Space station Mir. The death of the space station Mir

02.07.2021 -

Although humanity has abandoned flights to the moon, nevertheless, it has learned to build real "space houses", as evidenced by the well-known Mir station project. Today I want to tell you some interesting facts about this space station, which has been operating for 15 years instead of the planned three years.

96 people visited the station. There were 70 spacewalks with a total duration of 330 hours. The station was called the great achievement of the Russians. We won...if we hadn't lost.

The first 20-ton base module of the Mir station was launched into orbit in February 1986. Mir was supposed to become the embodiment of the eternal dream of science fiction writers about a space village. Initially, the station was built in such a way that it was possible to constantly add new and new modules to it. The launch of Mir was timed to coincide with the XXVII Congress of the CPSU.

In the spring of 1987, the Kvant-1 module was launched into orbit. It has become a kind of space station for Mir. Docking with Kvant was one of the first emergency situations for Mir. In order to securely attach Kvant to the complex, the cosmonauts had to make an unplanned spacewalk.

In June, the Kristall module was delivered into orbit. An additional docking station was installed on it, which, according to the designers, should serve as a gateway for receiving the Buran spacecraft.

This year the station was visited by the first journalist - Japanese Toyohiro Akiyama. His live reports were broadcast on Japanese TV. In the first minutes of Toyohiro's stay in orbit, it turned out that he was suffering from "space sickness" - a kind of sea sickness. So his flight was not particularly productive. In March of the same year, Mir experienced another shock. Only miraculously managed to avoid a collision with the "space truck" "Progress". The distance between the devices at some point was only a few meters - and this is at a cosmic speed of eight kilometers per second.

In December, a huge "star sail" was deployed on the Progress automatic ship. Thus began the experiment "Znamya-2". Russian scientists hoped that the rays of the sun reflected from this sail would be able to illuminate large areas of the earth. However, the eight panels that made up the "sail" did not fully open. Because of this, the area was illuminated much weaker than scientists expected.

In January, the Soyuz TM-17 spacecraft leaving the station collided with the Kristall module. Later it turned out that the cause of the accident was an overload: the cosmonauts returning to earth took too many souvenirs from the station with them, and the Soyuz lost control

Year 1995. In February, the American reusable spacecraft Discovery flew to the Mir station. On board the "shuttle" was a new docking port to receive NASA spacecraft. In May, the Mir docked with the Spektr module with equipment for Earth exploration from space. During its short history, Spectrum has experienced several emergency situations and one fatal catastrophe.

Year 1996. With the inclusion of the "Nature" module into the complex, the installation of the station was completed. It took ten years - three times longer than the estimated time of Mir's operation in orbit.

It became the most difficult year for the entire Mir complex. In 1997, the station almost suffered a catastrophe several times. In January, a fire broke out on board - the cosmonauts were forced to wear breathing masks. The smoke even spread on board the Soyuz spacecraft. The fire was extinguished a few seconds before the decision to evacuate was made. And in June, the Progress unmanned cargo ship veered off course and crashed into the Spektr module. The station has lost its tightness. The team managed to block the Spektr (close the hatch leading into it) before the pressure on the station dropped to critically low. In July, the Mir was almost left without power - one of the crew members accidentally disconnected the on-board computer cable, and the station went into an uncontrolled drift. In August, the oxygen generators failed - the crew had to use emergency air supplies. On Earth, they began to say that the aging station should be transferred to unmanned mode.

In Russia, many did not even want to think about abandoning the operation of Mir. The search for foreign investors began. However, foreign countries were in no hurry to help Mir. In August, the cosmonauts of the 27th expedition transferred the Mir station to an unmanned mode. The reason is the lack of government funding.

All eyes were turned this year on the American entrepreneur Walt Andersson. He announced his readiness to invest $20 million in the creation of MirCorp, a company that intended to engage in the commercial operation of the station. famous Mir. The sponsor was found really quickly. A certain wealthy Welshman, Peter Llewellyn, said that he was ready not only to pay for his trip to the Mir and back, but also to allocate an amount sufficient to ensure the operation of the complex in manned mode for a year. That is at least $200 million. The euphoria from the rapid success was so great that the leaders of the Russian space industry did not pay attention to skeptical remarks in the Western press, where Llewellyn was called an adventurer. The press was right. The "tourist" arrived at the Cosmonaut Training Center and began training, although not a penny was credited to the agency's account. When Llewellyn was reminded of his obligations, he took offense and left. The adventure ended ingloriously. What happened next is well known. Mir was transferred to unmanned mode, the Mir Rescue Fund was created, which collected a small amount of donations. Although the proposals for its use were very different. There was such a thing - to establish a space sex industry. Some sources indicate that in zero gravity, males function fantastically smoothly. But it did not work out to make the Mir station commercial - the MirCorp project failed miserably due to the lack of customers. It was also not possible to collect money from ordinary Russians - mostly meager transfers from pensioners were transferred to a specially opened account. The Government of the Russian Federation has made an official decision to complete the project. The authorities announced that Mir would be scuttled in the Pacific Ocean in March 2001.

Year 2001. On March 23, the station was deorbited. At 05:23 Moscow time, Mir's engines were ordered to slow down. At around 6 am GMT, Mir entered the atmosphere several thousand kilometers east of Australia. Most of the 140-ton structure burned up on re-entry. Only fragments of the station reached the ground. Some were comparable in size to a subcompact car. The wreckage of Mir fell into the Pacific Ocean between New Zealand and Chile. About 1,500 pieces of debris splashed down in an area of several thousand square kilometers - in a kind of cemetery of Russian spacecraft. Since 1978, 85 orbital structures have ended their existence in this region, including several space stations. Witnesses of the fall of red-hot debris into the ocean waters were the passengers of two aircraft. Tickets for these unique flights cost up to 10 thousand dollars. Among the spectators were several Russian and American cosmonauts who had previously been on Mir

Nowadays, many agree that automata controlled from the Earth are much better than a “live” person in coping with the functions of a space laboratory assistant, signalman, and even a spy. In this sense, the end of the work of the Mir station was a landmark event, designed to mark the end of the next stage of manned orbital cosmonautics.

15 expeditions worked on Mir. 14 - with international crews from the USA, Syria, Bulgaria, Afghanistan, France, Japan, Great Britain, Austria and Germany. During the operation of Mir, an absolute world record was set for the duration of a person's stay in space flight conditions (Valery Polyakov - 438 days). Among women, the world record for the duration of a space flight was set by American Shannon Lucid (188 days).

Mir is a Soviet (later Russian) manned research orbital complex that operated from February 20, 1986 to March 23, 2001. The most important scientific discoveries were made at the Mir orbital complex, unique technical and technological solutions were implemented. The principles laid down in the design of the Mir orbital complex and its onboard systems (modular construction, phased deployment, the ability to perform operational maintenance and preventive measures, regular transport and technical supply) have become a classic approach to the creation of promising manned orbital complexes of the future.

The main developer of the Mir orbital complex, the developer of the base unit and modules of the orbital complex, the developer and manufacturer of most of their on-board systems, the developer and manufacturer of the Soyuz and Progress spacecraft is the Energia Rocket and Space Corporation named after A.I. S. P. Koroleva. The developer and manufacturer of the base unit and modules of the orbital complex "Mir", part of their on-board systems - State Space Research and Production Center. M. V. Khrunichev. About 200 enterprises and organizations also took part in the development and manufacture of the base unit and modules of the Mir orbital complex, the Soyuz and Progress spacecraft, their on-board systems and ground infrastructure, including: Center "TsSKB-Progress", Central Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Design Bureau of General Mechanical Engineering. V. P. Barmina, Russian Research Institute of Space Instrumentation, Scientific Research Institute of Precision Instruments, Cosmonaut Training Center. Yu. A. Gagarina, Russian Academy of Sciences. The control of the orbital complex "Mir" was carried out by the Mission Control Center of the Central Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering.

Base unit - the main link of the entire orbital station, uniting its modules into a single complex. The base unit contained control equipment for service systems to ensure the life of the MIR-Shuttle crew. During 1995-1998, joint Russian-American work was carried out at the Mir station under the Mir-Shuttle and Mir-NASA programs. Orbital station and shuttle station and scientific instrumentation, as well as crew rest areas. The base unit consisted of a transition compartment with five passive docking units (one axial and four lateral), a working compartment, an intermediate chamber with one docking unit, and an unpressurized aggregate compartment. All docking units are of the passive type of the "pin-cone" system.

Module "Quantum" was intended for astrophysical and other scientific research and experiments. The module consisted of a laboratory compartment with a transition chamber and an unpressurized compartment for scientific instruments. Module maneuvering in orbit was provided with the help of a service block equipped with a propulsion system and detachable after the module docked with the station. The module had two docking units located along its longitudinal axis - active and passive. In an autonomous flight, the passive unit was closed by a service unit. The Kvant module was docked to the intermediate chamber of the base unit (X axis). After the mechanical coupling, the retraction process could not be completed due to the fact that a foreign object appeared in the receiving cone of the docking unit of the station. To eliminate this object, it was necessary for the crew to go into outer space, which took place on 11-12.04.1986.

Module "Kvant-2" It was intended to equip the station with scientific instruments, equipment and provide spacewalks for the crew, as well as to conduct various scientific research and experiments. The module consisted of three hermetic compartments: instrument-cargo, instrument-scientific and airlock special with an outward-opening exit hatch with a diameter of 1000 mm. The module had one active docking unit installed along its longitudinal axis on the instrument-cargo compartment. The Kvant-2 module and all subsequent modules docked to the axial docking assembly of the transfer compartment of the base unit (X-axis), then, using the manipulator, the module was transferred to the side docking assembly of the transition compartment. The standard position of the Kvant-2 module as part of the Mir station is the Y axis.

Module "Crystal" was designed to conduct technological and other scientific research and experiments and to provide docking with ships equipped with androgynous-peripheral docking units. The module consisted of two pressurized compartments: instrument-cargo and transition-docking. The module had three docking units: an axial active one - on the instrument-cargo compartment and two androgynous-peripheral types - on the transition-docking compartment (axial and lateral). Until May 27, 1995, the Kristall module was located on the side docking assembly intended for the Spektr module (Y axis). Then it was transferred to the axial docking unit (-X axis) and on 05/30/1995 moved to its regular place (-Z axis). On 06/10/1995, it was again transferred to the axial unit (X-axis) to ensure docking with the American spacecraft Atlantis STS-71, on 07/17/1995 it was returned to its regular place (-Z axis).

Module "Spectrum" was designed to conduct scientific research and experiments on the study of the natural resources of the Earth, the upper layers of the earth's atmosphere, the own outer atmosphere of the orbital complex, geophysical processes of natural and artificial origin in near-Earth space and in the upper layers of the earth's atmosphere, as well as to equip the station with additional sources of electricity . The module consisted of two compartments: pressurized instrument-cargo and non-pressurized, on which two main and two additional solar arrays and scientific instruments were installed. The module had one active docking unit located along its longitudinal axis in the instrument-cargo compartment. The standard position of the "Spektr" module as part of the "Mir" station is the -Y axis. The docking compartment (created at RSC Energia named after S.P. Korolev) was designed to ensure docking of the American Space Shuttle system ships with the Mir station without changing its configuration; it was delivered into orbit on the American Atlantis STS- 74 and docked to the Kristall module (-Z axis).

Module "Nature" was designed to conduct scientific research and experiments to study the natural resources of the Earth, the upper layers of the earth's atmosphere, cosmic radiation, geophysical processes of natural and artificial origin in near-Earth outer space and the upper layers of the earth's atmosphere. The module consisted of one sealed instrument-cargo compartment. The module had one active docking unit located along its longitudinal axis. The standard position of the "Priroda" module as part of the "Mir" station is the Z axis.

Specifications

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The content of the article

ORBITAL SPACE COMPLEX "MIR". For 15 years (1986–2000), the Mir orbital station served as the world's only manned space laboratory for long-term scientific and technical experiments and the study of the human body in space. Her work began on February 20, 1986, when the base unit of this multi-purpose international complex was launched into orbit. The height of the working orbit of the station was 320–420 km, the inclination of the orbit was 51.6 degrees. The total weight of the station was 140 tons, the size was 35 m, and the internal volume was 400 m 3 . During its operation, the station made 86,331 revolutions around the Earth, 28 long-term scientific expeditions, 108 cosmonauts, of which 63 were foreign, worked on it.

Characteristics of individual elements of the complex.

The base unit is the main link of the entire orbital station, uniting its modules into a single complex. This block contains the control equipment for the life support systems of the station crew and scientific equipment, as well as places for the crew to rest. The base unit consists of a transition compartment with five passive docking units (one axial and four side), a working compartment, an intermediate chamber with one docking unit, and an unpressurized aggregate compartment. All docking units are of the passive type of the "pin-cone" system.

The Kvant module is intended for astrophysical and other scientific research. The module consists of a laboratory compartment with a transition chamber and an unpressurized compartment for scientific instruments. The maneuvering of the module in orbit was provided with the help of a service unit equipped with a propulsion system and detachable after the module docked with the station. The module has two docking units located along its longitudinal axis - active and passive. In an autonomous flight, the passive unit was closed by a service unit. The Kvant module docked to the intermediate chamber of the base unit (X axis). After the mechanical coupling, the retraction process could not be completed due to the fact that a foreign object appeared in the receiving cone of the docking unit of the station. To eliminate this object, it was necessary for the crew to go into outer space, which took place on April 11-12, 1986.

The Kvant-2 module is designed to equip the station with equipment and provide spacewalks for the crew, as well as to conduct scientific experiments. The module consists of three hermetic compartments: instrument-cargo, instrument-scientific and airlock special with an outward-opening exit hatch with a diameter of 1000 mm. The module has one active docking unit installed along its longitudinal axis on the instrument-cargo compartment. The Kvant-2 module and all subsequent modules docked to the axial docking assembly of the transition compartment of the base unit (X-axis), then, using the manipulator, the module was transferred to the side docking assembly of the transition compartment. The standard position of the Kvant-2 module as part of the Mir station is the Y axis.

The Kristall module is designed to conduct technological and scientific research and to provide docking with spacecraft equipped with androgynous-peripheral docking units. The module consists of two sealed compartments: instrument-cargo and transition-docking. The module has three docking units: an axial active one - on the instrument-cargo compartment and two androgynous-peripheral types - on the transition-docking compartment (axial and lateral). Until May 27, 1995, the Kristall module was located on the side docking assembly intended for the Spektr module (Y axis). Then it was transferred to the axial docking unit (X-axis) and on May 30, 1995 it was moved to its regular place (-Z axis). On June 10, 1995, it was again transferred to the axial assembly (X-axis) to ensure docking with the American spacecraft Atlantis STS-71, and on July 17, 1995 it was returned to its regular position (-Z axis).

The Spektr module is designed to study the natural resources of the Earth, the upper layers of the earth's atmosphere, the orbital complex's own outer atmosphere, geophysical processes of natural and artificial origin in near-Earth space and in the upper layers of the earth's atmosphere, as well as to equip the station with additional power sources. The module consists of two compartments: a pressurized instrument-cargo compartment and an unpressurized one, on which two main and two additional solar panels are installed, as well as scientific instruments. The module has one active docking unit located along its longitudinal axis on the instrument-cargo compartment. The standard position of the Spektr module as part of the Mir station is the -Y axis. The docking compartment (created at RSC Energia named after S.P. Korolev) is designed to ensure docking of American Space Shuttle ships with the Mir station without changing its configuration; it was delivered into orbit on the Atlantis shuttle (STS-74 ) and docked to the Kristall module (-Z axis).

The "Nature" module is designed to study the natural resources of the Earth, the upper layers of the earth's atmosphere, cosmic radiation, geophysical processes of natural and artificial origin in near-Earth outer space and the upper layers of the earth's atmosphere. The module consists of one sealed instrument-cargo compartment. It has one active docking unit located along its longitudinal axis. The standard position of the "Priroda" module as part of the "Mir" station is the Z axis.

In this composition, the appearance of the Mir orbital complex was finally formed. The transport and technical support of the station flight was carried out with the help of manned transport ships of the Soyuz-TM type and Progress-M cargo ships.

The authors of the work.

The lead developer of the Mir orbital station, the developer of the base unit and modules of the station, the developer and manufacturer of most of the systems that ensure their operation in orbit, the developer and manufacturer of the Soyuz and Progress spacecraft is the Energia Rocket and Space Corporation named after S. P. Queen. The participant in the development of the base unit and modules, the developer and manufacturer of the design and systems that ensure the autonomous flight of the station units is the State Space Research and Production Center named after M.V. Khrunichev. The work on the creation of the Mir station and the ground infrastructure for it was attended by the GNP RCC "TsSKB-Progress", the Central Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering, the Design Bureau of General Mechanical Engineering, the RNII of Space Instrumentation, the Research Institute of Precision Instruments, the RGNII TsPK im. Yu.A. Gagarina, Russian Academy of Sciences, etc., about 200 enterprises and organizations in total.

Scientific equipment of the Mir station.

By the middle of 1996, the image of the Mir station was finally formed as a research complex equipped with unique scientific equipment. During the operation of the station, scientific equipment of more than 240 items manufactured by 27 countries with a total weight of 11.5 tons was placed on it. In particular, the complex of scientific equipment included:

– a large natural science complex, consisting of twenty-four active and passive instruments for Earth observation, operating in the visible, IR and microwave ranges of the spectrum;

– an astrophysical observatory with six telescopes and spectrometers;

– four technological furnaces;

– six medical diagnostic complexes;

– materials science and biotechnological equipment.

The results of the operation of the Mir station.

The international cooperation.

27 international expeditions were carried out, 21 of them on a commercial basis. Representatives of 12 countries and organizations worked at the station: USA, Germany, England, France, Japan, Austria, Bulgaria, Syria, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Slovakia, ESA.

The main results of the research.

The main result is that the technology for the creation and operation of a permanently operating manned orbital station has been developed. During the operation of the station, the combination of its modules changed more than once by re-docking; parts not provided for in the original design were introduced into its structure, for example, an additional docking compartment for working with shuttle-type ships, a number of deployable truss structures, such as an external propulsion unit to provide roll control.

More than 6,700 sessions of technical experiments have been conducted at the station. A unique technology has been developed for assembling and deploying large-sized truss and film structures in space. Stable ordered crystal structures formed by metal particles in the plasma of a direct current discharge under microgravity conditions are obtained. The processes of generation, collection and movement of monodisperse drops are studied on the model of a drop cooler-emitter to confirm the possibility of creating highly efficient power plants.

More than 2450 sessions of experiments in materials science and space technology have been carried out. The basic technologies for the production of semiconductor materials have been worked out and samples have been obtained that are superior in physical characteristics to terrestrial counterparts. An increase in the yield of suitable devices from the obtained materials by 5–10 times has been confirmed.

A system of medical support for flights up to 1.5 years has been created. A methodology for the selection and training of specialists for work in extreme conditions has been created. More than 130 sessions of biotechnology experiments have been carried out. The possibility of carrying out the processes of fine purification and separation of protein bioproducts with a productivity hundreds of times higher than on Earth has been shown. New knowledge on cells, proteins and viruses has been obtained.

Photographing of 125 million sq. km of the earth's surface in different ranges of the spectrum. Hardware systems for operational measurements and data transmission have been worked out (more than 400 sessions have been carried out). A database of photo, video, spectrometric and radiometric information has been created.

About 6200 sessions of astrophysical experiments were performed. Hard X-ray emission from Supernova 1987A detected. X-ray sources (named KS - Kvant Source) were discovered and studied in detail, in particular, in the direction to the center of the Galaxy.

Records.

The Mir station set absolute world records for the duration of continuous human stay in space flight conditions:

– Yuriy Romanenko (326 days 11 hours 38 minutes)

– Vladimir Titov, Musa Manarov (365 days 22 hours 39 minutes)

– Valery Polyakov (437 days 17 hours 58 minutes)

In 1995, Valery Polyakov became the absolute world record holder for the total time spent in space, in 1999 Sergey Avdeev surpassed his achievement:

Valery Polyakov - 678 days 16 hours 33 minutes (for 2 flights);

Sergey Avdeev - 747 days 14 hours 12 minutes (for 3 flights).

Among women, world records for the duration of space flight were set by:

– Elena Kondakova (169 days 05 hours 1 min);

– Shannon Lucid, USA (188 days 04 hours 00 minutes).

Of the foreign citizens, the longest flights under the Mir program were made by:

Jean-Pierre Haignere (France) - 188 days 20 hours 16 minutes

Shannon Lucid (USA) - 188 days 04 hours 00 minutes

Thomas Reiter (ESA, Germany) - 179 days 01 hours 42 minutes

At the Mir station, 78 EVAs (including three EVAs to the depressurized Spektr module) with a total duration of 359 hours and 12 minutes were performed. Participated in exits:

Russian cosmonauts;

US astronaut;

French astronaut;

ESA astronaut (German citizen).

End of work.

By the end of 2000, the station had practically exhausted its resource. In principle, it was possible to maintain its performance for another 2-3 years, but this was abandoned for financial reasons; a program began to de-orbit the station and flood it. For the first time, work was carried out to return to Earth such a massive and aerodynamically complex space object. The engines of the Progress cargo ship oriented the station and slowed it down. Until the last minutes of the flight, the complex moved in orbit in a controlled state.

March 23, 2001 at about 9:00 Moscow time, the Mir station entered the dense layers of the atmosphere, collapsed and sank in a given area of the Pacific Ocean (40 degrees south latitude and 160 degrees west longitude).

From the speech of the flight director of the Mir station V.A.Solovyev at the press conference on March 23, 2001, dedicated to the end of the flight:

“A very interesting path of 15 years has been passed in the national cosmonautics. Over the years, many interesting results have been obtained, and there have been failures that have taught us a lot. But every technique has the right to age. The stage of operation of the Mir station has ended. We are proud and will be proud of this stage. Nothing in the world has flown in manned mode for so long - more than 15 years. And during this time we have learned to do a lot, and do it well. The final stage, to my great pleasure, was very, very successful.

Vladimir Surdin

At one time, we abandoned flights to the moon, but learned how to build space houses. The most famous of which was the Mir station, which worked in space not for three (as planned), but for 15 years.

The orbital space station "Mir" was a manned orbital space station of the third generation. Manned stations of the third generation were distinguished by the presence of a base unit BB with six docking nodes, which made it possible to create an entire space complex in orbit.

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OKS MIR
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Size: 3.62 MB The Mir station had a number of fundamental features that characterize the new generation of manned orbital systems. The main of them should be called the principle of modularity implemented in it. This applies not only to the entire complex as a whole, but also to its individual parts and on-board systems. Mir's lead developer is RSC Energia named after V.I. S.P. Koroleva, developer and manufacturer of the base unit and station modules - GKNPTs im. M.V. Khrunichev. Over the years of operation, in addition to the base unit, five large modules and a special docking compartment with improved androgynous docking units have been introduced into the complex. In 1997, the completion of the orbital complex was completed. The Mir orbital station had an inclination of 51.6. The first crew delivered the Soyuz T-15 spacecraft to the station.
The BB base unit is the first component of the Mir space station. It was assembled in April 1985, since May 12, 1985 it has been subjected to numerous tests on the assembly stand. As a result, the unit has been significantly improved, especially its on-board cable system.

On February 20, 1986, this “foundation” of the station was similar in size and appearance to the orbital stations of the series " Salyut", as it is based on the Salyut-6 and Salyut-7 projects. At the same time, there were many cardinal differences, which included more powerful solar panels and advanced, at that time, computers.

The basis was a sealed working compartment with a central control post and communications facilities. Comfort for the crew was provided by two individual cabins and a common wardroom with a work table, devices for heating water and food. Nearby was a treadmill and a bicycle ergometer. A portable lock chamber was mounted in the wall of the case. On the outer surface of the working compartment there were 2 rotary panels of solar batteries and a fixed third one, mounted by the cosmonauts during the flight. In front of the working compartment there is a sealed transitional compartment capable of serving as a gateway for spacewalks. It had five docking ports to connect with transport ships and science modules. Behind the working compartment is an unpressurized aggregate compartment. It contains a propulsion system with fuel tanks. In the middle of the compartment there is a hermetic transition chamber ending in a docking station, to which the Kvant module was connected during the flight.

The base module had two aft thrusters that were designed specifically for orbital maneuvers. Each engine was capable of pushing 300 kg. However, after the Kvant-1 module arrived at the station, both engines could not fully function, since the aft port was busy. Outside the aggregate compartment, on a rotary rod, there was a highly directional antenna that provides communication through a relay satellite in geostationary orbit.

The main purpose of the Basic Module was to provide conditions for the life of astronauts on board the station. The astronauts could watch films that were delivered to the station, read books - the station had an extensive library

The 2nd module (astrophysical, “Kvant” or “Kvant-1”) was launched into orbit in April 1987. It was docked on April 9, 1987. Structurally, the module was a single pressurized compartment with two hatches, one of which is a working port for receiving transport ships. Around it was located a complex of astrophysical instruments, mainly for the study of X-ray sources inaccessible to observations from the Earth. On the outer surface, the cosmonauts mounted two attachment points for rotary reusable solar panels, as well as a working platform where large-sized trusses were mounted. At the end of one of them was located a remote propulsion system (VDU).

The main parameters of the Quant module are as follows:
Weight, kg 11050
Length, m 5.8
Maximum diameter, m 4.15
Volume under atmospheric pressure, cu. m 40
Solar panel area, sq. m 1
Output power, kW 6

The Kvant-1 module was divided into two sections: a laboratory filled with air, and equipment placed in an unpressurized airless space. The laboratory room, in turn, was divided into a compartment for instruments and a living compartment, which were separated by an internal partition. The laboratory compartment was connected to the premises of the station through an airlock. In the department, not filled with air, voltage stabilizers were located. The astronaut can control observations from a room inside the module filled with air at atmospheric pressure. This 11-ton module contained astrophysical instruments, a life support system, and altitude control equipment. The quantum also allowed for biotechnological experiments in the field of antiviral drugs and fractions.

The complex of scientific equipment of the X-ray observatory was controlled by commands from the Earth, however, the mode of operation of scientific instruments was determined by the peculiarities of the operation of the Mir station. The near-earth orbit of the station was low apogee (height above the earth's surface is about 400 km) and almost circular, with a period of revolution of 92 minutes. The plane of the orbit is inclined to the equator by approximately 52°; therefore, twice during the period the station passed through the radiation belts - high-latitude regions where the Earth's magnetic field retains charged particles with energies sufficient for registration by the sensitive detectors of the observatory's instruments. Due to the high background they created during the passage of the radiation belts, the complex of scientific instruments was always turned off.

Another feature was the rigid connection of the "Kvant" module with the other blocks of the "Mir" complex (astrophysical instruments of the module are directed towards the -Y axis). Therefore, the aiming of scientific instruments at sources of cosmic radiation was carried out by turning the entire station, as a rule, with the help of electromechanical gyrodines (gyroscopes). However, the station itself must be oriented in a certain way with respect to the Sun (usually the position is maintained with the -X axis towards the Sun, sometimes with the +X axis), otherwise the energy production by solar panels will decrease. In addition, station turns at large angles led to an inefficient consumption of the working fluid, especially in recent years, when modules docked to the station gave it significant moments of inertia due to its 10-meter length in a cruciform configuration.

Therefore, over the years, as the station was replenished with new modules, the observation conditions became more complicated, and then at each moment of time only a band of the celestial sphere 20o wide along the plane of the orbit of the station was available for observations - such a limitation was imposed by the orientation of the solar arrays (from this band it is also necessary to exclude the hemisphere occupied by the Earth and the area around the Sun). The plane of the orbit precessed with a period of 2.5 months, and, on the whole, only the regions around the north and south celestial poles remained inaccessible to the instruments of the observatory.

As a result, the duration of one observation session of the Rentgen observatory ranged from 14 to 26 minutes, and one or several sessions were organized per day, and in the second case they followed at intervals of about 90 minutes (on adjacent orbits) with guidance to the same source .

In March 1988, the star sensor of the TTM telescope failed, as a result of which information about the pointing of astrophysical instruments during observations ceased to arrive. However, this breakdown did not significantly affect the operation of the observatory, since the guidance problem was solved without replacing the sensor. Since all four instruments are rigidly interconnected, the efficiency of the GEKSE, PULSAR X-1, and GPSS spectrometers began to be calculated from the location of the source in the field of view of the TTM telescope. Mathematical software for constructing the image and spectra of this device was prepared by young scientists, now Doctors of Physics and Mathematics. Sciences M.R. Gilfanrv and E.M. Churazov. After the launch of the Granat satellite in December 1989, K.N. Borozdin (now - Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences) and his group. The joint work of "Grenade" and "Kvant" made it possible to significantly increase the efficiency of astrophysical research, since the scientific tasks of both missions were determined by the Department of High Energy Astrophysics.

In November 1989, the operation of the Kvant module was temporarily interrupted for a period of changing the configuration of the Mir station, when two additional modules, Kvant-2 and Kristall, were successively docked to it at intervals of six months. Since the end of 1990, regular observations of the Roentgen observatory have been resumed, however, due to the increase in the volume of work at the station and more stringent restrictions on its orientation, the average annual number of sessions after 1990 has significantly decreased and more than 2 sessions in a row were not carried out, whereas in 1988 - In 1989, up to 8-10 sessions were sometimes organized per day.

Since 1995, work began on reworking the project software. Until that time, ground-based processing of the scientific data of the Rentgen observatory was carried out at the IKI RAS on the general institute computer ES-1065. Historically, it consisted of two stages: primary (separation of scientific data from the "raw" telemetry of the module of scientific data on individual instruments and their cleaning) and secondary (processing and analysis of scientific data proper). Primary processing was carried out by R.R.Nazirov's department (in recent years, A.N.Ananenkova performed the main work in this direction), and secondary processing was carried out by groups on individual instruments from the High Energy Astrophysics Department.

However, by 1995 there was a need to switch to more modern, reliable and productive computing equipment - SUN-Sparc workstations. In a relatively short period of time, the project's scientific data archive was copied from magnetic tapes to hard media. The secondary data processing software was written in FORTRAN-77, so porting it to the new operating environment required only minor corrections and also did not take too long. However, some of the programs for primary processing were in the PL language and, for various reasons, were not subject to portability. This led to the fact that by 1998 the primary processing of new sessions became impossible. Finally, in the fall of 1998, a new unit was created that processes the "raw" telemetric information coming from the KVANT module and separates the primary information for various instruments, preliminarily cleansing and sorting the scientific data. Since that time, the entire cycle of data processing from the RENTGEN observatory has been carried out in the Department of High Energy Astrophysics on a modern computer base - IBM-PC and SUN-Sparc workstations. The modernization made it possible to significantly increase the efficiency of processing incoming scientific data.

Kvant-2 module

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Kvant-2 module
Dimensions: 2691x1800
Type: GIF Drawing
Size: 106 KB The 3rd module (retrofitting, Kvant-2) was launched into orbit by the Proton launch vehicle on November 26, 1989 13:01:41 (UTC) from the Baikonur cosmodrome, from the launch complex No. 200L. This block is also called the retrofitting module; it contains a significant amount of equipment necessary for the life support systems of the station and creating additional comfort for its inhabitants. The airlock compartment is used as a storage for space suits and as a hangar for an autonomous means of moving an astronaut.

The spacecraft was launched into orbit with the following parameters:

circulation period - 89.3 minutes;
the minimum distance from the Earth's surface (at perigee) is 221 km;
the maximum distance from the Earth's surface (at apogee) is 339 km.

On December 6, it was docked to the axial docking unit of the transition compartment of the base unit, then, using the manipulator, the module was transferred to the side docking unit of the transition compartment.

It was intended to equip the Mir station with life support systems for cosmonauts and increase the power supply of the orbital complex. The module was equipped with motion control systems using power gyroscopes, power supply systems, new plants for oxygen production and water regeneration, household appliances, retrofitting the station with scientific equipment, equipment and providing crew spacewalks, as well as for conducting various scientific research and experiments. The module consisted of three hermetic compartments: instrument-cargo, instrument-scientific and airlock special with an outward-opening exit hatch with a diameter of 1000 mm.

The module had one active docking unit installed along its longitudinal axis on the instrument-cargo compartment. The Kvant-2 module and all subsequent modules docked to the axial docking assembly of the transfer compartment of the base unit (X-axis), then, using the manipulator, the module was transferred to the side docking assembly of the transition compartment. The standard position of the Kvant-2 module as part of the Mir station is the Y axis.

:
Registration number 1989-093A / 20335
Date and time of launch (UTC) 13h01m41s. 11/26/1989
Launch vehicle Proton-K Mass of the ship (kg) 19050
The module is also designed for biological research.

Module “Crystal”

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Crystal module
Dimensions: 2741x883
Type: GIF Drawing
Size: 88.8 KB The 4th module (docking and technological, Kristall) was launched on May 31, 1990 at 10:33:20 (UTC) from the Baikonur cosmodrome, launch complex No. 200L, by the Proton 8K82K launch vehicle with the accelerating block "DM2". The module housed mainly scientific and technological equipment for studying the processes of obtaining new materials under weightlessness (microgravity). In addition, two nodes of androgynous-peripheral type are installed, one of which is connected to the docking compartment, and the other is free. On the outer surface there are two rotary reusable solar batteries (both will be transferred to the Kvant module).

Spacecraft type "CM-T 77KST", ser. No. 17201 was launched into orbit with the following parameters:
orbital inclination - 51.6 degrees;
circulation period - 92.4 minutes;
the minimum distance from the Earth's surface (at perigee) is 388 km;
maximum distance from the Earth's surface (at apogee) - 397 km

On June 10, 1990, on the second attempt, Kristall was docked with Mir (the first attempt failed due to the failure of one of the module's orientation engines). Docking, as before, was carried out to the axial node of the transition compartment, after which the module was transferred to one of the side nodes using its own manipulator.

In the course of work under the Mir-Shuttle program, this module, which has a peripheral docking unit of the APAS type, was again moved to the axle unit with the help of a manipulator, and solar panels were removed from its body.

The Soviet space shuttles of the Buran family were supposed to dock to Kristall, but work on them had already been practically curtailed by that time.

The "Kristall" module was intended for testing new technologies, obtaining structural materials, semiconductors and biological products with improved properties under weightless conditions. The androgynous docking port on the Kristall module was intended for docking with Buran and Shuttle-type reusable spacecraft equipped with androgynous-peripheral docking units. In June 1995, it was used for docking with the USS Atlantis. The docking and technological module "Crystal" was a single hermetic compartment of a large volume with equipment. On its outer surface there were remote control units, fuel tanks, battery panels with autonomous orientation to the sun, as well as various antennas and sensors. The module was also used as a supply cargo ship to deliver fuel, consumables and equipment into orbit.

The module consisted of two pressurized compartments: instrument-cargo and transition-docking. The module had three docking units: an axial active one - on the instrument-cargo compartment and two androgynous-peripheral types - on the transition-docking compartment (axial and lateral). Until May 27, 1995, the Kristall module was located on the side docking assembly intended for the Spektr module (Y axis). Then it was transferred to the axial docking unit (-X axis) and on 05/30/1995 moved to its regular place (-Z axis). On 06/10/1995, it was again transferred to the axial unit (X-axis) to ensure docking with the American spacecraft Atlantis STS-71, on 07/17/1995 it was returned to its regular place (-Z axis).

Brief characteristics of the module
Registration number 1990-048A / 20635
Start date and time (UTC) 10h33m20s. 05/31/1990
Launch site Baikonur, platform 200L
Launch vehicle Proton-K
Ship mass (kg) 18720

Spectrum module

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Spectrum module
Dimensions: 1384x888
Type: GIF Drawing
Size: 63.0 KB The 5th module (geophysical, Spektr) was launched on May 20, 1995. The module equipment made it possible to carry out environmental monitoring of the atmosphere, ocean, earth's surface, medical and biological research, etc. To bring the experimental samples to the outer surface, it was planned to install the Pelican copying manipulator, which works in conjunction with the lock chamber. On the surface of the module, 4 rotary solar panels were installed.

"SPEKTR", the research module, was a single sealed compartment of a large volume with equipment. On its outer surface there were remote control units, fuel tanks, four battery panels with autonomous orientation to the sun, antennas and sensors.

The production of the module, which began in 1987, was practically completed (without the installation of equipment intended for programs of the Ministry of Defense) by the end of 1991. However, since March 1992, due to the beginning of the crisis in the economy, the module was "mothballed".

To complete work on Spectrum in mid-1993, the M.V. Khrunichev and RSC Energia named after S.P. The Queen came up with a proposal to re-equip the module and turned to their foreign partners for this. As a result of negotiations with NASA, a decision was quickly made to install American medical equipment used in the Mir-Shuttle program on the module, as well as to equip it with a second pair of solar panels. At the same time, according to the terms of the contract, the refinement, preparation and launch of the Spektr should have been completed before the first docking of the Mir and the Shuttle in the summer of 1995.

Tight deadlines required hard work from specialists of the Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center to correct design documentation, manufacture batteries and spacers for their placement, conduct the necessary strength tests, install US equipment and repeat complex checks of the module. At the same time, specialists from RSC Energia were preparing a new workplace at Baikonur in the MIK of the Buran orbital spacecraft at pad 254.

On May 26, on the first attempt, it was docked with the Mir, and then, similarly to its predecessors, it was transferred from the axial to the side node, freed for it by the Kristall.

The Spektr module was designed to conduct research on the Earth's natural resources, the upper layers of the Earth's atmosphere, the orbital complex's own outer atmosphere, geophysical processes of natural and artificial origin in near-Earth outer space and in the upper layers of the Earth's atmosphere, to conduct biomedical research on joint Russian- American programs "Mir-Shuttle" and "Mir-NASA", to equip the station with additional sources of electricity.

In addition to the tasks listed above, the Spektr module was used as a cargo supply ship and delivered fuel supplies, consumables and additional equipment to the Mir orbital complex. The module consisted of two compartments: pressurized instrument-cargo and non-pressurized, on which two main and two additional solar arrays and scientific instruments were installed. The module had one active docking unit located along its longitudinal axis in the instrument-cargo compartment. The standard position of the "Spektr" module as part of the "Mir" station is the -Y axis. On June 25, 1997, as a result of a collision with the Progress M-34 cargo ship, the Spektr module was depressurized and practically "turned off" from the operation of the complex. The Progress unmanned spacecraft veered off course and crashed into the Spektr module. The station lost its tightness, the Spektra solar batteries were partially destroyed. The team managed to pressurize the Spektr by closing the hatch leading into it before the pressure on the station dropped to critically low. The internal volume of the module was isolated from the living compartment.

Brief characteristics of the module
Registration number 1995-024A / 23579
Start date and time (UTC) 03h.33m.22s. 05/20/1995
Launch vehicle Proton-K
Ship mass (kg) 17840

Module “Nature”

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Module Nature
Dimensions: 1054x986
Type: GIF Drawing
Size: 50.4 KB The 7th module (scientific, "Priroda") was launched into orbit on April 23, 1996 and docked on April 26, 1996. This block concentrates instruments for high-precision observation of the earth's surface in various spectral ranges. The module also included about a ton of American equipment for studying human behavior in long-term space flight.

The launch of the "Nature" module completed the assembly of OK "Mir".

The "Nature" module was intended for carrying out scientific research and experiments to study the natural resources of the Earth, the upper layers of the earth's atmosphere, cosmic radiation, geophysical processes of natural and artificial origin in near-Earth outer space and the upper layers of the earth's atmosphere.

The module consisted of one sealed instrument-cargo compartment. The module had one active docking unit located along its longitudinal axis. The standard position of the "Priroda" module as part of the "Mir" station is the Z axis.

Equipment for Earth exploration from space and experiments in the field of materials science was installed on board the Priroda module. Its main difference from other "cubes" from which the "Mir" was built is that "Priroda" was not equipped with its own solar panels. The research module "Nature" was a single hermetic compartment of a large volume with equipment. On its outer surface were located remote control units, fuel tanks, antennas and sensors. It did not have solar panels and used 168 lithium current sources installed inside.

In the course of its creation, the "Nature" module has also undergone significant changes, especially in equipment. Instruments from a number of foreign countries were installed on it, which, under the terms of a number of concluded contracts, rather severely limited the time for its preparation and launch.

At the beginning of 1996, the "Priroda" module arrived at site 254 of the Baikonur Cosmodrome. His intensive four-month pre-launch preparation was not easy. Particularly difficult was the work to find and eliminate the leakage of one of the lithium batteries of the module, which is capable of releasing very harmful gases (sulphurous anhydride and hydrogen chloride). There were also a number of other comments. All of them were eliminated and on April 23, 1996, with the help of Proton-K, the module was successfully launched into orbit.

Before docking with the Mir complex, a failure occurred in the module's power supply system, depriving it of half of its electricity supply. The impossibility of recharging the onboard batteries due to the lack of solar panels significantly complicated the docking, giving only one chance to complete it. Nevertheless, on April 26, 1996, on the first attempt, the module was successfully docked with the complex and, after re-docking, took the last free side node on the transition compartment of the base unit.

After the docking of the Priroda module, the Mir orbital complex acquired its full configuration. Its formation, of course, moved more slowly than desired (the launches of the base block and the fifth module are separated by almost 10 years). But all this time, intensive work was going on on board in a manned mode, and the Mir itself was systematically "re-equipped" with more "small" elements - trusses, additional batteries, remote controls and various scientific instruments, the delivery of which was successfully provided by cargo ships of the "Progress" type. .

Brief characteristics of the module
Registration number 1996-023A / 23848
Start date and time (UTC) 11h.48m.50s. 04/23/1996
Launch site Baikonur, site 81L
Launch vehicle Proton-K
Ship mass (kg) 18630

docking module

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Docking Module
Dimensions: 1234x1063
Type: GIF Drawing
Size: 47.6 KB The 6th module (docking) was docked on November 15, 1995. This relatively small module was created specifically for the docking of the Atlantis spacecraft and was delivered to Mir by the American Space Shuttle.

Docking compartment (SO) (316GK) - was intended to ensure the docking of the MTKS of the Shuttle series with the Mir OK. The CO was a cylindrical structure with a diameter of about 2.9 m and a length of about 5 m and was equipped with systems that made it possible to ensure the work of the crew and monitor its condition, in particular: systems for providing temperature control, television, telemetry, automation, lighting. The space inside the SO allowed the crew to work and place the equipment during the delivery of the SO to the Mir OC. Additional solar arrays were fixed on the surface of the SO, which, after docking it with the Mir spacecraft, were transferred by the crew to the Kvant module, the means of capturing the SO by the MTKS manipulator of the Shuttle series, and the docking means. The CO was delivered to the Atlantis MTCS (STS-74) orbit and, using its own manipulator and the axial androgynous peripheral docking unit (APAS-2), was docked to the docking unit on the Atlantis MTCS lock chamber, and then, the latter, together with The CO was docked to the docking unit of the Kristall module (axis “-Z”) using an androgynous peripheral docking unit (APAS-1). SO 316GK, as it were, lengthened the Kristall module, which made it possible to dock the American MTKS series with the Mir spacecraft without re-docking the Kristall module to the axial docking unit of the base unit (axis "-X"). the power supply of all SO systems was provided from OK "Mir" through the connectors in the APAS-1 node.

On March 23, the station was deorbited. At 05:23 Moscow time, Mir's engines were ordered to slow down. At around 6 am GMT, Mir entered the atmosphere several thousand kilometers east of Australia. Most of the 140-ton structure burned up on re-entry. Only fragments of the station reached the ground. Some were comparable in size to a subcompact car. The wreckage of Mir fell into the Pacific Ocean between New Zealand and Chile. About 1,500 pieces of debris splashed down in an area of several thousand square kilometers - in a kind of cemetery of Russian spacecraft. Since 1978, 85 orbital structures have ended their existence in this region, including several space stations.

Witnesses of the fall of red-hot debris into the ocean waters were the passengers of two aircraft. Tickets for these unique flights cost up to 10 thousand dollars. Among the spectators were several Russian and American cosmonauts who had previously been on Mir

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