Profuse bleeding from the nose. Often there is blood from the nose: causes, treatment, prevention

Nosebleeds in adults are common. The reasons for this are varied, so attention to the disease should be comprehensive. To do this, a person must study all possible circumstances that may affect nosebleeds. Additionally, information about treatment and prevention will help to solve the problem professionally and prevent its recurrence. An important point, in cases where blood from the nose in an adult appears often, then a diagnostic examination by a specialist is required, since this will reveal the real causes of the disease.

Nosebleed: what is it?

A disease called epistaxis is the medical name for nosebleeds. In 60% of cases, the disease occurs unexpectedly for the patient, which causes fear and confusion. Knowing the main causes of the problem, the stages of treatment and methods of prevention, you can not only stop the development, but also prevent the possibility of relapse. It is important for a person who is faced with the appearance of nosebleeds not to worry, but to act according to existing rules in order to quickly stop it.

Symptoms and signs

Blood loss originating from the nose has certain symptoms and signs that will allow a person to recognize the disease in advance.

The main ones are divided into 3 large groups:

• The main signs of bleeding;
• Acute blood loss;
• Symptoms of the underlying disease, leading to the appearance of blood from the nose.

An important feature of the course of the disease, which is noted by experts: in some patients, nosebleeds begin quite unexpectedly, while others experience the following symptoms:

• dizziness;
• Noise distinctly audible in the ears;
• Headaches (sometimes migraine);
• Itching. Sometimes very intense in the nose (or tickling).

The main visual sign is the release of blood or clots with it from the nasal cavity. If it got into the nasopharyngeal cavity, then the pharyngoscopy procedure will help to recognize the problem. In 75% of cases, a person observes the appearance of drops (less often blood streams) that stand out from the nose.

Separation of symptoms and signs according to the degree of blood loss

With weak blood loss, symptoms are not felt in 95% of cases. In this case, problems are noted after - in the form of dizziness from the sight of blood, a slight ringing in the ears or weakness. Pallor of the skin and palpitations are recorded in a quarter of patients, but this is due to the general susceptibility of the psyche.

Blood loss of moderate severity is accompanied by symptoms of pronounced severity, these include:

• Dizziness;
• Falling blood pressure;
• The appearance of tachycardia;
• acrocyanosis;
• Shortness of breath.

In the case when severe blood loss is recorded, the following manifestations of the disease and the reaction of the body are noted:

• lethargy;
• Loss of consciousness (in rare cases);
• Weak (called thready) pulse;
• Tachycardia in a pronounced form;
• A sharp decrease in blood pressure.

In case of moderate to severe nosebleed, a doctor should be called immediately. Independent attempts to stop it can lead to a worsening of the situation.

What are bleeding?

The disease varies in form and severity. In general, the total volume of blood that a person loses varies from 1-2 ml to 0.5 liters - it depends on the severity of the manifestation and the timely provision of first (first aid) aid.

There are the following types of epistaxis:

• Minor(1-5 ml, but not more than 10 ml) - such bleeding does not pose a danger to human health, there will also be no negative consequences and complications;
• Moderate(from 10 to 199 ml) - manifestation - weakness, slight feeling of dizziness, light or dark spots - "flies" before the eyes. Sometimes there are blanching of the natural shade of the skin and mucous membranes;
• Mass(approaching 300) - blood can flow out of the nose not immediately, but gradually. This species is accompanied by pronounced symptoms: weakness, distinct tinnitus, dizziness, headache, intense thirst and shortness of breath;
• profuse(blood loss exceeds 450 and approaches 500 ml). The manifestations are bright - there is a loss of consciousness, weakness, dizziness of varying degrees of manifestation, headaches that may resemble a migraine, a sharp or gradual, but constant decrease in blood pressure.

Important! Blood loss of 200 ml or more can lead to hemorrhagic shock, which is expressed in a sharp (sometimes leading to fainting) drop in blood pressure. There is also lethargy, insufficient blood circulation in the internal organs.

Also, the division is made a little differently - local and general bleeding from the nasal cavity is isolated. Local is the process of bleeding caused by local damage to the nose. General - bleeding that began for other reasons.

There are other forms and types of the disease.

According to the localization of the process, the following varieties are distinguished:

• Anterior - arises and begins in the anterior sections of the nasal septum. The frequency of manifestations is 90% of all cases. The reason is vascular damage. Stopping is easy even at home;
• Posterior epistaxis - starts from the back of the nose, develops there, the incidence of cases is 48%. This type often requires qualified medical assistance, it is difficult to stop on your own. Feature - blood can get into the throat;
• Unilateral - blood is discharged from one nostril. The intensity of the process is different, depending on the reasons;
• Bilateral - bleeding is fixed immediately in each of the nostrils.

The division is also made according to the frequency of occurrence.

Fix:

• Sporadic - occurs rarely, most often 1-2 times over a long period of time;
• Recurring (relapses). It is noted by regularity, short periods between the occurrence of bleeding.

If blood appears frequently, an immediate visit to a medical institution for diagnostics and a comprehensive examination is necessary.

There is a classification that takes into account the mechanism of the problem.

She happens:

• spontaneous;
• traumatic;
• operating;
• postoperative (during surgical interventions, for example, during plastic changes in the shape of the nose or its septum).

The disease also appears due to damage to blood vessels.

In this case, allocate:

• arterial;
• venous;
• capillary bleeding.

All forms and types of the disease are taken into account by the doctor during the examination. This is necessary to ensure the highest quality and fastest therapy.

Causes

They may be local or general.

The first ones include:

• injuries (nose, face in general, head);
• surgical interventions and specialized procedures;
• infectious diseases;
• allergic reactions;
• formed polyps in the nose;
• features of the microclimate in the room (for example, low humidity, high temperature).

Also, blood can appear as a result of inhalation of caustic substances or steam.

The general ones include:

• high blood pressure;
• violation of blood clotting processes;
• various blood diseases;
• vascular weakness;
• systemic infections.

In order to identify the true causes of the disease, you should, without delay, consult a doctor.

Clinical picture

The clinical picture is one of the main ones in the preparation of a treatment program. Therapy and necessary procedures are prescribed based on visual observation of what is happening and the patient's condition. So anterior nosebleed is expressed in the release of a certain volume of blood from one (damaged) or from each nostril (most often a consequence of injuries or concomitant ailments). Intensity - drop by drop (1-5) or a jet of intensity. Volumes depend on the reasons.

In turn, the picture of the posterior flow of blood from the nose looks different. Starting in the back of the nose, blood can enter the throat. The intensity is varied and depends on many factors. It is important to remember that there may not be symptoms and visible causes - everything will be clear only after a specialized diagnosis in a medical office.

In this case, additionally appear:

• nausea and vomiting (cause - blood in the throat);
• hemoptysis;
• Coloration of digestive enzymes (stool turns black).

In turn, the clinical picture also depends on the volume of leaked blood. If the loss is up to 10 ml, then the person tolerates it normally - the general condition and well-being can remain stable. Exceptions are hysteria and fainting, which occur in people with a sensitive psyche.

If the process of blood loss continues for a long time or the volumes exceed 10 ml, then the following are added to the clinical picture:

• General weakness;
• The appearance of ringing and noise in the ears (lowering pressure);
• feeling of thirst;
• "Flies";
• The skin turns pale.

In addition, there is a slight shortness of breath and a rapid heartbeat.

Excessive bleeding (loss of more than 20% of the total volume) causes hemorrhagic shock, which manifests itself with characteristic signs that are taken into account when making a diagnosis and prescribing therapy.

Danger of nosebleeds

The main danger of the disease is the development of complications and negative consequences for the body associated with the simultaneous loss of a large volume of blood. Therefore, it is important to determine the type and type of ailment as soon as possible. With minor bleeding, there will be no health consequences in 95% of cases.

Massive (abundant) outflow of blood leads to violations of some functions of the systems and their parts - individual internal organs. It must be remembered that the appearance of blood from the nose, especially for no apparent reason, is a signal that an examination is necessary, there are violations that only a specialist can recognize.

Diagnostic methods

Seeing a doctor is the first step towards determining the causes of the disease.

Diagnostics includes several methods:

• Analysis of patient complaints;
• Visual observation (evaluation of the problem according to the clinical picture);
• General inspection;
• Examination with the help of computer technologies.

The analysis of the disease includes the identification of intensity, the presence of vomiting and hemoptysis. At this stage of diagnosis, the doctor will know the approximate time of onset and duration of bleeding. The patient must tell what causes led to the disease - whether there were injuries. Visual observation allows you to compare the story of a person and the clinical picture of the disease. Diagnostic measures take into account the presence of diseases of various systems and organs, as they can cause bleeding.

A general examination allows you to pay attention to small signs that will tell the doctor about the person's condition. At this stage, the types and forms of the disease are identified, allowing to adjust the therapy. Rhinoscopy is performed - examination of the nasal cavity and pharyngoscopy - examination of the oropharynx. They can be visual and with the use of tools or appliances.

In addition, a general (for health assessment) blood test is prescribed. Its main task is to determine the number of constituent elements of the blood - erythrocytes, as well as the level of hemoglobin and platelets. The level of trace elements in the blood, primarily iron, is also assessed. If necessary, a coagulogram procedure is performed - a study of blood clotting.

Traditional treatment

Based on the results of the diagnosis, treatment is prescribed.

It should solve several problems:

• Stop the negative process;
• Avoid repetition;
• Replenish the body of blood loss.

If the blood does not flow out of the nose much, then it is necessary to apply mechanical pressure to the nose - squeeze it with your fingers. Then a clean cloth soaked in cold water is applied. You can use ice for this purpose. Also, a cotton or cloth swab is placed in the nasal passages (nostrils) or one of them, which should be moistened in any vasoconstrictor ( hydrogen peroxide 3%). You can't tilt your head back! This can cause blood to enter the throat.

Bleeding can be stopped:

• Influencing the method of cauterization with special means;
• Applying extreme conditions - ice or strong heat (it is better to entrust to a specialist);
• Nasal tamponade (use of natural biological tissues).

Drugs that improve the processes responsible for normal blood clotting are also used. In case of profuse blood loss, surgical intervention is performed, for example, arterial ligation or vessel embolization is performed.

Additionally, funds are prescribed to reduce pressure (according to indications), droppers and fluid replenishment. In severe cases, treatment includes transfusion of donated blood or blood components such as plasma. All medications used in treatment must be prescribed by a doctor.

Treatment with traditional medicine

Treatment with traditional medicine recipes is the use of compresses and lotions made on the basis of herbs:

• Nettle (dioecious);
• yarrow;
• Shepherd bags.

They promote blood clotting, prevent inflammation and increase hemoglobin levels.

Prevention

Prevention of the disease is associated with the main causes of its occurrence. It is necessary to humidify the air in the room, use saline solutions to rinse the nose. Avoid injury to the face, head and nose, get rid of dust and other irritants in a timely manner.

Allergy treatment and timely prevention (prevention of the possibility of occurrence) of colds and infectious diseases help prevent the occurrence of nosebleeds. Good rest and control of pressure indicators can also prevent negative manifestations.

Blood from the nose in an adult is not a rare phenomenon, but it requires attention. Timely diagnosis and proper treatment will help to forget about this problem forever.

Frequent nosebleeds are a fairly common problem. For one reason or another, it occurs in about one in five adults. Many people are scared at first, and then just stop paying attention to it. And completely in vain, especially if the nose bleeds almost every day. This can be a symptom of serious diseases that, if left untreated, will lead to many problems.

Danger of nosebleeds

Bleeding from the nose seems harmless only at first glance. If large vessels in the nose are damaged, blood loss can be so great that hemorrhagic shock occurs. The first signs of severe blood loss are: weakness, pallor, dizziness, nausea, noise or ringing in the ears. Later, the person loses consciousness. Fortunately, this rarely happens.

But frequent nosebleeds carry other risks:

1. Infection penetration. Damaged blood vessels, even small ones, are open gates for pathogenic microorganisms, which thus enter the bloodstream and are instantly spread throughout the body.
2. inflammatory processes. After bleeding, dense crusts form on the surface of the mucous membranes. Their constant presence provokes irritation and inflammation of delicate tissues. If no measures are taken, then over time, the mucous membranes atrophy and cease to perform their functions normally.
3. Lost time. Frequent bleeding can be a sign of various diseases, and not always associated with the respiratory system. The sooner the disease is detected, the more likely it is to prevent its further development or transition to a chronic state.

Therefore, it is impossible to disregard the fact that nosebleeds often come from the nose. But there is no need to panic ahead of time. The causes of this phenomenon are very diverse and most of them are easily eliminated.

External causes

Periodically and not systemically, blood flows from the nose, usually due to the adverse effects of various external factors. The main reason in this case is the proximity to the surface of the mucous membranes or the fragility of the capillaries. Then even a little irritation or pressure is enough to cause blood in the nose.

Most of the capillaries are located on the inside of the wings of the nose and the internal nasal septum. This area is called the Kisselbach zone, and when it is damaged, mild bleeding occurs, which quickly stops, even if no measures are taken.

Irritation of the mucosa and rupture of capillaries can provoke:

May cause frequent nosebleeds and abuse of household chemicals. They not only enter the respiratory tract during cleaning, irritating them, but also remain in the air for a while. With their constant use, the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract are constantly exposed to a real chemical attack.

Internal causes

The internal reasons why adults often bleed heavily from the nose are constant stress, overwork and various chronic diseases. Actually, stress also provokes various diseases, and systematic overwork and lack of sleep leads to vegetative-vascular dystonia - a psychosomatic disorder, which is characterized by significant jumps in blood pressure.

Other diseases that can often be symptomatic of a bloody stream coming from the nose are:

It will not work to get rid of nosebleeds that have internal causes without establishing an accurate diagnosis. They will be repeated until the underlying disease is at least in the stage of stable remission. Otherwise, any other measures will be only temporary.

Therefore, if the nose bleeds at least several times a month, this is already a serious reason to see a doctor and undergo an elementary diagnostic examination.

Blood tests, urine tests, a cardiogram and an x-ray are already quite enough to assess the general condition of a person and tell if he has chronic diseases. And the rest should be decided by the doctor according to the situation.

How to stop bleeding quickly

With the appearance of nosebleeds, first of all, it is necessary to stop the bleeding, and only then find out its causes. The right actions allow you to do this in just a few minutes. And the wrong ones can lead to the fact that the blood will run for a long time, and an infection will get into the nose.

Therefore, remember what you should never do:

It is correct to take a sitting position and tilt your head forward. Slightly pinch the nostrils with your fingers and hold for 5-7 minutes, breathing calmly at this time through the nose. If blood continues to drip, gently blot it with a clean paper or cloth tissue. You can put ice on the bridge of your nose (for a few minutes, no longer) or a plastic bottle of chilled water.

When, after correctly performed actions, the blood continues to flow in a jet, it means that it is not the capillaries that are damaged, but the vessels. It is necessary to introduce sterile cotton or gauze swabs soaked in sea buckthorn oil or hydrogen peroxide into the nasal passages.

In the event that the bleeding cannot be stopped on its own in a maximum of 20-30 minutes, it is necessary to find out what is the matter with the help of a doctor, since the cause can be very serious.

Prevention measures

Preventive measures to prevent frequent nosebleeds are simple. Perhaps that is why so many people neglect them. And it’s completely in vain, since along the way they restore health and strengthen immunity:

It will save the nasal mucosa from damage and the correct use of drugs. Without knowing exactly the mechanism of action of drugs and prescribing treatment on your own, you can “kill” immunity, provoke allergies, and unbalance the hormonal background.

Therefore, do not treat even recurring nosebleeds yourself - a consultation with a doctor will insure you against mistakes and save you from possible complications.

Nosebleeds are usually frightening and take you by surprise. Even a few scarlet drops that have fallen cause anxiety, and if blood is gushing from the nose in a jet, then it will not be long to get confused. Knowing why the nose bleeds and how to act to stop it will help not to panic and competently help the victim.

Causes of nosebleeds

Epistaxis (nosebleed) is a common and familiar phenomenon to everyone. It has many reasons - from fairly harmless to serious ones, but the common thing for them is the effect on the blood vessels: they become fragile, burst, and because of this, blood runs from the nose.

Nosebleeds in adults

All causes of epistaxis in adults are divided into:

1. Local - appear locally and affect only the nose
2. Systemic - appear with internal exposure, affect the body completely.

local causes

Local factors for the appearance of bleeding from the nose:

1. Injury - hits, falls
2. Ingress of foreign bodies
3. Sharp blowing of the nose, damage to the mucous membrane with nails
4. Dry air in the room
5. Inflammatory diseases. With rhinitis, sinusitis, sinusitis, crusts form in the nose that injure the mucous membrane, and there is not excessive bleeding.
6. Allergy - blood vessels burst from blood flow
7. Use of steroid and hormonal nasal sprays
8. Nasal cartilage deformities
9. Atrophied mucosa
10. The appearance of tumors
11. Inhalation of narcotic powders (cocaine is especially dangerous)
12. Operations - plastic and after injuries.

Systemic

Epistaxis occurs with such systemic causes:

1. Disorders in the work of the heart and blood vessels
2. Increasing pressure
3. Vegetovascular dystonia
4. Diseases of the blood with a violation of its coagulability
5. Taking blood thinners
6. Decreased elasticity of connective tissue and blood vessels due to lack of vitamins C, PP and K
7. Alcohol abuse
8. Overheating in the sun, fever
9. Barotrauma - sudden changes in pressure at height or depth
10. Hormonal imbalances - during periods of adolescence, pregnancy, menopause
11. Overwork, lack of sleep, stress
12. Hereditary fragility of blood vessels.

In many cases, nosebleeds appear on the background of headache, tinnitus, dizziness.

Nosebleed in the morning

Epistaxis in the morning, not in the afternoon , more commonly seen in men. Causes - curvature of the septum with injuries or atrophy of blood vessels due to overwork, smoking, harmful working conditions.

More serious problems are possible - nasal polyps, systemic blood diseases, therefore, with constant bleeding in the morning, especially with pain , expert advice is desirable.

Nosebleeds during pregnancy

During pregnancy, under the influence of hormones, the total volume of blood in the body increases and the load on the heart and blood vessels increases.

In a woman in an "interesting position", the nasal mucosa becomes thinner and becomes fragile, an increase in pressure is possible - as a result, blood flows from the nose. This must be reported to the observing doctor - control is necessary, high blood pressure is dangerous for the fetus.

After giving birth, everything usually returns to normal.

Nosebleeds in children

Why does the nose bleed in children:

1. Age-related immaturity of blood vessels and mucosa
2. Dryness and crusting in the nose due to suffocating air
3. Injury - blows, picking off crusts with a fingernail
4. Ingress of foreign bodies - a child can put a small toy, button, bead, pea into the nostril
5. The use of vasoconstrictor sprays and drops
6. Tension when sneezing or coughing
7. Polyps and tumors in the nose
8. Anomalies of the nasal septum
9. Avitaminosis
10. Anemia
11. Increasing pressure
12. Diseases caused by viruses and bacteria
13. Pathologies that violate blood clotting and vascular permeability
14. Hormonal surges during puberty.

Is nosebleed dangerous?

Usually, epistaxis is a frighteningly spectacular, but relatively safe phenomenon for health. It develops when blood vessels are damaged spontaneously or during trauma.

Nosebleeds happen:

• Anterior - with localization in the anterior-lower part of the nasal septum, occurs in 90-95% of cases. Blood drips or flows in a weak trickle, stops quickly
• Posterior - arising in the middle and posterior sections of the nasal cavity. It is observed much less frequently, but requires mandatory medical attention: blood flows in a stream, it is difficult to stop it, vomiting of blood is possible when it is swallowed.

The danger is profuse or prolonged bleeding. There is dizziness, weakness, pallor, flies flickering, cold sweat appears, the pulse weakens and quickens, the patient may lose consciousness. When such symptoms appear, you should not hesitate - you need urgent medical help. If blood flows from the nose every day, a headache appears, a medical consultation is also necessary.

How to stop a nosebleed

If bleeding occurs spontaneously, in one half of the nose, the blood flows out weakly, there is no pain, then it usually stops quickly and is not dangerous to health. Severe or prolonged bleeding requires medical attention.

Independent actions

In most cases, you can deal with the problem yourself. What to do if there is a nosebleed:

1. Provide the patient with rest in a semi-sitting position
2. You should spread your legs and lean forward slightly so that the blood flows freely
3. Ensure free access of air - unfasten the belt, tight collar, bra
4. Cold should be applied to the bridge of the nose - a wet napkin, ice
5. Blood that has entered the nasopharynx should be spit out
6. If the blood runs weakly, you can slightly press the wings of the nose and hold for 5-7 minutes until the blood stops - when squeezed, the blood flow will slow down, a clot will form and clog the damaged vessel
7. If the bleeding is severe, soak cotton swabs with hydrogen peroxide or vasoconstrictor drops and insert into the nasal passages
8. When bleeding due to dry crusts in the nose, they need to be softened by lubricating the nostrils with petroleum jelly or sunflower oil
9. If the blood has gone due to overheating, the victim must be transferred to the shade and apply a cold compress to the nose. Heat stroke will require hospitalization
10. If the patient loses consciousness, it is necessary to put him on his back with his head turned to the side and call the doctors.

What NOT to do:

1. Throwing your head back - this leads to blood flowing into the throat and vomiting
2. Bend over hard - this will increase bleeding
3. Blowing your nose - this prevents the clogging of the injured vessel by the formed blood clot
4. Lie horizontally - turn your head to the side.

If the child's nose bleeds, there is pain, there is no need to panic, scaring the baby. You need to act in the same way as when helping adults, but call the doctors after 10 minutes if the blood has not stopped, and after 5 minutes - with severe bleeding.

Folk remedies for nosebleeds

Stop bleeding from the nose is possible with the help of herbal recipes:

1. Wet cotton swabs with nettle juice and insert them into the nasal passages
2. Grind fresh yarrow, soak tampons with juice and insert into nostrils
3. Boil the bark of viburnum (10 g per glass of water), insist, moisten the swabs and insert them into the nose.

When medical help is needed

It is urgent to call an ambulance if it is impossible to stop the bleeding from the nose on your own, it lasts more than 15-20 minutes in adults or becomes stronger, pallor, chills, severe pain, numbness of the extremities or loss of consciousness appear.

Medical help is also needed if:

1. There was pain, swelling, deformed bone, there is a suspicion of a nasal fracture
2. Bleeding is accompanied by headache, blurred vision, dizziness.
3. Bleeding after taking blood thinners or hormonal drugs
4. Perhaps the presence of a foreign body in the nose of a child.

Until the arrival of doctors, the patient must be provided with peace.

Prevention of nosebleeds

If adults or children often bleed from the nose, while bruising occurs on the body, the gums bleed or the head hurts, it is imperative to establish the exact cause of the pathology.

First of all, you should contact the LOR. To establish the causes of the problem, the specialist will examine the nasal cavity - there may be foreign bodies, polyps, neoplasms, prescribe a blood test to determine its coagulability and platelet count.

It is also advisable to seek advice from an endocrinologist, immunologist, hematologist, oncologist. Specialists will conduct diagnostic studies and prescribe the necessary course of treatment.

To prevent bleeding in adults and children from 3 years of age, askorutin (a complex preparation with vitamins C and P) is used in prophylactic doses indicated in the instructions.

You can strengthen the delicate surface of the mucosa with a massage. Every day morning and evening:

1. Tap the knuckles of the thumbs in the center of the bridge of the nose
2. Use the pads of your index fingers to stroke the nasal mucosa at its base with rotational movements.
3. Tap the wings of the nose - at first lightly, then gradually increase the pressure
4. At the end of the procedure, lubricate the nasal mucosa with petroleum jelly.

Breathing exercises have an excellent strengthening effect. You should inhale and exhale strongly several times, then repeat the exercise, alternately pinching the nostrils. After that, perform alternate inhalation with pinched nostrils, holding the air while inhaling for 5 seconds.

It is very useful to rinse the nose with solutions of sea salt, soda, iodine, herbal infusions, especially chamomile.

You should also always:

• Eating well and resting
• Maintain comfortable humidity in living quarters, especially in a children's room - 60-70%
• Make sure that babies do not put their fingers and small objects up their noses.
• For babies, wear anti-scratch mittens.

The causes of most episodes of epistaxis can be easily identified and eliminated, but they can also be a symptom of serious ailments or the result of neglect of one's health. Situations are dangerous when blood spurts from the nose, this is accompanied by pain and general weakness - urgent medical attention is required here. If the bleeding is constantly repeated, you can not do without a visit to the doctor. Pay close attention to the signals of your body and be healthy!

Nosebleed causes? Probably everyone has experienced nosebleeds. The causes of nosebleeds can be different. Everyone has experienced nosebleeds. The causes of nosebleeds are very diverse. Why does the nose bleed, and what are the consequences of nosebleeds for health? When the nose bleeds. For many, the sight of blood pouring from the nose is simply terrifying. Causes, signs, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment of nosebleeds. Why does the nose bleed. Causes. The #1 cause of nosebleeds is superficial capillaries in the nasal passage. If there is blood coming from the nose, the following steps should be taken.

Probably everyone has experienced nosebleeds. The reasons can be very diverse, it can be a nose injury or fatigue and overwork, or there can be serious illnesses. If nosebleeds bother you often and for no apparent reason, you need to undergo a thorough examination, such bleeding can signal diseases of the blood, various internal organs - kidneys, liver, become one of the manifestations of cardiovascular diseases, rheumatism and various serious infectious diseases.

Nosebleed causes? Nosebleeds occur as a result of a violation of the integrity of the blood vessels in the mucous membrane of the nasal passages. In most nosebleeds, the vessels of the anterior parts of the nose are to blame. Bleeding can be caused by trauma to the nose, prolonged nose picking. Also, nosebleeds can be due to many other reasons that are not always easy to determine.

Video: how to stop bleeding from the nose (nosebleeds)

In order to understand the causes of nosebleeds, it is best to visit an ENT doctor and therapist. During the examination, they do a general blood test, check the prothrombin index of blood clotting. Identification and treatment of the underlying disease will help get rid of nosebleeds. You can also independently analyze your lifestyle, and the reason may become clear.

Common causes of nosebleeds.

Nosebleeds, what are the causes?

1. Nosebleeds can appear due to severe overwork, workload or study, lack of fresh air, lack of sleep, stress, etc.

2. Atrophic processes in the nose (depletion of the nasal mucosa). These processes may be associated with hereditary diseases or occupational hazards (dustiness, dry air, etc.). As a result, the nasal mucosa becomes thinner, hard crusts form on it, if they are disturbed, bleeding appears.

3. Increased blood pressure. In this case, nosebleeds are “natural bloodletting”, serving as a kind of insurance against cerebral hemorrhage, which can be threatened by a sharp increase in blood pressure. In this case, nosebleeds only benefit the person, after which the state of health usually improves.

4. Causes can be various colds (flu or acute respiratory disease) - delicate, easily injured nasal vessels with ARVI swell and burst. Processes that cause blood overflow of the nasal mucosa (acute and chronic rhinitis), sinusitis (inflammation of the sinuses), adenoids. Neoplasms of the nasal cavity (angiomas, specific granulomas). Severe infectious diseases (tuberculosis) can also be causes.

5. Diseases of the cardiovascular system (hypertension, heart defects and vascular anomalies with increased blood pressure in the vessels of the head and neck, atherosclerosis of blood vessels).

6. Coagulopathy (painful conditions caused by blood clotting disorders), hemorrhagic diathesis and diseases of the blood system, hypovitaminosis and beriberi.

7. Heat and sunstroke, overheating of the body.

8. Barometric pressure difference (pathological syndromes in flight, diving, climbing practice)

9. Hormonal imbalances (during puberty, during pregnancy).

Despite the concern of parents, the phenomenon when a child bleeds from the nose is far from uncommon, and it is not at all worth raising a panic because of this. But even without attention, leaving this problem is not desirable. With repeated repetition of bleeding, it makes sense to seek help from a doctor and find out the reason why the child is bleeding from the nose.

The main reasons why a child bleeds from the nose

As a rule, there is nothing dangerous in this. There are several main causes of nosebleeds, which, in most cases, explain why a child has a nosebleed.

The main reason is that the nasal cavity is characterized by abundant blood supply, and since the child's nasal mucosa is very sensitive to various types of influences, any minor damage can become the cause of bleeding.

The "Kisselbach zone" is a plexus of blood vessels located very close to the surface of the nasal mucosa. It is this that causes heavy bleeding from the nasal cavity. Moreover, the blood from the nose of a child can go quite suddenly.

Also, the reason why a child bleeds from the nose can be a lack of vitamin C in the body, and as a result, increased fragility of blood vessels. Therefore, you need to diversify your child's diet with fresh fruits, which are the best source of many essential vitamins.

The reason for the fragility of blood vessels can also be dry air, this often happens in winter, when all windows are closed and the rooms are not ventilated. As a result, the nasal mucosa dries out, and the vessels lose their elasticity. In this case, the blood from the nose can go even if the baby just sneezes.

Blood from the nose can also go as a result of increased pressure, most often, such bleeding occurs at night. If the child has no other complaints, headaches and so on, and nosebleeds are one-time and not prone to persistence, then there is no cause for concern. Otherwise, it is better to consult a doctor and undergo all the necessary examinations in order to establish the reason why the child is bleeding from the nose.

There are a number of other reasons why a child may have a nosebleed. But such cases are extremely rare, and we will not dwell on them, because only a specialist can establish such a reason.

First aid for nosebleeds:

Apply cold compresses or apply ice to the bridge of your nose. This method stops almost all bleeding, if there is enough time for this.

Sit down and squeeze your nose (below its hard part) with your thumb and forefinger for two to three minutes. It is not necessary to tilt the head back (this will only change the direction of the blood flow).

If the bleeding does not stop, then call an ambulance.

What to do if the child has a nosebleed

Remember! The main thing is not to panic - by doing this, you will only scare the child.
The child must be seated, and the head tilted slightly forward.
Make sure that there are no foreign objects in the child's nose, because babies often put them there.
You can lightly press the wings of the nose with your fingers, or insert cotton swabs. Tampons, for the best effect, can be moistened with a solution of hydrogen peroxide. Bleeding should stop by itself, within 2-3 minutes.
In no case should you lie on your back and throw your head back, as many of us are used to doing.
Cold can be applied to the child's nose. To do this, you can use both ice, putting it in a bag, and an ordinary handkerchief soaked in cold water. Such actions will help narrow the blood vessels and stop bleeding.
If within 5-7 minutes, the bleeding has not stopped, call an ambulance. But I would like to note that such cases are extremely rare, and are usually associated with a problem of blood clotting.

If the child is bleeding from the nose, and this phenomenon becomes regular, it is necessary, of course, to show the child to the doctor. Usually, in such cases, to strengthen the vessels, Ascorutin or another complex of vitamins is prescribed, which is selected individually, depending on the cause of the bleeding, and the age of the child. But once again I want to note that only a doctor can prescribe treatment, and it’s not worth it to take medications on your own.

What diseases can cause nosebleeds? Why does the nose bleed in the absence of injury?

Nosebleeds can be both a symptom of general diseases of the body, and the result of a pathology that has arisen in the nasal cavity. The most common common cause of nosebleeds is high blood pressure, such as in hypertension, kidney disease, and heart disease. In this case, bleeding is usually preceded by headache, tinnitus and dizziness.

Increased bleeding of the mucosa can be a symptom of diseases accompanied by a violation of blood clotting (diseases of the blood, spleen, liver), or a manifestation of a pathology in which dystrophic changes in the vascular wall are observed, its increased permeability and vulnerability, for example, atherosclerosis, beriberi and others. Many infectious diseases, such as influenza, are accompanied by the appearance of blood from the nose. The reason for this is damage to the vessels by the toxins of the viruses.

Well, of course, the destruction of blood vessels can be the result of tumor processes in the nasal cavity. When examining patients for nosebleeds, benign (polyp, angioma, papilloma) and malignant (cancer and sarcoma) neoplasms are often found. At the same time, more often people note that they have already had blood from their nose more than once.

There are a lot of diseases that can cause bleeding from the nose. But sometimes quite harmless everyday situations become the cause of bleeding, for example, a decrease in atmospheric pressure, going to the bath, being in the open sun, great physical stress, pregnancy and others. Most often, blood from the nose in this case appears spontaneously, from one half, quickly stops and does not pose any danger to humans.

A child's nose bleeds are more likely to occur as a result of trauma to the blood vessels during a blow or inaccurate cleansing of the nose. The cause of bleeding can be a bad habit of picking your finger in your nose, while small children can damage the mucous membrane by putting toys and other foreign objects in their nose.

Often, a mother is frightened when, during the flu, rubella, measles, whooping cough and even SARS, her child has a nosebleed for no apparent reason. In a child, the vessels are much more sensitive to the action of microbial poisons than in an adult, and this explains the increased bleeding of the mucosa during infection. Nosebleeds in children can also serve as a signal of a serious disease of the blood, blood vessels, lungs or heart. Therefore, if a nosebleed in a child is a common occurrence, you should be wary and be sure to consult a doctor.

When can the appearance of blood from the nose be dangerous to a person?

Naturally, the discharge of blood from the nose with a strong stream or for a long time becomes dangerous. In this case, the patient begins to suffer from acute blood loss. There is dizziness, flies before the eyes, pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, cold sweat.

The pulse becomes weak and frequent, loss of consciousness is possible. This situation requires immediate medical attention, but in case of less severe bleeding, you should also not sit with your hands folded, you need to take all measures to stop blood loss faster.

First aid for nosebleeds

The patient is shown absolute rest, in a half-sitting position with his head moderately thrown back. Strongly tilt your head back should not be in order to avoid blood flowing from the nose to the nasopharynx and its subsequent swallowing. Leaning the head forward is also bad, as it increases blood flow to the nose and causes more bleeding. Blood that still got into the throat should be spit out.

If the patient, who is bleeding from the nose, is unconscious, he is laid on his back, turning his head to the side, and immediately transported to the hospital.

The patient is forbidden to blow his nose, as this prevents the formation of a blood clot that clogs the defect in the vessel, and hence the cessation of bleeding.

An ice pack or a napkin moistened with cold water is placed on the bridge of the nose.

If the bleeding is not heavy, the wings of the nose are pressed tightly against the middle septum and held until the blood stops.

If the blood from the nose is strong enough, a turunda from cotton wool soaked in a 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide or a hemostatic sponge (can be bought at a pharmacy) is injected deep into the nasal passage and the patient is taken to the doctor.

Nosebleed- not such a harmless symptom. And therefore, it is important to realize that if the bleeding does not stop, despite the measures you take, or if the blood from the nose is discharged with a strong stream, and the patient begins to feel unwell, you should immediately seek medical help.

Qualified treatment and a detailed examination require a situation where nosebleeds appear with enviable constancy. Be attentive to your health, learn to understand the signals of your body, and then it will not give you an unpleasant surprise one day in the form of a spontaneous appearance of blood from the nose!

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General information

- outflow of blood from the nasal cavity due to a violation of the integrity of the walls of blood vessels. More often it accompanies injuries and inflammatory diseases of the nose, it can be caused by diseases of the blood vessels and the blood system. It is characterized by the outflow of scarlet blood in drops or a trickle from the nostrils, flowing down the back of the throat. May be accompanied by tinnitus and dizziness. Abundant recurrent nosebleeds cause a sharp drop in blood pressure, increased heart rate, general weakness, and can be life-threatening.

Nosebleeds are a widespread pathological condition. Patients with epistaxis account for about 10% of the total number of patients hospitalized in the ENT department.

Causes of nosebleeds

Allocate general and local causes of nosebleeds.

local reasons:

• Nose injuries are the most common cause of bleeding. In addition to ordinary household, industrial and road injuries, this group includes injuries of the nasal mucosa during operations, ingestion of foreign bodies and medical and diagnostic manipulations (nasogastric sounding, nasotracheal intubation, catheterization and puncture of the nasal sinuses).
• Pathological conditions accompanied by plethora of the nasal mucosa (sinusitis, rhinitis, adenoids).
• Dystrophic processes in the nasal mucosa (with severe curvature of the nasal septum, atrophic rhinitis).
• Tumors of the nasal cavity (specific granuloma, angioma, malignant tumor).

Common reasons:

• Diseases of the cardiovascular system (symptomatic hypertension, hypertension, atherosclerosis, malformations, accompanied by an increase in blood pressure).
• Blood diseases, beriberi and hemorrhagic diathesis.
• An increase in body temperature due to overheating, sunstroke or an infectious disease.
• A sharp drop in external pressure (when climbing to a great height for climbers and pilots, with a rapid descent to depth for divers).
• Hormonal imbalance (during pregnancy, in adolescence).

Classification of nosebleeds

Depending on which part of the nasal cavity the source of blood loss is localized, nasal bleeding is divided into anterior and posterior.

The source of anterior nosebleeds in 90-95% of cases is a rich network of blood vessels of the so-called Kisselbach zone. In this zone, there are a large number of small vessels covered with a thin mucous membrane, practically devoid of a submucosal layer. Anterior nosebleeds are very rarely the cause of massive blood loss, and, as a rule, do not threaten the patient's life. They often stop on their own.

The source of posterior nosebleeds are rather large vessels of the deep parts of the nasal cavity. Due to the large diameter of the vessels, posterior nosebleeds are often massive and can pose a threat to the life of the patient. Such bleeding almost never stops on its own.

Blood loss in nosebleeds is assessed as follows:

• insignificant - a few tens of milliliters;
• light - up to 500 ml;
• moderate severity - up to 1000-1400 ml;
• heavy - over 1400 ml.

nosebleed symptoms

Symptoms of nosebleeds are divided into three groups:

• signs of bleeding;
• signs of acute blood loss;
• symptoms of the underlying disease.

In some patients, nosebleeds begin suddenly; in others, bleeding may be preceded by dizziness, tinnitus, headache, tickling, or itching in the nose. A direct sign of nosebleeds is the outflow of blood from the nasal cavity to the outside or inside the nasopharynx. In the latter case, the blood drains into the oropharynx, where it is detected during pharyngoscopy.

With a slight blood loss, pathological symptoms, as a rule, are not determined. Some patients may feel dizzy at the sight of blood. With mild blood loss, patients complain of dizziness, tinnitus, thirst, general weakness, and palpitations. In some cases, there may be a slight pallor of the skin.

Blood loss of moderate severity is accompanied by severe dizziness, a drop in blood pressure, acrocyanosis, tachycardia and shortness of breath. With severe blood loss, hemorrhagic shock develops. The patient is lethargic, loss of consciousness is possible. During the examination, a thready pulse, severe tachycardia, and a sharp drop in blood pressure are detected.

Diagnosis and differential diagnosis

To determine the localization of the source of nosebleeds (anterior or posterior bleeding), the patient is examined, pharyngoscopy and anterior rhinoscopy. In some cases, with pulmonary and gastric bleeding, blood flows into the nasal cavity, and simulates nosebleeds. Primary differential diagnosis is based on data from an external examination of the patient. With nosebleeds, the blood is dark red; with bleeding from the lungs, it foams and has a bright scarlet color. Gastric bleeding is characterized by the outflow of very dark blood, similar to coffee grounds. It must be borne in mind that pronounced nosebleeds may be accompanied by hematemesis with dark blood. The cause of vomiting in this case is the ingestion of blood flowing down the oropharynx.

Additional studies are being conducted to assess blood loss and identify the underlying disease that caused the nosebleed. The volume of blood loss is estimated according to the results of a general blood test and a coagulogram. The tactics of the general examination is determined by the symptoms of the underlying disease.

Treatment of nosebleeds

In the treatment of nosebleeds, it is necessary to stop the bleeding as quickly as possible, take measures to prevent the consequences of blood loss (or compensate for blood loss) and take therapeutic measures aimed at combating the underlying disease.

With anterior nosebleeds, in most cases, in order to stop the blood, it is enough to put cold on the nose, press the nostril for 10-15 minutes, or insert a cotton ball soaked in a hemostatic agent or a weak solution of hydrogen peroxide into the nasal cavity. Anemization of the nasal mucosa is also carried out with a solution of adrenaline or ephedrine. If bleeding does not stop within 15 minutes, anterior tamponade of one or both halves of the nasal cavity is performed.

Anterior nasal tamponade often works well for posterior nosebleeds. If posterior nosebleeds cannot be stopped, posterior tamponade is performed.

With the ineffectiveness of these measures and recurrent nosebleeds, surgical treatment is performed. The volume and tactics of intervention is determined by the localization of the source of bleeding. If repeated nosebleeds are localized in the anterior sections, in some cases endoscopic coagulation, cryodestruction, the introduction of sclerosing drugs and other measures aimed at obliterating the lumen of small vessels of the Kisselbach zone are used.