What are the prepositions in Russian? Prepositions of place, time and non-derivatives. How to write prepositions correctly

Any schoolchild can answer; children begin to study this part of speech from the second grade and learn about what prepositions there are throughout their entire life. school curriculum. However, in a conversation they begin to use them from the very first phrases, because they make it possible to build the dependence of words on each other so that the statement takes on meaning and becomes a sentence. And although a preposition is an unchangeable part that does not act at all as a member of a sentence, but can only be attached to one, for a correctly constructed statement its presence is mandatory and irreplaceable. Therefore, for a correctly delivered speech, you simply need to know what prepositions there are, how they affect the endings of the words they are associated with, and how to use them correctly. After all, it is this small detail that forms semantic dependencies and relationships between words.

In the humanitarian dictionary, the definition of a preposition in the Russian language sounds something like this: this is a service word that formalizes the subordination of the case form of names to another word, expressing an attitude towards objects regarding their actions.

Basic functions

Like all function words, prepositions are not used independently; they are always associated with a noun or another word used as such, which makes it impossible to define this element as a part of speech, but they are included among them. In some cases, it is the preposition that can determine antonymous and synonymous shades and pairs, making it quite easy to choose the right combination of words for the statement.

For example: to school - from school; before lesson - after lesson; at the kindergarten - at the kindergarten - near the kindergarten; due to inattention - due to inattention.

What are the prepositions?

All prepositions are divided into temporal, spatial, causal and target. Some of them can be used with nouns in one case, while others are used with words in different cases. For example:

• to a friend, to school - D. p. (to whom? to what?);
• thanks to a friend, thanks to school - D. p. (thanks to whom? thanks to what?);
• at seven o'clock - V. p. (at what?);
• in the park - P. p. (in what?).

The example shows that the preposition “in” can be used with words in different cases. Prepositions such as in, about, from, with, through, at, on, without, can have a huge number of meanings. In Russian they are called non-derivative prepositions.

If the preposition is formed from and is used with only one case, then it is called derivative. For example:

- around the house, the original form of the preposition is an adverb around;

- within an hour, the original form of the preposition is a noun flow, used with a preposition "V";

- thanks to the help, the original form of the preposition is the gerund .

Structural differences

Along with all the differences, Russian prepositions are also divided by their structure. Namely:

• Simple, consisting of one word. As a rule, these are one- and two-syllable. Non-derivative and some derivative prepositions: on, in, to, under, over.
• Complex or paired ones, which are essentially a type of simple prepositions: because of, from under and others.
• Compounds that are prepositional-case combinations: in fact, along by, in part, in relation to, depending on and so on.

Places by value

Since the preposition is only a connecting part, it cannot have its own meaning, but only determines the grammatical relationships between nouns used in oblique cases and other words. In other words, it lexical meaning depends on the word to which it is attached, but it can convey various adverbial nuances of the connection between words.

All prepositions of the Russian language are divided into the following categories:

• Spatial or prepositions of place: from, in, to, at, by, under, because of, about, in front of, around, near. For example: lives in the city; works in a factory; runs around the house.

• Temporal or prepositions of time: before, through, in, by, to, with, before, during. For example: in half an hour; running in the morning; walk before bed.

• Causal: from, for, from evil, due to, thanks to, by chance, in view of, as a result. For example: blushed with shame; broke a vase out of spite; I made a mistake due to carelessness.

• Prepositions indicating purpose: for the sake of, for, in, to and others. For example: say for fun; speech on occasion; go on vacation.

• Object, determine and indicate to which object the action is directed: about, about, with, about, regarding, about and others. For example: miss your daughter; find out about ratings.

Classification of derived prepositions

Depending on the part of speech from which the preposition is formed, they are divided into the following categories. Many hours are devoted in the school curriculum to what prepositions there are that come from other parts of speech, and rightly so, because it is very important to know what kind of connection words can form, and how to use them correctly in speech and writing.

Spelling prepositions

Knowing what prepositions there are is just as important as spelling them. Therefore, one of the main topics of the school curriculum regarding prepositions is spelling. The very first rule that children learn is: “Prepositions with other words are written separately.” To correctly determine whether a word is a function word, a question or complement can be placed between the preposition and the associated word.

For example: on (what?) the sea or on the (Black) Sea.

In high school, children are introduced to adverb education. And here the most important thing is to determine whether this part of the sentence is an adverb or is it already a preposition. To do this, you need to determine whether the sentence contains a noun in and how it is related to the controversial part.

For example: look around (adverb) or look around you (preposition).

There is also the following rule: “To make sure that a word in a sentence is a preposition and not another part of speech, it should be replaced with a synonymous preposition. At the same time, the semantic meaning should not change.” Here is a list of interchangeable auxiliary prepositions:

• due to (because of, for a reason);
• like (like);
• about (about, about);
• as a result (due to reason).

For example: Due to bad weather we did not go for a walk. Due to bad weather we did not go for a walk.

Notes

The following prepositions are written separately: during, in continuation, throughout, in conclusion, in order to avoid, in fact, in contrast to.

It should also be noted that paired or conjoined prepositions, such as because of, from under, for, for, over, are written only with a hyphen.

For example: The sun came out from behind the clouds. A cat jumped out from under the closet.

There are also prepositions whose spelling you just need to remember. Namely: near(without and through(with a soft sign).

Using prepositions with cases

It is very important to know what prepositions there are in cases, since often it is thanks to the preposition that you can correctly determine in which case this or that word is used, which is very important for correct spelling. It should be noted that prepositions are not used with nominatives, only with indirect ones:

• With genitive case- without, around, for, from, from, at, with;
• with the dative case - to, thanks to, according to, in spite of, in defiance of, towards, by;
• with the accusative case - through, about, despite, through, in, on, under, for;
• with the instrumental case - above, before, between, behind, under, with;
• with the prepositional case - about, at, in, on.

This table of prepositions is compiled taking into account derivative and non-derivative prepositions, which in each individual case can be used only with one or more cases of nouns.

Instead of a conclusion

Actually learn this topic in school years thoroughly is not so difficult; there are very few rules for spelling and forming prepositions from other parts of speech. Main task is that you should learn to distinguish a preposition from other elements and know how to use it correctly. This is what will allow you not only to correctly structure the words of a sentence, but also to be able to write them down without confusing the endings.

Prepositions- function words expressing different relationships between words and used as a means of syntactic subordination of nouns or pronouns to other words in a sentence and phrase.

Prepositions take a position before a noun (pronoun) or before an adjective relating to this noun (pronoun). Only a few prepositions can follow a noun: for the sake of, in spite of, in spite of, towards. For example, for God's sake or for God's sake.

A preposition, together with the case ending of a noun, forms a prepositional-case construction and is a grammatical means of connecting words in a sentence: return from school, tell fortunes on coffee grounds, etc. Some prepositions are always used with the same case: for example, the preposition to - with the dative (to go to the house), pro - with the accusative (to tell about the exhibition), etc. Other prepositions in different offers can be used with different cases and express different relationships nouns to other words in a sentence. For example, the preposition by can be combined with the dative case (talking on the phone), the accusative case (getting bogged down) and the prepositional case (at the end of the session).

In modern Russian, the class of prepositions is constantly replenished due to the transition of other parts of speech to it.

Based on their origin, prepositions are divided into two groups: non-derivative and derived prepositions.

Non-derivatives (antiderivatives) prepositions are not related in origin to other parts of speech: in, to, from, for, on, etc.

Derivatives (non-derivatives) Prepositions by origin are related to other parts of speech. So, the prepositions around, on the contrary, along, next to came from adverbs, and the prepositions during, in continuation, about, etc. came from nouns, the prepositions thanks to, including, starting with, etc. came from verbs.

Derived prepositions are often homonymous to the words from which they are derived. For example: Thanks to (preposition) you, I was able to solve the problem. I wrote to him, thanking (gerund) for his help. Prepositions differ from the producing word in combinability: the preposition thanks is combined with the dative case form of the noun (thanks to a friend), and the gerund thanks is combined with the accusative case of the noun (thanks to a friend). Material from the site

In addition, the prepositions during, in continuation, in conclusion must be distinguished from nouns. Nouns (flow, continuation, conclusion) have a lexical meaning; a noun can change the form of number and case. Prepositions express only temporary relations and do not change.

Based on their composition, prepositions are divided into simple and compound prepositions.

Simple prepositions consist of one word: about, on, in, as a result, etc.

Compound prepositions include two or three words: regardless of, during, judging by, in contrast to, towards, etc.

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On this page there is material on the following topics:

• simple compound derivatives non-derivatives
• to which category do all three prepositions belong due to like derivatives non-derivative simple compounds
• essay on the topic derivatives of prepositions briefly
• preposition derivatives non-derivative simple compounds
• derivative prepositions definition

Lesson topic: "Simple and compound prepositions."

Lesson objectives:

Educational: show the differences between simple and compound prepositions;

Educational: consolidate the ability to distinguish prepositions from independent parts of speech.

Educational: promote the development of interest and love for the Russian language.

Lesson type: combined lesson.

Equipment: Russian language textbook, 7th grade theory, practice, author. V.V. Babaytseva, L.D. Chesnokov, multimedia equipment, visual material (prepositions on the board).

Lesson progress:

Organizational moment.

Hello guys, you already know a lot about prepositions, you do excellent grammar tasks. Today you will get acquainted with another morphological feature of a preposition as a part of speech, because our topic today is “Simple and compound prepositions.”

Grammar task.(Displayed on the interactive board)

We will start the lesson with one grammar problem. Assignment: distribute the phrases into two columns (n ​​or nn); Based on this, determine the part of speech (participle or verbal adjective).

A wounded fighter - a wounded soldier, sowing grain - sowing flour, a boy with a haircut - hair cut to zero - a shorn head , distilled water, linen notebook, burnt coffee - burnt letter.

Students perform the exercise on the spot, distributing phrases into two columns, inserting the missing letters. The degree of mastery of the topic, the ability to write one and two n in adjectives and participles, and distinguish between these parts of speech are checked.

Students complete this task in their notebooks. This is followed by mutual verification. Children exchange work and compare notes in their notebooks with the correct spelling, which appears on a cloned interactive whiteboard slide. Next, conclusions are drawn.

"The moment of truth."

The next stage of the lesson will show how well you have mastered the previous topics of the lesson, and whether you can distinguish a preposition from other parts of speech. So, turn to page 120, ex. 320. You need to determine which of the two phrases contains a derived preposition, and which contains an independent part of speech (which?). You will also need to see and identify all the familiar spellings in prepositions. Two people perform the task at the board (one writes down phrases with independent parts of speech, the other with prepositions.) Check, discuss results and errors.

Explanation of a new topic.

Pay attention to prepositions despite, thanks to, during, as a result of(write them separately on the board). They are all derivatives, but they are somehow different, right? Yes, that's right, they differ in the number of words. Who can tell me what the topic of our lesson is called? Maybe someone has already guessed which prepositions are called simple and which are compound?

So, simple prepositions consist of one word, compound ones - of several. Do you think there are prepositions consisting of three words? Then write down, these are prepositions : in contrast to, in connection with, in close proximity to and some others. And come up with a sentence with any preposition that you like best, be sure to highlight it.

Let's continue. We found out that there are simple and compound prepositions. But that's not all. There is a small group of prepositions called complex prepositions. There are few of them, but you should still know them and be able to distinguish them. Can you guess what these pretexts are? And, for example, the preposition from behind (the table) Which group do you belong to? It turns out that the complex prepositions are those that are hyphenated.

Systematization of knowledge.

Now divide your page into three columns, one will be “Simple”, the other will be “Complex”, the third will be “Compound”. Write down in these columns examples of prepositions that you remember (students voice which prepositions they write down). With simple and compound ones everything is more or less clear, let me help you with the complex ones. For example: because of, from under, for, over, under, with, under, etc.

Consolidation of knowledge.

For logical conclusion your work, come up with one sentence with each type of preposition. In addition, indicate which preposition in your sentence is in terms of meaning and origin (derivative, non-derivative).

Knowledge test.

Who can summarize everything you learned in class today? What else can you say about compound prepositions that has never been heard in class today? Maybe you noticed one of its features. If not, look at your sentences, what are the characteristics of compound prepositions? That's right, they are all derivatives. From what parts of speech can prepositions be formed?

Summing up.

Did you like today's lesson? How was it useful to you? How do you evaluate your work?

Homework.

Find several examples of complex prepositions in the literature\ any printed publications. Do the exercise. 322, p. 121.

Simple- prepositions consisting of one word. For example: at , To, close, near .

Composite- prepositions consisting of several words. For example: for , in connection with .

Find simple and compound prepositions in the expressions (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Simple and compound prepositions.

Morphological analysis of the preposition includes feature extraction :

· productivity/non-productivity

rank by value

· immutability

· is not a member of the proposal.

Sample: I in continuation for just a few minutes he was gripped by horror.

І. In continuation - preposition, used with noun. in R.p.

II. Morphological characteristics:

1) derivative, formed from noun. with a preposition;

2) expresses temporary relationships;

3) an unchangeable word.

III. Syntactic function - not a member of the sentence.

Homework

Exercises No. 303-305. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - M.: Education, 2012.

Exercise. Write down, opening the brackets, insert the missing letters where necessary. Make it full morphological analysis highlighted words.

1. (B) cont.. in the morning and midday he was completely immersed... in calculations (L. Tolstoy). 2. Blue, transparent streams of smoke flowed from the fire To sea, (to) a meeting splashes of waves (Gorky). 3. She repeated her role, (as) she walked, bowed low and (not) how many times (then) she shook her head, (like) clay cats (Pushkin). 4. Keep in mind - the task is responsible (Ehrenburg). 5. You wrote to me something (to) account Sunday school? (Chekhov). 6. (B) other things, (in) mind lack of time.., let's not deviate from the main subject of the lecture.. (Chekhov). 7. Telegraph poles (after) that again appeared (in) the distance purple (in) the form of small sticks (Chekhov). 8. Or maybe some kind of bird (like) a heron (Chekhov). 9. And the boy was happy (c) consequences.. his journey (Turgenev). 10. Thunderstorms (on) over the steppe..moving..t..frequently (Paustovsky). 11. Mumu deftly turned out (from) under finger..in Stepan (Turgenev). 12. (In) the trail of the ek..pages and (to) meet them a crowd of men was moving thickly (Gorky). 13. Dimka decided that (as) an exception, this time Zhigan is not lying (Gaidar). 14. (In) the next (after) that he got out of bed.., took the violin, began to build (L. Tolstoy).

Didactic materials. Section "Preposition"

Features of the use of individual prepositions in the Russian language.

Lectures and electronic textbooks. Pretext.

4. Culture writing ().

Spelling prepositions.

Literature

1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.

2. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.

§1. General characteristics prepositions

A preposition is a functional part of speech. Prepositions are needed to connect words in a phrase. Prepositions express the dependence of some words on others. Prepositions can be used with nouns, pronouns and numerals.
Prepositions are an unchangeable part of speech. A preposition is not a member of a sentence, but since the meaning is expressed by a prepositional-case combination, during analysis, prepositions can be emphasized along with the words to which they refer. Prepositions express various semantic relationships:

• temporary: come under evening, submit a report To Thursday, call V Wednesday,
• spatial: put V table, put on table, put under table,
• Causal: skip classes because of illnesses,
• target: come For participation in competitions and others.
  But eigenvalue the preposition does not appear outside the prepositional-case combination of the preposition with a noun, pronoun or numeral.

Prepositions can be used with only one case or with different cases. Examples:

To to whom? To what?: To to a friend, to school - D.p.;
thanks to to whom? what? thanks to help, thanks to father - D.p.;
in What? V five hours - V.p.;
V how? V forest - P.p.

From the examples it is clear that prepositions To And thanks to are used only with nouns in d.p., and the preposition V- with nouns in different cases: V.p. and P.p.

§2. Formation of prepositions

From an educational point of view, prepositions are divided into non-derivatives And derivatives.

• Non-derivative prepositions: without, V, to, For, for, from, To, on, over, O, about, from, By, under, before, at, about, With, at, through.
• Derivative prepositions are formed by transitioning independent parts of speech into auxiliary parts. In this case, the lexical meaning and morphological characteristics words Examples:
  Around parka is a preposition formed from an adverb around.
  For hour is a preposition formed from a noun with a preposition.
  Thanks to help is a preposition formed from a gerund.

Accordingly, adverbial, denominal, and verbal prepositions are distinguished.

Non-derivative prepositions are more often used with different cases.

Derivative prepositions are usually used with one case.

§3. Preposition structure

From a structural point of view, prepositions are divided into simple And composite.

• Simple ones are prepositions consisting of one word: in, on, to, under, above, contrary to, etc.
• Compounds are prepositions consisting of two, less often three words: in continuation, during, in connection with, depending on, towards, etc.

§4. Places by value

According to their meaning, prepositions are divided into:

1. Places (spatial): on the window, in the window, near the window, under the window, above the window, behind the window, in front of the window, etc.
2. Time (temporary): at eight, about eight, by eight, before eight, after eight, etc.
3. Object (object): about the book, about the book, with the book, etc.
4. Reasons (causal): due to rain, due to rain, due to rain, due to illness.
5. Goals (targets): for children, for the sake of children, money for children.
6. Mode of action: work without inspiration, work with inspiration.
7. Comparisons: character like his father, as tall as his father.
8. Definitions: striped fabric, bicycle with motor, coffee with milk.

Prepositions can be unambiguous And polysemantic.

• Unambiguous: thanks to, in view of, because of, etc.
• Multi-valued: V (V Wednesday - time V closet - space, V father - comparisons, V stripe - definitions)

Test of strength

Check your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. What are prepositions for?

   • To connect words in a sentence
   • For contact simple sentences as part of complex
   • To express emotions

2. Is it possible to assume that each case corresponds to one specific preposition?

3. Are there unambiguous prepositions in Russian?

4.