out as undivided and is dispensed in a total amount (50.0-100.0). The measured amount of granules is recommended to be dissolved in water before taking.

2. Soft: liniments, ointments, pastes, suppositories. They make up one group, although they have a different consistency created by special shaping agents (fats and fat-like substances): Adeps suillus depuratus (purified pork fat), Lanolinum, Vaselinum - in ointments and pastes; Oleum Helianthi (sunflower oil), Oleum Ricini (castor oil) - in liniments, Oleum Cacao, Butyrolum - in suppositories.

OINTMENT(Unguentum (nom. sing.), unguenti (gen. sing.)) - soft undivided dosage form of a viscous consistency, intended for external use. It is obtained by mixing medicinal substances (basis) and formative substances, ointment bases (constituens). Ointment bases can be oil refining products (mixtures of hydrocarbons: vaseline, vaseline oil, paraffin), stable during storage and poorly absorbed through the skin; fats of animal origin (for example, Adeps suillus depuratus), which easily penetrate into the deeper layers of the skin and promote the absorption of medicinal substances mixed with them. For the treatment of diseases of the skin and mucous membranes, ointments are usually prescribed in an amount of 20.0-100.0, eye ointments - 5.0 - 10.0. If the ointment is produced by the industry with a medicinal substance in only one concentration, then it is not necessary to indicate it in the prescription.

PASTE(Pasta (nom. sing.), pastae (gen. sing.)) - a variety of ointments containing at least 25% powdered substances (up to 60-65%). Pastes soften at body temperature. Due to the high content of powdered substances, pastes have more pronounced adsorbing and drying properties than ointments.

LINIMENT(Linimentum (nom. sing.), linimenti (gen. sing.)) or liquid ointment - a soft dosage form of a liquid consistency for external use. Liniments-emulsions and liniments-suspensions must be shaken before use.

SUPPOSITORIES(Suppositorium (nom. sing.), suppositoria (acc. pl.)), suppositories or "soaps" - a soft dosage form that melts at body temperature and is intended for administration into the rectum(Suppository rectal) or in the vagina(Suppository vaginale). For rectal suppositories, the type is not indicated in the recipe (by default), for vaginal suppositories it must be specified.

3. Liquid: solutions, suspensions, potions, etc.

SOLUTION(Solutio (nom. sing.), solutionis (gen. sing.)) - homogeneous transparent liquid dosage form containing a medicinal substance and a solvent. Solutions can be intended for external, internal use or injection. For the preparation of injection solutions, solvents devoid of irritating action, pyrogen-free double-distilled water (Aqua pro injectionibus) and peach and almond vegetable oils (Ol. Persicorum, Ol. Amygdalarum) are used. When prescribing ready-made solutions, indicate the concentration of the solution in percent and the amount of the solution. If it is necessary to dilute the solution, the volume of the solvent is indicated.

Some injection solutions are produced under official code names. For example, a 25% solution of nicotinic acid diethylamide is a drug called Cordiaminum. When prescribing such solutions, only the name of the drug and its quantity are indicated.

SUSPENSION(Suspensio (nom. sing.), suspensionis (gen. sing.)) - liquid dosage form, which is a dispersed system, and the dispersion medium is a liquid (water or oil), and the dispersed phase is a finely crystalline or amorphous powder. Suspensions may separate during storage, so they must be thoroughly shaken during use.

4. Films, aerosols, collections, galenic and novogalenic preparations are isolated separately.

AEROSOLS(Aerosolum (nom. et acc. sing.), aerosola (acc. pl.)) - aerodisperse systems with a gas dispersion medium and a dispersed phase, represented by solid or liquid substances with a particle size of the order of several micrometers. Aerosols are produced in plastic or metal packages equipped with a valve device. They are intended for inhalation use in the treatment of diseases of the lungs and upper respiratory tract and local use in the treatment of lesions of the skin or mucous membranes. Since aerosols for inhalation use have an automatic dispenser, and aerosols for external use are dosed according to the circumstances (depending on the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe lesion), the dose is not indicated in the aerosol signature.

FILMS(Membranula (nom. sing), membranulas (acc. pl.))- drug-impregnated polymer sheets, providing uniform and long-term absorption of the substance. They are designed both for local, for example, in eye practice, and for the resorptive effect of medicinal substances, the content of which in the film is strictly dosed. Eye films (Membranulae ophthalmicae seu Lamellae) are produced sterile.

GALENIC PREPARATIONS(in honor of the ancient Roman physician Galen) - extractive extracts from plant (rarely animal) medicinal raw materials containing, in addition to biologically active substances ("active principles"), many "ballast" substances (resins, pigments, pectins, etc.). The most important herbal preparations are tinctures and extracts.

TINCTURE (Tinctura (nom. sing.), tincturae (gen. sing.)) - alcohol, alcohol-water or alcohol-ether extract from medicinal raw materials obtained without heating(insisting or pushing out). Being concentrated extracts, when administered orally, they are usually dosed in drops (from 5 to 30 per dose) and released in a small volume (5-50 ml).

EXTRACT(Extractum (nom. sing.), extracti (gen. sing.)) - concentrated extract from vegetable raw materials. There are dry extracts (Extracta sicca), thick (Extracta spissa) and liquid (Extracta fluida). The first two types of extracts are used in solid or soft dosage forms. Liquid extracts are prescribed as tinctures.

NOVOGALENOVY PREPARATIONS - extracts (extracts) from plant or animal medicinal raw materials, maximally purified from ballast substances. When writing out a prescription, the dosage form is not indicated, since the name of these drugs refers to the drug (and not the substance). Since the content of the active substance (substances) in a certain volume of these preparations is determined not in weight, but in conventional units (ED), when prescribing them, it is impossible to indicate the percentage of the substance and only the volume (in ml) is indicated. Novogalenic preparations for internal use are dosed, like galenic, in drops.

Prescription - a written, prescribed form of a doctor's request to a pharmacy with an order for the manufacture and (or) dispensing of a medicine and an indication of the method of its use.. In the preparation of a prescription, one should distinguish between the formal legal side (determined by orders of the Ministry of Health - order No. 360 of July 19, 2005 is currently in force) and the professional medical side, determined by the recipe.

The formal structure of the recipe includes 4 parts:

Inscriptio (inscription: date, full name of the patient, age; full name of the doctor);

Designatio materiarum, denoting the material structure of the prescription (dosage form, substance or list of substances, their quantities);

Subscriptio (instructing the pharmacist on the preparation process and (or) dispensing it in a certain amount);

Signatura - a description of the method of application of the drug.

Finished dosage forms, which are currently the main ones, are prescribed in an abbreviated way.

Scheme of abbreviated prescribing of finished dosage forms

Brief rules for writing prescriptions - methodological student allowance

medical, pediatric and pharmaceutical faculties

MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL PRECISE

The general formulation as a branch of pharmacology combines medical and pharmaceutical formulations. Medical prescription studies the rules for prescribing drugs (more precisely, dosage forms). The pharmaceutical formulation includes the rules for the manufacture of dosage forms and is currently separated into a special branch of pharmaceutical knowledge - the technology of dosage forms.

THE CONCEPT OF MEDICINAL SUBSTANCE, DOSAGE FORM AND DRUG

Medicinal substance (or drug) is a chemical compound with pharmacological activity.

medicinal product - This is a medicinal raw material subjected to special processing. Sources of medicinal raw materials can be of mineral, vegetable, animal, synthetic origin and waste products of microorganisms.

dosage form they call the release form given to the medicinal substance, which best suits the purposes of application and is most convenient to use.

Medicine is a medicinal substance in a certain dosage form.

RECIPE AND ITS STRUCTURE

Recipe - this is a written request from a doctor to a pharmacist about the preparation of a medicine, indicating how the patient should use this medicine. Fulfilling the doctor's prescriptions, the pharmacist (pharmacist) controls the correctness of the prescription (this mainly concerns the dose of the medicine and the compatibility of the prescribed substances). The patient, in turn, must strictly observe the specified method of using the drug.

The prescription of the medicine is carried out in Latin, while the instruction on how to use the medicine to the patient is in Russian (native) language.

Recipe Structure

The recipe consists of the following sections:

Medical institution stamp;

Name and age of the patient;

Name of the doctor;

Medicine prescription;

An indication to the pharmacist to prepare a specific dosage form (optional for official and abbreviated prescriptions)

Instructions to the pharmacist on the peculiarities of dispensing the medicine to the patient

Telling the patient how to take the medicine correctly

The signature of the doctor, his personal seal and the seal of the institution.

The main section of the prescription is the prescription of the medicine. It always begins with an appeal to the pharmacist: Recipe - take it, after which the medicinal substances are listed in a certain sequence. The obligatory part of the prescription is only the main active ingredient or basis (basis), which is placed on the first line. It is on its application that the pharmacological effect of the drug is based. In second place in the prescription are auxiliary substances (adjuvans): they are used to enhance the action of the basis or weaken its undesirable effects. In third place are corrective substances (corrigens), which are introduced into the composition of the drug in order to correct its unpleasant organoleptic (taste, color, smell, etc.) properties. In the last place are substances that give a certain form to the drug - these are formative substances (constituens): water in solutions, petroleum jelly in ointments, sugar in powders, etc. There can be several auxiliary, corrective and formative substances in the receptor prescription.

BASIC DESIGNATIONS ACCEPTED IN THE FORMULA

The number of medicinal substances included in the prescription is indicated on the right side of the form. measure weight in the recipe is a gram (1.0) and its shares: 0.1 - decigrams; 0.001 - milligram; 0.0001 - decimilligram; 0.00001 - centi-milligram; 0.000001 - microgram. The measure of volume in the recipe is milliliter (1 ml). The length is indicated in centimeters (sm).

If two or more medicinal substances are indicated in the same dose, then it is indicated only once after the name of the last substance. The word "ala" (equally) or abbreviated "aa" is used to indicate that the quantity indicated refers to all substances listed.

If a doctor prescribes a drug in a dose exceeding the highest single dose, then he is obliged to write its amount in words and put an exclamation mark (!).

In the event that the recipe does not fit on one side of the form, you can write "verte" (turn over) at the bottom and finish the recipe on the other side.

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN FORMULA

Reduction	Full name
		no, equally
		distilled floor
		Give out such doses
		extract
		let it be formed
		drop, drops
		liquid ointment, liniment
		liquid
		oil (liquid)
		how much you need (need)
	Repete, Repetalur	Repeat, let it be repeated
		rhizome
		designate
		tablet
		tincture

TYPES OF PRECISIONS

There are three main types of prescriptions for medicines: official, manual and trunk.

The prescription, which is legalized by entering into the Pharmacopoeia, and is not subject to change, is called official (from the Latin oficina - pharmacy). Pharmacopoeia is a medical and pharmaceutical code that has legislative significance. The State Pharmacopoeia of Russia is a collection of mandatory national standards and regulations that regulate the quality of medicines.

The official prescription is always abbreviated, that is, it only indicates the basis, its quantity and the name of the dosage form. Only the following dosage forms are officially prescribed; tablets, dragees, extracts, tinctures, syrups, true emulsions, aerosols.

An example of an official prescription: for a patient with chronic hepatitis, prescribe Espa-lipon tablets in dose 0.6.

Rp.: Espa-Liponi 0.6

D.t.d.N30 in tab.

S.: 1 tablet 1 time per day on an empty stomach

Example of official prescription 2: indapamide tablets at a dose of 0.0025 are prescribed to a patient with hypertension (with such a low dose of the drug substance, excipients are present in the tablet, but they are not indicated in the official prescription).

Rp.: Indopamidi 0.0025

S.: no 1 tablet 1 time per day in the morning

The prescription of complex drugs that are carried out according to the standard prescriptions placed in the Pharmaceutical Manual is called manual (from the Latin manus - leadership). The manual prescription is always detailed, that is, it indicates all the ingredients of the medicine and instructs the pharmacist which dosage form to prepare from them.

An example of a manual prescription: for the treatment of neurosis, prescribe Charcot's mixture:

Rp.: Inf. rad. Valerianae 0.6 - 200ral

Sodium bromide 6.0

Codeini phosphatis 0.2

S.: no 1-2 tablespoon 3 times a day

Prescriptions drawn up by a doctor at his discretion and based on the patient's condition are called main (from Latin magister - teacher). The main line is always expanded.

An example of compiling a main prescription: prescribe a medicine for the treatment of hypertension, prepared in such a way that individual medicinal substances affect the regulation of various parts of vascular tone: ednit, blocking the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme, reduces the formation of angiotensin II; corvitol, blocking beta1-adrenergic receptors of the heart, reduces the importance of the cardiac component in increasing vascular tone; normodipine interferes with the entry of calcium in vascular smooth muscle cells.

Rp.: Ednyti 0.005

Normodipini 0.0025

Prescription prescriptions can also be expanded and abbreviated, simple and complex, subsidized and underdosed.

If one medicinal substance is prescribed in the prescription, then the prescription is called simple .

Example: prescribe a cardioselective beta-blocker with vasodilating activity nebilet for the treatment of hypertension.

Rp.:Nebueti 0.005

D.t.d.N 28 in tab.

S.:no 1 tablet i times a day

When prescribing drugs that include several components, the prescription is called complex .

Example: prescribe to a patient with arterial hypotension a powder containing dihydroergocristine in a single dose of 0.0005, reserpine - 0.0001 and clonamide-0.005 (the composition of the powder is similar to the drug "Acenosin").

Rp.: Dihydroergotoxini 0.0005

Reserpini 0.0001

S.: no 1 powder 2 times a day

A prescription in which all the ingredients included in the medicine are sequentially written out, and an instruction is given to the pharmacist to prepare the dosage form, is called deployed .

Example: prescribe a powder containing digoxin (single dose 0.00025) and veroshpiron (single dose 0.025) to a patient with chronic heart failure.

Rp.: Digoxini 0.00025

Verospironi 0.025

S.: no 1 powder 2 times a day

A prescription that indicates only the name of the dosage form and the main drug substance with appropriate indications of em concentration and the total amount of the drug dispensed, without a list of its ingredients, is called abbreviated .

Example: prescribe 0.5% solution of seduxen in ampoules of 2 ml for the relief of convulsive syndrome.

Rp.: Sol. Seduxeni 0.5%-2ml

D.t.d. N5 in amp.

S.: administer intravenously

The prescription of a medicine that is dispensed in separate equal doses is called based . In this case, a dose of medicinal substances is written for 1 dose and there is always the phrase "Give such doses by number ..." -D.t.d. N.

Example: for a patient with pain in the spine, prescribe donalgin tablets at a dose of 0.25.

Rp.:Donalgini 0.25

D.t.d. N30 in amp.

S.:no 1 tablet 3 times a day

The prescription, where medicinal substances are prescribed in the total amount for all appointments, is called undosed . The medicine from the pharmacy is not dispensed in separate doses, but is dosed by the patient himself based on the explanations recorded in the signature.

Example: for a patient with muscle pain, prescribe 50 g of Revmogel.

Rp.:Reumogeli 50.0

S.: rub a thin layer on the affected area

2-3 times a day

CLASSIFICATION OF DOSAGE FORMS

Dosage forms are most often classified according to their physical and chemical properties: they distinguish between solid, soft, liquid, aerosol and gaseous.

Aerosol and gaseous dosage forms are prescribed only officially.

SOLID DOSAGE FORMS

The main solid dosage forms include: powders, tablets, dragees and granules. Tablets, dragees and granules are prescribed only officially.

POWDERS

Powders is a solid dosage form for internal and external use, which has the property of flowability. Powders for external use are called powders, they are undosed. Powders for internal use, as a rule, are dosed. Powders can also be simple or complex.

Powders for internal use

When prescribing dosed powders, there is a rule about 1 decigram, which says: the weight of the powder cannot be less than 0.1. If the weight of the powder is less than 0.1, then a filler is added. Exceptions to the one decigram rule: if the powder weight is less than 0.1, no filler is added if the powder is in capsules and ampoules. The maximum weight of the powder must not exceed 1.0; otherwise it will be inconvenient to take.

The filler for powders must meet the following requirements: not to enter into chemical interaction with medicinal substances, not to have its own pharmacological activity and irritant effect. The most commonly used fillers are: sugar (Saccharum), milk sugar (Saccharum lactis), glucose (Glucosum), sodium bicarbonate (Natrii hydrocarbonas).

Complex dosed powder for internal use

Example: for the treatment of ascariasis in a child of three years old, prescribe decaris powder, a single dose of 0.05:

Rp.: Decarisi 0.05

S.: but 1 powder at night.

Simple dosed powder for internal use

When prescribing a simple powder, the name of the dosage form is indicated only in the signature.

Example: for a patient with chronic gastritis to relieve heartburn, prescribe gelusil powder, a single dose of 0.5:

Rp: HeJusili 0.5

S.: 1 powder 3 times a day after meals

Undosed powder for internal use

In the form of undosed powders, safe medicinal substances are administered inside, the dosage accuracy for which is not of fundamental importance. They are prescribed in bulk, and the patient himself divides the medicine into separate portions. Depending on the method of application and its duration, the amount of powder ranges from 5 to 200 grams.

Example: for a patient with urolithiasis to dissolve stones, prescribe blemaren powder

Rp.: Blemareni 200.0

S.: 1-2 scoops (3-6 grams) 2-3 times a day. Dissolve in a glass of water before use

CAPSULES

Capsule - this is not a dosage form, but a receptacle (shell) in which dosed powdered, granular pasty or liquid medicinal substances are placed. Typically, capsules contain medicinal substances that have an unpleasant taste and/or irritant effect on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity.

There are capsules soluble in the stomach or only in the intestines. In enteric capsules, those substances are placed that are destroyed upon contact with the acidic contents of the stomach. Capsules soluble in the stomach: starch (capsula amylacea) and gelatin (capsula gelatinosa). Capsules soluble in the intestine: glutol (capsula glutoidea) and keratin (capsula keratinosa).

When prescribing powder in capsules, you do not need to add a filler, that is, capsule powder is an exception to the one decigram rule.

Example 1: for the treatment of flatulence (bloating), prescribe zspumizan capsule powder in a single dose of 0.04:

Rp.: Espumisani 0.04

D.t.d. N 100 caps. gel.

S.: 1 capsule 3 times a day.

Example 2: a patient with pneumonia is prescribed hemomycin capsular powder at a dose of 0.25.

Rp.: Hemomycini 0.25

D.t.d. No. 6 in caps. amylaceis

S.: no 2 tablets 1 time per day for 3 days

Example 3: a patient with epilepsy is prescribed carbapine capsule powder in a single dose of 0.2 (carbapine should not come into contact with the contents of the stomach):

Rp.: Carbapini 0.2

D.t.d. N60 caps. keratinosis

S.: no 1 capsule 3 times a day.

ampoule powder

Ampoule powder is an exception to the one decigram rule,

Ampoule powder is an injectable dosage form and is prepared in the factory. It is sterile and after dilution in an appropriate solvent (which is usually attached to the ampoule powder), an injection solution suitable for use is obtained. In the form of ampoule powders, those medicinal substances are released that are unstable (quickly destroyed) in a dissolved state.

Example: for the treatment of peptic ulcer, prescribe Kvamatel ampoule powder in a single dose of 0.02:

Rp.: Quamateli 0.02

D.t.d. N5 in amp.

S.: dilute the contents of the ampoule with a solvent and inject intramuscularly.

POWDERS

Powders for external use are called powders. For the preparation of powders, the medicinal substance is used in the form of the smallest powder (in this may be omitted from the recipe). Their prescription is not dosed and expanded. They are issued in the amount of 5-100 g.

Powders can be simple or complex. In complex powders, talc is most often used as a filler. ( Talcum ), starch (Amylum), zinc oxide (Zinci oxydum) and white tire (Bolus alba). To prescribe them, it is necessary to know the concentration of the drug substance and the total amount of the drug.

An example of a simple powder : prescribe 20.0 powders of norsulfazole.

Rp.: Norsulfasoli 50.0

An example of a complex powder: write out 50 grams of 10% streptocide powder:

Rp.: Streptocidi 5.0

S.: apply to affected areas.

PILLS

Tablets are a dosed solid dosage form prepared by pressing or forming medicinal substances. The weight of the tablets ranges from 0.1 to 2.0. Most often, tablets are intended for oral use, however, tablets are also made for sublingual administration and for the preparation of solutions.

Tablets are prescribed only officially. Although their composition, in addition to the main medicinal substance, usually includes several auxiliary ones, only the basis, its dose and the number of tablets are indicated in the prescription.

Tablets are divided into simple (one medicinal substance) and complex (several medicinal substances).

"Classic" way

Example 1: for the treatment of hypertension, prescribe diroton tablets, a single dose of 0.01:

Rp.: Dirotoni 0.01

D.t.d. N 28 in tab.

S.: no i tablet 1 time per day.

Example: for the treatment of prostate adenoma, prescribe prostaplant tablets in a single dose of 0.32:

Rp.: Prostaplanii 0.32

D.t.d. N60 tab.

Example: for the treatment of giardiasis, a 12-year-old child is prescribed Macmiror tablets, a single dose of 0.2:

Rp.: Macmirori 0.2

D.t.d. N20 in tab.

S.: 1 tablet 2 times a day.

Some modified ways

For better assimilation of the material on the modified method of prescribing tablets, the prescription of the basis in the first prescription is given without abbreviations, and in the second prescription an abbreviated version is given.

Example 1a: for the treatment of chronic heart failure, prescribe ednit tablets, a single dose of 0.0025:

Rp.: Tabulettarum Ednyti 0.0025 N28

S.: no 1 tablet i times a day.

Example 1b: for the treatment of hypertension, prescribe Altiazem PP tablets, a single dose of 0.18 (the type of prescription is the same, but the word "tablets" is abbreviated):

Rep.: Tab. Altiazemi RR 0.18 N20

S.:no 1 tablet 1 time per day.

Example 2a: for the treatment of angina pectoris, prescribe corvitol tablets, a single dose of 0.05:

Rp.:Tabulettae Corvitoli 0.05

S.: nol tablet 2 times a day.

Example 2b: for the treatment of a fungal infection, prescribe Mycosyst tablets, a single dose of 0.05 (the type of prescription is the same, but the word "tablet" is abbreviated):

Rep.: Tab. Mycosysti 0.05

D.t.d. N7 S.: no 1 tablet 1 time per day.

Complex pills

Example 1a: for the purpose of long-term contraception, prescribe regulon tablets:

Rp.: Tabulettarum "Regulonum" N21

S.: no I tablet 1 time per day.

Example 16: for the treatment of pyelonephritis, prescribe antibiotic tablets (inhibitor-protected penicillin) panklava (the type of prescription is the same, but the word "tablets" is abbreviated):

Rep.: Tab. Panclavum N15

D.S.: no 1 tablet 3 times a day

Soluble tablets

They are prescribed according to the rules of simple or complex tablets, and the fact that they are soluble (effervescent) is indicated only in the signature.

Example: for a patient with urolithiasis to dissolve stones, prescribe complex blemaren tablets:

Rp.: Tab."Blemarenum" N20

S.: 1-2 tablets 3 times a day. Before use, dissolve the tablets in a glass of water.

DRAGEE

Dragee is a solid dosage form for internal use, obtained by repeated layering of medicinal and excipients on sugar granules. The weight of the dragee ranges from 0.1 to 0.5 g.

Dragees are issued only officially. Although their composition, in addition to the main medicinal substance, includes auxiliary ones, the prescription prescription indicates only the basis, its dose and the number of pills. Prescription dragee begins with the name of the dosage form.

Example 1a: for the treatment of sore throat, prescribe Falimint dragee, a single dose of 0.025:

Rp.: Dragee Faliminti 0.025

S.: Dissolve 1 tablet in the mouth 3-5 times a day.

Example 1b: for the treatment of insomnia, prescribe radedorm dragee, a single dose of 0.005 (the type of prescription is the same, but the word "drug" is abbreviated):

Rep.: Dr. Radedormi 0005

S.: 1 tablet 20 minutes before bedtime.

GRANULES

Granules - a solid non-dose dosage form for internal use in the form of round, cylindrical or irregular grains containing a mixture of medicinal and excipients.

Granules are issued only officially. Their prescription begins with the name of the dosage form

Example: for the treatment of tuberculosis, prescribe granules of sodium paraaminosalicylate.

Rp.: Granulorum Natrii para-aminosalicylatis 100.0

S.: 1 teaspoon 3 times a day one hour after meals.

FEATURES OF PRESCRIBING SOLID DOSAGE FORMS FROM PLANT RAW MATERIAL

Anatomical parts of plants can be directly used for the manufacture of solid dosage forms. In this case, the word "pulvis" is indicated before the name of the anatomical part of the plant. The word "pulvis" only indicates that all anatomical parts of plants (bark, root, leaf, etc.) must be ground into powder before making the medicine.

Powders from anatomical parts of plants are a partial exception to the one decigram rule, as the filler is added to them only when the weight of the powder is less than 0.05.

Example 1: for the treatment of heart failure, prescribe powder from digitalis leaves, a single dose of 0.05:

Rp.: Pul. fol. Digitalis 0.05

S.: no 1 powder at night.

Example 2: for pain in the abdomen, write out the powder from belladonna leaves, a single dose of 0.01:

S.: no 1 powder 3 times a day.

Example 3: for pain in the abdomen, write out pills from belladonna leaves, a single dose of 0.01:

Rp.: Pul. fol. Belladonnae 0.01

D.t.d. Nl0 in tab.

S.: no 1 powder 3 times a day.

SOFT DOSAGE FORMS

Soft dosage forms include ointments, pastes, liniments, patches, suppositories. In the classroom and in the control work, soft dosage forms should be written out only in detail. With the exception of suppositories, these are not dosage forms.

All soft dosage forms in one group are united by the fact that their composition as a formative substance includes fats and fat-like substances, which are called "ointment base". The main properties of ointment bases are:

1. high smearing ability;
2. indifference (do not enter into chemical interaction with medicinal substances and do not irritate the skin and mucous membranes);
3. mix well with medicinal substances;
4. do not change properties under the influence of light and air;
5. melting temperature close to body temperature.

Classifications the main characteristic of ointment bases

Ointment bases are classified according to their origin. Allocate the basis of animal, vegetable, mineral and synthetic origin.

Ointment bases of animal origin

Ointment bases of animal origin are relatively well absorbed from the skin, so it is advisable to use them in ointments used for deep action.

Purified pork fat (Adeps suillus depuratus). Its source is the interior fat of pigs. It is closest in structure to human fat, is well absorbed from the skin, and melts at body temperature. Burns quickly (within 2 weeks) in the light.

Lanolin (Lanoline). It is extracted from the wash water obtained during the processing of sheep's wool. It has a very viscous consistency, as a result of which it is not used independently, but added to other ointment bases. Hydrophilic (100 g of anhydrous lanolin absorbs 150 g of water without loss of ointment consistency), which allows it to be used in wetting processes. Melts at body temperature.

Yellow wax (Cera flava). Obtained by melting bee honeycombs. It melts at a temperature of 63-65 ° C, therefore it is added to ordinary ointment bases to increase their melting point (which is important in a hot climate). When stored in the sun, it becomes white and brittle.

Spermaceti (Spermacetum). Obtained from the cavities of the sperm whale located above the skull and along the spine. It melts at a temperature of 45-54°C. It is added to other ointment bases as a sealant, as well as to make them hygroscopic and elastic. It has its own pharmacological activity: it enhances the processes of regeneration and local immunity.

Fish oil (Oleum jecoris Aselli). It has a liquid consistency, as a result of which it is used for the preparation of liniments. It has its own pharmacological activity: it contains a large amount of vitamins A and D.

Ointment bases of plant origin

Ointment bases of vegetable origin are liquid oils (an exception is cocoa butter, which has a solid consistency) and are used in the manufacture of liniments or added to ointments to make them softer. They do not penetrate well into the skin.

The main vegetable oils used in pharmaceuticals are sunflower oil (Oleum Helianthi), linseed oil (Oleum Lini), olive oil (Oleum Olivarum), almond oil (Oleum Amygdalarum), peach oil (Oleum Persicorim), sesame oil ( Oleum Sesami), bleached oil (Oleum Hyoscyami), cottonseed oil (Oleum Gossypii). castor oil (Oleum Ricini), cocoa butter (Oleum Cacao).

Ointment bases of mineral origin

Mineral ointment bases are oil processing products and are mixtures of solid and liquid saturated hydrocarbons. They have high chemical resistance. They are practically not absorbed from the skin, so it is advisable to use them in ointments used for superficial action.

The most important mineral bases are vaseline (Vaselimim), vaseline oil (Oleum Vaselini) or liquid paraffin and hard paraffin (Paraffmum soHdum). Vaseline and hard paraffin are used to prepare ointments, vaseline oil - liniments.

Recently, ointment bases of synthetic origin, which are essentially artificial polymeric materials, have become increasingly important.

OINTMENTS

Ointment - dosage form, which is a homogeneous mass of soft consistency and intended for external use. Ointments are obtained by mixing the basis with formative substances, which are called ointment bases. If the composition of the ointment, in addition to the ointment base, includes one active principle, then this is a simple ointment; if two or more - this is a complex ointment. The amount of prescribed ointment usually does not exceed 100.0.

An example of a simple ointment: for the treatment of muscle pain, write out 50 grams of 5% butadiene ointment:

Rp.:Butadioni 2,5

Vaseline ad 50.0

M., f.unq. D .

S.: apply to affected areas.

An example of a complex ointment: for the treatment of candidal colpitis (inflammation of the vagina caused by yeast-like fungi - candida), write out 30 grams of an ointment containing 100 mg of macmiror and 40,000 units of nystatin per 1 g (corresponds to the composition of the vaginal cream "Macmiror complex 500 "):

Rp.: Macmirori 3.0

Nistatini 120000ED

Vaselli ad 30.0

S.: apply to affected areas.

For a number of ointments, there is an official prescription (in this case, the ointment is produced in the factory and contains a well-defined number of active principles and ointment bases).

An example of an official prescription for N1a ointment: for the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the joints, prescribe Fastum ointment (contain 1 gmazi25 mg of ketoprofen):

Rp.: Unguentum "Fastum" 30.0

S.: apply to affected areas.

An example of an official prescription for ointment N16 (the type of prescription is the same, but the word "ointment" is abbreviated): for the treatment of purulent-necrotic skin lesions, prescribe Iruksol ointment (contains an antimicrobial agent and a proteolytic enzyme):

Rp.: Ung. "Iruxohun" 30.0

S.: apply to affected areas.

An example of an official prescription of ointment N2: for the treatment of skin manifestations of psoriasis, prescribe ointment "Psoriaten" (contains several ingredients of plant origin):

Rp.: Ung. "Psoriatenum" 30.0

S.: apply to affected areas.

An example of the official prescription of ointment N3: for the treatment of pain syndrome in traumatic, inflammatory and neurological diseases, sour Apizartron ointment (contains several ingredients of animal and synthetic origin):

Rp.: Ung. "Apisarthromum" 20.0

Eye ointment

There are three main differences between an ophthalmic ointment and a regular one (i.e. applied to the skin and mucous membranes): 1) its total weight is not more than 10.0; 2) for its manufacture, lanolin is necessarily used in a ratio of 1:10 in relation to the main ointment base; 3) it is sterile.

Example: for the treatment of eye herpes, prescribe 5 grams of 3% acyclovir ointment:

Rp.: Acicloviri 0.15

M., f.imq. Sterilis!

D.S.: apply under the eyelids of the affected eye

PASTES

Paste is a soft dosage form with a content of free-flowing substances of at least 25%, but not more than 65%. If powdered substances are less than 25%, then indifferent substances are added: talc (Talcum), starch (Amylum), zinc oxide (Zinci oxydum), white clay (Bolus alba) and some others.

The presence of a large amount of powdered substances gives the pastes a denser consistency, as a result of which they do not melt at body temperature, but soften. Therefore, they last longer than ointments on the skin and last longer.

Example 1: for the treatment of a superficial wound, prescribe 50 g of 30% streptocid paste:

Rp.: Streptocidi 15.0

Vaseline ad 50.0

D.S.: Apply to affected areas.

Example 2: for the treatment of a superficial wound, prescribe 50 g of 10% streptocid paste:

Rp.: Sireptocidi 5.0

Vaseline ad 50.0

D.S.: Apply to affected areas.

LINIMENTS

Liniment is a soft dosage form where liquid oil is used as an ointment base.

Example: for the treatment of a superficial wound, prescribe 50 g of 10% streptocide liniment:

Rp.: Streptocidi 5.0

Ol. Vaseline ad 50.0

M.,f. linimentum.

D.S.: Apply to affected areas.

CANDLES

Suppositories are solid at room temperature and melt at body temperature in a dosage form. By shape and weight, rectal (1.1-4.0) and vaginal (1.5-6.0) suppositories are distinguished. If the weight of suppositories is not specifically indicated, then rectal suppositories are prescribed with a weight of 3.0, vaginal - 4.0. Prescribing candles in the classroom and in the control work is main, deployed and dosed.

For the preparation of candles, cocoa butter (Oleum Cacao) is considered the best ointment base, which is hard and brittle at a temperature of 15-20 ° C, and turns into a transparent liquid at a temperature of 30-34 ° C.

An example of rectal suppositories: for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, prescribe rectal suppositories with indomethacin, a single dose of 0.05

Rp.rujdomeracini 0.05

Ol. Cacao ad 3.0

M., f.supp.rectale. D.t.d. N10.

S.: inject 3 times a day.

An example of vaginal suppositories: for the treatment of trichomonas colpitis (inflammation of the vagina caused by protozoa - Trichomonas), prescribe vaginal suppositories with klion, a single dose of 0.1

Ol. Cacao ad 4.0

M.,f.supp.vaginale

S.: enter 1 time per day.

For the manufacture of candles, the anatomical parts of plants can be directly used. In this case (see "Solid dosage forms"), the word "pulvis" is pricked before the name of the anatomical part of the plant.

Example: for the treatment of hemorrhoids, prescribe rectal suppositories with belladonna leaf, single date 0.01:

Rp.: Pul. fol. Belladonnae 0.01

Ol. Cacao ad 3.0

M.,f.supp.rectale

S.: inject 3 times a day.

LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS

Liquid dosage forms include solutions and medicinal extracts from plants: decoctions, infusions, tinctures, extracts, syrups, emulsions.

SOLUTIONS

Solutions are a homogeneous mixture of one or more substances in a solvent, in which the solutes are in a molecularly dispersed state and are distributed in the form of individual molecules and ions.

There are solutions for external use, internal use and injection.

Important in the preparation of solutions is the solvent, which ideally should be neutral and not alien to the body. Basic properties of solvents:

1) must dissolve the medicinal substance, without chemical interaction with it;

2) should not have an irritating effect, its own pharmacological activity and toxicity.

Water (Aqua destillata, and for injections - Aqua bidestillata) satisfies the requirements most fully, however, not all substances are soluble in it, therefore, oils, ethyl alcohol (Spiritus aethylicus), ether (Aether aethylicus), chloroform can be used as solvents. (CMorofonnum), glycerin (Glicerinum) - the last three are only for the preparation of solutions for external use.

Solutions for external use

They are prescribed in small doses and abbreviated, for their prescription it is necessary to know the concentration and volume of the solution; concentration is expressed only in % or as a ratio.

Example: to wash the wound, write out 500 ml of 0.02% (J: 5000) solution of furacilin:

Rp.: Sol. Furacilim 0.02%-500ml(1:5000-500ml)

Eye drops

Eye drops are solutions for external use. There are three main differences between them and conventional solutions:

1) their total volume usually does not exceed 10 ml;

2) small volume of dosing;

3) sterility.

Example: for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis, prescribe 10 ml of a 0.5% solution of allergodil:

Rp.: Sol. Allergodili 0.5%-10ml

D.S.: no 2-3 drops in each eye

Solutions for internal use

Prescription solutions for internal use undosed, expanded or abbreviated (optional) ). To prescribe them, you need to know a single dose, the amount of intake (spoons, drops) and the total number of doses (10-12 when taken with spoons and 20-60 drops). The patient doses the solutions himself, based on the instructions of the doctor, recorded in the signature.

The volume of a tablespoon is 15 ml, dessert - 10 ml and a teaspoon - 5 ml; in 1 ml of water - 20 drops, alcohol and ether (conditionally) - 50 and 80 drops, respectively.

Example: for the treatment of allergies, prescribe a Zyrtec solution for internal use, a single dose of 10 mg, dose with tablespoons, desserts, teaspoons and 10 caps. at the reception (we write out for 10 receptions with a spoon and 20 with drops):

expanded abbreviated

Rp.: Zyrteci 0.1 Rp.: Sol. Zyrteci 0.07%-150ml

Aq.destill. ad 150.0 D.

M.S.: l tablespoon 3 times a day

S.: 1 tablespoon 3 times a day

Rp.: Zyrteci 0.1 Rp.: Sol. Zyrteci 0.1%-100ml

Aq.destill. ad 100.0 D.

M.S.: 1 dessert spoon 3 times a day

S.: 1 dessert spoon 3 times a day

Rp.: Zyrteci 0.1 Rp.: Sot. Zyrteci 0.2%-50ml

Aq.destill. ad 50.0 D.

M.S.: 1 teaspoon 3 times a day

S.: no 1 teaspoon 3 times a day

Rp.: Zyrteci 0.2 Rp.: Sol. Zyrteci 2%-10mI

Aq.destill. ad 10.0 D.

M.S.: no 10 drops 3 times a day

D.S.: 10 drops 3 times a day

For a number of solutions (both for external and for internal use) there are official prescriptions (in this case, the solution is produced in a factory way and contains a clearly defined amount of active principles and a solvent).

An example of an official solution for internal use: write out a solution of cordiamine 20 drops per dose (the number of drops of a single dose corresponds to the total volume in ml):

Rp.: Cordiamini 20ml

S.: 20 drops 3 rals per day

An example of an official multicomponent solution for internal use: for a patient with bronchitis, prescribe a solution of "eucabal" 20 drops per dose:

Rp.: Eucabali 20m!

D.S: 20 drops 3 times a day

Examples of official solutions for external use:

1. For the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the vagina and cervix, prescribe a solution of "Tantum Rose":

Rp.: Tantirosae 120ml

D.S.: douche 1-2 times a day

2. For the treatment of acute rhinitis, prescribe a Nafazol solution:

Rp.: Nafesoli 10ml

S.: instill 2 drops in each nostril 2-4 times a day

Injection solutions

Injectable solutions are a finished dosage form for parenteral use. When preparing injection solutions, 3 rules must be observed: they must be sterile, pyrogen-free and isotonic (the latter is important for large volumes of administration).

There are ampoule solutions (prepared in the factory) and in pharmacy packaging (prepared in a pharmacy).

Ampoule solutions

Ampoule solutions are a dosage form. Oli are written out in abbreviated form, the concentration of the solution is expressed in%.

Example 1: for the treatment of allergy complications, prescribe an ampoule solution of prednisolone (single dose of 30 mg) in 1 ml ampoules:

Rp.: Sol. Prednisoloni 3% ml

D.t.d. N3 in amp.

S.: inject intramuscularly 1 time per day

Example 2: for the treatment of osteoporosis, prescribe an oil solution of retabolil (single dose of 50 mg) in 2 ml ampoules:

Rp.: Sol. Retabolili oleosae 5%-I ml

D.t.d. N1 in amp.

S.: inject deep intramuscularly 1 time in 4 weeks

Solutions in pharmacy packaging

Solutions in a pharmacy package are a non-dosed dosage form, they are prescribed in large quantities. A detailed prescription allows us to show that not distilled, but bidistilled (pyrogenic) water is used to prepare this solution. For prescribing, it is necessary to know the single dose of the substance, the single volume of the solvent and the total number of injections.

Example: write out a solution of diphenhydramine (single dose i 0 mg) in a pharmacy package for 50 injections of 1 ml:

Rp.: Oimedroli 0.5

Aq. bidestill. ad 50.0

MEDICINAL EXTRACTS FROM PLANT RAW MATERIALS.

For the preparation of dosage forms from plant materials, the part of the plant with the highest content of active principles is usually taken.

Anatomical parts of plants

Russian name	Latin name
rhizome

ACTIVE MEDICINAL PLANT PRINCIPLES

The active principles determine the therapeutic effect of preparations from medicinal plants. The main groups of active principles include alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, essential oils, tannins.

Along with them, vegetable raw materials contain many different substances that do not have medicinal activity (fiber, proteins, starch, sugars, and others) and are called "ballast substances".

alkaloids (alcali - alkali, cidos - similarity) - a group of nitrogenous organic compounds of races of crucible and animal origin, which has a pronounced pharmacological effect. Most plant hells belong to the group of alkaloids. In its pure form, alkaloids are crystalline substances or liquids, usually poorly soluble or insoluble in water. In medical practice, their water-soluble salts are used (atropine sulfate, papaverine hydrochloride, etc.).

Glycosides - these are complex two-component organic compounds, consisting of a sugary part (glycone) and a non-sugar part (aglycone or genin), interconnected by an oxygen or nitrogen bridge. Genins have the most diverse chemical structure, being arbitrary phenols, anthracenes, steroids, flavones, etc. Glycones can be represented by both sugars familiar to the body (glucose, mannose, lactose, etc.), and foreign (digitoxose of cardiac glycosides). They can be six-membered (then the corresponding glycosides will be called pyranosides) and five-membered (furanosides). Glycones determine the pharmacokinetic properties of glycosides, and pharmacodynamics are determined by genins. Glycosides in most cases are crystalline substances, easily soluble in water and alcohol.

Saponins (sapo- soap) are structurally similar to glycosides, but have surface-active properties; form foaming soapy solutions with water. The genins of saponins are called sapogenins. Saponins have a bitter taste and irritant effect on the skin and mucous membranes. When taken orally in large doses, they cause nausea and vomiting, in small doses they have an expectorant effect. When released into the blood, they can cause hemolysis of red blood cells.

Essential oils - These are organic compounds of plant nature and are oily liquids with a strong characteristic odor, burning taste and high volatility. They are insoluble in water, but when shaken, they impart their taste and smell to it, which is the basis for the preparation of aromatic waters and their use as agents that improve the organoleptic (taste, smell, etc.) properties of the drug. Essential oils are also used as medicinal substances: many of them have neurotropic, irritant, choleretic, expectorant, antimicrobial and other types of action.

Tannins are nitrogen-free organic compounds of complex structure that have an astringent and tanning effect on the skin and mucous membranes. The main tannin of plants (oak bark, alder seedlings, etc.) is tannin. Tannin also forms insoluble compounds with salts of heavy metals and alkaloids, which makes it possible to use it as an antidote for poisoning with these compounds.

Mucus, resins, organic acids, vitamins, phytoncides and plant antibiotics can also be attributed to the active principles of plants.

INfusions and Decoctions

Infusions and decoctions are aqueous extracts of active principles from medicinal raw materials of plant origin. Infusions are prepared from soft (flowers, leaves, grass), and decoctions from hard (bark, roots, rhizome) anatomical parts of plants. There are exceptions to this rule. So, due to the volatility or easy destructibility of the active principles, infusions are prepared from the roots and rhizomes (valerian, ipecac), and infusions from dense leathery leaves (bearberry).

The infusions are heated in a water bath (infunder apparatus) for 15 minutes, decoctions for 30 minutes. After the specified time, they are filtered: decoctions are still hot after 10 minutes, and infusions after complete cooling (after about 45 minutes). Before preparing infusions and decoctions from alkaloid-containing raw materials, it is moistened with a solution of citric acid, which dramatically increases the extraction of alkaloids into the aqueous phase.

The main disadvantage of infusions and decoctions is the short shelf life: 3-4 days in the refrigerator.

Infusions and decoctions are non-dose dosage forms and are always prescribed in short form. The prescription begins with the name of the dosage form, then the anatomical part of the plant, the name of the plant, its total dose and the total amount of the finished dosage form are indicated. They are dosed with spoons and drops. As a rule, decoctions and infusions are prescribed for 10-12 doses.

An example of an infusion: for the treatment of heart failure, prescribe an infusion of foxglove leaves, a single dose of 0.05:

Rp.: Inf. fol. Digitales 0,5-150 ml

D.S.: no 1 tablespoon 3 times a day.

An example of a decoction: for the treatment of constipation, prescribe a decoction of buckthorn bark, a single dose of 0.5:

Rp.: Dec. cort. Frangulae 5.0-150mI

D.S.: 2 tablespoons at night.

HERALENIC PREPARATIONS

Galenic preparations include tinctures, extracts, cnpoifbi and mucus. They are extracts obtained by complex mechanical and physico-chemical processing of medicinal raw materials. This allows you to increase the content of active principles in the preparation, and reduce the amount of ballast substances. Water, ethyl alcohol and ether are most often used as extractors.

All herbal preparations are prescribed officially, the anatomical parts of plants are not indicated in the recipe.

Tinctures

Tinctures are liquid, transparent alcohol-water or alcohol-ether extracts of active principles from medicinal raw materials. They are prepared by methods of maceration, percolation and dissolution of extracts. Most tinctures are intended for internal use, less often they are used externally (rinsing, rubbing).

Tinctures are prescribed in an undosed amount. When prescribing them, the name of the dosage form is first indicated, why the plant from which it is prepared, and the total amount of tincture. There is a rule: the total volume of the tincture is equal to the number of drops per reception.

Example: for the treatment of constipation, he prescribed a tincture of buckthorn bark, a single dose of 25 drops:

Rp.: Tinct Frangulae 25ml

D.S.: no 25 drops per reception.

extracts

Extracts are condensed (compared to tinctures) extracts from medicinal raw materials. The technological process of their manufacture is similar to the production of tinctures. Currently, there are two types of extracts: liquid and dry.

The rules for prescribing liquid extracts are the same as for tinctures. Since, by her total number of decrees repents in volume units (ml), then the word "liquid (fluidum)" after the name of the plant is optional.

Example: for the treatment of constipation, prescribe a liquid extract of buckthorn bark, a single dose of 25 drops:

Rp: Extr.Frangulae 25ml

D.S.: 25 drops per reception.

Dry extracts are prescribed in the form of tablets, powders, dragees, suppositories. They are dosed by weight units; the word "dry (siccum)" after the name of the plant is optional.

Example: for the treatment of constipation, prescribe a dry extract of buckthorn bark in powders, tablets and suppositories, a single dose of 0.05:

Rep.: Extr. Frangulae 0.05

S.: no 1 powder Zraza per day.

Rep.: Extr. Frangulae 0.05

D.t.d. N10 in tab.

S.: no 1 tablet 3 times a day.

Rep.: Extr. Frangulae 0.05

Ol. Cacao ad 3.0

M., f.supp.rectale.

S.: enter W times a day.

In the event that firms - manufacturers of pharmaceutical products assign trade names to preparations from plant materials, then their prescription is carried out according to the rules for prescribing chemicals.

Example: in case of violation of cerebral blood flow, prescribe memoplant (reference preparation of dry extract from ginkgo leaves) at a dose of 0.04:

Rp.; Memoplanti 0.04

D.t.d. N120 in tab.

S.: 1 tablet 3 times a day.

EMULSIONS

Emulsions are liquid dosage forms that are formed by mixing water with liquids insoluble in it. Emulsions consist of three components: medium, suspended matter and emulsifying agent. In appearance, they resemble milk.

Emulsions are used to mask the unpleasant taste of liquid oils, soften the irritating effect of drugs on the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract, and also to evenly distribute drugs in fats. Emulsions are prescribed internally and externally. For parenteral use, it is obtained by ultra-emulsification by means of ultrasonic vibrations.

According to the method of preparation, emulsions are divided into oil (false) and seed (true). For the preparation of oil emulsions, a variety of liquid oils are used (see the topic "Ointment bases"). In the case when the weight of the oil is not indicated, it is written out 1/10 of the weight of the emulsion. In order for the emulsion to be stable, an emulsifier is added, which envelops the oil particles and prevents them from merging. By their nature, emulsifiers are carbohydrates (gum arabic - Gummi Arabici; apricot gum - Gummi Armeniacae; tragacanth - Tragacanthum; dextrin - Dcxtrinum) or proteins (gelatose - Gelatosa; egg yolk. Vitellum ovi). The emulsifier is usually taken in half the amount of oil. Exceptions: for 10.0 oil, apricot gum is taken - 3.0, tragacanth - 0.5 and one egg yolk for 15.0 oil.

Oil emulsions

The recipe for oil emulsions is expanded and underdosed. An emulsion, where there are only three mandatory components (oil, emulsifier, water) is called simple, if one or more medicinal substances are additionally prescribed, then this is a complex or medicinal emulsion. In a medicinal emulsion, the main medicinal substance (basis) is put in the first place.

Emulsions for internal consumption are dosed with spoons and prescribed for 10-12 doses; the total amount of emulsion for external use usually does not exceed 100.0.

An example of a simple emulsion for internal use: for the treatment of simple dyspepsia in a child, write out an emulsion of castor oil, one dessert spoon per reception:

Rp.: Ol. Ricini 10.0

Aq. destill. ad 100.0

D.S.: nol dessert spoon per reception.

An example of a medicinal emulsion for external use: for the treatment of a superficial wound, write out 100 ml of a 15% streptocide emulsion:

Rp.: Streptocidi 15.0

Aq.destill. ad 100.0

D.S.: apply to the affected area

An example of a medicinal emulsion for internal use: for the treatment of increased anxiety, prescribe a Rudotel emulsion in a single dose of 0.01, dosed with teaspoons:

Rp.:Rudoteli 0.1

Ol.Persicori 10.0

Aq.destill. ad 50.0

D.S.: no 1 teaspoon 3 times a day.

SLIME

Slimes are thick viscous liquids and are obtained by treating with water plant materials that contain mucous substances (flax seed - semen Lini, orchid tuber - tuber Salep, marshmallow root - radix Althaeae, seaweed - Laminaria), or they themselves are pure mucus (gum arabic - Gummi Arabici; apricot gum - GummiArmeniacae). Slime is also obtained by brewing starch (Amylum) with hot water in a ratio of 1:50.

Mucus softens the irritating properties of medicinal substances, slows down their absorption in the digestive tract, and corrects an unpleasant taste and smell. They are discharged officially and always with an equal amount of water.

Example: for the treatment of stomach ulcers, write out the mucus of flax seeds:

Rp.: Mucilagtnis Lini

Aq.destill. ana 75.0

D.S.: 1 tablespoon 3 times a day

MEDICINAL enemas

When prescribing medicinal enemas, two rules must be observed: 1) their volume should not exceed 50 ml; 2) they always contain mucus. The recipe for medicinal enemas is expanded.

Example: to relieve psychomotor agitation, prescribe a medicinal enema with atarax, a single dose of 0.025:

Rp.: Ataraxi 0.025

Mucilaginis Amyli

Aq.destill. ana 20.0

D.S.: for insertion into the rectum.

NEW HALENIC DRUGS

Novogalenic preparations are extracts from medicinal raw materials obtained by special treatment with alcohol, ether or (and) water. Due to the high degree of purification, they contain a minimum amount of ballast substances, which allows them to be used parenterally (unlike galenical preparations).

Novogalenic preparations are an official dosage form: when writing a prescription, only their name and total quantity are indicated.

An example of a novogalenic preparation for internal use: for the treatment of chronic heart failure, prescribe lantoside 10 drops per dose:

Rp.:Lantosidi 10.0

D.S.: no 10 drops 2 times a day.

An example of a novogalenic preparation for parenteral use: for the treatment of acute heart failure, prescribe corglicon in 1 ml ampoules, a single dose of 0.0006:

Rp.: Sol. Corglyconi 0.06%-l ml

D.t.d. N10 in amp.

S.: inject intravenously 1 time per day

AEROSOLS

Aerosols are aerodispersion systems in which the dispersion medium is various gases, and the dispersion phase is particles of solid or liquid substances ranging in size from 1 to several tens of microns.

Aerosol preparations are used for both internal and external use. Aerosols for internal use are often equipped with a special dosing device.

Aerosols are prescribed officially, the prescription is underdosed. Example: to relieve asthma attacks, prescribe an aerosol of salbutamol:

Rp.: Aerosolum SaIbutamoli 50ml

D.S.: no l inhalations 3 times a day

HOMEOPATIC MEDICINES

Recently, homeopathic preparations have become widespread, which are produced in a variety of dosage forms, the main of which are solutions, tablets, granules and ointments. The prescription of homeopathic preparations is official.

Example 1: for the prevention of SARS, prescribe Influcid 10 drops per dose:

Rp.: influcidi 30,0

D.S.: but 10 drops once a day

Example 2: for the treatment of a pathologically occurring menopause, prescribe climactoplan tablets:

Rep.: tab. "Klimaktoplan" N60

S.: no 10 drops 1 pat a day

Example 3: for the treatment of eczema, write out the ointment "Irikar":

Rp.: Ung. "Iricar" 50.0

S.: apply to affected areas 3 times a day.

THE CONCEPT OF DURANTING PREPARATIONS

Durant (retard, prolonged) drugs are drugs with a slow release of the active substance from the dosage form, which leads to a prolongation of the time of its action. The main dosage forms with prolonged action include tablets, spansules (capsules containing many microgranules), patches, and some injection forms.

The mechanisms for slowing down the release of the active substance in different dosage forms are different. For example, in a number of injectable dosage forms (powders, suspensions), the basis binds to an indifferent substance, which gradually releases it from the muscle depot. Tablets may consist of several shells, which gradually dissolve as the drug passes through the digestive tract. Tablets can also be compressed from microgranules with different disintegration times.

Example: for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, prescribe a retard form of diclofenac in a single dose of 0.1:

Rp.: Diclofenaci-retardi 0.1

D.t.d. N20 in tab.

S.: 1 tablet per day.

Final lesson on the topic:

GENERAL RECIPE. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY.

General Prescription Tasks

10 tablets containing 0.02 each of omeprazole (Omeprazolum). Assign 1 tablet 2 times a day.

10 tablets containing 0.005 enalapril (Enalaprilum). Assign 1 tablet 1 time per day.

20 tablets containing 0.005 methandrostenolone (Methandrostenolonum). Inside, 1 tablet 2 times a day.

20 tablets containing 0.5 sulfadimesin (Sulfadimezinum). Assign 2 tablets 4 times a day.

10 tablets containing 0.01 Nitrosorbide (Nitrosorbidum). Assign 1 tablet 3 times a day.

10 tablets containing 0.015 vikasol (Vicasolum). Assign 1 tablet 1 time per day.

10 tablets containing 0.005 platyphyllin hydrotartrate (Platyphyllini hydrotartras). Assign 1 tablet 3 times a day.

3 tablets containing 0.5 azithromycin (Azithromycinum). Assign 1 tablet 1 time per day.

10 tablets containing 0.15 euphyllinum (Euphyllinum). Assign 1 powder 2 times a day.

10 tablets containing 0.25 paracetamol (Para-cetamolum). Assign 1 tablet for headache.

20 capsules containing 1.0 iron ferrous sulfate (Ferrosi sulfas). Assign 1 capsule 3 times a day.

40 capsules containing 0.15 of metacycline (Metacyclinum). Inside, 2 capsules 2 times a day.

20 gelatin capsules containing 0.25 methylthiouracil (Methylthiouracilum) . Assign 1 capsule 3 times a day.

40 gelatin capsules containing 0.15 rafampicin (Rifampicini). Assign 2 capsules 2 times a day before meals.

10 capsules containing 0.05 triamterene (Triamtere-num). Assign 1 capsule 2 times a day.

10 capsules containing 0.15 clindamycin (Clindamycinum). Assign 1 capsule 4 times a day.

20 dragees containing 0.025 prozerin (Proserinum). Assign 1 tablet 2 times a day.

10 ml alcohol 0.01% solution of furatsilina (Furacilinum). 2-3 drops in the ear 3 times a day.

100 ml of 20% camphor oil solution (Camphora). For outdoor use.

10 ml of a 20% solution of sulfacyl sodium (Sulfacylum-natrium). Eye drops. Assign 1-2 drops 3 times a day in both eyes.

10 ml 0.5% oil solution of ergocalciferol

(Ergocalciferolum). 1 drop 1 time per day.

10 ampoules containing 1 ml of 0.1% oil solution of sinestrol (Synoestrolum). Enter intramuscularly in 1 ml.

(Novocaine). For spinal anesthesia.

2 bottles containing 400 ml of 5% glucose solution (Glucosum). Assign in a vein drip.

2 bottles containing 200 ml of 0.9% isotonic sodium chloride solution (Natrii chloridum). For intravenous drip.

10 vials containing 5 ml (40 IU per 1 ml) insulin long suspension (Insulini-long). Assign for subcutaneous injection of 1 ml 1 time per day.

6 bottles containing 10 units of corticotropin (Corticotropinum). Assign 10 units for intramuscular injection, after dissolving the contents of the vial in 2 ml of water for injection.

3 bottles containing 0.001 angiotensinamide (Angiotensinamide). Before use, dilute in 500 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution, inject intravenously, drip.

10 vials containing 10 units of calcitrin (Calcitrinum). Dissolve the contents of the vial in 5 ml of water for injection, inject 2 ml intramuscularly.

12 vials containing 500,000 units of benzylpenicillin sodium salt (Benzylpenicillini natrium) Assign 500,000 units for intramuscular injection 4 times a day. Preliminarily dilute the contents of the vial in 3 ml of a 0.5% solution of novocaine.

2 vials containing 5 ml each (5000 IU in 1 ml) of heparin (Heparinum). Assign for intravenous administration of 2 ml 4 times a day.

6 vials containing 5 ml of a 2.5% suspension of hydrocortisone acetate (Hydrocortisoni acetas) Assign 1.5 ml for injection into the cavity of the affected joint once a week.

20 ml of motherwort extract (... Leonuri) liquid. Assign 20 drops 3 times a day.

30 ml of shepherd's purse extract (...Bursae pastoris) liquid. Assign 15 drops per reception 3 times a day.

20 ml ginseng tincture (...Ginsengi) . Inside, 15 drops 2 times a day.

20 ml tincture of valerian (... Valerianae). Assign 15 drops per reception 3 times a day.

20 ml extract of serpentine (... Bistortae) liquid. Assign 20 drops 3 times a day.

40 ml of Leuzea extract (... Leuzeae) liquid. Assign 25 drops 3 times a day.

25 ml of hawthorn extract (... Crataegi) liquid. Assign 25 drops 3 times a day.

50 ml of Eleutherococcus extract (…Eleutherococci) liquid. Assign 20 drops 2 times a day.

15 ml of adonizide (Adonisidum). Assign 15 drops 3 times a day.

30 ml of 5% streptocid liniment (Streptocidum). For application to the burn surface.

100 ml suspension containing 1% oxytetracycline (Oxytetracyclinum). Assign 1 teaspoon 3 times a day.

100 ml of official suspension of streptocid (Streptocidum). For application to the affected surface.

2 vials containing 250 ml of salazopyridazine (Salazopyridazinum) 5% suspension. Assign 20-40 ml as an enema to the rectum 2 times a day.

25 ml of 1% official synthomycin liniment

(Synthomycinum). For application to affected areas.

30 ml aloe liniment (…Aloës). Apply a thin layer on the burn surface.

30.0 official levorin ointment (Levorinum). To lubricate the affected areas of the skin.

30.0 ointment containing 2% hydrocortisone (Hydrocortisonum). For application to affected areas of the skin.

20.0 ointment containing 6% salicylic acid (Acidum salicylicum). To lubricate the affected areas of the skin.

30.0 ointment containing 5% anesthesin (Anaesthesinum). To lubricate the affected areas of the skin.

50.0 ointment containing 0.5% neomycin sulfate (Neomycini sulfas). For application to affected areas of the skin.

Paste on the required amount of camphor oil (Sol. Camphorae oleosae), containing equally 0.5 iodoform (Iodoformium) and thymol (Thymolum). For the treatment of caries.

A paste consisting of 3.0 calcium glycerophosphate (Calcii glycerophosphas) ​​and 1 ml of glycerin (Glycerinum). For rubbing into the necks of the teeth.

A paste consisting of 10.0 iodoform (Iodoformium), 8.0 zinc oxide (Zinci oxydum) with the addition of the required amount of glycerin (Glycerinum). For the treatment of deep caries.

A paste consisting of 5.0 sodium carbonate (Natrii carbonas), 20.0 calcium carbonate (Calcii carbonas) and 3 ml of glycerin (Glycerinum). For rubbing into hard tissues of the tooth.

See theoretical questions in the classes on "GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY (lesson No. 1 and No. 2)