Which banks in Russia are state-owned? Except for Russian Post, which operates on the basis of a separate federal law Registration of a non-bank credit organization

Non-bank credit organization (NPO)- a credit institution that has the right to carry out only certain banking operations (unlike banks, which have a much wider range of permissible operations). The exact definition of NPOs is given in the Federal Law of December 2, 1990 No. 395-1 “On Banks and Banking Activities.”

The point of NPOs is that the legislative requirements for them (for example, the size of the authorized capital) are significantly lower than for banks. In this regard, every time the Bank of Russia raises the minimum amount of authorized capital for banks, some of the banks that do not meet the new conditions are, by decision of the owners, transformed into non-profit organizations, and the rest are forced to liquidate or merge with other market participants.

The Federal Law mentioned above defines 2 types of non-profit organizations; the Federal Law of June 27, 2011 No. 161-FZ “On the National Payment System” that appeared later introduced 1 more type.

Thus, today we can distinguish the following types of NPOs:

RNKO can carry out the following types of activities:

RNKO not entitled:

By and large, an RNCO is simply a settlement center and other activities for this form of NPO are prohibited. The most well-known organization of this type to a wide range of consumers should probably be considered the RNKO "Payment Center", which is the owner, issuer and settlement center of the "Kukuruza" card, issued in Euroset stores, and also servicing the "Golden Crown" payment system. In total, according to data as of June 1, 2014, there were 44 RNPOs operating in Russia, with a total number of NPOs being 59 organizations.

PNCO- this is, in fact, an RNCO with an even narrower range of permitted operations. Such an NPO has the right to carry out money transfers without opening bank accounts and other banking operations related to them and is obliged to provide a risk-free transfer system within the framework of organizing instant, electronic, and mobile payments. It is this type of NPO that was introduced by the law “On the National Payment System”

Unlike those described above, NDKO does not have the right to carry out settlement operations, but they can carry out certain credit and deposit operations.

NDKO they have a right to carry out the following banking operations:

NDCOs cannot:

According to the Law “On Banks and Banking Activities”, the minimum authorized capital of a bank as of September 11, 2014 is 300 million rubles. For comparison, the minimum authorized capital of a non-bank credit organization established by the same law at the time of filing documents for registration is 18 million rubles, or 90 million rubles, depending on the type of non-profit organization. The Ministry of Finance made a proposal, starting January 1, 2016, to increase the requirements for the minimum capital of NPOs and to equalize newly created and existing organizations.

Needless to say, there are more than 1,000 banks operating in Russia, and each of them wants to offer its clients its services? Any financial institution has its own range of programs, differing in their advantages and disadvantages. But what conditions can be called actually beneficial for the client? Which bank should you trust and which should you not? Which one can you start collaborating with? Commercial banks in the Russian banking system are represented in a wide range. And before choosing a financial institution, it is worth studying the nuances.

Rating

Clients often feel as if deception and falsehood await them on every square meter of the territory of a particular bank. This is not entirely true. The best Russian commercial banks are quite honest and operate in accordance with the law. Good financial institutions are focused on long-term cooperation. Therefore, it is unreasonable to push the client away at the first meeting.

And to be convinced of all this, a potential client just needs to look at the ratings of banks, according to reviews of people who have used the relevant services. In this way, you will be able to choose a financial institution whose transaction will be truly profitable.

Basic information

Today more than 1000 banks are registered in Russia. But no more than 100 are popular among them. The whole range of services is provided here - from consumer lending to concluding deposit agreements.

It is worth noting that among hundreds of top financial institutions there are also those that over the years of their work have managed to accumulate a lot of negative reviews. Therefore, when contacting a particular bank, you need to weigh the pros and cons, taking into account the numerous reviews about them.

in the field of lending

The unstable economic situation has led to people becoming wary of such services as lending. Not everyone will borrow money if there is no confidence in the future. However, there are also many who still decide to conclude a deal with the bank. lure customers with loyal conditions and low interest rates.

The top financial institutions in recent years in the use of lending services are:

1. Sberbank of Russia.
2. Gazprombank.
3. VTB 24.
4. Alfa Bank.
5. "Renaissance".
6. "Trust".
7. Bank of Moscow.

The above-mentioned Russian commercial banks offer similar lending programs. The terms of their transactions also differ slightly.

Gazprombank or Sberbank?

It’s worth saying a few words about the fact that the most successful offers in the recent past were made to their clients by Sberbank and Gazprombank. These are loans with a rate of 14.5% per annum. But on such favorable terms it will be possible to conclude a deal if the client offers collateral or brings a guarantor. Otherwise, you will have to overpay 15% per year.

Which financial institution should I contact? Both Gazprombank and Sberbank have been working in the market for quite a long time. They offer a huge range of additional services. But if you believe the statistics, many still prefer to contact a commercial savings bank of the Russian Federation.

VTB 24

This financial institution fully justifies its third place. Clients are offered a rate of 17% per annum, which is also not bad. A huge advantage is the possibility of concluding a long-term contract. Anyone can borrow money here for 7 years, while the maximum loan period in many other financial institutions does not exceed 5 years.

Another advantage is the possibility of debt restructuring. The Russian commercial bank VTB24 offers programs for those who, for a number of reasons, cannot cope with their obligations.

Other financial institutions

You can hear a lot of good reviews about the Bank of Moscow. The full range of relevant services is offered here. This Russian commercial bank in Moscow is quite popular. Although it has branches in other cities of the country.

Loan programs here offer rates starting from 18.5% per annum. Credit cards are also very popular. And every adult citizen can use the service.

Trust Bank is popular among clients who have a bad credit history. It offers programs with rates starting from 20% per annum. This financial institution is loyal to those who have had

Less popular, but also in demand, is Renaissance Bank. Loan programs are offered here with rates starting from 25% per annum. The financial institutions Orient Express and Alfa-Bank operate under the same conditions.

All of them have been working on the market for quite a long time, and during this time they have accumulated a lot of positive reviews. The named banks can rightfully be called the most reliable.

Where can I make a deposit?

Almost every financial institution that provides lending also works with depositors. Due to this, it is possible to create a balance. Some take money to the bank, while others borrow money.

For those who decide to enter into a deposit agreement, the leaders will remain the same. These include:

1. Sberbank.
2. VTB 24.
3. Gazprombank.

In order to conclude a deal, you will only have to provide a passport, while every adult citizen can register a deposit. The conditions in the listed financial institutions are practically no different. It will be possible to conclude a deal if you have an amount of 100,000 rubles or more.

Deposit transactions cannot be called truly profitable. Interest rates are not too high, but keeping your money in a reputable financial institution helps protect it from inflation.

You can also contact less popular organizations. The best of them for concluding deposit agreements include:

• iMoneyBank. Offers deposits with an annual rate of 10.5%. It is possible to conclude a contract for one month.
• BystroBank. For a deposit issued for a month, it gives 10.05% per annum.
• Baltika. When registering a short-term deposit, the rate offered is 10.4%. For deposits that have been in the bank for more than a year, a rate of 12% is offered.

Favorable deposit interest contains the last sentence, which you should pay attention to. A huge advantage will also be the possibility of deposit insurance.

The worst commercial banks in the Russian Federation

Financial institutions where people have begun to turn much less frequently include:

• "Tinkoff Credit Systems".
• "Russian standard".

These Russian commercial banks were previously very popular. However, everything changed with the onset of the economic crisis. Financial institutions refuse to make contact with people who find themselves in a difficult situation and cannot fully fulfill their obligations. They deal with debtors in a rather rude manner.

Huge interest rates on loans are another disadvantage. The lack of deposit insurance is also disappointing. Not everyone will decide to sign a deposit agreement here. And he will be right - after all, there is absolutely no guarantee that the money will be returned if the bank declares itself bankrupt.

Summarize

What to do? Leaving money under your pillow? It is not advisable to go to extremes. It is worth choosing only trusted financial institutions that have existed on the market for more than one year. Where can I contact a Russian commercial bank? We can bring to your attention addresses in Moscow.

• Sberbank. Bank address: Moscow, Vavilova street, 19.
• Bank of Moscow. Branch address: Moscow, st. Sadovaya-Triumfalnaya, 4/10, building 1.
• Bank VTB24. Bank address: Moscow, Red Square, 3.

These are the most popular Russian commercial banks. In any case, before concluding a deal, you should study all the proposed conditions and read the reviews.

Non-bank credit organizations (NPOs) specialize in providing a certain range of banking services. The activities of NPOs are regulated by domestic legislation. The main regulatory document affecting the functioning of NPOs is Law No. 395-FZ “On Banks and Banking Activities”.

The list of financial transactions that NPOs can perform is established by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. This list may include various functions (one or more). A list of all operations that a particular NPO can perform is prescribed in licenses that give the right to conduct the relevant activities.

NPOs can carry out banking operations, but only banks have the right to attract citizens' funds for deposits.

Only banks can open accounts for individuals and manage them. Non-bank credit institutions are subject to less stringent requirements than banks. This is due to the fact that NPOs have less powers compared to banking organizations.

NPOs have less stringent requirements for clients, while banks are very strict about checking all client documentation. Thus, to obtain a loan from a bank, the borrower will have to spend a lot of time and effort, but from an NPO he can receive the required amount almost immediately.

Main differences between banks and NPOs

Both banks and NPOs are credit organizations – legal entities. To conduct activities they must obtain a license from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. They can be created in the form of LLC, CJSC or OJSC.

At the same time, banks and non-profit organizations have a number of significant differences.

The main ones are shown in the following table:

Thus, banks have much broader powers compared to NPOs.

However, NPOs have one key advantage over banking organizations: they can only use financial instruments that have a zero risk coefficient.

This means that banks are forced to direct huge financial resources to implement risk management activities, while NPOs do not care about this at all.
Types of non-bank credit organizations

All NPOs are divided into three main types:

• deposit and credit (NDKO). They can attract client funds for placement on deposits, buy and sell currency (in non-cash form), and work on the stock market. They cannot engage in collection and cash services. Today, NDCOs do not operate in Russia;
• calculated (RNKO). They can serve individual entrepreneurs and legal entities, trade securities on the stock market, buy and sell currency. RNCOs include clearing organizations, settlement centers and chambers, mutual funds and national payment systems;
• payment (PNCO). They provide money transfer services without opening accounts. The main task of PNCO is to ensure the security of such transfers. PNCOs include such well-known systems as WebMoney and Yandex.Money.

Procedure for opening an NPO

The opening of an NPO (regardless of its type) is carried out in accordance with Instruction No. 135, according to which organizations submit certain papers for consideration by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

Provided:

• application addressed to the head of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation;
• a package of constituent documents (including the charter, minutes of the meeting of founders, an order for the appointment of a manager, etc.);
• information on the list of founders of NPOs;
• information about the applicant for the position of chief accountant;
• FAS consent to open an NPO;
• document confirming payment of the state duty.

If a PNCO is opened, the procedure for making money transfers (cyber transfers) is additionally provided. Please note that an NPO must have the required amount of authorized capital.

Documents are reviewed by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation within three months. This is the maximum period during which the Bank of Russia must issue consent to register an NPO (or refuse to carry out the relevant actions).

Thus, clients can choose who to contact - banks or NPOs. When choosing an NPO, you need to pay attention to the availability of a license to conduct a particular activity and to the professionalism of the organization’s employees.

There are several structures in the domestic financial market. The largest of them are non-bank credit organizations (NPOs). What they are and what functions they perform, you will learn from this article.

Definition

A legal entity that carries out banking operations for the purpose of making a profit is a non-bank credit organization. The license that the Central Bank issues to them still imposes some restrictions on their activities. Nevertheless, the services provided by NPOs are in great demand. Next we will look at them in more detail.

Types of non-bank credit organizations

There are only four DNAOs in Russia. Deposit and credit non-banking organizations can place funds of legal entities and individuals, carry out transactions with foreign currency in non-cash form, and trade on the securities market. They do not have the right to service accounts, carry out settlements, engage in collection, attract money for deposits, or work with precious metals.

Payment non-bank credit institutions may provide electronic money transfer services. It is not necessary to open an account for this. The minimum size of their authorized capital is 18 million rubles. There are only ten of these in Russia. Among them are Dengi.Mail.Ru, Moneta.ru, Yandex.Money, PayPal, PayU. Some of them issue cards.

Settlement non-profit organizations, whose share in the domestic market is 77%, can perform the widest range of operations:

Maintain accounts;

Make money transfers;

Collect payment and settlement documents;

Provide cash services;

Buy and sell foreign currencies in cash and non-cash forms;

Trade on the Central Bank market.

In addition to the operations described above, non-bank credit organizations can carry out the following transactions:

• Issue guarantees in cash for third parties and acquire rights to claim them.
• Engage in trust management of assets of the population and legal entities. persons
• Conduct transactions with precious metals and stones.
• Provide premises for rent and safes for storing valuables.
• Leasing.
• Provide consulting and information services.

These are the types of non-bank credit organizations.

Restrictions

None of the structures has the right:

Attract funds and precious metals from the population for deposits;

Serve accounts of private clients;

Make cash transfers;

Provide bank guarantees;

Issue loans.

Other structures

According to the Federal Law “On Banks”, the following also operate in the domestic market:

1. Associations and unions that are created to protect and coordinate the interests of their clients, develop connections, meet professional and information needs, and develop recommendations for solving joint problems of credit institutions. They are prohibited from conducting banking transactions. Their creation and operation is regulated by the Federal Law “On Non-Profit Organizations” and the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

2. Groups of NPOs that are created to solve joint problems by signing an agreement between several structures. In such a banking group, only one organization has direct or indirect influence on the decisions of management bodies.

3. Bank holding companies - an association of legal entities, including non-profit organizations, in which the parent organization can influence the decisions of management bodies, including in matters of reorganization and liquidation. The management unit has no right to engage in activities other than coordinating the actions of the group. She is also obliged to notify the Central Bank of the creation of the holding.

The Russian banking system has a two-tier structure. The Central Bank is entrusted with the functions of regulating and adjusting the activities of NPOs and other financial organizations in the country.

Registration

Before creating an organization, you must obtain a license from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. For this purpose, you need to provide the following documents:

• Application for registration of an organization.
• Charter agreed upon with the founders.
• Minutes of the meeting with the decision to create an NPO.
• A detailed business plan of the organization in accordance with all the requirements of the Bank of Russia.
• Confirmation of payment of state duty.
• Registration documents of legal entities or passports of founders.
• Questionnaires of candidates for main positions - director, chief accountant, deputy.
• Lease agreement for the premises in which the office will be located.
• Permission from the Antimonopoly Committee.

Deadlines

The Central Bank makes a decision within three months, after submitting the entire package of documents.

Founders

Non-bank credit organizations in Russia can be established by individuals and legal entities. In the second case, an enterprise that has existed for more than 3 years must have had a sufficient financial position and own funds to make contributions during the previous 6 months. The founders of an NPO cannot resign within 3 years from the date of registration.

Capital

Banking and non-banking credit organizations form the authorized capital on the basis of sold shares. The contribution can be made in cash, buildings, or other property. Liquid assets of local and regional budgets can also be used to form a management company. 100% payment of the authorized capital will allow the structure to apply for a license to carry out additional operations.

However, it is legally prohibited to use funds raised from the budget and state funds, or property of federal authorities to form the management company of non-profit organizations. The minimum amount of the organization's own funds is 5 million euros. Three months after the publication of the decision of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on changing the size of the charter capital, it comes into force. New banks and non-bank credit organizations adopt the current standard on the volume of their own funds. In addition, the Central Bank sets the maximum amount of contributions that can be made in cash. Today it is 20%.

Documentation

All provisions for the formation of NPOs are specified in the constituent documents. The agreement concluded between the founders determines the procedure for carrying out activities, the size of the charter capital, the categories of shares to be issued, and the procedure for their placement. The NPO Charter stipulates:

• full name;
• type of ownership;
• location data;
• list of operations;
• the value of the Criminal Code;
• number of shares;
• par value of the share;
• data on governing bodies;
• mechanisms for making management decisions.

The Charter comes into force from the moment of its registration with the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

Type of ownership

The activities of non-bank credit institutions on the territory of the Russian Federation are regulated by the Constitution, the Federal Law “On Banks”, “On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation”. They specify the operations that the structure has the right to carry out, as well as the conditions for its creation and registration.

Non-bank financial institutions in the form of an LLC can be established by several persons. Their management company is divided into parts between the founders. They are liable for its obligations and suffer losses only to the extent of their share in the authorized capital. Participants are jointly and severally liable, even if they have not paid the full contribution.

Not a single non-bank depository and credit organization in the form of a company with additional liability has been registered in the Russian Federation. The responsibility of founders in such communities is much higher. At the first stages, it is calculated in accordance with the contribution to the management company. The main debtor remains the enterprise. But if its assets are not enough for settlements, then the founders will have to pay the balance from their own funds in amounts equal to the contributions.

A settlement non-bank credit organization in the form of a joint-stock company is much more common. Its capital is divided into shares. Participants are liable for obligations and bear losses within the limits of their value. If the number of shares is distributed in advance among the founders, then such an organization is registered as a closed joint-stock company. Its founders have a preemptive right to purchase equity securities of the company. A settlement non-bank credit organization in the form of an open joint-stock company may subscribe for shares. Such offices are required to publish a balance sheet and profit and loss accounts annually.

According to statistics for 2013 in the Russian Federation, the majority of organizations (60% of 62) have the form of ownership of LLC, 29% - CJSC, and only 7 enterprises operate as an open joint-stock company.

Supervision

In order to prevent monopolization of the banking system, the Central Bank controls the acquisition by enterprises and individuals of NPO shares in an amount exceeding the legal limit of 5%. The highest authority must be informed about such transactions. And if the founder’s share in the NPO exceeds 20%, then such transactions should be pre-agreed with the Bank of Russia. In such cases, individuals are required to provide the territorial office of the Central Bank with documents confirming their financial situation. The Bank of Russia considers them for 30 days, and then informs in writing about the legality of the transaction. If the Central Bank did not notify of its decision, then the purchase is considered legal.

The Bank of Russia may not agree to the acquisition of 20% of the shares of an NPO if the potential founder has an unsatisfactory financial situation, if the persons have valid court decisions confirming the fact of committing illegal actions, or as a result of such a transaction a monopolist may be formed in the market.

Non-bank credit organizations have the following advantages:

• they receive refinancing from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation;
• non-bank financial institutions can create reserves through the distribution of profits, their amounts are established by federal laws;
• issue, buy, sell, record, store and perform other transactions with shares.

Specifics of activities in Russia

The operations of new generation non-bank credit institutions are focused on instant service. Thanks to the rapid development of Internet technologies, such enterprises now “live” primarily in virtual space, using terminals to interact with clients. New market participants cooperate with all entities. They act as payment system operators, clearing and settlement centers, etc.

A big advantage of NPOs is the high speed of payment processing. Traditional services are still provided, but the vector of development is directed in a different direction. According to statistics, as of July 2013, 38 organizations were registered in Moscow alone. A third of the 62 existing ones do not have websites. Most of the existing NPOs used to be banks, but were forced to reorganize because they could not provide the minimum amount of their own funds: in 2012 it doubled, to 180 million.

Only one depository and credit organization was registered on the territory of Russia in 2011 - CJSC “Women's Microfinance Network”, but it worked only for 5 years and then was liquidated.

"Inkahran" and "Brinks" are known for specializing in collection services, cash processing, transportation of securities, precious metals throughout Russia. Most of their clients are large banks.

"Rapida", "Leader" and "ORS" specialize in making payments between individuals and legal entities by paying for services through service providers. Each participant has its own niche in the money transfer market. "Rapida" provides services for repaying loans through terminals and mobile phones, replenishing mobile phones, paying for wireless communications, and housing and communal services. Leader provides instant transfers all over the world. ORS is engaged in the consolidation of ATM networks.

Summary

Non-bank credit organizations of the Russian Federation carry out certain operations on the basis of a license from the Central Bank. Today they are intermediaries between service providers and clients. What types of non-bank credit institutions are the most popular? Calculated. They have the widest range of services. Most NPOs in the Russian Federation provide fast transfers of funds both within the country and abroad. Others cooperate with banks on collection issues.

Non-bank credit organization(NPO) – one that has the right to carry out certain banking operations. The definition of NPOs is given by the federal law of December 2, 1990 No. 395-1 “On banks and banking activities”. Acceptable combinations of banking operations for non-profit organizations are established by the Bank of Russia. Legislative requirements for non-bank credit institutions are lower than for banks, which is associated with a lower degree of risk in operations.

In general, non-bank credit organizations can be divided into three main types: settlement non-bank credit organizations (RNCOs), payment non-bank credit organizations (PNCOs) and non-bank depository credit organizations (NDCOs).

Carrying out settlements on behalf of legal entities, including correspondent banks, on their bank accounts;

Collection of funds, bills, payment and settlement documents and cash services for legal entities;

Purchase and sale of foreign currency in non-cash form;

Making money transfers on behalf of individuals without opening bank accounts (except for postal transfers);

In other words, RNKO does not have the right to attract deposits and issue loans; it provides a system of payments and transfers.

Currently, the following groups of RNCOs can be distinguished on the market:

Clearing organizations: CJSC Clearing House, CJSC Interregional Clearing Center, OJSC Moscow Clearing Center, etc.;

Settlement centers on the securities market, for example, the NPO RTS Clearing House;

Clearing houses that provide services to legal entities, including correspondent banks in foreign exchange markets, such as the National Settlement Depository, which serves the Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange;

Settlement organizations operating in the interbank market, for example, NPO Payment Center, which services the Golden Crown payment system and has agreements with more than 130 banks;

Settlement organizations specializing in the transfer of funds from individuals without opening bank accounts, such as Western Union DP Vostok, NPO Rapida.

A payment non-bank credit organization has the right to carry out money transfers without opening bank accounts and other banking operations related to them. This type of NPO appeared with the release of the law “On the National Payment System”. Compared to a settlement payment non-bank credit organization, a narrower range of operations is permitted. It should provide a risk-free transfer system within the framework of organizing instant, electronic, and mobile payments.

According to the regulation of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated September 21, 2001 No. 153-P “On the peculiarities of prudential regulation of the activities of non-bank credit institutions carrying out deposit and credit operations,” NDCOs can carry out the following banking operations:

Attracting funds from legal entities into deposits (for a certain period);

Placement of funds attracted from legal entities as deposits on their own behalf and at their own expense;

Purchase and sale of foreign currency in non-cash form (exclusively on your own behalf and at your own expense);

Issuance of bank guarantees;

Carrying out activities on the securities market.

NDCO has no right:

Attract funds from individuals into deposits (on demand and for a certain period) and legal entities into deposits on demand;

Open and maintain bank accounts of individuals and legal entities, as well as make payments on them;

Engage in collection of funds, bills, payment and settlement documents and cash services;

Buy and sell cash foreign currency;

Attract deposits and place precious metals;

Make money transfers on behalf of individuals without opening bank accounts.

In other words, NDCOs do not have the right to conduct settlement operations, but they can carry out certain credit and deposit operations.

The only example of such an organization is the CJSC “Non-Bank Deposit and Credit Organization “Women’s Microfinance Network” created in 2005. However, in 2011, his license was revoked due to the decision of this organization to cease operations through liquidation. Currently there is not a single NDCO on the market.

The procedure for opening all NPOs is prescribed in the instruction of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated April 2, 2010 No. 135-I “On the procedure for the Bank of Russia to make decisions on state registration of credit organizations and issuing licenses for banking operations.”

Mandatory standards for payment non-bank credit organizations are covered by Bank of Russia Instruction No. 137-I dated September 15, 2011 “On mandatory standards for non-bank credit organizations that have the right to carry out money transfers without opening bank accounts and related other banking operations, and the specifics of carrying out Bank of Russia supervision over their compliance."