What a good overall blood test. What does a general blood test show: decoding, norm

Blood consists of a liquid part - plasma, as well as cells (shaped elements), the concentration of which can vary significantly under various pathological conditions. Deciphering a clinical blood test allows you to judge the possible presence or absence of inflammation, intoxication of the body, dehydration (dehydration), bleeding, cancer, diseases of the hematopoietic system, etc.

What blood tests are done?

Modern laboratory diagnostics is based mainly on blood tests. The indicators of this main binding substance of the body can tell a lot about the state of human health. The most informative - and therefore most often carried out - are biochemical and general blood tests.

What is a general blood test?

A complete blood count is one of the most important clinical studies that is carried out for most diseases, as well as as part of a preventive examination (dispanserization). In the diagnosis of blood diseases, this test plays a leading role.

Important:a general blood test from a finger is taken on an empty stomach in the morning. In order to avoid distortion of the results for 8 hours, you can not eat, and you can only drink water.

Before a blood test, it is not allowed to take drinks containing alcohol, as well as tea, andjuices.

Traditionally, blood sampling is carried out from the ring finger, puncturing the skin with a sterile scarifier to a depth of 2-3 mm. The first drop is usually removed with a cotton swab, then blood is drawn to determine the level of hemoglobin and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, the next portion is to determine the number of white and red blood cells. Smears for microscopy are made using glasses.

Laboratory research involves:

• determination of the number of various shaped elements (cells);
• establishment of the main parameters of blood cells (size, type, etc.);
• measurement of the level (concentration) of hemoglobin;
• determination of the leukocyte formula;
• determination of hematocrit.

Main indicators of UAC

Hematocrit is a percentage that determines the volumetric ratio of cell mass to plasma. Erythrocyte indices reflect the main characteristics of red blood cells.

Hemoglobin (HGB)- this is a "respiratory pigment" - a compound of iron and protein, which is responsible for transporting oxygen to organs and tissues.

note: a physiological decrease in the level of hemoglobin is possible in babies of the first year of life.

A low level of hemoglobin indicates the development of anemia (anemia).

Important:anemia often develops against the background of blood loss, impaired formation of red cells, or with their accelerated destruction. It can be a clinical manifestation of a number of pathologies or be an independent disease.

red blood cells(RBC) are highly differentiated cellular elements. They lack nuclei, and the intracellular space is filled with hemoglobin.

The color index of erythrocytes reflects the level of respiratory pigment in these red blood cells.

Mean red cell volume (MCV)- This is an indicator that is used in the diagnosis of various types of anemia. Also, in the differential diagnosis of types of anemia, an indicator reflecting the average content of hemoglobin in erythrocytes is certainly taken into account.

RBC distribution by size (RDW) allows you to set the degree of anisocytosis, i.e. the presence of red cells of various volumes.

Reticulocytes called young forms of red cells.

platelets(PLT)- These are the cells that are formed in the red bone marrow and are responsible for the process of blood clotting. In the granules of these non-nuclear shaped elements, there are coagulation factors and biologically active substances that are released when platelets are activated. These cells can attach to the walls of blood vessels and to each other, forming a clot that "plugs" damage to the vascular walls. The duration of the existence of a platelet in the blood is no more than 1-1.5 weeks. An increase in bleeding develops if the concentration of these cells is less than 50x10 3 . Such conditions can pose a serious threat to the life of the patient.

note: in the blood test of a pregnant woman, the number of platelets is reduced, which is the norm. Physiological thrombocytopenia is also recorded in women during menstruation. The number of these cells increases with physical activity.

ESR is the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. In women, this indicator is normally higher than in men, which is explained by regular physiological blood loss. An increase in ESR may indicate the presence of an inflammatory process, the presence of infectious agents in the body, or intoxication.

Leukocytes (WBC) are white blood cells produced in the lymphatic system and bone marrow. They protect the body by recognizing and neutralizing foreign agents, as well as their own cells that have undergone pathological changes. Leukocytosis (an increase in the number of leukocytes), as a rule, indicates the development of an inflammatory process. In particular, leukocytes include neutrophils (stab and segmented), basophils, eosinophils, monocytes (large white cells) and lymphocytes (elements responsible for acquired).

An increase in the number of eosinophils often indicates helminthic invasions or the presence of diseases of an allergic origin.

The results of the blood test are prepared in the laboratory within one day.

Normal performance

Only a doctor can interpret the results, that is, make any conclusions based on the data obtained in the course of a laboratory blood test. However, some conclusions can be drawn by comparing your complete blood count from a finger with the reference (normal) values ​​​​in the tables below.

Important:the results of an adult blood test differ from the results of this study in a child.

Table of norms for a blood test in adults:

Table for deciphering a blood test in children (normal):

Age	red blood cells x10 12	Hemoglobin	platelets x10 9	Leukocytes x10 9	Speed subsidence erythrocytes (ESR), mm/h
newborns	5,0-5,8-6,0	215-180	273-309	30-12	2,5-2,8
1-12 months	4,6-4,7	178-119	280-290	10-10,5	4-7
2-3 years	4,6-4,7	117-126	280-290	10,5-11	7-8
4-5 years	4,6-4,7	126-130	280-290	10-11	7-8
6-8 years old	4,7-4,8	127-130	280-290	8,2-9,7	7-8

What do the deviations indicate?

A cause for concern may be leukocytosis, i.e. an increase in the number of white blood cells.

The reason for the increase in the number of leukocytes are pathologies such as:

• bacterial infections accompanied by purulent inflammation;
• any ;
• blood diseases (leukemia).

If leukocytosis occurs, then this is the reason for a deep and comprehensive medical examination. If infectious diseases are suspected, a blood test for antibodies may be additionally performed.

Important: it should be borne in mind that the number of leukocytes may temporarily increase in the postoperative period, after vaccination, as well as after eating or significant physical activity.

Leukopenia (a decrease in the number of leukocytes) is often due to a lack of vitamins, unfavorable environmental conditions or viral infections. As a rule, it is not a cause for serious concern.

ESR depends on the positive charge of red blood cells, due to which they repel each other. In some pathologies, red blood cells lose their charge, as a result of which they begin to settle faster.

You should be examined if the indicator is 3-5 times higher than normal values.

The reason for the increase in ESR may be:

• kidney disease - inflammation of the renal pelvis () or glomeruli (glomerulonephritis);
• bacterial (pneumonia);
• foci of purulent inflammation (abscesses and phlegmon);
• (generalized process);
• inflammatory diseases of the pancreas, gallbladder and other organs of the digestive system;
• diseases of rheumatic (autoimmune) origin - rheumatoid arthritis and SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus);
• malignant neoplasms.

Important: to rule out cancer, a special clinical blood test for tumor markers is performed.

Women should not worry if the erythrocyte sedimentation rate increases before the onset of menstruation - this is a physiological norm. The indicator is also increased during pregnancy (from week 5) and returns to normal only by the fourth week after the baby is born.

Thrombocytopenia refers to a decrease in the number of platelets below 100 × 109/L.

Possible causes of thrombocytopenia may include:

• acute infectious diseases;
• aplastic form of anemia;
• malignant blood diseases (leukemia).

note: special vigilance should be exercised when detecting a decrease in the number of platelets in the blood test of pregnant women. One of the causes of the pathology is the antiphospholipid syndrome, which quite often leads to miscarriage.

Thrombocytosis (an increase in the number of these cells) indicates the possible presence of the following pathologies:

• acute inflammation;
• exacerbation of a chronic inflammatory process;
• amyloidosis (impaired protein metabolism);
• malignant tumors.

note : there is no reason to worry if thrombocytosis is recorded in the postoperative period or after significant physical exertion.

A decrease in hemoglobin levels with a high degree of probability indicates iron deficiency anemia.

Reasons for low hemoglobin levels may include:

• hypovitaminosis for vitamin B12, due to a violation of its absorption (typical for patients suffering from atrophic gastritis and for elderly and senile people);
• lack of animal products in the diet (vegetarian diet);
• period of pregnancy and lactation;
• regular blood loss (including physiological during menstruation).

Complete blood count is perhaps the most common method of laboratory diagnosis. In a modern civilized society, there is practically not a single person who would not have to repeatedly donate blood for a general analysis.

After all, this study is carried out not only for sick people, but also for completely healthy people during scheduled medical examinations at work, in educational institutions, and in the army.

This blood test includes determining the concentration of hemoglobin, the number of leukocytes and counting the leukocyte formula, determining the number of red blood cells, platelets, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and other indicators.

Thanks to the correct interpretation of the results of a general blood test, it is possible to establish the cause of certain symptoms in adults, determine the type of blood disease, internal organs, and choose the right treatment regimen.

What it is?

A general (detailed) blood test includes:

1. Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels.
2. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), which was formerly called the reaction (ROE).
3. Color indicator calculated by the formula, if the study was carried out manually, without the participation of laboratory equipment;
4. Determination of the content of cellular elements of the blood: erythrocytes - red blood cells containing the pigment hemoglobin, which determines the color of the blood, and leukocytes that do not contain this pigment, therefore they are called white blood cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes).

As you can see, a general blood test shows the reaction of this valuable biological fluid to any processes occurring in the body. Concerning correct analysis, then there are no complex, strict requirements regarding this testing, but there are certain limitations:

1. The analysis is carried out in the morning. The patient is forbidden to eat food, water 4 hours before taking a blood sample.
2. The main medical supplies that are used for taking blood are a scarifier, cotton wool, and alcohol.
3. For this examination, capillary blood is used, which is taken from a finger. Less commonly, according to the doctor's instructions, blood from a vein can be used.

After receiving the results, a detailed transcript of the blood test is made. There are also special hematology analyzers that can automatically determine up to 24 blood parameters. These devices are able to display a printout with a transcript of the blood test almost immediately after blood sampling.

Complete blood count: the norm of indicators in the table

The table shows the indicators of the normal number of blood elements. In different laboratories, these values ​​\u200b\u200bmay differ, therefore, in order to find out whether the blood test values ​​are correct, it is necessary to find out the reference values ​​\u200b\u200bof the laboratory in which the blood test was performed.

Table of normal indicators of the general blood test in adults:

Analysis:	Adult women:	Adult men:
Hemoglobin	120-140 g/l	130-160 g/l
Hematocrit	34,3-46,6%	34,3-46,6%
platelets	180-360×109	180-360×109
red blood cells	3.7-4.7×1012	4-5.1×1012
Leukocytes	4-9×109	4-9×109
ESR	2-15mm/h	1-10mm/h
color index	0,85-1,15	0,85-1,15
Reticulocytes	0,2-1,2%	0,2-1,2%
thrombocrit	0,1-0,5%	0,1-0,5%
Eosinophils	0-5%	0-5%
Basophils	0-1%	0-1%
Lymphocytes	18-40%	18-40%
Monocytes	2-9%	2-9%
Average volume of erythrocytes	78-94 fl	78-94 fl
The average content of hemoglobin in erythrocytes	26-32 pg	26-32 pg
Band granulocytes (neutrophils)	1-6%	1-6%
Segmented granulocytes (neutrophils)	47-72%	47-72%

Each of the above indicators is important when deciphering a blood test, however, a reliable result of the study consists not only of comparing the data obtained with the norms - all quantitative characteristics are considered together, in addition, the relationship between various indicators of blood properties is taken into account.

red blood cells

Formed elements of blood. They contain hemoglobin, which is found in each of the red blood cells in the same amount. Red blood cells are responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body.

Boost :

• Wakez's disease (erythremia) is a chronic leukemia.
• As a result of hypohydration with sweating, vomiting, burns.
• As a result of hypoxia in the body in chronic diseases of the lungs, heart, narrowing of the renal arteries and polycystic kidney disease. An increase in the synthesis of erythropoietin in response to hypoxia leads to an increase in the formation of red blood cells in the bone marrow.

Decrease :

• Anemia.
• Leukemia, myeloma - blood tumors.

The level of erythrocytes in the blood also becomes lower in diseases that are characterized by increased breakdown of red blood cells:

• hemolytic anemia;
• iron deficiency in the body;
• lack of vitamin B12;
• bleeding.

The average lifespan of an erythrocyte is 120 days. These cells are formed in the bone marrow and destroyed in the liver.

platelets

Formed elements of the blood involved in hemostasis. Platelets are formed in the bone marrow from megakaryocytes.

An increase in the number of platelets (thrombocytosis) occurs when:

• bleeding;
• splenectomy;
• reactive thrombocytosis;
• treatment with corticosteroids;
• physical stress;
• iron deficiency;
• malignant neoplasms;
• acute hemolysis;
• myeloproliferative disorders (erythremia, myelofibrosis);
• chronic inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, tuberculosis, liver cirrhosis).

A decrease in the number of platelets (thrombocytopenia) is observed when:

• decreased production of platelets;
• DIC;
• increased destruction of platelets;
• hemolytic-uremic syndrome;
• splenomegaly;
• autoimmune diseases.

The main function of this blood component is to participate in blood clotting. Platelets contain the bulk of clotting factors that are released into the blood if necessary (damage to the vessel wall). Due to this property, the damaged vessel is clogged by the forming thrombus and the bleeding stops.

Leukocytes

White blood cells. Produced in red bone marrow. The function of leukocytes is to protect the body from foreign substances and microbes. In other words, it is immunity.

Increase in leukocytes:

• infections, inflammation;
• allergy;
• leukemia;
• condition after acute bleeding, hemolysis.

Decrease in leukocytes:

• bone marrow pathology;
• infections (flu, rubella, measles, etc.);
• genetic anomalies of immunity;
• increased function of the spleen.

There are different types of leukocytes, so a change in the number of individual types, and not all leukocytes in general, is of diagnostic importance.

Basophils

Leaving the tissues, they turn into mast cells responsible for the release of histamine - a hypersensitivity reaction to food, drugs, etc.

• Increase: hypersensitivity reactions, chicken pox, hypothyroidism, chronic sinusitis.
• Decreased: hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, ovulation, stress, acute infections.

Basophils are involved in the formation of immunological inflammatory reactions of a delayed type. They contain a large amount of substances that cause tissue inflammation.

Eosinophils

Cells that are responsible for allergies. Normally, they should be from 0 to 5%. In the case of an increase in the indicator, it indicates the presence of allergic inflammation (allergic rhinitis). Importantly, the number of eosinophils can be increased in the presence of helminthic invasions! This is especially common in children. This fact should be taken into account by pediatricians in order to make the correct diagnosis.

Neutrophils

They are divided into several groups - young, stab and segmented. Neutrophils provide antibacterial immunity, and their varieties are the same cells of different ages. Thanks to this, it is possible to determine the severity and severity of the inflammatory process or damage to the hematopoietic system.

An increase in the number of neutrophils is observed with infections, mainly bacterial, trauma, myocardial infarction, and malignant tumors. In severe diseases, mainly stab neutrophils increase - the so-called. stab shift to the left. In especially severe conditions, purulent processes and sepsis, young forms can be detected in the blood - promyelocytes and myelocytes, which should not normally be present. Also, with severe processes in neutrophils, toxic granularity is detected.

MON - monocytes

This element is considered a variation of leukocytes in macrophage form, i.e. their active phase, absorbing dead cells and bacteria. The norm for a healthy person is from 0.1 to 0.7 * 10 ^ 9 e / l.

A decrease in the level of MON is due to severe operations and the use of corticosteroids, an increase indicates the development of rheumatoid arthritis, syphilis, tuberculosis, mononucleosis and other diseases of an infectious nature.

GRAN - granulocytes

Granular leukocytes are activators of the immune system in the process of fighting inflammation, infections and allergic reactions. The norm for a person is from 1.2 to 6.8 * 10 ^ 9 e / l.

The level of GRAN increases with inflammation, decreases with lupus erythematosus and aplastic anemia.

color index

Reflects the relative content of hemoglobin in erythrocytes. It is used for the differential diagnosis of anemia: normochromic (normal amount of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte), hyperchromic (increased), hypochromic (decreased).

• A decrease in CPU occurs with: iron deficiency anemia; anemia caused by lead intoxication, in diseases with impaired hemoglobin synthesis.
• An increase in CP occurs with: vitamin B12 deficiency in the body; folic acid deficiency; cancer; polyposis of the stomach.

Color index norm (CPU): 0.85-1.1.

Hemoglobin

An increase in hemoglobin concentration occurs with erythremia (a decrease in the number of red blood cells), erythrocytosis (an increase in the number of red blood cells), as well as with thickening of the blood - a consequence of a large loss of body fluid. In addition, the hemoglobin index is increased with cardiovascular decompensation.

If the hemoglobin index is more or less than the normal range, this indicates the presence of pathological conditions. Thus, a decrease in the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood is observed with anemia of various etiologies and with blood loss. This condition is also called anemia.

Hematocrit

Hematocrit is the percentage of the volume of the blood being examined to the volume occupied by red blood cells in it. This indicator is calculated as a percentage.

A decrease in hematocrit occurs when:

• anemia;
• fasting;
• pregnancy;
• water retention in the body (chronic renal failure);
• excessive content of proteins in plasma (multiple myeloma);
• heavy drinking or the introduction of a large number of solutions intravenously.

An increase in hematocrit above normal indicates:

• leukemia;
• true polycythemia;
• burn disease;
• diabetes mellitus;
• kidney diseases (hydronephrosis, polycystosis, neoplasms);
• fluid loss (profuse sweating, vomiting);
• peritonitis.

Normal hematocrit values: Men - 40-48%, women - 36-42%.

ESR

The erythrocyte sedimentation rate shows how quickly the blood is divided into two layers - the upper (plasma) and the lower (shaped elements). This indicator depends on the number of red blood cells, globulins and fibrinogen. That is, the more red cells a person has, the slower they settle. An increase in the amount of globulins and fibrinogen, on the contrary, accelerates erythrocyte sedimentation.

Causes of high ESR in the general blood test:

• Acute and chronic inflammatory processes of infectious origin (pneumonia, rheumatism, syphilis, tuberculosis, sepsis).
• Heart damage (myocardial infarction - damage to the heart muscle, inflammation, synthesis of "acute phase" proteins, including fibrinogen.)
• Diseases of the liver (hepatitis), pancreas (destructive pancreatitis), intestines (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis), kidneys (nephrotic syndrome).
• Hematological diseases (anemia, lymphogranulomatosis, multiple myeloma).
• Endocrine pathology (diabetes mellitus, thyrotoxicosis).
• Injury to organs and tissues (surgical operations, wounds and bone fractures) - any damage increases the ability of red blood cells to aggregate.
• Conditions accompanied by severe intoxication.
• Lead or arsenic poisoning.
• Malignant neoplasms.

ESR below normal is typical for the following conditions of the body:

• Obstructive jaundice and, as a result, the release of a large amount of bile acids;
• High levels of bilirubin (hyperbilirubinemia);
• Erythremia and reactive erythrocytosis;
• sickle cell anemia;
• Chronic circulatory failure;
• Decreased fibrinogen levels (hypofibrinogenemia).

ESR, as a non-specific indicator of the disease process, is often used to monitor its course.

Blood performs a transport function - it supplies cells with oxygen and other necessary substances, takes away carbon dioxide and metabolic products. It includes plasma and formed elements, the ratio and amount of which can tell a lot about the state of health.

Below we will describe in detail the indications and features of a general blood test - a table of norms in adults, a transcript of the results and the values ​​​​of deviations upward or downward.

What is analysis for?

A general clinical blood test is carried out to identify most pathologies of an infectious, inflammatory, malignant nature.

With its help, the effectiveness of treatment is assessed, it is an obligatory part of the examination when the patient enters the hospital and during a preventive examination.

A general blood test is needed to determine the number of erythrocytes, the concentration of hemoglobin in them and the sedimentation rate, the number and composition of leukocytes and platelets, the ratio of the number of cellular and liquid components.

These indicators can tell a lot about the state of the body and help diagnose pathologies in the early stages.

Decoding and norm of a general blood test in adults

In a general clinical blood test, the level of the following elements is determined:

• erythrocytes and their average volume;
• hemoglobin;
• hematocrit;
• average amount and percentage concentration of hemoglobin in erythrocytes;
• reticulocytes;
• anisocytosis of erythrocytes;
• platelets and their average volume;
• leukocytes;

The leukocyte formula is written in detail, including values ​​for six types of white blood cells: eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils, stab and segmented neutrophils.

Table 1. The norm of the result of a general clinical blood test

Indicator	Designation	Women	Men
Erythrocytes (× 10 12 / l)	RBC	3,7-4,7	4-5,1
Average erythrocyte volume (fl or µm 3 )	MCV	81-99	80-94
Hemoglobin (g/l)	HGB	120-140	130-160
Avg. erythrocyte hemoglobin level (pg)	MCH	27-31
Color indicator	CPU	0,9-1,1
Hematocrit (%)	HCT	36-42	40-48
Platelets (× 10 9 / l)	PLT	180-320
Avg. erythrocyte hemoglobin concentration (%)	MCHC	33-37
Reticulocytes (%)	RET	0,5-1,2
Leukocytes (× 10 9 / l)	WBC	4-9
Avg. platelet volume (fl or µm 3 )	MPV	7-11
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (mm/h)	ESR	2-10	2-15
RBC anisocytosis (%)	RFV	11,5-14,5

Table 2. Leukocyte formula (norm)

Indicator		× 10 9 / l	%
Neutrophils	segmented	2,0-5,5	45-72
	stab	04-0,3	1-6
Basophils		up to 0.065	up to 1
Eosinophils		0,02-0,3	0,5-5
Lymphocytes		1,2-3,0	19-37
Monocytes		0,09-0,6	3-11

red blood cells

Their increased content is detected with hypoxia, dehydration, heart defects, excess steroid hormones and dysfunction of the adrenal cortex, erythremia.

Decrease - with anemia, acute blood loss, in the II-III trimester of pregnancy, chronic inflammation, as well as pathologies of the bone marrow.

Hemoglobin

Many diseases are associated with disturbances in the volume and structure of hemoglobin. A decrease in its level is detected with anemia, bleeding, tumors, damage to the kidneys, bone marrow. An increase may indicate a thickening of the blood due to dehydration, erythremia, iron supplementation.

Hematocrit

This indicator is the ratio of red blood cells and plasma, it determines the degree of development of anemia. Hematocrit is high with dehydration, polycythemia, peritonitis, extensive burns.

The decrease accompanies anemia, cancer, chronic inflammation, late pregnancy, starvation, chronic hyperazotemia, pathologies of the heart, blood vessels and kidneys.

The ratio of the amount of hemoglobin in one erythrocyte to the normal value reflects the color (or color) indicator. Its decrease is detected in lead poisoning, anemia in pregnant women and iron deficiency anemia.

Above the norm, the CPU rises with a deficiency of vitamins B12 and B9, gastric polyposis and cancer.

RBC anisocytosis

This is the presence in the blood of erythrocytes of various diameters (mature - 7-8 microns, and microcytes - up to 6.7 microns), which indicates the development of anemia. Depending on their ratio, different pathological conditions are determined.

With iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, thalassemia, the level of microcytes is 30-50%, and with a lack of folic acid, diffuse liver damage, macrocytic anemia, alcoholism, bone marrow metastases, it exceeds 50%.

platelets

These cells are responsible for blood clotting. Their number decreases with leukemia, AIDS and other viral diseases, some genetic pathologies, aplastic anemia, bone marrow lesions, bacterial infections, drug, chemical, and alcohol poisoning.

There are fewer platelets in the blood due to treatment with antibiotics, analgesics, estrogens, prednisolone, nitroglycerin, antiallergic drugs and vitamin K. An increase in the number of these cells is observed in the following cases:

• osteomyelitis;
• colitis;
• tuberculosis;
• erythremia;
• joint diseases;
• myelofibrosis;
• bleeding;
• cancerous tumors;
• cirrhosis of the liver;
• corticosteroid therapy;
• hemolytic anemia;
• after operations.

During pregnancy, menstruation, in the postpartum period, the rate at which red blood cells settle is higher than usual. This indicator is also high in diseases of the liver, kidneys, connective tissue, trauma, infectious pathologies in acute and chronic form, inflammatory processes, anemia, poisoning and oncological diseases.

A decrease in ESR occurs with impaired blood circulation, anaphylactic shock, diseases of the heart and blood vessels.

Average platelet volume

There are young and old platelets in the blood, the former are always larger, the latter decrease in size. Their life span is 10 days. The lower the MPV value, the less mature, aged platelets in the bloodstream, and vice versa. Deviations in the ratio of such cells of different ages helps to diagnose many diseases.

An increase in MPV can be provoked by diabetes mellitus, thrombocytodystrophy, blood pathologies (systemic lupus), splenectomy, alcoholism, myeloid leukemia, vascular atherosclerosis, thalassemia (a genetic disorder in the structure of hemoglobin), May-Hegglin syndrome, posthemorrhagic anemia.

Below the norm, this indicator falls due to radiation therapy, with cirrhosis of the liver, anemia (plastic and megaloblastic), Wiskot-Aldrich syndrome.

Leukocytes

Leukocytosis is an increase, and leukopenia is a decrease in the number of leukocytes in plasma. White blood cells engulf disease-causing bacteria, viruses, and other foreign objects and produce antibodies that recognize pathogens. Leukocytosis is physiological and pathological.

In the first case, the reasons for the increase are food intake, pregnancy and childbirth, premenstrual syndrome, physical activity and mental stress, hypothermia or overheating.

Of the pathologies, an increase in the WBC index can be caused by hypoxia, suppuration, severe blood loss, intoxication or allergies, blood diseases, burns, epilepsy, the administration of insulin or adrenaline hormones, and a malignant tumor.

Leukopenia occurs with radiation sickness, systemic lupus erythematosus, poisoning, cirrhosis of the liver, cancerous metastases in the bone marrow, lymphogranulomatosis, functional nervous disorders, leukemia, acromegaly, bone marrow hypoplasia, due to the intake of certain drugs.

The level of leukocytes also decreases with infectious and inflammatory pathologies - influenza, hepatitis, malaria, measles, colitis and others.

Features during pregnancy

In women who are expecting a child, the volume of blood circulating in the body increases, and the level of formed elements changes somewhat. During the gestation period, the study is carried out at least four times. Below is a table - the norm of a general blood test during pregnancy.

Element	trimesters
	I	II	III
Hemoglobin (g/l)	112-165	108-144	110-140
Leukocytes (×10 9 / l)	6-10,2	7,2-10,5	6,8-10,5
Erythrocytes (×10 12 / l)	3,5-5,5	3,2-4,8	3,5-5,0
Platelets (×10 9 / l)	180-320		200-340
ESR (in mm/h)	24	45	52
Color indicator (C.P.)	0,85-1,15

Indications for the appointment of a general blood test

Conducting a general (clinical) blood test is indicated for the diagnosis of:

• anemia;
• inflammatory and infectious diseases;
• malignant tumors;
• functional states of the body;
• blood diseases and systemic pathologies.

It is necessary for regular monitoring of chronically ill people, if complications arise during therapy and with prolonged recovery. In healthy children and adults, a general blood test should be performed once a year for preventive purposes.

Anemia, erythrocytosis, neutropenia, or other conditions depend on which blood cells are abnormal.

How is a general blood test performed in adults?

The delivery of a general blood test is carried out on an empty stomach in the morning, with the exception of emergency cases - heart attack, appendicitis and other urgent conditions.

Before donating, you don’t need to smoke, be stressed, you can drink some clean water, you can’t take alcohol for 3-4 days. On the day of the analysis, you should not allow large physical activity.

For the study, capillary blood from the ring finger or venous blood taken from the cubital vein is used - in this case, along with a general analysis, it is possible to conduct a study on infections, hormones and other indicators.

• When taken from the finger, the first drop is removed with a cotton ball, and the next ones go for analysis. You can’t rub or knead your fingers before donating - this can cause an increase in leukocytes and a change in other values.

Clinical blood test (hematological blood test, general blood test) - a medical analysis that allows you to evaluate the hemoglobin content in the red blood system, the number of red blood cells, color index, the number of leukocytes, platelets, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).

This analysis can identify anemia, inflammatory processes, condition of the vascular wall, suspicion of helminthic invasions, malignant processes in the body.
Clinical blood analysis is widely used in radiobiology in the diagnosis and treatment of radiation sickness.

A clinical blood test must be performed on an empty stomach.

Deciphering the blood test (key indicators):

notation, cuts	Normal values ​​- complete blood count
	children aged							adults
Hemoglobin Hb, g/l
red blood cells RBC
color index MCHC, %
Reticulocytes RTC
platelets PLT
ESR ESR
Leukocytes WBC, %
stab %
Segmented %
Eosinophils EOS, %
Basophils BAS, %
Lymphocytes LYM, %
Monocytes MON, %

How to understand all this?

Hemoglobin Hb (Hemoglobin) — The blood pigment of red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the organs and tissues of the body, and carbon dioxide back to the lungs.

An increase in hemoglobin indicates exposure to high altitudes, excessive exercise, dehydration, blood clotting, excessive smoking (formation of functionally inactive HbCO).
decline talking about anemia.

Erythrocytes (RBC - red blood cells - red blood cells ) participate in the transport of oxygen in the tissue and support the processes of biological oxidation in the body.

An increase (erythrocytosis) in the number of red blood cells occurs when : neoplasms; polycystic kidney; dropsy of the renal pelvis; the influence of corticosteroids; Cushing's disease and syndrome; steroid treatment.
A small relative increase in the number of red blood cells may be associated with thickening of the blood due to burns, diarrhea, diuretics.
A decrease in the content of red blood cells in the blood is observed with: blood loss; anemia; pregnancy; decrease in the intensity of the formation of red blood cells in the bone marrow; accelerated destruction of red blood cells; hyperhydration.

color index reflects the relative content of hemoglobin in erythrocytes. Used for the differential diagnosis of anemia: normochromic (normal amount of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte), hyperchromic (increased), hypochromic (decreased)

CPU Boost happens when: deficiency of vitamin B12 in the body; folic acid deficiency; cancer; polyposis of the stomach.

A decrease in CPU occurs when: iron deficiency anemia; anemia caused by lead intoxication, in diseases with impaired hemoglobin synthesis.
Any inaccuracy associated with the determination of hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV leads to an increase in MCHC, so this parameter is used as an indicator of an instrument error or an error made when preparing a sample for analysis.

Reticulocytes- young forms of erythrocytes, immature. Normally found in the bone marrow. Their excess release into the blood indicates an increased rate of formation of red blood cells (due to their destruction or increased demand).

The increase indicates increased formation of red blood cells in anemia (with blood loss, iron deficiency, hemolytic)

Decrease - about aplastic anemia, kidney disease; violations of the maturation of red blood cells (B12-folic deficiency anemia)

platelets (PLT-platelets - platelets) are formed from giant cells in the bone marrow. Responsible for blood clotting.

Boost: polycythemia, myeloid leukemia, inflammatory process, condition after removal of the spleen, surgical operations.

Reduction: thrombocytopenic purpura, systemic autoimmune diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus), aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, hemolytic disease, isoimmunization by blood groups, Rh factor.

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) - nonspecific indicator of the pathological state of the body.

An increase in ESR occurs when: infectious and inflammatory disease; collagenoses; damage to the kidneys, liver, endocrine disorders; pregnancy, postpartum period, menstruation; bone fractures; surgical interventions; anemia.
And also when eating (up to 25 mm / h), pregnancy (up to 45 mm / h).

A decrease in ESR occurs when: hyperbilirubinemia; increased levels of bile acids; chronic circulatory failure; erythremia; hypofibrinogenemia.

Leukocytes (WBC - white blood cells - white blood cells) are responsible for the recognition and neutralization of foreign components, the body's immune defense against viruses and bacteria, and the elimination of dying cells of one's own body.
Formed in the bone marrow and lymph nodes. There are 5 types of leukocytes: granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils), monocytes and lymphocytes.

An increase (leukocytosis) occurs when: acute inflammatory processes; purulent processes, sepsis; many infectious diseases of viral, bacterial, fungal and other etiologies; malignant neoplasms; tissue trauma; myocardial infarction; during pregnancy (last trimester); after childbirth - during the period of breastfeeding; after heavy physical exertion (physiological leukocytosis).

To decrease (leukopenia) leads to: aplasia, hypoplasia of the bone marrow; exposure to ionizing radiation, radiation sickness; typhoid fever; viral diseases; anaphylactic shock; Addison's disease - Birmer; collagenoses; aplasia and hypoplasia of the bone marrow; damage to the bone marrow by chemicals, drugs; hypersplenism (primary, secondary); acute leukemia; myelofibrosis; myelodysplastic syndromes; plasmacytoma; metastases of neoplasms in the bone marrow; pernicious anemia; typhoid and paratyphoid.
And also under the influence of certain drugs (sulfonamides and some antibiotics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, thyreostatics, antiepileptic drugs, antispasmodic oral drugs)

Lymphocytesare the main cells of the immune system. Fight viral infections. They destroy foreign cells and altered own cells (recognize foreign protein antigens and selectively destroy cells containing them - specific immunity), secrete antibodies (immunoglobulins) into the blood - substances that block antigen molecules and remove them from the body.

Increase in the number of leukocytes: viral infections; lymphocytic leukemia.

Reduction: acute infections (non-viral), aplastic anemia, systemic lupus erythematosus, immunodeficiency states, lymph loss

Decrease: purulent infections, childbirth, surgery, shock.

Basophils leaving the tissues, they turn into mast cells responsible for the release of histamine - a hypersensitivity reaction to food, drugs, etc.

Boost: hypersensitivity reactions, chicken pox, hypothyroidism, chronic sinusitis.

Reduction: hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, ovulation, stress, acute infections.

Monocytes - the largest leukocytes, spend most of their lives in tissues - tissue macrophages. They finally destroy foreign cells and proteins, foci of inflammation, destroyed tissues. The most important cells of the immune system, the first to meet the antigen and present it to lymphocytes for the development of a full-fledged immune response.

Boost: viral, fungal, protozoal infections, tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, syphilis, leukemia, systemic connective tissue diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, periarteritis nodosa).

Reduction: aplastic anemia, hairy cell leukemia.

Attention! This information is given for general development.
You cannot interpret your own tests and prescribe treatment on your own. This can only be done by the attending physician, since many different factors must be taken into account.

Anna 2018-03-25 10:47:50 Thank you, clear and understandable

Elizabeth 2015-11-04 13:23:00 I don’t know how in Odessa, in Alushta I was looking for a long time until I found a clinic, a Gemotest representative office on the central square, Bazarny Lane, 1B. In the same place, all tests can be passed, quickly and inexpensively. [Reply] [Cancel reply]

A complete blood count (CBC) is a medical study that almost every person has had to deal with. People have an inherent curiosity that they try to satisfy, especially when it comes to their health. In polyclinics it is not uncommon to see a sympathetic therapist explain in detail to the patient all the implications of his analysis.

How to decipher without the help of a specialist a general clinical blood test obtained from a hematological analyzer? It is not enough to read Latin letters and digital symbols - knowledge is needed in order to decipher such information. Fortunately, there is the Internet and it contains everything you need to decode any information. Online decryption is available on many resources of the World Wide Web, it can be used by a person who does not have special knowledge.

General (clinical) blood test

What is a complete blood count and why is it called clinical? Complete blood count - diagnosis of the patient's health status using laboratory methods for studying blood parameters - white and red cells. Such a blood test is called clinical because this examination is included in the group of general clinical research methods.

When is clinical analysis prescribed?

The purpose of the general analysis is to provide generalized information about the physiological state of the patient. When a person complains about his state of health, the doctor examines the patient. The examination procedure is the first stage in the diagnosis of the patient. Based on the data obtained, the doctor forms the primary clinical picture of the patient's health status. The second stage is diagnostics based on physiological parameters - blood, feces, urine tests.

The interpretation of the results by the general practitioner is compared with the findings of the initial examination and, as a result, the treatment and regimen are prescribed. In cases where the doctor has doubts, he can prescribe additional examinations, for example, a biochemical blood test, ultrasound diagnostics, serological analysis, and an analysis of thyroid hormones.

With the help of a general analysis, a diagnostician can identify such ailments as:

• leukemia;
• anemia of various types;
• problems with viscosity and blood clotting;
• infectious invasions of various etiologies;
• inflammatory process.

Even a child can describe the procedure for taking blood - a laboratory assistant pierces a finger bundle with a scarifier (a needle for piercing the skin), brushes off the first drop of blood with a cotton swab, then draws blood into test tubes with a glass adapter. In some cases, the laboratory assistant can take the material using a vacuum or closed scarifier - such tools are already found in laboratory practice.

Attention! A detailed clinical analysis involves actions that require blood of a special quality and in a larger volume, so blood for it can be taken from the cubital (ulnar) vein.

How to prepare for a general blood test?

In many first-aid posts and polyclinics, thematic posters and wall newspapers hang - it is always useful to read them for self-educational purposes. They contain the rules for visiting a doctor on the eve of blood sampling. Usually people sitting in line to the doctor, trying to somehow occupy themselves, read this information. While the patient has read everything, the queue approaches and time passes unnoticed.

Does the age and gender of the patient play a role in deciphering the complete blood count?

Deciphering the general blood test, in addition to general values, takes into account additional factors - age and gender.

When deciphering the values ​​​​in the general blood test, be sure to pay attention to the age of the person - the indicators of the child are seriously different from the adult. Children have a different metabolism, different digestion, different immunity, and their blood has a different composition. With age, the situation changes. A child ceases to be considered as such after a hormonal restructuring of the body: in girls, this happens at 11-13 years old; for boys - at 12-14 years old. Moreover, a sufficient period of time is needed for the child's body to form completely. The period of life of children before hormonal changes is called prepubertal in medicine, after - puberty.

The norms of general analysis for women also have their own characteristics, their difference from men's is not very significant, but there are some nuances: a) the menstrual cycle; b) gestation (pregnancy).

Attention! Menstruation is a limiting factor for donating blood for a general analysis. The doctor must be warned about the monthly cycle and wait for his decision.

Deciphering a blood test using a table

The decoding of a clinical blood test is based on normal indicators, thanks to which you can find out about the presence of pathological changes in the patient's body. The norms of a clinical blood test are indicated in the table. Separately, a table is given for adults (for women and men) and for children.

Options	Index		Units	The range of norms in adults
				In men	Among women
Monocytes	*MON*		%	3,04-11,04	3,04-11,04
Lymphocytes	*LYM*		%	19,43-37,43	19,43-37,43
Leukocytes	*WBC*		10 9 cells/l	4,02-9,01	4,02-9,01
Basophils	*BAS*		%	0,1-1,0	0,1-1,0
Neutrophils	stab		%	1,01-6,10	1,01-6,10
	segmented		%	46,80-66,04	46,80-66,04
	*RBC*		x10 12 cells/l	4,44-5,01	3,81-4,51
Eosinophils	*EOS*		%	0,51-5,03	0,51-5,03
color index	*CPU*	—		0,81-1,03	0,81-1,03
	*PLT*		10 9 cells/l	180,0-320,0	180,0-320,0
thrombocrit	*PCT*	%		0,12-0,41	0,11-0,42
ESR	*ESR*	mm/hour		1,51-10,51	2,11-15,11
Hemoglobin	*Hb*	g/l		127,0-162,0	119,0-136,0
Hematocrit	*HCT*	%		128,03-160,03	117,0-137,0

Attention! The information in the tables is published for informational and self-educational purposes only. It is approximate and cannot be a reason for starting self-treatment. If a person is sick, he should see a doctor!

Options	Units	Normal indicators for children
		first days of life	up to 1 year	from 1 to 6 years	6 to 12 years old	12 to 16 years old
Reticulocytes	ppm	3,1-15	3,1-12	2,1-12	2,1-11	2,1-11
ESR	mm/hour	0,11-2,01	2,01-12,0	2,01-10,0	2,01-10,0	2,01-10,0
thrombocrit	%	0,16-0,36	0,16-0,36	0,16-0,36	0,16-0,36	0,16-0,36
	10 9 cells/l	181,50-400	181,50-400	181,50-400	157,10-380	157,10-387,50
	%	0,83-1,13	0,73-0,93	0,83-1,10	0,83-1,10	0,83-1,10
Eosinophils	%	2,10-7,14	1,10-6,14	1,10-6,14	1,10-6,14	1,14-5,10
	x10 12 cells/l	4,40-6,60	3,60-4,92	3,50-4,52	3,50-4,72	3,60-5,20
Neutrophils are segmented	%	30,10-50,10	15,10-45,10	25,10-60,14	35,10-65,21	40,10-65,21
Neutrophils are stab	%	0,52-4,11	1,10-5,01	1,11-5,0	1,11-5,0	1,11-5,0
Basophils	%	0-1	0-1	0-1	0-1	0-1
Hemoglobin	g/l	137-220	98-137	108-143	114-148	114-150
Leukocytes	10 9 cells/l	7,22-18,50	6,14-12,04	5,10-12,0	4,41-10,0	4,33-9,51
Lymphocytes	%	22,12-55,12	38,12-72,12	26,12-60,12	24,12-54,12	25,12-50,12
Monocytes	%	2,0-12	2,0-12	2,0-10	2,0-10	2,0-10

Attention! In the tables, the most common units of measurement for the results of a general blood test were given. Some research medical centers may vary these values, which are indicated in relation to the qualitative and quantitative component of the study. Because of this, it is necessary to decipher the results carefully.

Parameters of the general clinical blood test

Indicators of a general blood test can be conditionally divided into three groups: leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets. Each of these groups has its own subgroups: in the first - granulocytic (basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils) and agranulocytic (lymphocytes and monocytes); in the second - erythrocytes plus ESR, hemoglobin plus hematocrit and color indicator; in the third - platelets plus thrombocrit.

Leukocytes

Parameter	Description	The blood level is elevated	Low blood level	Notes
Leukocytes	The norm of a general blood test for leukocytes is 4-9 per 10 9 cells / liter. Leukocytes is the common name for all white blood cells. The parameter is needed to determine the number of white cells in human blood. An increased level of leukocytes is called leukocytosis, a low level is called leukopenia.	The vast majority of infectious diseases, various internal inflammations, after eating, after vaccinations, during menstruation, the development of oncological pathology (with some types of leukemia, the level of leukocytes in the blood decreases), a good diet.	A small part of infectious diseases (immunodeficiency syndrome, consumption), radiation injuries of all types (solar radiation, radiotherapy, radiation exposure), leukemia (some forms of reticulosis), poor diet.	The parameter gives the most general information about the nature of the disease. According to the indicator, it is impossible to accurately determine the cause of the disease, only its presence. All pathologies indicated in the sections of elevated and reduced levels apply to all types of leukocytes.
Granulocytes
Eosinophils	Microphages. They carry granules with Ig E. They have the ability to attack antigens with histamine, so eosinophils are one of the causes of allergies, but at the same time, these cells can absorb histamine and prevent allergies.	Autoimmune reactions, infections, after blood transfusion, after vaccinations, helminthiases, leukemia and other oncological diseases.	heavy metal poisoning, reticulosis, radiation injuries of all types, sepsis, chemotherapy, rheumatism.
Basophils	The largest of the granulocytes are white blood cells. Their quantity in the blood of a healthy person is negligible. They contain histamine, serotonin and other powerful biological irritants that cause allergies and allergic reactions. Microphages.	Autoimmune diseases of varying intensity, rheumatoid factor, allergic reactions, dysfunction of the thyroid and parathyroid glands, nephritis and other inflammatory lesions of the kidneys, gestation with Rh conflict, rehabilitation after surgical removal of the spleen, after blood transfusion, after vaccination, during nematodosis (enterobiosis, ascariasis and others), leukemia, a consequence of taking corticosteroids, gastric and duodenal ulcers.	Not	Since normally there should not be any basophils in the blood of a healthy person, pathologies of a low level are not indicated.
Neutrophils	They are divided into 2 types - stab and segmented. Microphages. The most common of all leukocytes - the amount of the total mass of leukocytes is 70%.	Bacterial infections, leukemia, uremia, diabetes (diabetes),taking immunostimulants	Viral infections, reticulosis, hyperetiosis, radiation injuries of all types, after chemotherapy.
Agranulocytes
Monocytes	The largest type of leukocyte. macrophages.	Allergies, infections, leukemia, phosphorus isoform poisoning.	Reticulosis and hairy cell leukemia, sepsis.
Lymphocytes	Fighters of the body number 1. Resists any biological and non-biological threats. They are divided into three main types - T-lymphocytes (75% of all lymphocytes), B-lymphocytes (15%) and null cells (10%).	Infectious invasions of various origins, leukemia,heavy metal poisoning (lead, mercury, bismuth, arsenic),taking immunostimulants.	Consumption, immunodeficiency syndrome,reticulosis, radiation injuries of all types, chemotherapy, rheumatism.

Erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, ESR, color index

Erythrocytes are red blood cells. Visually, these are scarlet plates, concave in the middle. The form of erythrocytes that we have described is the form of normal erythrocytes; there are forms that indicate pathological abnormalities in the structure of red blood cells as a result of severe hereditary diseases, infection (sickle red blood cells are a symptom of malaria), and metabolic abnormalities. The red color of erythrocytes is given by the pigment protein hemoglobin, its main property is the retention of iron atoms in its structure. Thanks to iron, hemoglobin is able to bind oxygen and oxygen oxide - this ability allows you to carry out metabolic processes in cells. Oxygen is an important participant in many biochemical processes in the body.

General analysis, studying the state of erythrocytes, is interested, first of all, how much hemoglobin is in an erythrocyte. For this, methods of ESR and color index have been developed. ESR - which means "erythrocyte sedimentation rate." Hemoglobin is a heavy protein, and if you collect blood in a test tube, then, after an hour, the red blood cells will descend in relation to the interstitial fluid. By the rate of sedimentation and the depth of subsidence of red cells, one can conclude how much hemoglobin is contained in erythrocytes and what quality it is - normal or with a defect. There are no clear standards in this procedure - further diagnosis will depend on the interpretation of other clinical data.

Attention! The mass fraction of red blood cells relative to a unit volume of blood is called hematocrit.

The color indicator also examines the hemoglobin content in red blood cells. The laboratory assistant, studying erythrocytes under a microscope, looks at the center of the red cell (hemoglobin is concentrated there): if the erythrocyte has a transparent center, this will be evidence of the absence of hemoglobin in the cell or dysfunction of the peptide chain (hypochromia); if the center is orange, hemoglobin is normal (normochromia); if the center of the cell merges in color with the body of the erythrocyte, hemoglobin is in excess (hyperchromia).

Platelets, thrombocrit

Platelets are cells that play an important role in the blood clotting process. Platelets do not have a nucleus. Structurally, platelets are a piece of the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes, so their study provides a lot of information about the state of the bone marrow. The number of platelets in the blood, their qualitative composition is an important clinical marker of the bone marrow.

The norms of a general blood test for platelets are 180-320 in 10 9 cells per liter. The total number of platelets, as well as erythrocytes, is measured in absolute terms relative to a unit of blood volume. This parameter is called "thrombocrit".