Etymological dictionaries and their origin. Etymology

Etymological dictionary

Etymological dictionary is a dictionary containing information about the history of individual words and sometimes morphemes, that is, information about the phonetic and semantic changes they have undergone. Large explanatory dictionaries may also contain notes on the etymology of words. Since the origin of many words cannot be accurately determined, etymological dictionaries record different points of view and contain references to the relevant literature.

The tradition of compiling etymologies of individual words dates back to ancient times, but etymological dictionaries in the modern sense of the word appeared only at the end of the 18th century. Their predecessors in the 17th century. were the Etymologicum of the Latin language (lat. Etymologicum linguae Latinae) Vossius (1662), Etymology of the English language (lat. Etymologicon Linguae Anglicanae: Seu Explicatio Vocum Anglicarum Etymologica Ex Proprils Fontibus Scil. Ex Linguis Duodecim ) Stephen Skinner (1671). After its establishment in the 19th century. laws of regular sound changes, the compilation of etymological dictionaries has become one of the important tasks of specialists working in the field of comparative historical linguistics.

In Russia, the first attempts occurred in the 19th century: F. S. Shimkevich ( Roots of the Russian language, compared with all the main Slavic dialects and with twenty-four foreign languages. At 2 o'clock - St. Petersburg. : Type. Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1842. - 186 + 165 p.), M. M. Izyumov ( Experience of a dictionary of the Russian language in comparison with Indo-European languages: in 4 departments: for students in gymnasiums of the Ministry of Public Education. - St. Petersburg. : Ed. bookseller N. A. Shigin, 1880. - LXXXII, 598, p.), N.V. Goryaev ( Experience of a comparative etymological dictionary of the literary Russian language. - Tiflis: Printing House of the Office of the Chief Civil Officer in the Caucasus, Loris-Melikovskaya street, state house, 1892. - III, 256, XXXVI p.; Comparative etymological dictionary of the Russian language. - 2nd ed. - Tiflis: Printing house of stationery. Chief gr. Part in the Caucasus, Loris-Melik. u. House Kaz., 1896. - 4, 452, XL, LXII pp.; Towards a comparative etymological dictionary of the Russian language (ed. 1896). Additions and amendments. - Tiflis: [B.I.], 1901. - 4, 63 pp.; Etymological explanations of the most difficult and mysterious words in the Russian language: to the comparative etymological dictionary of the Russian language (Tiflis 1896) new additions and amendments. - Tiflis: [B.I.], 1905. - 4, 53 p.) tried to put together their etymological research; The work of A. Kh. Vostokov remained in the manuscript - with a huge number of words, according to the calculations of I. I. Sreznevsky, approximately 40 sheets of small typesetting. At the beginning of the 20th century there appeared « » A. G. Preobrazhensky .

The most authoritative etymological dictionary of the Russian language was considered "Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language" M. Vasmera (1953-1958). In 1993, the “Historical and Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language” by P. Ya. Chernykh became available to the mass reader and linguists.

Some etymological dictionaries include information about groups of languages ​​and contain a reconstruction of the vocabulary of the proto-language and its contacts with other proto-languages ​​being reconstructed.

List of etymological dictionaries of modern Russian language

Basic etymological dictionaries of the Russian language

• Preobrazhensky A. G. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. In 3 volumes.
• Vasmer, Max. Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Bd. 1-3 / Indogermanische Bibliothek herausgegeben von Hans Krahe. 2. Reihe: Wörterbücher. - Heidelberg: Carl Winter; Universitätsverlag, 1953-1958. - 755+715+702 pp.
  • Vasmer M. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. In 4 vols. / Per. with him. O. N. Trubacheva. - M.: Progress, 1964-1973.
  • Vasmer M. Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language: In 4 vols. / Per. with him. O. N. Trubacheva. - 2nd ed., stereotype. - M.: Progress, 1986-1987.
  • Vasmer M. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. In 4 vols. / Per. with him. O. N. Trubacheva. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - St. Petersburg: Azbuka - Terra, 1996. - T. I - 576 pp.; T. II - 672 pp.; T. III - 832 pp.; T. IV - 864 p.
  • Vasmer M. Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language: In 4 vols. / Per. with him = Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch / Translation and additions by O. N. Trubachev. - 4th ed., stereotype. - M.: Astrel - AST, 2004-2007.
• Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language / Ed. N. M. Shansky. Philological Faculty of Moscow State University. - M.: Moscow State University Publishing House, 1963-2007-. (publication continues, 10 issues published on A-M)
• Chernykh P. Ya. Historical and etymological dictionary of the modern Russian language. In 2 volumes - 3rd ed. - M.: Russian language, 1999. (reprinted)
• Anikin A.E. Russian etymological dictionary. - M.: Handwritten monuments of Ancient Rus', 2007-2011-. (the publication continues, 5 issues have been published before the beginning of the letter B)

Private etymological dictionaries of the Russian language

• Shansky N. M., Ivanov V. V., Shanskaya T. V. Brief etymological dictionary of the Russian language. - M.: Uchpedgiz, 1961. - 404 p.
  • Brief etymological dictionary of the Russian language: a manual for teachers / Shansky N. M. et al.; edited by member-corr. USSR Academy of Sciences S. G. Barkhudarov. - 2nd ed., rev. and additional - M.: Education, 1971. - 542 p.
  • Brief etymological dictionary of the Russian language: a manual for teachers / Shansky N. M. et al.; edited by member-corr. USSR Academy of Sciences S. G. Barkhudarov. - 3rd ed., rev. and additional - M.: Education, 1975. - 543 p.
• Nikonov V. A. Brief toponymic dictionary. - M.: Mysl, 1966. - 508 p.
  • Nikonov V. A. Brief toponymic dictionary. - 2nd ed. - M.: Librocom, 2010. - 512 p.
• Tsyganenko G. P. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. - K.: Radyanskaya school, 1970. - 597 p.
  • Tsyganenko G. P. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language: More than 5,000 words. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional / Ed. N. N. Golubkova. - K.: Radyanskaya school, 1989. - 511 p.
• Matveev A.K. Etymology of Russian dialect words. - Sverdlovsk: UGU, 1978. - 193 p.
• Shansky N. M., Zimin V. I., Filippov A. V. Experience of an etymological dictionary of Russian phraseology. - M.: Rus. lang., 1987. - 240 p.
• Anikin A. E., Kornilaeva I. A., Mladenov O. M., Mushinskaya M. S., Pichkhadze A. A., Sabenina A. M., Utkin A. A., Chelysheva I. I. From the history of Russian words: Dictionary manual. - M.: Shkola-Press, 1993. - 224 p.
• Shansky N. M., Bobrova T. A. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. - M.: Education, 1994. - 400 p.
• Anikin A.E. Etymological dictionary of Russian dialects of Siberia: Borrowings from the Ural, Altai and Paleo-Asian languages. - M.; Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2000. - 783 p.
• Anikin A.E. Experience of a dictionary of lexical Balticisms in the Russian language. - Novosibirsk: Science, 2005. - 394 p.
• Fedosyuk Yu. A. Russian surnames: popular etymological dictionary. [For Wednesdays And. Art. age]. / Rep. ed. A. V. Yasinovskaya. - M.: Children's literature, 1972. - 223 p.
  • Fedosyuk Yu. A. Russian surnames: popular etymological dictionary. - 2nd ed. - M.:: Children's literature, 1981. - 239 p.
  • Fedosyuk Yu. A. Russian surnames: popular etymological dictionary. - 3rd ed. corr. and additional - M.: Russian dictionaries, 1996. - 286 p.
  • Fedosyuk Yu. A. Russian surnames: popular etymological dictionary. - 4th ed. corr. and additional - M.: Flint; Science, 2002. - 237, p.
  • Fedosyuk Yu. A. Russian surnames: popular etymological dictionary. - 5th ed. corr. and additional - M.: Flint; Science, 2004. - 237, p.
  • Fedosyuk Yu. A. Russian surnames: popular etymological dictionary. - 6th ed., rev. - M.: Flint; Science, 2006. - 240 p.
  • Fedosyuk Yu. A. Russian surnames: popular etymological dictionary. - 7th ed., rev. - M.: Flinta, Nauka, 2009. - 240 p.
  • Fedosyuk Yu. A. Russian surnames: popular etymological dictionary. - 7th ed., rev. stereotypical. - M.: Flinta, Nauka, 2009. - 240 p.
• Krylov P. A. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. / Comp. Krylov P. A. - St. Petersburg. : LLC "Poligrafuslugi", 2005. - 432 p.
  • Krylov P. A. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. / Comp. Krylov P. A. - St. Petersburg. : Victoria Plus, 2009. - 432 p.
• Ruth M.E. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language for schoolchildren. - Ekaterinburg: U-Factoria, 2007. - 345 p.
  • Ruth M.E. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language for schoolchildren. - Ekaterinburg: U-Factoria; Vladimir: VKT, 2008. - 288 p.
  • Ruth M.E. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language for schoolchildren. - Ekaterinburg: U-Factoria; Vladimir: VKT, 2009. - 304 p.
• Anikin A.E. Russian etymological dictionary (Project). - M.: Institute of Russian Language named after. V.V. Vinogradov RAS, 2007. - 71 p.
• Shetelya V. M. Historical and etymological dictionary of Polonisms in Russian texts of the 19th-20th centuries. - M.: MGOU, 2007. - 295 p.
• Shelepova L. I. (ed.), Gamayunova Yu. I., Zlobina T. I., Kamova I. M., Rygalina M. G., Sorokina M. O. Historical and etymological dictionary of Russian dialects of Altai. - Barnaul: Alt Publishing House. University, 2007-. (Publishing continues, issues 1-3 (A-Z) have been published, brought to - perish)
• Grachev M. A., Mokienko V. M. Historical and etymological dictionary of thieves' jargon. - St. Petersburg. : Folio-Press, 2000. - 256 p.
• Grachev M. A., Mokienko V. M. Russian jargon. Historical and etymological dictionary. - M.: AST - Press Book, 2009. - 336 p.
• Birikh A.K., Mokienko V.M., Stepanova L.I. Russian phraseology. Historical and etymological dictionary / Ed. V. M. Mokienko. - 3rd ed., rev. and additional - M.: AST, Astrel, Guardian, 2005. - 704 p.
• Shapovalova O. A. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. / Under the general ed. A. Sitnikova. - 2nd ed. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2007. - 240 p. - (Dictionaries)
  • Shapovalova O. A. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. / Under the general ed. A. Sitnikova. - 4th ed. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2008. - 240 p. - (Dictionaries)
  • Shapovalova O. A. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. / Under the general ed. A. Sitnikova. - 5th ed. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2009. - 240 p. - (Dictionaries)
• Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. - LadKom, 2008. - 608 p.
• Fedorova T. L., Shcheglova O. A. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language: 60 thousand words. - Yunves, 2010. - 608 p.
  • Fedorova T. L., Shcheglova O. A. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language: 60 thousand words. - 2nd ed. - LadKom, 2012. - 607 p.
• Glinkina L. A. Modern etymological dictionary of the Russian language. Explanation of difficult spellings. - M.: AST, Astrel, VKT, 2009. - 384 p. - (Modern dictionary)
• Shaposhnikov A.K. Etymological Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language: In 2 volumes - M.: Flinta, Nauka, 2010. - 583 pp.+576 pp.
• Belkin M.V., Rumyantsev I.A. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language in tabular form. - M.: Flinta, 2011. - 784 p.

List of etymological dictionaries (other languages)

Dictionaries by language group

Indo-European languages

• Walde A. Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen. /Hrsg. von J. Pokorny. I-III. - Berlin, 1928.
• Buck C.D. A dictionary of selected synonyms in the principal Indo-European languages. - Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949. - 416 p.
• Buck C.D. A dictionary of selected synonyms in the principal Indo-European languages. - 2nd ed. - Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988. - 416 p.
• Carnoy A.J. Dictionnaire étymologique du proto-indo-européen. - Louvain: Institut orientaliste, 1955. - Pp. XII + 224. 250 fr.
• Pokorny J. Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Bd. 1-2. -Bern; Munich, 1959-1965. 2nd ed. Bern; Stuttgart, 1989.
• Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben. Die Wurzeln und ihre Primärstambildungen. /Ed. Rix H. et al. Wiesbaden, 1998. 2 Aufl. 2001. 823 p.
• Trubachev O. N., Shaposhnikov A. K. Etymological dictionary of linguistic relics of Indoarica // Trubachev O. N. Indoarica in the Northern Black Sea region. Reconstruction of language relics. Etymological dictionary. - M.: Nauka, 1999. - 320 p.
• Lexikon der indogermanischen Nomina. /Hrsg. D. S. Wodtko, B. S. Irslinger, C. Schneider. - Heidelberg: Universitaetsverlag Winter, 2008. - 995 p.

Slavic languages

• Miklosich F. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der slavischen Sprachen. - Wien: Wilhelm Braumüller, 1886. - 549 p.
  • Miklosich F. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der slavischen Sprachen. - Amsterdam: Philo Press, 1970. - viii, 547 p.
  • Miklosich F. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der slavischen Sprachen. - Charleston, South Carolina U.S.: Nabu Press, 2011. - viii, 562 p.
• Berneker E. Slavisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. I-II. - Heldelberg, 1913-1915. 2nd ed. 1924.
• Etymologický slovník slovanských jazyků. Sv. I-V. - Praha, 1973-1995.
• Etymologický slovník slovanských jazyků. Slova grammatická a zájmena. / Sest. F. Kopečný, V. Šaur, V. Polák. - Prague, 1973-1980.
• Etymologický slovník slovanských jazyků. Ukazove cuslo. - Brno, 1966.
• Słownik prasłowiański, pod red. F. Sławskiego, t. 1-8. - Wrocław-, 1974-2001. (volumes published on A-Gy)
• Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages. Proto-Slavic lexical fund. / Ed. O. N. Trubacheva (1974-2002), A. F. Zhuravleva (2002-2011). - M.: Nauka, 1963 [Prospect. Prob. Art.], 1974-2011-. (publication continues, 37 issues published, brought to *otъpasti)
• Lauchyute Yu. A. Dictionary of Balticisms in Slavic languages. - L.: Nauka, 1982. 210 p.
• Derksen R. Etymological dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon. / Leiden Indo-European etymological dictionary series. vol. 4. - Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2008. - 726 p.

Iranian languages

• Rastorgueva V. S., Edelman D. I. Etymological dictionary of Iranian languages. - M.: Eastern literature, 2000-2011-. (started, 4 volumes published)
• Cheung J. Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb. / Leiden Indo-European etymological dictionary series. vol. 2. - Leiden: Brill, 2007. - 600 p.

Germanic languages

• Levitsky V.V. Etymological dictionary of Germanic languages. T. 1-3. Chernivtsi: Ruta, 2000.
• Kroonen G. Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic. / Leiden Indo-European etymological dictionary series. vol. 11. Leiden: Brill, 2010. 1000 p.
• Heidermanns F. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen Primäradjektive. Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1993. 719 p.

Celtic languages

• Kalygin V. P. Etymological dictionary of Celtic theonyms / V. P. Kalygin; [rep. ed. K. G. Krasukhin]; Institute of Linguistics RAS. - M.: Nauka, 2006. - 183 p.
• Matasović R. Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic. / Leiden Indo-European etymological dictionary series. vol. 9. Leiden: Brill, 2009. 458 p.

Romance languages

• Diez F. Ch. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der romanischen Sprachen. 1st ed. 1853. (engl. trans. 1864) T. 1-2. Bonn, 1869-1870. 4th ed. Bonn, 1878.
• Meyer-Lübke W. Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 1911, 3 Aufl., Hdlb., 1935.

Other Nostratic languages

Uralic languages

• Collinder B. Fenno-Ugric Vocabulary. An etymological dictionary of the Uralic languages. Stockholm, 1955.
• Redei, Karoly. Uralisches etymologisches Wörterbuch / Unter mitarbeit von M. Bakró-Nagy et al. I-III. Wiesbaden, 1986-1991.

Altai languages

• Starostin S. A., Dybo A. V., Mudrak O. A. Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages, 3 Vol. - Leiden; Boston: Brill Academic Pub, 2003. - 2106 p. (Handbuch Der Orientalistik - Part 8: Uralic & Central Asian Studies, 8)
• Tsintsius V.I. Comparative dictionary of Tungus-Manchu languages. Materials for the etymological dictionary. In 2 volumes - L.: Science, 1975-1977.

Turkic languages

• Clauson G. An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish. - London: Oxford University Press, 1972.
• Räsänen M. Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen. 2 vol. - Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, 1969-1971. - (Lexica Societatis FennoUgricae XVII, 1)
• Etymological dictionary of Turkic languages: Common Turkic and inter-Turkic foundations. / Comp. E. V. Sevortyan, L. S. Levitskaya, A. V. Dybo, V. I. Rassadin - M.: Science; Eastern literature, 1974-2003-. (publication continues, 7 volumes published as of 2003)

Dravidian languages

• Burrow T., Emeneau M. B. A Dravidian etymological dictionary. Oxford, 1961. 2nd ed. Oxford, 1986. XLI, 823 p.

Kartvelian languages

• Klimov G. A. Etymological dictionary of Kartvelian languages. - M.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1964. - 309 p.
• Klimov G. A. Etymological dictionary of the Kartvelian languages. - Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1998. (expanded edition)
• Etymological Dictionary of Kartvelian Languages ​​/ Heinz Fehnrich, Zurab Sarjveladze. - Tbilisi: Tbil Publishing House. University, 1990. - 618, p., 2nd addition. ed. - Tbilisi, 2000. (in Georgian)
• Fähnrich H., Sardshweladse S., Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Kartwel-Sprachen. - Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1995. - 682 p.
• Fähnrich H. Kartwelisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch. - Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2007. - 876 p.

Afroasiatic languages

• Militarev A., Kogan L. Semitic etymological dictionary. Vol. I-II. Münster, 2000-2005-. (edition ongoing)
• Orel V., Stolbova O. Hamito-Semitic etimological dictionary. Leiden; N. Y.; Cologne, 1995.
• Leslaw W. Etymological dictionary of Gurage (Ethiopic). I-III. Wiesbaden, 1979.

Non-Nostratic languages ​​of Eurasia

Austronesian languages

• C. D. Grijns et al. (eds). Loan-words in Indonesian and Malay. - Leiden: KITLV Press, 2007. - vli, 360 p.

North Caucasian languages

• Nikolayev S. L., Starostin S. A. A North-Caucasian etymological dictionary. 2 Vol. - Moscow: Asterisk Publishers, 1994.
• Shagirov A.K. Etymological dictionary of Adyghe (Circassian) languages. In 2 volumes / USSR Academy of Sciences. Institute of Linguistics. - M.: Nauka, 1977.

Chukchi-Kamchatka languages

• Mudrak O. A. Etymological dictionary of the Chukchi-Kamchatka languages. - M.: Language. rus. culture, 2000. - 284, p.

Amerindian macro hypothesis

• Ruhlen M., Greenberg J. H. An Amerind Etymological dictionary. Stanford UP, 2007. 311 p.

Individual groups

• Rensch, Calvin R. An Etymological Dictionary of the Chinese Languages, Arlington, Texas. 1989.
• Kuipers A.H. Salish etymological dictionary. - Missoula, MT: Linguistics Laboratory, University of Montana, 2002. - 240 p. (Occasional papers in linguistics, vol. 16 (UMOPL 16))

Dictionaries of ancient languages

Indo-European languages

Hittite

• Juret A. Vocabulaire étymologique de la langue hittite. Limoges, 1942.
• Kronasser H. Etymologie der hethitischen Sprache. Wiesbaden. 4 Bde. 1962-1966.
• Tischler J. Hethitisch etymologisches Glossar. Bd. 1-3 (fasc. 1-10). Innsbruck, 1977-1994. (3 volumes published, letters A-T)
• Puhvel J. Hittite etymological dictionary. Berlin; N.Y., 1984-2007- (7 volumes published)
• Kloekhorst A. Etymological dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon. / Leiden Indo-European etymological dictionary series. vol. 5. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2008. 1162 p.

Ancient Indian language (Vedic and Sanskrit)

• Mayrhofer M. Kurzgefaßtes etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen, Bd 1-4. - Heidelberg: C. Winter, 1956-1980.
• Mayrhofer M. Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen. Bd. I-III. - Heidelberg: C. Winter, 1986-2001.

Ancient Greek language

• Boisacq E. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque. Étudiée dans ses rapports avec les autres langues indo-européens. 2nd ed. Heidelberg; Paris, 1923.
• Hofmann J.B. Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Griechischen. Mn., 1950.
• Frisk H. Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Bd. 1-3. Heidelberg, 1954-1972.
• Frisk H. Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg, 1960-1972
• Chantraine P. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque. Histoire des mots. T. I-IV. Paris, 1968-1980.
• Regnaud P.
• Beekes R. S. P., van Beek L. Etymological Dictionary of Greek. / Leiden Indo-European etymological dictionary series. vol. 10. Leiden: Brill, 2009-2010

Latin and other Italic languages

• de Vaan M. A. S.. Etymological dictionary of Latin and the other Italic languages. / Leiden Indo-European etymological dictionary series. vol. 7. Brill, 2008. 825 p.
• Bréal M., Bailly A. Dictionnaire étymologique Latin. Paris: Hachette, 1906. 463 rub.
• Ernout A. et Meiilet A. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine. Histoire des mots. 4th ed. Paris, 1959.
• Regnaud P. Spécimen d'un dictionnaire étymologique du latin et du grec dans ses rapports avec le latin: d'après la méthode évolutionniste. Chalon-sur-Saône: impr. de F. Bertrand, 1904. 32 p.
• Vaniček, Alois. Griechisch-lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Bd. 1-2. Leipzig: Teubner, 1877.
• Walde A. Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. 1 Aufl. - Winter: Heidelberg, 1906
  • Walde A. Lateinisches Etymologisches Woerterbuch. 3 Aufl., bearb. bei Johann B. B. Hoffmann. - Winter: Heidelberg, 1938. 2045 p.
  • Walde A. Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Bd. 1-3. 4 Aufl. - Winter: Heidelberg, 1965.
  • Walde A. Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. 5 Aufl., bearb. bei Johann B. B. Hoffmann. - 1982
  • Walde A. Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. 6 Aufl., 2 Bande. - 2007-2008.
• Etymological dictionary of Latin names of plants found in the vicinity of the Chashnikovo agrobiological station of Moscow State University. - M.: Moscow University Publishing House, 1975. 205 p.
• Kaden N. N., Terentyeva N. N. Etymological dictionary of scientific names of vascular plants bred and wild in the USSR. - M.: Moscow University Publishing House, 1979. 268 p.
• Svetlichnaya E. I., Tolok I. A. Etymological dictionary of Latin botanical names of medicinal plants [Text]: Textbook. manual for higher students textbook establishments / National pharmaceutical univ. - Kh.: NFAU Publishing House: Golden Pages, 2003. - 287 p.

Old Welsh

• Falileyev, A. I. Etymological Glossary of Old Welsh. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer, 2000.

Old Irish

• Vendryes J. Lexique étymologique de l'irlandais ancien. Paris, 1959-1987-. (not completed, vol. A, B, C, M-N-O-P, R-S, T-U, with separate pagination for each letter)

Old Cornish language

• Campanile E. Profilo etimologico del cornico antico. / Biblioteca dell’Italia dialettale e di studi e saggi linguistici. T. 7. Pisa: Pacini, 1974. 136 p.

Gothic language

• Uhlenbeck S. S. Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch Der Gotischen Sprache. - Amsterdam: Verlag Von Jon. Muller, 1923.
  • Uhlenbeck S. S. Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch Der Gotischen Sprache. - Abdruck. - BiblioBazaar, 2009.
• Feist S. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache. - 2-te auflage. - Halle (Saale), 1923.
• Holthausen F. Gotisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch. - Heidelberg, 1934.
• Lehmann W. P., Hewitt Helen-Jo J. A Gothic etymological dictionary. - Leiden: Brill, 1986.

Old Norse (Old Norse) language

• Jakobsen J. Etymologisk ordbog over det norrøne sprog på Shetland. - København: Vïlhelm Priors kgl. hofboghandel, 1921. - xlviii, 1032, xviii.
• Holthausen F. Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altwestnordischen, Altnorwegisch-isländischen, einschliesslich der Lehn- und Fremdwörter sowie der Eigennamen. - Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1948. - 368 p.
• Vries J. de. Altnordisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch. - Leiden: Brill Archive, 1957-1961. - 689 p.

Old English

• Holthausen F. Altenglisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg, 1934. 3rd ed. Heidelberg, 1974.

Old High German

• Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen / Von Albert L. Lloyd u. Otto Springer. Göttingen; Zürich: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Cop. 1988-1998-. (edition ongoing)

Old Frisian language

• Boutkan D., Siebinga S. M. Old Frisian Etymological Dictionary. / Leiden Indo-European etymological dictionary series. vol. 1. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2005.

Old Slavonic language

• Etymologický slovník jazyka staroslověnského / Českosl. akad. věd. Úst. slavistiky; Hl. red.: Eva Havlová. Seš. 1-14-. Praha: Akademie věd České republiky, Ústav pro jazyk český, 1989-2004-. (edition ongoing)
• Etymological dictionary of chronicled geographical names of Pivdennoy Russia / Vedp. ed. O. S. Strizhak. - K.: “Naukova Dumka”, 1985. - 256 p.

Polabian language

• Polański K. , Lehr-Spławiński T. Słownik etymologiczny języka Drzewian połabskich. T.I-VI. - Wroclaw: Wydawn. Energy. Zaklad Narodowy im. Ossolinskich, 1962-1994

Tocharian languages

• Windekens A. J. van. Lexique étimologique des dialectes tokhariens. Louvain, 1941.
• Jörundur Hilmarsson, Materials for a Tocharian Historical and Etymological Dictionary, edited by Alexander Lubotsky and Guðrún Þórhallsdóttir with the assistance of Sigurður H. Pálsson. Reykjavík (Málvísindastofnun Háskola Íslands), 1996.

Afroasiatic languages

Ancient Egyptian and Coptic languages

• Takas G. Etymological dictionary of Egyptian. Leiden; Brill. 1999-2008-. (3 volumes published as of 2007)
• Cerny J. Coptic Etymological Dictionary. Cm., 1976.
• Vycichl W. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue copte. Leuven, 1983.

Hebrew and Aramaic languages

• Steinberg O. M. Jewish and Chaldean etymological dictionary for the books of the Old Testament. T. 1-2. Vilna: Printing house of L. L. Mats, 1878-1881. 292 pp.

Sino-Tibetan languages

Ancient Chinese language

• Schuessler A. ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese. University of Hawaii Press. 2006. 656 p.

Dictionaries of modern languages

Slavic languages ​​(except Russian)

Ukrainian language

• Rudnyc'kyj J. B. An Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language. Part 1-16. - Winnipeg: Ukrainian free Academy of Sciences, 1962-1977.
  • Rudnyc'kyj J. B. An Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian language. 2 Vols. - Winnipeg: Ukrainian free Acadeny of Sciences; Ottawa: Ukrainian Mohylo-Mazepian Academy of Sciences, 1972-1982. - 968 + 1128 p.
• Ogienko I. I. (Metropolitan Hilarion) Etymological-semantic dictionary of Ukrainian language. In 4 volumes. / For ed. Y. Mulika-Lutsik. - Winnipeg: Wolin, 1979-1995. - 365 + 400 + 416 + 557 s.
• Etymological dictionary of Ukrainian language. / Head. ed. O. S. Melnichuk. In 7 volumes - K.: “Naukova Dumka”, 1982-2012-. (6 volumes published, see)
• Chekaluk, Peter W. A concise etymological dictionary of the Ukrainian language. 2 Vol. . - Sydney: Thesis, Macquarie University, 1988. - 2 v. (602 leaves)
• Farion I. D. Ukrainian nicknames of the Carpathian Lviv region from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 19th century (with an etymological dictionary) / NAS of Ukraine; Institute of Popular Studies. - Lviv: Litopis, 2001. - 371 p.
• Chuchka P. P. Nicknames of Transcarpathian Ukrainians: Historical and etymological dictionary. - Lviv: Svit, 2005. - 704+XLVIII p.
• Tishchenko K. M. Other toponyms of Ukraine: Etymological dictionary. - Ternopil: Mandrivets, 2010. - 240 p.
• Chuchka P. P. Words of personal names of Ukrainians: historical and etymological dictionary. - Uzhgorod: Lira, 2011. - 428 p.

Belarusian language

• These are the elephants of the Belarusian language. / Red. V. Ў. Martynau, G. A. Tsykhun. - Minsk: Academy of Sciences of the BSSR; Belarusian science, 1978-2006-. (11 volumes published, brought to A-C, publication continues)
• Zhuchkevich, V. A. Brief toponymic dictionary of Belarus. - Minsk: BSU Publishing House, 1974. - 447 p.

Polish language

• Bruckner A. Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego . - 1 wyd. - Kraków: Kraków, Krakowska Spółka Wydawnicza, 1927.
  • Bruckner A. Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego. - 9 wyd. - przedruk. - Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 2000.
• Slawski F. Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego. T. 1-5. - Kraków: Nak. Tow. Milosnikow Jezyka Polskiego, 1952-1982- (volumes published on A-Ł)
• Rospond S. Słownik etymologiczny miast i gmin PRL. - Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich Wydawnictwo, 1984. - 463 s.
• Rospond S., Sochacka S. Słownik etymologiczny nazw geograficznych Śląska. T. 1-14. - Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Instytutu Śląskiego w Opolu: Książki. Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe, 1970-2009
• Rymut K. Nazwiska Polaków. Słownik historyczno-etymologiczny. T. I-II. - Kraków: Wydawnictwo Instytutu Języka Polskiego PAN, 1999-2001.
• Bańkowski A. Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego. I-III t. - Warszawa: Wydawn. Naukowe PWN, 2000. - 873 s.
• Malec M. Słownik etymologiczny nazw geograficznych Polski. - Warszawa: Wydawn. Naukowe PWN, 2002. - 290 s.
• Abramowicz Z. Słownik etymologiczny nazwisk żydów białostockich. - Białystok: Wydawn. Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku, 2003. - 364 s.
• Długosz-Kurczabowa K. Nowy słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego. - Warszawa: Wydawn. Naukowe PWN, 2003. - 658 s.
• Boryś W. Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego. - Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 2005. - 861 s.
• Długosz-Kurczabowa K. Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego. - Warszawa: Wydawn. Naukowe PWN, 2005. - 658 s.
• Długosz-Kurczabowa K. Wielki słownik etymologiczno-historyczny języka polskiego. - Warszawa: Wydawn. Naukowe PWN, 2008. - XII+884 s.
• Malmor I. Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego. - Warszawa - Bielsko-Biała: ParkEdukacja - Wydawnictwo Szkolne PWN, 2009. - 543 s.

Kashubian language

• Boryś W., Hanna Popowska-Taborska H. Słownik etymologiczny kaszubszczyzny. - Warszawa: Slawistyczny Ośrodek Wydawniczy, 1994-2002 (volumes published in A-S)

Czech

• Holub J., Kopečny F. Etymologický slovník jazyka českého. Prague: Státní nakl. učebnic, 1952. 575 s.
• Machek V. Etymologický slovník jazyka českého, 2 vyd., Praha: Academia, 1968. 866 s.
• Rejzek J.Český etymologický slovník. Leda, 2001. 752 s.

Slovak

• Machek V. Etymologický slovník jazyka českého a slovenského. - Praha: Československá akademie věd, 1957. - 867 s.

Bulgarian language

• Mladenov S. The etymological and spelling of the river is in the Bulgarian knizhoven ezik. - Sofia: Publishing House of Hristo G. Danov - O. O. D-vo, 1941. - 704 p.
• Riverman has a Bulgarian etymology. / Ed. V. Georgieva, I. Duridanova. - Sofia: Publishing house at Bulgarskata Academy on Naukite, 1971-1996-. (5 volumes published, publication ongoing)

Serbo-Croatian language

• Skok P., Danavic M., Jonke L. Etimologijski rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika, t. 1-4. Zagreb: Jugoslavenska akademija znatosti i umjetnosti, 1971-74.
• Schuster-Sewc H. Historisch-etymologisches Woerterbuch der ober- und niedersorbischen Sprache. Bn. 1-24. - Web Domowina, 1978-1989, 1996.
• Gluhak F. Hrvatski etimologijski rječnik. Zagreb, 1993.

Slovenian language

• France Bezlaj. Etimološki slovar slovenskega jezika. Ljubljana: Sloven. akad. znanosti in umetnosti. Inst. za Sloven. jezik, t. 1-4, 1976-2005.

Baltic languages

Latvian

• Karulis K. Latviešu etimologijas vārdnīca. Sēj. 1-2. Riga, 1992.

Lithuanian

• Fraenkel E. Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Bd. I-II. Heidelberg, 1962-1965.
• Vanagas A. Lietuvių hidronimų etimologinis žodynas. Vilnius: Mokslas, 1981. 408 pp.
• Smoczyński W. Słownik etymologiczny języka litewskiego. Vilnius, 2007-2009.

Prussian language

• Toporov V.N. Prussian language. M., 1975-1989-. (5 volumes published, not completed)
• Mažiulis V. Prūsų kalbos etimologijos žodynas. T. I-IV. Vilnius, 1988-1997.

Germanic languages

English language

• Müller E. Etymologisches Woerterbuch der englischen Sprache. I-II. Cothen: P. Schettler, 1867.
• Skeat W.W. Etymological dictionary of the English language. Oxford, 1953. New ed. 1963. (reissues)
• Klein E. A comprehensive etymological dictionary of the English language. I-II. Amsterdam, 1966-1967. 1776 p.
• The Oxford dictionary of English etymology. /Ed. by C. T. Onions. Oxford, 1966.
• The Concise Oxford dictionary of English etymology / Ed. by T.F. Hoad. Oxford: Clarendon press, 1986 - XIV, 552 pp.
• Partridge E. Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. London & New York: Routledge, 1977. 992 p.
• Partridge E. Origins: An etymological dictionary of Modern English. New York: Routledge, 2009. 972 p.
• Liberman A. A Bibliography of English Etymology: Sources and Word List. University of Minnesota Press, 2009. 974 p.

German

• Loewe R., Deutsches etymologisches Wörterbuch. W. de Gruyter, 1930. 186 p.
• Kluge Fr. Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen Sprache. Berlin, . Berlin-N. Y., 1989. (reprinted several times, since 1989 revised by E. Seebold)
• Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen // Aut.: Wilhelm Braun, Gunhild Ginschel, Gustav Hagen et al. Berlin: Akademie, 1989. - Bd. I-III
• Hiersche R. Deutsches Etymologisches Wörterbuch. I-. Heidelberg, 1986-1990-. (publication started, 2 volumes published)
• Gerhard Kobler. Deutsches Etymologisches Wörterbuch. 1995
• Bahlow, Hans. Deutschlands geographische Namenwelt: Etymologisches Lexikon der Fluss-und Ortsnamen alteurop. Herkunft. : Suhrkamp, ​​1985 - XVI, 554 pp.
• Regnaud P. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue allemande sur le plan de celui de M. Kluge mais d’après les principes nouveaux de la méthode évolutionniste. Paris: A. Fontemoing, 1902. 503 p.

Dutch

• Francks etymologisch woordenboek der nederlandsche taal. ‘s-Gravenhage, 1949.
• Vries J.de. Nederlands etymologisch woordenboek. Leiden, 1971.

Icelandic

• Johannson A. Isländisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. - Bern: A. Francke, 1951-1956.
• Magnússon A. B. Íslensk orðsifjabók. - Reykjavík: Orðabók Háskóláns, 1989. - xli, 1231 p.
  • Magnússon A. B. Íslensk orðsifjabók. - 2. prentun. - Reykjavík: Orðabók Háskóláns, 1995. - xli, 1231 p.
  • Magnússon A. B. Íslensk orðsifjabók. - 3. prentun. - Reykjavík: Orðabók Háskóláns, 2008. - xli, 1231 p.

Danish and Norwegian languages

• Falk H., Torp A. Norwegisch-Dänisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, v. 1-2. Heidelberg, 1910-1911. 2nd ed. 1960.
• Thorpe A. Nynorsk etymologisk Ordbok. Chr., 1919.

Swedish language

• Hellquist E. Svensk etymologisk ordbok, v. 1-2. Lund, 1920-1922. 2nd ed. 1948.

Norn

• Jakobsen J., (Jakobsen) Horsböl A. An Etymological Dictionary of the Norn Language in Shetland. - 2 vol. - London: D. Nutt (A.G. Berry); Copenhagen: V. Prior, 1928–1932.
  • Jakobsen J. An Etymological Dictionary of the Norn Language in Shetland. - 2 vol. - AMS Press, 1985. (repr.)

Romance languages

Spanish

• Roque Barcia & Eduardo de Echegaray. Diccionario general etimológico de la lengua española. Madrid: J. M. Faquineto, 1887.
• Coromines J. Diccionario crítico etimológico de la lengua castellana. 4 vol. - Madrid: Editorial Gredos; Berna: Editorial Francke, 1954-1957.
• Coromines J., Pascual J. A. Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico. Obra completa. I-VI vol. - Madrid: Editorial Gredos, 1991-1997.
• Coromines J. Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana. - 4ª edición. - Madrid: Editorial Gredos, 2008.

Italian language

• Pianigiani O. Vocabolario etimologico della lingua italiana. 1907. Vol. 1-2. Mil., 1943.
• Cortelazzo M., Zolli P. Dizionario etimologico della lingua italiana. Vol. 1-5. Bologna, 1979-1988.

Latin language

• Kramer J. Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Dolomitenladinischen. Bd. 1-8. Hamburg: Buske Verlag, 1988-1998.

Occitan language

• Dictionnaire étymologique de l'ancien occitan / Susanne Hächler, Conchita Orga, Barbara Ute Junker, Flavia Löpfe, Rachel Kolly-Gobet, Monika Gut, Muriel Bützberger. - 1990-

Portuguese

• Howaiss A. Dicionário Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa. - Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Antônio Houaiss de Lexicografia, 2001.

Romanian language

• Sextil Puşcariu. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der rumänischen Sprache. Heidelberg, 1905.

Sardinian language

• Wagner M. L. Dizionario etimologico sardo. Heidelberg, 1957-1964.

French

• Dauzat A. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue française. P., 1938.
• Baldinger K. Dictionnaire étymologique de l'ancien français. Fasc. 1-3. Quebec; Tübingen; Paris, 1971.
• Wartburg W.v.. Französischen etymologisches Wörterbuch. 23 fasc. Bonn; Lpz.; Paris; Basel, 1922-1970.
• Bloch O., Wartburg W. Dictionnaire etymologique de la langue française, 2 ed., P., 1950; 9. ed. Paris: Presses univ. de France, 1991 - XXXII, 682 pp.
• Gamillscheg E. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der francösischen Sprache. Heidelberg, 1965.
• Picoche, Jacqueline. Dictionnaire étymologique du français. Paris: Dict. le Robert, 1993 - X, 619 pp.
• Dauzat A., Deslandes G., Rostaing Ch. Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de rivières et de montagnes en France. Paris, 1978.

Friulian language

• Pellegrini G. B., Cortelazzo M., Zamboni A. et al. Dizionario etimologico storico friulano. Vol. 1-2. Udine, 1984-1987.

Celtic languages

Breton

• Louis Le Pelletier, Etymological Dictionary of the Breton Language: Dictionnaire Etymologique de la Langue Bretonne. French & European Publications, Incorporated, 1973. 1716 p.

Gaelic language

• Jamieson J. An Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language; illustrating the words in their different significations by example from Ancient and Modern Writers; shewing their Affinity to those of other Languages, and especially the Northern; explaining many terms which though now obsolete in England were formerly common to both countries; and elucidating National Rites, Customs and Institutions and their Analogy to those of other nations; to which is prefixed a Dissertation on the Origin of the Scottish Language. Vol. 1-2. - London: W. Creech, Constable, and Blackwood, 1808.
  • Jamieson J. An etymological dictionary of the Scottish language; in which the words are explained in their different senses, authorized by the names of the writers by whom they are used, or the titles of the works in which they occur, and deduced from their originals. Vol. 1-2. - Edinburgh: Printed for Archibald Constable and Company, and Alexander Jameson by Abernethy & Walker, 1818.
  • Jamieson J., Longmuir J., Donaldson D. An Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language; illustrating the words in their different significations by example from Ancient and Modern Writers; shewing their Affinity to those of other Languages, and especially the Northern; explaining many terms which though now obsolete in England were formerly common to both countries; and elucidating National Rites, Customs and Institutions and their Analogy to those of other nations; to which is prefixed a Dissertation on the Origin of the Scottish Language. Vol. 1-2. - New ed., carefully rev. and collated, with the entire suppl. incorporated. - Paisley: Alexander Gardner, 1879-1997
• Macbain A. An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language. - Inverness: The Northern Counties Printing And Publishing Company, Limited, 1896.
  • Macbain A. An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language. - 2nd ed. (revised) - Stirling: Eneas Mackay, 1911. - xvi, xxxvii, A-D p., 1 l., 412 p.
  • Macbain A. An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language. - Glasgow: Gairm Publications, 1982. -

Iranian languages

Wakhan language

• Steblin-Kamensky I. M. Etymological dictionary of the Wakhan language. - St. Petersburg. : Petersburg Oriental Studies, 1999. - 480 p.

Kurdish

• Tsabolov R. L. Etymological Dictionary of the Kurdish Language: [in 2 volumes] - M.: Eastern Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2001-2010.

Ossetian language

• Abaev V. I. Historical and etymological dictionary of the Ossetian language. In 5 volumes. M.-L.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1958-1995.

Persian language

• Hasandust M. An etymological dictionary of Persian language. Tehran: Iranian Academy of Persian language and literature, 2004.
• Asatrian G.S. Etymological Dictionary of Persian. / Leiden Indo-European etymological dictionary series. vol. 12. Leiden: Brill, 2010. 1000 p.
• Golāma Makasūda Hilālī, Kalīm Sahasrāmī. A concise etymological dictionary of Persian language. Patna: Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library, 1996. 32 p.

Pashto language

• Morgenstierne G. An Etymological Vocabulary of Pashto. - Oslo: J. Dybwad, 1927. - 120 p.
  • Morgenstierne G. New Etymological Vocabulary of Pashto. / Compiled and Edited by J. Elfenbein, D. N. M. MacKenzie and Nicholas Sims-Williams. (Beiträge zur Iranistik, Bd. 23.). - Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 2003. - VIII, 140 p. (in English)

This edition of M. Vasmer’s “Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language” is the first experience in translating such books into Russian. Compared to the usual translation of scientific books, this translation poses some specific difficulties. The “Dictionary” was compiled in difficult wartime conditions, which the author himself says in his preface and which also cannot be ignored. Taking into account all these circumstances, the editors, when preparing M. Vasmer’s “Dictionary” for the Russian edition, considered it necessary to carry out the following work.

The author published his dictionary over a relatively long period of time in separate editions. Almost each of them evoked numerous responses and reviews, which pointed out noted inaccuracies or controversial interpretations, provided additions, and sometimes new etymologies. Everything that the author considered necessary to take into account from these comments, he collected in an extensive addition placed at the end of the dictionary. During translation, all the author's additions, clarifications and corrections are included directly in the text of the Dictionary, and inclusions of this nature are not noted or highlighted in any way. The translator also provided the Dictionary with some additions, drawn from publications that appeared after the publication of M. Vasmer’s work, and partly from rare (mainly Russian) publications that were inaccessible to the author for technical reasons. In addition, N. Trubachev included a number of additions to the dictionary that are in the nature of scientific comments and new etymologies. All translator's additions are enclosed in square brackets and marked with the letter T. Editorial comments are also enclosed in square brackets. They are given with the mark “Ed.” Without any markings, only editorial clarifications related to geographical names are given in square brackets, for example: “in the [former] Smolensk province.”

When working on M. Vasmer’s “Dictionary,” translations of not all etymologized words were given. Naturally, for Russian It makes no sense for the reader to determine the meanings of all Russian words, as the author did when compiling his dictionary for the German reader. Therefore, in this translation, definitions of the meanings of words in the common Russian language are omitted, but Vasmer’s interpretations of rarer, outdated and regional words are preserved. This last one, as well as determining the meanings of the parallels from other languages ​​cited in the articles, required a lot of additional work from the editors. M. Vasmer, for obvious reasons, widely attracted Russian studies containing not only Russian, but also Turkic, Finno-Ugric, Baltic and other materials. At the same time, he translated the meanings of words given in the sources into German. With the usual polysemy of words, reverse translation of meanings (in particular, those contained in Dahl and in regional dictionaries) from German into Russian or interpretation of meanings, for example, Turkic words, through a third (German) language could lead to a direct distortion of the semasiological component in establishing the etymology of the studied words To avoid this error, the editors subjected a complete verification of the definitions of the meanings of Russian and Turkic examples, reducing them to those given in the sources. As for language examples from all other languages, their meaning was determined in most cases using the corresponding dictionaries. At the same time, the spelling of non-Russian examples was checked (or their compliance with modern writing standards), as well as the correctness of the references. The need for this work is evidenced by the following examples: by the way careless M. Vasmer, referring to Gordlevsky (OLYA, 6, 326), cites: “and Turk. alyp äri". In fact, Gordlevsky: “Turk. alp är". In the dictionary entry for the word buzluk, M. Vasmer cites Turkm with reference to Radlov. boz meaning "ice". In fact, according to Radlov, boz means “gray” (buz “ice”), which also corresponds to modern Turkmen usage. In the dictionary entry for the word ashug there is a reference to Radlov: Radlov 1, 595. The link is incorrect, it should be: Radlov 1, 592. The correction of all such inaccuracies in the text of the “Dictionary” is not marked with any marks.

Finally, it should be pointed out that the editors, keeping in mind a fairly wide contingent of readers, considered it necessary to remove several dictionary entries that could be the subject of consideration only in narrow scientific circles.

Reconciliation with Russian sources was carried out by L. A. Gindin and M. A. Oborina, and with Turkic sources - JI. G. Ofrosimova-Serova.

Preface

The long and fruitful scientific activity of M. Vasmer was strictly consistent in its focus. Most of his research was devoted to lexicology in its various branches: the study of borrowings in the Russian language from the Greek language, the study of Iranian-Slavic lexical connections, the analysis of toponymy of Eastern Europe of Baltic and then Finnish origin, Greek elements in the Turkish dictionary, etc.

The consistent completion of these private studies was the “Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language”.

If the vocabulary (registry of words) of the etymological dictionary is not limited to arbitrary selection and widely covers the vocabulary of the language, then it reflects the multifaceted culture of the people - the creator of the language, its centuries-old history and its wide connections (between tribes in ancient times and international ones in modern times). In order to correctly understand the extremely complex vocabulary of a language like Russian in composition and origin, knowledge of many languages ​​is not enough; broad awareness of its history and dialectology, and, in addition, the history of the people and their ethnography is necessary; You also need direct acquaintance with ancient monuments - the linguistic sources of not only the Russian language, but also its neighbors. Finally, it is necessary to master the vast scientific literature on Slavic lexicology.

It is beyond the power of one person to go through and master this entire circle. It is now clear to everyone that, at a high scientific level, the task of a modern etymological dictionary can only be accomplished by a team of linguists, which includes specialists in all related philologies for each language. But M. Vasmer, like many other etymologists of the past and our century, undertook to solve this problem single-handedly. A daring plan is characteristic of this outstanding scientist.

At the beginning of our century, a rather successful attempt to single-handedly prepare an etymological dictionary of the Russian language was made by the Russian scientist A. Preobrazhensky. Having collected and summarized the scattered studies on the etymology of Russian words in his still very useful etymological dictionary, he only added his own materials and careful critical remarks here and there.

M. Vasmer included in his dictionary not only the etymological hypotheses of his predecessors, but also the results of his own research, which occupied a very prominent place there. The author's extensive experience and erudition have provided, in many cases, a convincing, acceptable solution to controversies within the areas of interaction between Russian and neighboring languages ​​that he has well studied. However, sometimes inaccuracies, errors and even unjustified comparisons appear in M. Vasmer's dictionary. This is most often observed in Vasmer’s interpretation of the dictionary reflections of Russian-Turkic and Russian-Finno-Ugric connections. The first was noted by E. V. Sevortyan in his review of M. Vasmer’s dictionary. In the same way, B. A. Serebrennikov also pointed out the mistakes of Vasmer in etymologies based on the material of the East Finnic languages. There are also mistakes in the use of Baltic material. I will limit myself to one example. About a hundred years ago, Bezzenberger, in the marginal gloss of the Lithuanian translation of the Bible by Bretkun, incorrectly interpreted the word darbas as Laubwerk ‘braid of leaves’, which served as the basis for the erroneous comparison of this word by I. Zubaty with the Belarusian dorob'basket'. M. Vasmer, without checking in authoritative dictionaries, repeated this untenable etymology (see E. Frenkel’s explanation in the second edition of his “Etymological Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language,” p. 82). The word darbas never had such a meaning either in old monuments, or in modern literary language, or in Lithuanian dialects, but meant ‘labor, work; work, product.

Some of the reviewers (for example, O. N. Trubachev) give great credit to M. Vasmer for the inclusion of dialect vocabulary and onomastics. But in this direction M. Vasmer took only the first step: from the enormous dialectal stock of “extraliterary words” available even in published works and the no less immense stock of local names and personal names, he included only some part. In addition, as the reviews that appeared and the reconciliation undertaken by the editors show, it was in dialect and toponymic etymologies that he made the most inaccuracies.

As for the creation of an etymological dictionary of all Russian (and especially East Slavic) toponymy and hydronymy, it is not yet possible to solve this problem. This will require long decades of preparatory work by an entire team, the creation of complete sets of critically selected material of personal names and local names, which we do not yet have. Therefore, the composition of the onomastic part of M. Vasmer’s dictionary naturally gives rise to some critical comments. Fairness requires that it be noted that the author has given a number of successful articles, such as, for example, the articles Don, Danube, Moscow, Siberia. However, the current state of the study of these problems has led to the fact that in M. Vasmer’s dictionary there are also random and less successful entries in terms of selection and scientific interpretation, such as, for example, Baykanavofield and etc.

The weakest side of M. Vasmer's dictionary is its semantic definitions and comparisons. He himself indirectly admitted this in the afterword to the third volume of the dictionary. Here is one example:

I. 137: " Bakhmur‘nausea, dizziness’, Nizhegorod-Makaryevsk. (Dahl). I understand how to compound with gloomy‘cloud, darkness’. The first part is probably an interjection bah!, therefore, originally: “what darkness!” Wed. similarly Ka-luga, Kaluga from puddle["what a puddle!"].

The last thing that needs to be warned about everyone who will use the dictionary is M. Vasmer’s exaggeration of the German influence on the vocabulary of the Russian language, especially German mediation when borrowing European cultural terms, often coming directly from Dutch, French, Italian or Latin. Compare, for example, the articles: admiral, adju, actuary, altar, pineapple, anise, questionnaire, argument, barge, barricade, bason, basta and many others. It is characteristic that the dictionary contains almost no articles about ancient Slavic personal proper names, such as Kupava, Oslyabya, Ratmir, Militsa, Miroslava and others, while M. Vasmer found it necessary to give the etymology of personal names of Germanic origin, such as Sveneld, Rogvolod and under.

In the process of editing the dictionary, the editors discovered and eliminated a large number of oversights by M. Vasmer in references to sources, incorrect spellings and interpretations of words from little-known languages. Inaccuracies in quotations, incorrect emphasis of some dialect words, etc. have been corrected.

The publication of the Russian edition of M. Vasmer’s dictionary will be of great importance not only because it contains a summary of etymological studies of Russian vocabulary over the last half century (including little-known foreign works), but also because the very fact of publishing the “Etymological Dictionary” M. Vasmera will apparently revive domestic etymological research, refresh general interest in the history of the native language, and help revise many traditional techniques and methods of etymological reconstruction. Much has already been said about the practical value of this book as a useful reference book; it is beyond any doubt.

Prof. V. A. Larin

Preface by the author

I dreamed of compiling an “Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language” as the main goal of my scientific activity even during my first studies on the influence of the Greek language on the Slavic languages ​​(1906–1909). The shortcomings of my early works prompted me to further intensively study Slavic antiquities, as well as most of the languages ​​of the peoples neighboring the Slavs. At the same time, the works of F. Kluge drew my attention to the need to first research Russian professional languages, which gave me a reason already in 1910 to do a lot of work on collecting materials about the language of Russian Ofeni. I hoped that during this time the publication of the excellent “Slavic Etymological Dictionary” by E. Bernecker and “Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language” by A. Preobrazhensky would also be completed, which would facilitate my further experiments in this direction. It was only in 1938, while in New York, that I began to work systematically on the Russian etymological dictionary, after decades during which I had made only occasional extracts intended for this purpose. When a significant part of the dictionary had already been prepared, a bomb hit (January 1944) deprived me of not only this and other manuscripts, but also my entire library. It soon became clear to me that after the war I would have to concentrate all my efforts on the dictionary if I was to continue my work as planned at all. The card index was destroyed, but I could count on the rich collection of books of the Berlin Slavic Institute.

But, unfortunately, after 1945 I have no opportunity to use this library. At the moment I do not have a good university library at my disposal. Under these conditions, the work could not turn out the way I imagined it in my youth. It is based on extracts that I collected during the famine years of 1945–1947. in the deserted libraries of Berlin and later, during my two years of study in the libraries of Stockholm (1947–1949). I cannot now fill in many of the gaps that are obvious to me. I decided, yielding to the persuasion of my students, to prepare the dictionary for publication, as far as this is feasible under modern conditions. The decisive role in this was played by the conviction that in the near future, given the current state of Slavic libraries, it is unlikely that anyone in Germany will be able to offer more comprehensive material.

Lack of space, unfortunately, does not allow me to give here a long list of people who tried to help me out with books. My colleagues gave me especially great help: O. Brock, D. Chizhevsky, R. Ekblom, J. Endzelin, J. Kalima, L. Kettunen, V. Kiparsky, K. Knutsson, V. Mahek, A. Mazon, G. Mladenov , D. Moravcsik, H. Pedersen, F. Ramovs, J. Stanislav, D. A. Seip, Chr. Stang and B. Unbegaun. Of my students, I am especially grateful to E. Dickenman, W. Fayer, R. Olesch, H. Schröder and M. Woltner for the books they gave me.

Those who know the USSR will be surprised by the presence in my book of such old names as, for example, Nizhny Novgorod (now Gorky), Tver (instead of Kalinin), etc. Since the linguistic material I used was drawn mainly from old publications, the basis which established the administrative division of Tsarist Russia, changing the names threatened to cause inaccuracy in determining the geography of words, and references like “Gorky” would have entailed confusing the city of Gorky with the writer Gorky. Thus, the old names are used here only to avoid misunderstandings.

I am especially grateful to my colleague G. Krahe for his kind interest in my dictionary during the process of its publication. My student G. Breuer helped me with the difficult reading of proofs, for which I also express my heartfelt gratitude to him.

M. Vasmer

Author's afterword

I was completely absorbed in compiling this dictionary from the beginning of September 1945. At the same time, I was more interested in sources than in linguistic theories. Therefore I cannot understand how one of my reviewers could claim that I “could not draw my material directly from the sources” (“Lingua Posnaniensis”, V, p. 187). I can only ask the reader to check for himself, when reading my dictionary, how true this statement is, and at the same time also pay attention to my list of abbreviations.

Until June 1949, I was only engaged in collecting material. I then began processing the manuscript, which continued until the end of 1956. The literature on etymology published after 1949 was so extensive that, unfortunately, I was not able to make full use of it. A complete processing of the latest literature would delay the completion of the work and, given my age, could even cast doubt on its successful completion.

I am aware of the shortcomings of my presentation. Your knowledge of the Russian dictionary of the 16th and 17th centuries is especially unsatisfactory. But at the same time, I ask you to keep in mind that even such a work as F. Kluge’s “Etymological Dictionary of the German Language,” which has served as an example for me for half a century, deepened the history of the word in the proper sense only gradually, from edition to edition. I marked the first appearance of the word with the instructions “for the first time at...” or “(starting) with...” If I have written horn (Gogol), Burmite(eg, Krylov), etc., then such references do not mean that I consider these particular cases to be the oldest, as some of my reviewers decided.

My original intention was to also include important personal and local names. When I saw that the material was growing to alarming proportions, I began to limit it and decided to process personal names separately. Many of them have been studied so little that a meager interpretation of them would hardly be convincing. The need to limit the volume of the dictionary also did not give me the opportunity to trace in all details the spread of Russian borrowings in neighboring languages, because then I would have to take into account Russian borrowings not only in the Baltic and Polish languages, but also in the Finno-Ugric languages. Nevertheless, I have presented the most important of them for the history of language.

From modern vocabulary, I tried to reflect words found in the best writers of the 19th century, which, unfortunately, are far from being fully represented even in large dictionaries. Dialect words were included in quite a large number because they reflect regional differences and often, as relic words from the language of a displaced population, can shed light on the ethnic relationships of prehistoric and early historical eras. Various references to correlative words are more easily visible in a printed dictionary than in a manuscript, especially if the latter is large in volume, as in this case. If I were to prepare a new edition, the number of references to different articles in it would increase, and references to the first appearance of a word would appear much more often. Words from the Old Russian language that are of linguistic, cultural and historical interest are included.

In the “Additions” I corrected the most important typos noted so far and expressed my attitude to some of the comments of my reviewers. An exhaustive analysis of the other points of view that emerged during this time would require too much space.

My student and friend G. Breuer gave me great help in the difficult work of proofreading. I am grateful to Mrs. R. Greve-Zigman for constant assistance in technical preparation, and to her and R. Richardt for compiling the word index.

Many of the wishes expressed in reviews of my dictionary will undoubtedly be useful for the subsequent Russian etymological dictionary, in which special attention should be paid to the numerous words named here as unclear. If I had to start the work again, I would pay more attention to the tracings and the semasiological side.

The word index has become so large that it was necessary to abandon the inclusion of compared words of Slavic languages ​​and Western European words that underlie later cultural borrowings.

M. Vasmer

Berlin-Nikolaev, April 1957

See also `Etymology` in other dictionaries

And, well. 1. A branch of linguistics that studies the origin of words. 2. The origin of a particular word or expression. Determine the etymology of the word. * Folk etymology (special) - alteration of a borrowed word according to the model of a close-sounding word in the native language based on the association of meanings (for example, in Leskov: melkoscope instead of microscope). adj. etymological, -aya, -oe. E. dictionary.

etymology

(Greek etymologia from etymon - truth, the main meaning of the word + logos - concept, teaching). 1) A branch of linguistics that studies “the origin and history of individual words and morphemes. 2 The origin and history of words and morphemes. Etymology of the word “grammar”

Etymology

ETYMOLOGY. 1. School name of the grammar department, which includes phonetics and morphology Ph.D. language; in this meaning, E. is opposed to syntax; in science, the word E. is not used in this meaning. 2. In the science of E. this or that word (plural: E-and these or other words) - the origin and history of the morphological composition of this or that individual word, with the clarification of those morphological elements from which the given word was once formed.

N.D.

Etymology etymol ó giya, -i (section of linguistics that studies the origin of words)

Russian word stress. - M.: ENAS. M.V. Zarva. 2001.

etymology

ETYMOLOGY -And; and.[from Greek etymon - truth, the basic meaning of the word and logos - teaching]

1.

2. The origin of a particular word or expression. Unclear e. words. Determine the etymology of the word. People's e. (specialist.; alteration of a borrowed word according to the model of a word of the native language that is similar in sound based on the association of meanings, for example: melkoscope - microscope in Leskov).

◁ Etymological, -aya, -oe. E-research. E. dictionary.

ETYMOLOGY (from the Greek etymon - truth>, true meaning> of a word and...logy), 1) the origin of a word or morpheme. 2) A branch of linguistics that deals with the study of the original word-formation structure of a word and the identification of elements of its ancient meaning, the study of sources and the process of formation of the vocabulary of a language.

etymology

-And , and.

A branch of linguistics that studies the origin of words, their original structure and semantic connections.

The origin of a word and its related relationships to other words of the same or other languages.

Unclear etymology of the word.

folk etymology

linguistic

alteration of a borrowed word according to the model of a word close in sound in the native language.

[Greek ’ετυμολογία]