What tests evaluate the state of the respiratory system? Determination and assessment of functional status

Stange's test. The subject, in a sitting position, takes a deep breath and exhales, and then inhales and holds his breath. Normally, the Stange test is 40-60 seconds for non-athletes, 90-120 for athletes.

Genchi's test. The subject, in a sitting position, takes a deep breath, then exhales incompletely and holds his breath. Normally, the test is -20-40 seconds (non-athletes), 40-60 seconds (athletes). Rosenthal's test. Five-fold measurement of vital capacity at 15-second intervals. In N, all vital cells are the same.

Serkin's test. It is carried out in three stages. 1st phase: holding the breath while inhaling in a sitting position; 2nd phase: holding your breath while inhaling after 20 squats in 30 seconds, 3rd phase: after a minute, repeating the 1st phase. This is an endurance test. For a healthy trained person 1st phase = 45-60 sec; 2nd phase = more than 50% of 1st phase; 3rd phase = 100% or more 1st phase. For a healthy untrained person: 1st phase = 35-45 sec; 2nd phase = 30-50% of 1st phase; 3rd phase = 70-100% of 1st phase. With hidden circulatory failure: 1st phase = 20-30 sec, 2nd phase = less than 30% of 1st phase; 3rd phase = less than 70% of 1st phase.

Functional tests to assess the state of the cardiovascular system Martinet - Kushelevsky test (with 20 squats)

After a 10-minute rest in a sitting position, the subject’s pulse is counted every 10 s until the same numbers are obtained 3 times. Next, blood pressure and respiratory rate are measured. All found values ​​are initial. Then the subject does 20 deep squats, throwing his arms forward, in 30 seconds (under a metronome). After squats, the subject sits down; first 10 from 1st minute recovery period, count the pulse, and in the remaining 50 s, measure blood pressure. First, during the 2nd minute of the recovery period, the pulse is determined in 10-second segments to a 3-fold repetition of the original values. At the end of the sample, blood pressure is measured. Sometimes during the recovery period there may be a decrease in heart rate below the initial data (“negative phase”). If the “negative phase” of the pulse is short (10-30 sec), then the cardiovascular system’s reaction to the load is normotonic.

The test results are assessed based on pulse rate, blood pressure and the duration of the recovery period. Normotonic reaction: increased heart rate up to 16-20 beats per 10 s (60-80% of the original), SBP increases by 10-30 mmHg (no more than 150% of the original), DBP remains constant or decreases by 5 -10 mmHg

Atypical reactions : hypotonic, hypertonic, dystonic, stepwise.

Atypical reactions. Hypertensive– a significant increase in SBP (up to 200-220 mmHg) and DBP, pulse up to 170-180 beats/min. This type of reaction occurs in elderly people, in the initial stages of hypertension, and with physical overstrain of the cardiovascular system.

Hypotonic– a slight increase in blood pressure with a very significant increase in heart rate to 170-180 beats/min, the recovery period increases to 5 minutes after the first load. This type of reaction is observed with VSD, after infectious diseases, and with overwork.

Dystonic- sharp decline DBP before the appearance of the “endless” tone phenomenon (with a change in vascular tone). The appearance of this phenomenon in healthy athletes indicates high myocardial contractility, but it may be. This type of reaction occurs with VSD, physical overexertion, and in adolescents during puberty.

Stepped - SBP increases for 2-3 minutes of the recovery period. This reaction of the cardiovascular system occurs when the regulation of blood circulation is disturbed and may be associated with insufficiently rapid redistribution of blood from the vessels of internal organs to the periphery. Most often, this reaction is noted after a 15-second run due to overtraining.

CombinednLetunova's robe

The test includes 3 loads: 1) 20 squats in 30 seconds, 2) 15-second run, 3) running in place for 3 minutes at a pace of 180 steps per minute. The first load is a warm-up, the second reveals the ability to quickly increase blood circulation, and the third reveals the body’s ability to steadily maintain increased blood circulation for a long time. high level for a relatively long time. The types of response to physical activity are similar to the test with 20 squats.

Ruffier's test - quantitative assessment of heart rate response to short-term exercise and recovery rate.

Methodology: after 5 minutes of rest in a sitting position, count the pulse for 10 seconds (recalculation per minute - P0). Then the subject does 30 squats in 30 seconds, after which the pulse is determined in a sitting position for 10 seconds (P1). The third time the pulse is measured at the end of the first minute of the recovery period for 10 seconds (P2).

Ruffier index = (P0+P1+P2- 200)/ 10

Evaluation of results: excellent - IR<0; хорошо – ИР 0-5, удовлетворительно – ИР 6-10, слабо – ИР 11-15;

unsatisfactory – IR > 15.

An indicator of the quality of the cardiovascular system response.

RCC = (RD2 – RD1): (R2 – R1) (Р1 – pulse at rest, РР1 – pulse pressure at rest, Р2 – pulse after exercise, РР2 – pulse pressure after exercise) . Good functional state of the cardiovascular system with RCC = from 0.5 to 1.0.

Cardiovascular system as a factor in sports performance

In the process of systematic sports
training develops functional
adaptive changes at work
cardiovascular
systems,
which
reinforced
morphological
perestroika
("structural
track",)
circulatory apparatus and some
internal
organs.
Comprehensive
structural-functional
perestroika
cardiovascular system provides
her
high
performance,
allowing
athlete
fulfill
intense and prolonged physical
loads

The most important for athletes are structural and functional
changes
systems
blood circulation and respiration. The activities of these
systems at physical activity strictly
coordinated by neurohumoral regulation,
thanks to which it functions, essentially,
unified oxygen transport system in
body, which is also referred to as
cardiorespiratory system. It includes
includes an external respiration apparatus, blood,
cardiovascular
system
And
system
tissue respiration. From work efficiency
cardio-respiratory system in many respects
depends
level
sports
performance.
Despite the fact that external breathing Not
is the main limiting link in
complex of systems transporting O2, it
is
leading
V
formation
the necessary oxygen regime of the body.

Determination and assessment of the state of the cardiovascular system of athletes and athletes.

Resting pulse. Measured in a sitting position
when palpating the temporal, carotid, radial
arteries or by cardiac impulse. Heart rate in
rest on average in men (55–70) beats/min., in
women - (60–75) beats/min. At frequencies above
these
numbers
pulse
counts
faster
(tachycardia),
at
less
frequency
-
(bradycardia).
Arterial
pressure.
Distinguish
maximum (systolic) and minimum
(diastolic)
pressure.
Normal
values
arterial
pressure
For
young people are considered: maximum from
100 to 129 mm Hg. Art., minimum - from 60 to
79 mmHg Art. Blood pressure higher
norms
called
hypertensive
state, lower - hypotonic.

Determination of proper blood pressure values ​​using the formulas:
DSBP= 102+0.6 x age (years),
DDBP= 63+0.4 x age (years), mmHg.
Determination of the part of actual blood pressure from the expected ones
blood pressure values ​​according to the formulas:
actual blood pressure value mm Hg. Art. x 100 (%)
proper blood pressure value mm Hg. Art.
Normally, actual blood pressure readings are
85-115% of the required values, less -
hypotension, more – hypertension.
Calculation of systolic volume (SV) and
minute volume of blood circulation (MCV) according to
Starr's formula:
CO = [ (100 + 0.5 PD) – 0.6 DBP ] – 0.6 V (years)
(ml), where PP (pulse pressure) = SBP - DBP;
IOC = (SD x HR)/1000; l/min;
Evaluation of results: in untrained people in
normal CO = 40–90 ml, for athletes – 50-100
ml (up to 200 ml); IOC in untrained people is normal
– 3-6 l/min, for athletes – 3-10 l/min (up to
30l/min).

Calculation of indicators of the functional state of the cardiovascular system:

Endurance coefficient (EF): EF=HR/PP
An increase in it during training indicates
weakening of the capabilities of the SSS, reduction - by
increase in adaptive capabilities.
Kushelevskaya reaction quality indicator
(RCC) of the circulatory system to the physical
load (30 squats in 45 seconds) –
indirect characteristic of the IOC
RCC = (PD2 – PD1) : (HR2 – HR1),
where HR1 and PP1 are pulse per minute and pulse
resting pressure; HR2 and PT2 – also after
physical activity.
RCC – average values ​​0.5 – 0.97; deviation from
average indicates a decrease
functionality of the SSS.

Calculation of CVS functional state indices:

Vegetative
index
Kerdo:
VIC=(1-ADD
/heart rate)*100%
VIC over 10 corresponds to normal condition
adaptation, from 0 to 9 – adaptation voltage,
negative – evidence of maladjustment
Robinson index: IR=HR*BP/100
Score: average values ​​- from 76 to 89; higher
average - 75 or less; below average - 90 and above.
Circulatory failure index: INC =
BPS/HR.
Decline
it at all stages of training
comparison
With
original
size,
reflects
normalization of the cardiovascular system
Hemodynamic parameters:
pulse pressure PP = ADP-APP;
average dynamic pressure SDD = 0.42 PD+ADD;

Ruffier Index (IR)

used to assess functional
body reserves during physical activity
(30 squats in 45 seconds)
IR=/10
where HR1 is heart rate for 15 seconds at rest, HR2 is
pulse
for
15
sec
on
first
minute
recovery, heart rate3 – pulse for 15 sec on
second minute of recovery.
Evaluation algorithm:
Less than 3.0
high
3,99 – 5,99
above average
6,00 – 10,99
average
11,00 – 15,00
below average
more than 15.00
short

Classification of functional tests for the circulatory system

Tests with isometric physical
loads.
Tests with dynamic physical
loads.
Tests with medications.
Samples with changes in external conditions
environment.

Tests with isometric physical activity

Keeping your legs straight
foot height for 1 minute, lying down
on the back.
Squeezing the hand dynamometer with
50% of the maximum possible
effort for 1 minute.
Normal: during blood pressure load
increases by less than 20 mmHg
from the original one.
Hypertensive: increase more than
than 20 mm Hg from the original

Tests with dynamic physical activity

Bicycle ergometer,
treadmill,
step
–
standardization
loads
By
intensity
(1
W=6
kg/m)
And
duration (3-5 min).
Combined Letunov test
loads,
Not
requiring
any
devices (20 squats, 15 sec
running in place at maximum pace, 3
min running in place)
Try
Martine-Kushelevskaya
(20
squats for 30 seconds).
GSIFK test (60 jumps on the spot)
Kotov-Demina test (3 min run on
place, 180 steps per minute)

Types of response to load

Normotonic – heart rate >60-80%, SBP
>15-30%, DBP<10-15%, восстановление
– 3min.
Hypertensive – heart rate > more than 100%, SBP
> more than 30%, DBP > , recovery –
more than 3min.
Asthenic – heart rate > more than 100%, SBP not
changes
or
immaterial
hesitates
DBP
Not
changes,
recovery – more than 3 minutes.
Dystonic – heart rate > more than 100%, SBP >
no more than 50%, DBP > infinite
tones, recovery – more than 3 min.
Stepped – heart rate, SBP, DBP change
for 2-3 minutes of recovery, heart rate > more

Tests with medications

With potassium chloride, β-blockers, β-blockers, α-blockers,
nitroglycerin, dipyridamole.
Result: changes are assessed
ECG relative to rest.

Samples with changes in environmental conditions

Cold: At rest in the subject
on the brachial artery three times until
stable numbers measure blood pressure. Then he
suggest immersing your right hand for 1 minute
hands (slightly above the wrist joint)
into water at +4°C. Blood pressure is measured immediately
after the cessation of cold exposure, and
then at the beginning of every minute for
the first 5 minutes of recovery and every
3 min follow-up period until
registration of blood pressure corresponding to the initial
quantities.
Assessment: in people with normal function
vasomotor centers increase
Blood pressure is no more than 5-10 mm Hg, and
original
level
pressure
recovers within 3 minutes.

Respiratory system assessment

Determination of actual vital capacity. Closing
nose with a clip or fingers, make
maximum inhalation and gradually (over 5-7 s)
exhale into the spirometer, repeat the measurement 23 times, record the maximum result.
Proper vital capacity relates the value of vital capacity with
a person's height, age and gender:
YEL husband = (27.63 -0.122 X V) X L
Vitality female = (21.78 - 0.101 X V) X L, where V -
age in years; L - body length in cm.
The ratio of actual to expected vital capacity.
IN normal conditions Vital vital capacity never gets lower
90% of its proper value; in athletes
it is more than 100%.

Normalized vital capacity indicator,
related to body weight,
called vital
index (or relative
VC), VC=VC/BW
The norm for men is 5065 ml/kg, for women - 40-56
ml/kg.

Functional tests to assess external respiration

Rosenthal test - determine vital capacity 5 times
at 15 second intervals, build
schedule. Rating: increase – good
functional state, no changes –
satisfactory, decrease –
unsatisfactory.
Shafranovsky's test. Determination of vital capacity
before exercise, at 1.3 and 4 minutes after exercise
(climbing and descending stairs within 4 minutes;
for athletes – 3 minutes of running at a pace of 180 steps
in per minute). In healthy people there are no changes,
decrease is an indicator of functional
disorders in the respiratory system.

Stange test determination
duration of breath holding after
maximum inspiration, carried out in position
sitting. In children, the Stange test can be performed
after three deep breaths. In adults
people who do not exercise are normal
the results of the Stange test are 40-60 s,
for athletes - 90-120 s.
Genchi test duration determination
holding your breath after maximum
exhale (while pinching your nose with your fingers). U
adults who do not engage in sports, in
Normally, the results of the Genchi test are 2040 s, for athletes - 40-60 s. When decreasing
body resistance to hypoxia
duration of breath holding
decreases during inhalation and exhalation.

Pneumotachometry

Pneumotachometer measures volumetric velocity
air flow in the airways when
forced inhalation and exhalation, expressed in
l/min. According to pneumotachometry data, one judges
inhalation and exhalation power. In healthy people
untrained people power ratio
inhalation to exhalation power is close to unity. U
sick people this ratio is always
less than one. On the contrary, athletes
power
inhalation
exceeds
(Sometimes
essential) exhalation power; ratio
inhalation power: exhalation power reaches
1.2-1.4. Relative power increase
inhalation is extremely important for athletes, so
how the deepening of breathing comes mainly from
by using the inspiratory reserve volume.
This is especially evident in swimming:
as you know, a swimmer’s breath is extremely
short-term, while exhalation,
running
V
water,
significantly
longer.

Stange's test. After a normal inhalation, the subject holds his breath, holding his nose with his fingers. The duration of the breath hold depends on age and varies in healthy children aged 6 to 18 years within 16-55 seconds.

Genchi test. The subject holds his breath as he exhales, holding his nose with his fingers. For healthy schoolchildren, the delay time is 12-13 s. Then dosed walking (44 m for 30 s) is proposed and again a delay at the exit. For healthy schoolchildren, the breath-hold time is reduced by no more than a few hours by 50%.

In addition to the above functional tests,others are also widespread, not differentiated in terms of age.

V.N. Kardashenko, L.P. Kondakova-Varlamova, M.V. Prokhorova, E.P. Stromskaya, Z.F. Stepanova(96b)

29. Study of nutrition for organized groups.
The study of the nutrition of organized groups can be carried out using the balance method, analyzing monthly and annual reports on food consumption. Based on these reports, food consumption per person per day is determined. Next, based on consumption data, calculate chemical composition And nutritional value diet.
Nutrition studies using menu layouts are carried out in children's and adolescent groups provided with round-the-clock meals.

“Guide to laboratory exercises on hygiene of children and adolescents”

V.N. Kardashenko, L.P. Kondakova-Varlamova, M.V. Prokhorova, E.P. Stromskaya, Z.F. Stepanova(105b)

31. Laboratory methods for studying the diets of children and adolescents in organized groups. An in-depth study of nutrition is carried out laboratory method, in which at certain times, for example, within 10 days in each season, the food of the daily diet is examined daily with the determination of the main indicators of nutritional and biological value. This method of studying nutrition is quite accurate, most reliably reflecting the true quality of nutrition of the children's group being studied. The following method of daily sampling is recommended: - portioned dishes are selected in full, salads, first and third courses, side dishes of at least 100 g; - the sample is taken from the boiler (from the distribution line) with sterile (or boiled) spoons into labeled sterile (or boiled) glass containers with tightly closing glass or metal lids. Samples are stored for at least 48 hours (not counting weekends and holidays) in a special refrigerator or in a specially designated place in the refrigerator at a temperature of +2....+6C. Special attention deserves laboratory control over the fortification of ready-made dishes and food products mass consumption.

18700 0

Functional tests assessing the state of the nervous system

Romberg test

They suggest standing with your feet closed, your head raised, your arms extended forward and your eyes closed.

The test can be made more difficult by placing your legs one after the other in one line, or you can test this position by standing on one leg.

Finger-nose test

From an outstretched arm position, the examinee places his finger on the tip of the nose with his eyes closed.

Heel-knee test

Place your heel on the knee of the opposite leg and move it along the shin in a lying position with your eyes closed.

Wojacek's test

The subject sits in a chair with his head tilted 90 0 and his eyes closed. Performs 5 rotations in 10 seconds.

After a five-second pause, the subject is asked to raise his head. Before and after rotation, the pulse is counted and blood pressure is measured.

Assessment: three degrees of severity of reaction to rotation:

1 - weak (torso thrust in the direction of rotation);

2 - medium (obvious tilt of the body);

3 - strong (tendency to fall).

At the same time, vegetative symptoms are assessed: facial pallor, cold sweat, nausea, vomiting, increased heart rate, changes in blood pressure.

VNIIFK sample

After measuring blood pressure and pulse, the subject is asked to perform a task on accuracy and coordination, then he tilts his torso 90 0 anteriorly, closes his eyes and rotates around its axis with the help of a doctor.

Rotation speed is 1 revolution per 2 s. After 5 rotations, the athlete maintains the tilted position for 5 seconds, then straightens up and opens his eyes. After counting the pulse, measuring blood pressure and studying nystagmus, they are again asked to perform the same set of movements as before the rotation. The less the accuracy of the given movements is disrupted and the pulse and blood pressure values ​​change, the higher the training of the vestibular apparatus.

Yarotsky's test

The subject takes the position of the main stance, rotates his head in one direction at a speed of 2 rotations per 1 second. The time during which the subject maintains balance is recorded.

The norm for untrained people is at least 27 seconds, for athletes it is higher.

Orthostatic test

Used to study the functional state of the vegetative nervous system, its sympathetic department. After a 5-minute stay in a horizontal position, the subject's pulse is determined at 10-second intervals, and blood pressure is measured. Then the subject stands up, and in a standing position, count the pulse for 10 seconds and measure blood pressure. With normal excitability of the sympathetic department, the heart rate increases by 20-25% of the initial one. Higher numbers indicate increased (unfavorable) excitability of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Blood pressure is normal when standing up, compared with the data in a horizontal position, changes little. Systolic pressure fluctuates within ±10 mmHg. Art., diastolic - ±5 mm Hg. Art.

Clinostatic test

Used to study the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. After 5 minutes of adaptation in a standing position, blood pressure and pulse are measured, then the subject lies down. Pulse and blood pressure are recorded again. Normally, the heart rate decreases during the transition to horizontal position no more than 6-12 beats. per minute, while a slower pulse indicates the predominance of parasympathetic influences. Blood pressure ±10 mm Hg. Art. - systolic, ±5 mm Hg. Art. - diastolic.

Aschner's test

With the subject lying down, press on eyeballs 15-20 s. The pulse normally decreases by 6-12 beats. 1 min from the initial one, which indicates normal excitability of the autonomic nervous system.

Tests to assess the functional state of the respiratory system

Stange test

The person being examined in a sitting position, after a short rest (3-5 minutes), takes a deep breath and exhales, and then inhales again (but not maximally) and holds his breath. We use a stopwatch to record the time we hold our breath. For men it is at least 50c, for women it is at least 40c. For athletes, this time ranges from 60 seconds to several minutes. For children 6 years old: boys - 20c, girls - 15c, 10 years old: boys -35c, girls - 20c.

Genchi test

In a sitting position after rest, the subject takes several deep breaths and holds his breath while exhaling (not maximally). In healthy, untrained individuals, the breath holding time is 25-30 seconds, in athletes - 30-90 seconds.

Stange and Genchi tests allow assessing the body’s ability to tolerate hypoxia and are used for medical monitoring in CT, health physical training, in mass sports. In case of diseases of the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, or anemia, the time of holding your breath is reduced.

Rosenthal test

Five-fold measurement of vital capacity using a spirometer at 15-second intervals.

Grade:

• Vital capacity increases - good;
• Vital vital capacity does not change from measurement to measurement - satisfactory;
• Vital capacity decreases - unsatisfactory.

Combined Serkin test

Consists of 3 phases.

• 1st phase - holding your breath while inhaling (sitting),
• 2nd phase - holding your breath while inhaling immediately after 20 squats in 30 seconds,
• 3rd phase - holding your breath while inhaling after 1 minute of rest.

The results are assessed according to the table.

Breath holding time indicators are normal (Serkin test)

Pirogova L.A., Ulashchik V.S.

40179 0

With all the variety of functional tests and tests that are currently used in sports medicine, tests with changing conditions are most often used external environment(breath holding), with a change in venous reversion of blood to the heart (change in body position in space) and tests with various physical activities.

Stange test

Breath-holding test during inhalation (Stange test). The test is performed in a sitting position. The subject must take a deep (but not maximum) breath and hold his breath as long as possible (squeezing his nose with his fingers). The length of time you hold your breath is recorded with a stopwatch. At the moment of exhalation, the stopwatch is stopped. In healthy but untrained individuals, the breath holding time ranges from 40-60 s in men and 30-40 s in women. For athletes, this time increases to 60-120 s for men and 40-95 s for women.

Genchi test

Breath-holding test after exhalation (Genchi test). After exhaling normally, the subject holds his breath. The duration of breath holding is also recorded with a stopwatch. The stopwatch stops at the moment of inhalation. The breath-holding time in healthy, untrained individuals ranges from 25-40 s in men and 15-30 s in women. Athletes hold their breath longer (up to 50-60 s in men and 30-35 s in women).

Functional breath-hold tests characterize the functional abilities of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems; the Genchi test also reflects the body’s resistance to oxygen deficiency. The ability to hold your breath for a long time depends in a certain way on the functional state and power of the respiratory muscles.

However, when conducting breath-hold tests, it should be borne in mind that they are not always objective, since they largely depend on the volitional qualities of the subject. This in some cases reduces the practical value of these samples.

A modified version of the Genchi test after hyperventilation is more informative. In this case, pre-produce as much as possible deep breathing(hyperventilation), for 45-60 s, then record the duration of breath holding after maximum exhalation. Normally, the time of holding the breath during exhalation increases by 1.5-2 times. The absence of an increase in the time of holding the breath on exhalation indicates a change in the functional state of the cardiorespiratory system.

Serkin test

The Serkin test is performed in three stages: the time of holding the breath on inhalation at rest is determined, then on inhalation after performing 20 squats in 30 s, after which the time of holding the breath on inhalation is determined after 1 minute of rest.

In healthy trained individuals, the time of holding the breath on inspiration before the load is 40-60 s, after the load - 50% or more of the first test, and after a minute of rest it increases to 100% or more of the first test.

In healthy untrained individuals, inhalation breath holding rates are 36-45 s (30-50%, 70-100%). If the functional state of the cardiorespiratory system is impaired, this indicator at rest is 20-35 s, after exercise it decreases to 30% or less of the initial value, and after 1 minute of rest practically does not change.

Rosenthal test

Rosenthal's test involves determining vital capacity five times. When performing the test, rest is not provided between individual measurements of vital capacity. This test is used to determine the endurance of the respiratory muscles themselves (intercostal muscles and diaphragm). With sufficient endurance of these muscles, all five indicators are approximately equal. Rapid fatigue of the respiratory muscles or its functional weakness is manifested by a clear decrease in results with each subsequent measurement.

Sakrut V.N., Kazakov V.N.