The period of greatest development of the civil war briefly. "White" and "Red" movement in the Civil War

Civil War is a fierce armed struggle of various social, national and political forces for power within the country.

Causes of the Civil War:

1. a nationwide crisis in the country, which gave rise to irreconcilable contradictions between the main social strata of society;
2. features of the socio-economic and anti-religious policy of the Bolsheviks, aimed at inciting hostility in society;
3. the desire of the nobility and the bourgeoisie to regain the lost position;
4. drop in value human life in the course of the First World War - psychological factor.

Specific features of the Civil War:

1. was accompanied by the intervention of foreign powers, seeking to weaken Russia as much as possible;
2. was carried out with extreme bitterness ("red" and "white" terror).

Major events of the Civil War.

The first stage (October 1917 - spring 1918): the victory of the armed uprising in Petrograd and the overthrow of the Provisional Government. Military operations were local in nature. Anti-Bolshevik forces used political methods of struggle or created armed formations (Volunteer Army).

The second stage (spring - December 1918): the formation of anti-Bolshevik centers and the beginning of active hostilities.

Key dates

March, April- the occupation by Germany of Ukraine, the Baltic states and the Crimea, in response, the Entente countries decide to send their troops to the territory of Russia. England lands troops in Murmansk, Japan - in Vladivostok => intervention

May- the rebellion of the Czechoslovak Corps, which consisted of captive Czechs and Slovaks who had gone over to the side of the Entente and was moving on echelons to Vladivostok for transfer to France. The reason for the uprising was an attempt by the Bolsheviks to disarm the corps. Results: the simultaneous fall of Soviet power along the entire length of the Trans-Siberian Railway.

June- the creation of a number of Socialist-Revolutionary governments: the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly in Samara, the Provisional Siberian Government in Tomsk, the Ural Regional Government in Yekaterinburg.

September- the creation in Ufa of the "All-Russian government" - the Ufa directory.

November- dispersal of the Ufa directory by Admiral A. V. Kolchak, who declared himself "the supreme ruler of Russia."

The third stage (January - December 1919) - the culmination of the Civil War: relative equality of forces, large-scale operations on all fronts. By the beginning of 1919, three main center of the White movement:

1. troops of Admiral A. V. Kolchak (Urals, Siberia);
2. Armed Forces of the South of Russia, General A. I. Denikin (Don Region, North Caucasus);
3. troops of General N. N. Yudenich in the Baltic.

Key dates

March, April- the general offensive of Kolchak's troops on Kazan and Moscow, the mobilization of all possible resources by the Bolsheviks.

End of April - December- the counteroffensive of the Red Army (S. S. Kamenev, M. V. Frunze, M. N. Tukhachevsky), the expulsion of Kolchak's troops beyond the Urals and their complete defeat by the end of 1919

May— June Yudenich's first offensive against Petrograd. Hardly beaten off. General offensive of Denikin's troops. Captured Donbass, part of Ukraine, Belgorod, Tsaritsyn.

September October- the beginning of Denikin's offensive on Moscow (maximum advance - to Orel). The second offensive of the troops of General Yudenich on Petrograd. The counteroffensive of the Red Army against the forces of Denikin (A.I. Ego-ditch, CM. Budyonny) and Yudenich (A.I. Kork).

November- Yudenich's troops were driven back to Estonia.

Results: By the end of 1919, there was a clear preponderance of forces in favor of the Bolsheviks, in fact, the outcome of the war was a foregone conclusion.

The fourth stage (January - November 1920): the defeat of the White movement in the European part of Russia.

Key dates

April - October- Soviet-Polish war. The invasion of Polish troops into Ukraine and the capture of Kyiv (May). Counteroffensive of the Red Army.

October— Riga Peace Treaty with Poland: Western Ukraine and Western Belarus were transferred to Poland. But due to this, Soviet Russia managed to free up troops for an offensive in the Crimea.

November- the offensive of the Red Army in the Crimea (M. V. Frunze) and the complete defeat of the troops of Vran-gel. Completion of the Civil War in the European part of Russia.

Fifth stage (late 1920-1922): the defeat of the White movement in the Far East.

October 1922- liberation of Vladivostok from the Japanese.

Reasons for the victory of the Reds in the war:

• managed to win over the peasantry with a promise to implement the Decree on Land after victory in the war. The agrarian program of the whites provided for the return of the seized lands to the landlords;
• the lack of a unified command and plans for waging war among the whites. The Reds, on the contrary, had a compact territory, a single leader - Lenin, single plans for conducting military operations;
• the unsuccessful national policy of the Whites - the slogan of "one and indivisible Russia" alienated the national outskirts from the White movement, while the slogan of freedom of national self-determination provided the Bolsheviks with their support;
• the whites relied on the help of the Entente, i.e. interventionists, and therefore in the eyes of the population looked like their accomplices, acted as an anti-national force. For the same reason, almost half of the officers tsarist army went over to the side of the Reds as military experts;
• the reds managed to mobilize all the resources through the policy "War Communism" what whites couldn't do. The main measures of this policy are: the introduction of surplus appropriation (in fact, the confiscation of food from the peasants for the needs of the army) and general labor conscription (i.e., the militarization of labor), the ban on private trade, the nationalization of medium and even small enterprises, the course to curtail commodity-money relations

Consequences of the Civil War:

• a severe economic crisis, economic ruin, a 7-fold drop in industrial production, and a 2-fold drop in agricultural production;
• huge demographic losses - during the years of the First World War and the Civil War, about 10 million people died from hostilities, famine and epidemics;
• the final formation of the dictatorship of the Bolsheviks, while the harsh methods of governing the country during the Civil War began to be regarded as quite acceptable for peacetime.

It is very difficult to reconcile the “whites” and “reds” in our history. Every position has its own truth. After all, only 100 years ago they fought for it. The struggle was fierce, brother went to brother, father to son. For some, the heroes of Budennov will be the First Cavalry, for others, the volunteers of Kappel. Only those who, hiding behind their position on the Civil War, are wrong, they are trying to erase a whole piece of Russian history from the past. Anyone who draws too far-reaching conclusions about the “anti-people character” of the Bolshevik government, denies the entire Soviet era, all its accomplishments, and in the end slides into outright Russophobia.

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Civil war in Russia - armed confrontation in 1917-1922. between various political, ethnic, social groups and state entities on the territory of the former Russian Empire that followed the coming to power of the Bolsheviks as a result of the October Revolution of 1917. The Civil War was the result of the revolutionary crisis that struck Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, which began with the revolution of 1905-1907, aggravated during the World War, economic devastation, and a deep social, national, political and ideological split in Russian society. The apogee of this split was a fierce war on a national scale between the Soviet and anti-Bolshevik armed forces. The civil war ended with the victory of the Bolsheviks.

The main struggle for power during the Civil War was carried out between the armed formations of the Bolsheviks and their supporters (Red Guard and Red Army) on the one hand and the armed formations of the White Movement (White Army) on the other, which was reflected in the stable naming of the main parties to the conflict "Red ' and 'white'.

For the Bolsheviks, who relied primarily on the organized industrial proletariat, the suppression of the resistance of their opponents was the only way to maintain power in a peasant country. For many participants in the White movement - the officers, the Cossacks, the intelligentsia, the landowners, the bourgeoisie, the bureaucracy and the clergy - the armed resistance to the Bolsheviks was aimed at returning the lost power and restoring their socio-economic rights and privileges. All these groups were the pinnacle of the counter-revolution, its organizers and inspirers. Officers and the rural bourgeoisie created the first cadres of white troops.

The decisive factor in the course of the Civil War was the position of the peasantry, which accounted for more than 80% of the population, which ranged from passive waiting to active armed struggle. The fluctuations of the peasantry, reacting in this way to the policy of the Bolshevik government and the dictatorships of the white generals, radically changed the balance of power and, ultimately, predetermined the outcome of the war. First of all, we are certainly talking about the middle peasantry. In some areas (the Volga region, Siberia), these fluctuations raised the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks to power, and sometimes contributed to the advancement of the White Guards deep into Soviet territory. However, with the course of the Civil War, the middle peasantry leaned towards Soviet power. The middle peasants saw from experience that the transfer of power to the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks inevitably leads to an undisguised general dictatorship, which, in turn, inevitably leads to the return of the landowners and the restoration of pre-revolutionary relations. The strength of the swings of the middle peasants in the direction of Soviet power was especially manifested in the combat readiness of the White and Red armies. White armies were essentially combat-ready only as long as they were more or less homogeneous in terms of class. When, as the front expanded and moved forward, the White Guards resorted to mobilizing the peasantry, they inevitably lost their combat capability and fell apart. And vice versa, the Red Army was constantly strengthened, and the mobilized middle peasant masses of the countryside staunchly defended Soviet power from the counter-revolution.

The basis of the counter-revolution in the countryside was the kulaks, especially after the organization of the Kombeds and the beginning of a decisive struggle for grain. The kulaks were only interested in liquidating large landlord farms as competitors in the exploitation of the poor and middle peasants, whose departure opened wide prospects for the kulaks. The struggle of the kulaks against the proletarian revolution took place both in the form of participation in the White Guard armies, and in the form of organizing their own detachments, and in the form of a broad insurrectionary movement in the rear of the revolution under various national, class, religious, even anarchist, slogans. characteristic feature The civil war was the readiness of all its participants to widely use violence to achieve their political goals (see "Red Terror" and "White Terror")

An integral part of the Civil War was the armed struggle of the national outskirts of the former Russian Empire for their independence and the insurrectionary movement of the general population against the troops of the main warring parties - the "red" and "white". Attempts to declare independence were rebuffed both by the "whites", who fought for a "united and indivisible Russia", and by the "reds", who saw the growth of nationalism as a threat to the gains of the revolution.

The civil war unfolded under conditions of foreign military intervention and was accompanied by military operations on the territory of the former Russian Empire, both by the troops of the countries of the Quadruple Alliance and the troops of the Entente countries. The motives for the active intervention of the leading Western powers were the realization of their own economic and political interests in Russia and assistance to the whites in order to eliminate the Bolshevik power. Although the possibilities of the interventionists were limited by the socio-economic crisis and political struggle in the Western countries themselves, the intervention and material assistance to the white armies significantly influenced the course of the war.

The civil war was fought not only on the territory of the former Russian Empire, but also on the territory of neighboring states - Iran (Anzelian operation), Mongolia and China.

Arrest of the emperor and his family. Nicholas II with his wife in Alexander Park. Tsarskoye Selo. May 1917

Arrest of the emperor and his family. Daughters of Nicholas II and his son Alexei. May 1917

Dinner of the Red Army at the fire. 1919

Armored train of the Red Army. 1918

Bulla Viktor Karlovich

Civil War refugees
1919

Distribution of bread for 38 wounded Red Army soldiers. 1918

Red squad. 1919

Ukrainian front.

Exhibition of trophies of the Civil War near the Kremlin, dedicated to the II Congress of the Communist International

Civil War. Eastern front. Armored train of the 6th regiment of the Czechoslovak Corps. Attack on Maryanovka. June 1918

Steinberg Yakov Vladimirovich

Red commanders of the regiment of the rural poor. 1918

Soldiers of the First Cavalry Army of Budyonny at a rally
January 1920

Otsup Petr Adolfovich

Funeral of victims of the February Revolution
March 1917

July events in Petrograd. Soldiers of the Scooter Regiment, who arrived from the front to suppress the rebellion. July 1917

Work on the site of a train wreck after an anarchist attack. January 1920

Red commander in the new office. January 1920

Commander-in-Chief Lavr Kornilov. 1917

Chairman of the Provisional Government Alexander Kerensky. 1917

Commander of the 25th Rifle Division of the Red Army Vasily Chapaev (right) and commander Sergei Zakharov. 1918

Sound recording of Vladimir Lenin's speech in the Kremlin. 1919

Vladimir Lenin in Smolny at a meeting of the Council of People's Commissars. January 1918

February Revolution. Checking documents on Nevsky Prospekt
February 1917

Fraternization of the soldiers of General Lavr Kornilov with the troops of the Provisional Government. 1 - 30 August 1917

Steinberg Yakov Vladimirovich

Military intervention in Soviet Russia. The command structure of the White Army units with representatives of foreign troops

Station in Yekaterinburg after the capture of the city by parts of the Siberian army and the Czechoslovak corps. 1918

Demolition of the monument to Alexander III near the Cathedral of Christ the Savior

Political workers at the staff car. Western front. Voronezh direction

Military portrait

Date of shooting: 1917 - 1919

In the hospital laundry. 1919

Ukrainian front.

Sisters of mercy of the Kashirin partisan detachment. Evdokia Aleksandrovna Davydova and Taisiya Petrovna Kuznetsova. 1919

Detachments of the Red Cossacks Nikolai and Ivan Kashirin in the summer of 1918 became part of the consolidated South Ural partisan detachment of Vasily Blucher, who raided the mountains Southern Urals. Having united near Kungur in September 1918 with units of the Red Army, the partisans fought as part of the troops of the 3rd Army Eastern Front. After the reorganization in January 1920, these troops became known as the Army of Labor, the purpose of which was to restore the national economy of the Chelyabinsk province.

Red commander Anton Boliznyuk, wounded thirteen times

Mikhail Tukhachevsky

Grigory Kotovsky
1919

At the entrance to the building of the Smolny Institute - the headquarters of the Bolsheviks during the October Revolution. 1917

Medical examination of workers mobilized into the Red Army. 1918

On the boat "Voronezh"

Red Army soldiers in the city liberated from the whites. 1919

Overcoats of the 1918 model, which came into use during the period civil war originally in the army of Budyonny, survived with minor changes until the military reform of 1939. The machine gun "Maxim" is mounted on the cart.

July events in Petrograd. The funeral of the Cossacks who died during the suppression of the rebellion. 1917

Pavel Dybenko and Nestor Makhno. November - December 1918

Employees of the supply department of the Red Army

Koba / Joseph Stalin. 1918

On May 29, 1918, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR appointed Joseph Stalin in charge in the south of Russia and sent him as an extraordinary representative of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee for the procurement of grain from the North Caucasus to industrial centers.

Defense of Tsaritsyn - military campaign"Red" troops against "White" troops for control of the city of Tsaritsyn during the Civil War in Russia.

People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs of the RSFSR Lev Trotsky greets soldiers near Petrograd
1919

Commander of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia, General Anton Denikin and Ataman of the Great Don Army Afrikan Bogaevsky at a solemn prayer service on the occasion of the liberation of the Don from the troops of the Red Army
June - August 1919

General Radola Gaida and Admiral Alexander Kolchak (left to right) with officers of the White Army
1919

Alexander Ilyich Dutov - ataman of the Orenburg Cossack army

In 1918, Alexander Dutov (1864-1921) declared the new government criminal and illegal, organized armed Cossack squads, which became the base of the Orenburg (southwestern) army. Most of the White Cossacks were in this army. For the first time the name of Dutov became known in August 1917, when he was an active participant in the Kornilov rebellion. After that, Dutov was sent by the Provisional Government to the Orenburg province, where in the fall he fortified himself in Troitsk and Verkhneuralsk. His power lasted until April 1918.

homeless children
1920s

Soshalsky Georgy Nikolaevich

Homeless children transport the city archive. 1920s

Armed struggle for the possession of power in the country - acute form class confrontation, and therefore the dates of the Civil War in Russia are bleeding to the last. Almost all groups of the population fought for their own political, national and social claims, and the intervention of foreign forces was exceptionally large.

Historical science has not developed a single In Russia, the dates of the main battles and their results are far from being considered by all people in the same way. Indeed, the confrontation was the largest, and it decided the issue of ownership of power.

Constituent Duma

The dates of the Civil War in Russia, important to remember, rightfully begin the inglorious end of the Constituent Assembly. This body was elected in November 1917 in order to determine the future life in the country, including its state structure. The right-wing parties suffered a crushing collapse in the elections (because most of them were already banned, it was even dangerous to campaign for them), but it was the right-wing parties that took upon themselves the defense of the Constituent Assembly, and this became, as it were, the reason for the birth of the White movement.

Thus, the dates of the Civil War in Russia begin right from the end of the first (it is also the last) meeting of the Constituent Duma - January 6, 1918. First of all, it should be noted that the commission for elections to the Constituent Assembly did not recognize the Great October Socialist Revolution, and although elections were held in only thirty districts out of seventy-nine, the contingent had already picked up the appropriate one. Kerensky, Dutov, Kaledin, Petlyura were elected - one name is more beautiful than the other. Some odious enemies of the people were even present at this single meeting.

"The guard is tired"

From the first speeches, there were accusations of a coup d'etat, of the violent seizure of power by the Bolshevik Council of People's Commissars, of the need to continue the First World War to a victorious end. This meeting was abandoned by the Bolsheviks almost immediately, as soon as the direction of the anti-people resolutions became clear. Therefore, the date of the start of the Civil War in Russia is 1917, when hostilities have not yet begun. Following, after a couple of hours, the Left SRs also left the hall due to their complete disagreement with the decisions being made.

The sailors and soldiers guarding the Tauride Palace, where the meeting was taking place, listened to the speeches and grew gloomier every minute. Only calls for discipline prevented them from shooting all this "Menshevik bastard". The meeting lasted a long time - it began on the afternoon of January 5, 1918. Many begin to record the dates of the Civil War in Russia (1917-1922) from that day. Already at six o'clock in the morning on January 6, 1918, sailor Zheleznyak went up to the presidium and said the phrase that went down in history: "The guard is tired. I ask everyone to disperse." And only after that the premises of the Tauride Palace were freed from the anti-Soviet element that had spoken. There were no more meetings of the Constituent Assembly. There are also opinions that the dates of the Civil War in Russia (1917-1922) should be listed starting from October 25, 1917, when the Great October Socialist Revolution took place. However, most historians think otherwise.

Spring and summer of 1918

Then, in the late autumn of 1917, in the south of Russia, in the Cossack regions, the first shots were fired. There, on the Don, the first volunteer army began to be assembled by General Alekseev. However, it was not successful at first, and until the spring of 1918 more than three thousand people did not gather. But in the spring, the white movement began to grow like a snowball. Anti-Bolshevik forces also consolidated in the east of Russia. The main dates of the Civil War in Russia also include May 1918, when the Czechoslovak Corps rebelled.

It was formed from the prisoners of war of the Slavs of the First World War, because the soldiers of the Austro-Hungarian army decided to join the war against Germany. Just in 1918, the corps was on the territory of Russia in trains and was preparing to return home (and the path was free only through the Far East). The Entente did not doze off, the uprising was painstakingly prepared, and since the echelons stretched all the way to Vladivostok from Penza, all railway stations, cities and large marshalling junctions were captured by armed invaders literally on the same day. This rebellion basically activated the rest of the anti-Bolshevik forces. This is where the real war started.

Samara and Omsk

Local governments rose like mushrooms after the rain. One - in Samara (Komuch - Committee of members of the Constituent Assembly), which declared itself a provisional revolutionary government under the chairmanship of the Social Revolutionary Volsky. Not everyone agreed with the revolutionary coloring of their leader's convictions, and therefore the opponents went to Omsk, where the same government was organized by the Cadets. And the very idea of ​​the Constituent Assembly was not too close to the majority of the White Guards, but to crush the "red-bellied" - it was right from their point of view. And, since there was no agreement among the rebels, Komuch ceased to exist, and his capital Samara was occupied by the Red Army in battle. October 1918 is also included in the important dates of the Civil War in Russia.

In the first few months of Soviet power, there were almost no armed clashes, they were isolated and local in nature, because the opponents of Soviet power did not immediately determine their strategy and did not find mutual understanding by conviction. The imperialists took advantage of the corps and, of course, the general difficulties in Russia, and therefore quickly and significantly expanded the intervention of our country. During the summer of 1918, the British captured Onega, Kem, Arkhangelsk. In the south, they occupied Ashgabat, Baku, almost all of Central Asia and Transcaucasia. Let's not forget how the British invaders dealt with twenty-six Baku commissars! The Germans, on the other hand, continued to violate the Brest Peace and, together with the White Guards, raged throughout the south of the country - Rostov and Taganrog remember this very well.

Red and white

It was only in the spring of 1918 that the Civil War in Russia received a truly front-line character. Dates and events on military maps since the beginning of the rebellion of the Czechoslovak Corps were placed more and more densely. Fronts began to form. And only by the end of 1918 did the second stage begin, when small local forces no longer fought, but two powerful armies- white and red. It is probably impossible to say exactly when the Civil War began in Russia. The date may vary from October 25, 1917 to December 1918. It is most convenient to divide all events into three main stages. It was the first.

The second stage is a real confrontation, when the young woman was put under a real threat of destruction. Moreover, the February conquests could also be eliminated, since the white movement had, as it were, the good goal of an indivisible Russia without the Bolsheviks, but its base was the generals of the tsarist army, and the Cadets were its political force (this is a constitutional democratic party, not young men from a military school ). The third and final stage can be considered from 1920, marked by the war with the Poles and Wrangel. It is the end of 1920 that is the time when the Civil War in Russia ended. The date is the defeat of Wrangel, about which our commander Mikhail Vasilievich Frunze reported to the command on November 15, 1920.

Most important fights

The main war was over, now it remained to defeat small but numerous enemy groups that carried out armed attacks on Soviet power in the early years of the Soviet economic policy. And this third stage continued for another two years, until the end of the Civil War in Russia. The exact date cannot be given. The last battles with the Basmachi raiding from abroad lasted until the beginning of the winter of 1922. One can imagine how bloodless Russia was! brought fourteen interventionist countries to their native country, who with impunity and cruelly plundered it in all corners - from edge to edge. You can trace all these losses from the date of the beginning of the Civil War in Russia to its end.

Already in December 1918, the Red Army began to beat the enemy in Ukraine, two months later they liberated Kyiv, Kharkov, Poltava, and in the spring - Crimea. On the Eastern Front, too, at the same time, the White Army suffered one defeat after another. Then the power was transferred by all separate formations to one hand - to the English protege. There was a groan all over Siberia. The military dictatorship of Kolchak allowed to rob and kill, and most often innocent hostages suffered - the elderly, women, children, because the partisan movement grew and expanded, and most of the men - both workers and peasants - went to the forests. Kolchak decided to reorganize the army, which brought a split to everything white movement. However, White tried to advance. In December, Perm was occupied by them, but near Ufa the army was smashed to smithereens by the Reds. At first, the Civil War in Russia went on with very variable success. The result of the event, date: the White offensive bogged down on December 24, 1918.

Events of 1919

It was only in March 1919 that the white movement united into a united front, which allowed them to launch an offensive in the west. The White Guards managed to occupy the entire Urals, but near Samara they were stopped by the Red Army. The date of April 28, 1919 is considered a turning point - Kolchak's troops, under a large-scale offensive by the Reds, rolled back further and further along the entire front and stopped only in June at the foothills of the Urals. The final defeat awaited them between the Ishim and Tobol, the great Siberian rivers, and the Whites were forced to retreat to Eastern Siberia. And in the south, Denikin, meanwhile, occupied the North Caucasus and at the end of June occupied the Crimea, Aleksandrovsk and Kharkov, and in September - Nikolaev, Odessa, Kursk and Orel.

And then the Red Army again split the united army of the Whites into two parts. In February, the Whites managed to enter Rostov, but their defenses were broken through in the Kuban, there was a big battle where the Whites were utterly defeated. In March, the rout was completed in this direction. And again, at the same time, Yudenich launched two whole attacks on Petrograd: the first - in May, the second - in September. It was not possible to take the capital, but Pskov and Gdov were occupied, though not for long. In September, in the north of Yudenich, his army was finally defeated and disarmed.

1920

The White Guards, pressed farther and farther in the south, had to fight several big battles in the Kuban with the expectation of opening a second front. At first, this idea was even implemented successfully, but still, the Red Army, as the song says, is the strongest of all. Already in July, the Whites were pushed back to the Sea of ​​Azov. Wrangel won for some time in Northern Tavria, even his army moved to the Right Bank, but it also failed to develop success. Maybe this is because in the Red Army there were a sufficient number of military specialists from tsarist times in the generals - up to sixty percent, according to statistics.

Not everyone, far from everyone, decided to sell their homeland to the British, Austrians, Germans and other interventionists of the Entente and not the Entente. Were senior officers who have accepted historical course events and shared his justice. In October 1920, the Whites were pushed back beyond the Dnieper, and right on November 7, the Reds launched an assault on the Crimea. Yes, so competently that by the middle of this month the Whites of Crimea were forced to leave. From April to November, the actions of the Red Army were truly victorious in all directions. The Whites were defeated in Transcaucasia and Central Asia (Soviet power was established in Azerbaijan, Armenia and Bukhara).

The ending

The Japanese ruled our Far East all this time, supporting the White Guards in everything. The Soviet government was forced to form in April 1920 an independent (as if "buffer") state - the Far Eastern Republic (FER), and its capital was first Verkhneudinsk (today Ulan-Ude), and then - Chita. A republican army was also created, which was not afraid of either the Whites or the Japanese. The military operations launched by the army of the Far Eastern Republic were successful: the White Guards were defeated, the Japanese were expelled, Vladivostok was occupied, the Far East was cleared of the White Guard evil spirits. Only after that the Soviet government included the Far Eastern Republic in the RSFSR.

Undoubtedly, only a just cause could end in such a victory. It is even difficult to imagine with what efforts the Far East was liberated. The distances are huge, for two years the republic has been waging bloody battles with enemy forces that are many times superior. And yet he wins! And in the Far East, whites could not settle confidently. They only tried to defend themselves, they did not undertake offensives, but they constantly retreated - step by step. True, they seized power in Primorye and Vladivostok in 1921 and were able to hold it for half a year - until November. Then they were again defeated - already completely. And on December 1, 1922, the last remaining White Guards left the territory of Russia - directly from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, from its very edge. This is the date of the end of the Civil War in Russia.

About the intervention

It is strange to listen to those who consider the white movement a good undertaking. Foreign intervention, thanks to whose support the white movement could exist at all, had a huge impact on the whole balance of power. The Entente and the Fourth Union (by the way, the opposing sides of the First World War) actively intervened in the war. Fourteen countries hostile to Russia brought the White Guards to their land. They called the goal of the intervention the eradication of revolutionary ideas, but in reality they wanted, as always, to rob. And they robbed. And, of course, the Entente had a great desire to continue the world war, and therefore it was impossible to let go of Russia without a complete victory in it. This agreement was signed by Tsarist Russia, and the Bolsheviks were not at all obliged to fulfill these conditions.

But the Whites agreed, in the event of a victory over the Soviet government, to meet all the wishes of the Entente. The Entente, as always, was afraid of Russia, and it was very desirable for her to weaken our state, so that our country would have neither political nor economic influence in the world. That is why the Entente subsidized the white movement. But not for long. In fact, whites were betrayed by their patrons. But in addition to the White Guards, the Japanese, Turks and Romanians committed atrocities in Russia, who wanted to capture a tasty piece of our territory. The French are in the Crimea. The British are in the North and the Caucasus. The Germans are all over Ukraine, in Belarus, in the Baltic states. And this continued until the end of 1920. The Japanese ruled in the Far East until 1922. But the young Soviet Russia survived.

Reference table of milestones, dates, events, causes and outcomes Russian civil war 1917 - 1922. This table is convenient to use for schoolchildren and applicants for self-study, in preparation for tests, exams and the exam in history.

The main causes of the civil war:

1. national crisis in the country, which gave rise to irreconcilable contradictions between the main social strata of society;

2. socio-economic and anti-religious policy of the Bolsheviks, aimed at inciting hostility in society;

3. attempts to aspire the nobility and return the lost position in society;

4. psychological factor due to the fall in the value of human life during the course of the events of the First World War.

First stage of the civil war (October 1917 - spring 1918)

Key events: the victory of the armed uprising in Petrograd and the overthrow of the Provisional Government, the hostilities were local in nature, the anti-Bolshevik forces used political methods of struggle or created armed formations (Volunteer Army).

	Events of the civil war
	The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly is taking place in Petrograd. The Bolsheviks, who found themselves in a clear minority (about 175 deputies against 410 SRs), leave the hall.
	By decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Constituent Assembly was dissolved.
	III All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies. It adopted the Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People and proclaimed the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR).
	Decree on the creation of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army. It is organized by L.D. Trotsky, People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs, and soon it will become a really powerful and disciplined army (voluntary recruitment is replaced by compulsory military service, recruited a large number of old military specialists, the election of officers was canceled, political commissars appeared in the units).
	Decree on the creation of the Red Fleet. The suicide of Ataman A. Kaledin, who failed to raise the Don Cossacks to fight the Bolsheviks
	The volunteer army, after failures on the Don (the loss of Rostov and Novocherkassk), is forced to retreat to the Kuban (“Ice Campaign” by L.G. Kornilov)
	in Brest-Litovsk, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed between Soviet Russia and the Central European powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary) and Turkey. Under the treaty, Russia loses Poland, Finland, the Baltic states, Ukraine and part of Belarus, and also cedes Kars, Ardagan and Batum to Turkey. In general, losses amount to 1/4 of the population, 1/4 of cultivated land, about 3/4 of the coal and metallurgical industries. After the signing of the treaty, Trotsky resigned from the post of People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs and from April 8. becomes People's Commissar for Naval Affairs.
	March 6-8. VIII Congress of the Bolshevik Party (emergency), which takes on a new name - the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). The congress approved Lenin's theses against the "left communists" supporting Line II. Bukharin to continue the revolutionary war.
	The landing of the British in Murmansk (initially, this landing was planned to repel the offensive of the Germans and their Finnish allies).
	Moscow becomes the capital of the Soviet state.
	March 14-16. The IV Extraordinary All-Russian Congress of Soviets is taking place, ratifying the peace treaty signed in Brest-Litovsk. In protest, the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries leave the government.
	The landing of Japanese troops in Vladivostok. The Japanese will be followed by the Americans, the British and the French.
	L.G. was killed near Ekaterinodar. Kornilov - A.I. replaces him at the head of the Volunteer Army. Denikin.
	II was elected Ataman of the Don Cossacks. Krasnov
	The People's Commissariat of Food has been given emergency powers to use force against peasants who do not want to hand over grain to the state.
	The Czechoslovak Legion (formed from about 50 thousand former prisoners of war who were supposed to be evacuated through Vladivostok) takes the side of the opponents of the Soviet regime.
	Decree on general mobilization into the Red Army.

The second stage of the civil war (spring - December 1918)

Key events: the formation of anti-Bolshevik centers and the beginning of active hostilities.

	In Samara, a Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly was formed, which includes Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks.
	Committees of the poor (combeds) were formed in the villages, which were tasked with fighting the kulaks. By November 1918, there were more than 100,000 commanders, but soon they would be disbanded due to numerous cases of abuse of power.
	The All-Russian Central Executive Committee decides to expel the Right Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks from the Soviets at all levels for counter-revolutionary activities.
	Conservatives and monarchists form the Siberian government in Omsk.
	General nationalization of large industrial enterprises.
	The beginning of the White offensive on Tsaritsyn.
	During the congress, the Left Social Revolutionaries attempted a coup in Moscow: J. Blumkin kills the new German ambassador, Count von Mirbach; F. E. Dzerzhinsky, chairman of the Cheka, was arrested.
	The government suppresses the rebellion with the support of the Latvian riflemen. There are wholesale arrests of the Left SRs. The uprising, raised in Yaroslavl by the SR-terrorist B. Savinkov, continues until July 21.
	At the V All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the first Constitution of the RSFSR is adopted.
	The landing of the Entente troops in Arkhangelsk. Formation of the Government of the North of Russia" headed by the old populist N. Tchaikovsky.
	All "bourgeois newspapers" are banned.
	White take Kazan.
	Aug 8-23 In Ufa, a meeting of anti-Bolshevik parties and organizations is held, at which the Ufa directory was created, headed by the Socialist-Revolutionary N. Avksentiev.
	The murder of the chairman of the Petrograd Cheka M. Uritsky student-Socialist-Revolutionary L. Kanegisser. On the same day in Moscow, Socialist-Revolutionary Fanny Kaplan severely wounds Lenin. The Soviet government declares that it will respond to the "White Terror" with the "Red Terror".
	Decree of the Council of People's Commissars on the Red Terror.
	The first major victory of the Red Army: Kazan was taken.
	Faced with the threat of a White offensive and foreign intervention, the Mensheviks declare their conditional support for the authorities. Their exclusion from the Soviets was canceled on November 30, 1919.
	In connection with the signing of an armistice between the Allies and defeated Germany, the Soviet government annuls the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
	In Ukraine, a directory was formed headed by S. Petlyura, who overthrew Hetman P. Skoropadsky and on 14 December. Occupies Kyiv.
	The coup in Omsk, committed by Admiral A.V. Kolchak. With the support of the forces of the Entente, he overthrows the Ufa directory and declares himself the supreme ruler of Russia.
	Nationalization of domestic trade.
	The beginning of the Anglo-French intervention on the Black Sea coast
	The Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense was created, headed by V. I. Lenin.
	The beginning of the offensive of the Red Army in the Baltic States, which continues until Jan. 1919. With the support of the RSFSR, ephemeral Soviet regimes are established in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.

Third stage (January - December 1919)

Key events: the climax of the Civil War is the equality of forces between reds and whites, large-scale operations are taking place on all fronts.

By the beginning of 1919, three main centers of the White movement had formed in the country:

1. troops of Admiral A.V. Kolchak (Urals, Siberia);

2. Armed forces of the South of Russia, General A.I. Denikin (Don region, North Caucasus);

3. troops of General N. N. Yudenich in the Baltic.

	Formation of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic.
	General A.I. Denikin unites under his command the Volunteer Army and the Don and Kuban Cossack armed formations.
	A food allocation was introduced: the peasants were obliged to hand over their surplus grain to the state.
	American President Wilson proposes to organize a conference on the Princes' Islands with the participation of all the warring parties in Russia. White refuses.
	The Red Army occupies Kyiv (the Ukrainian directory of Semyon Petliura accepts the patronage of France).
	Decree on the transfer of all lands to state ownership and on the transition "from individual forms of land use to comradely."
	The beginning of the offensive of the troops of Admiral A.V. Kolchak, which are moving towards Simbirsk and Samara.
	Consumer cooperatives have complete control over the distribution system.
	The Bolsheviks occupy Odessa. French troops leave the city, and also leave the Crimea.
	By a decree of the Soviet government, a system of forced labor camps was created - the beginning of the formation of the Gulag archipelago was laid.
	The beginning of the counteroffensive of the Red Army against the forces of A.V. Kolchak.
	Offensive white general N.N. Yudenich to Petrograd. It is shown at the end of June.
	The beginning of Denikin's offensive in Ukraine and in the direction of the Volga.
	The Supreme Council of the Allies grants support to Kolchak on the condition that he establish democratic government and recognize the rights of national minorities.
	The Red Army knocks out Kolchak's troops from Ufa, who continues to retreat and in July-August completely loses the Urals.
	Denikin's troops take Kharkov.
	Denikin launches an attack on Moscow. Kursk (September 20) and Orel (October 13) were taken, a threat loomed over Tula.
	The Allies establish an economic blockade of Soviet Russia, which will last until January 1920.
	The beginning of the counter-offensive of the Red Army against Denikin.
	The counteroffensive of the Red Army pushes Yudenich back to Estonia.
	The Red Army occupies Omsk, driving out the Kolchak forces.
	The Red Army knocks out Denikin's troops from Kursk
	The First Cavalry Army was created from two cavalry corps and one rifle division. S. M. Budyonny was appointed commander, and K. E. Voroshilov and E. A. Shchadenko were members of the Revolutionary Military Council.
	The Supreme Council of the Allies establishes the temporary military frontier of Poland along the "Curzon Line".
	The Red Army again takes Kharkov (12th) and Kyiv (16th). "
	L.D. Trotsky declares the need to "militaryize the troops."

Fourth stage (January - November 1920)

Key events: the superiority of the Reds, the defeat of the White movement in the European part of Russia, and then in the Far East.

	Admiral Kolchak renounces his title of supreme ruler of Russia in favor of Denikin.
	The Red Army again occupies Tsaritsyn (3rd), Krasnoyarsk (7th) and Rostov (10th).
	Decree on the introduction of labor service.
	Deprived of the support of the Czechoslovak corps, Admiral Kolchak was shot in Irkutsk.
	Feb - March. The Bolsheviks again take control of Arkhangelsk and Murmansk.
	The Red Army enters Novorossiysk. Denikin retreats to the Crimea, where he transfers power to General P.N. Wrangel (April 4).
	Formation of the Far Eastern Republic.
	The beginning of the Soviet-Polish war. The offensive of the troops of J. Pilsudski in order to expand the eastern borders of Poland and create a Polish-Ukrainian federation.
	The People's Soviet Republic was proclaimed in Khorezm.
	Establishment of Soviet power in Azerbaijan.
	Polish troops occupy Kyiv
	In the war with Poland, the Soviet counteroffensive began on the Southwestern Front. Zhytomyr taken and Kyiv taken (June 12).
	taking advantage of the war with Poland, the white army of Wrangel undertakes an offensive from the Crimea to Ukraine.
	On the Western Front, the offensive of the Soviet troops under the command of M. Tukhachevsky is unfolding, which approach Warsaw in early August. According to the Bolsheviks, entry into Poland should lead to the establishment of Soviet power there and cause a revolution in Germany.
	"Miracle on the Vistula": near Vepshem, Polish troops (supported by the Franco-British mission led by General Weygand) enter the rear of the Red Army and win. The Poles liberate Warsaw, go on the offensive. The hopes of the Soviet leaders for a revolution in Europe are crumbling.
	People's Soviet Republic proclaimed in Bukhara
	Armistice and preliminary peace talks with Poland in Riga.
	In Dorpat, a peace treaty was signed between Finland and the RSFSR (which retains the eastern part of Karelia).
	The Red Army begins an offensive against Wrangel, crosses the Sivash, takes Perekop (November 7-11) and by November 17. occupies the whole Crimea. Allied ships are evacuating to Constantinople more than 140 thousand people - civilians and military personnel of the White Army.
	The Red Army occupies Crimea completely.
	Proclamation of the Armenian Soviet Republic.
	In Riga, Soviet Russia and Poland sign the Border Treaty. The Soviet-Polish war of 1919-1921 ended.
	Defensive battles began during the Mongolian operation, defensive (May - June), and then offensive (June - August) actions of the troops of the 5th Soviet Army, the People's Revolutionary Army of the Far Eastern Republic and the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Army.

Results and consequences of the Civil War:

A very severe economic crisis, devastation in the economic sphere, a 7-fold drop in industrial production, and a 2-fold drop in agricultural production; huge demographic losses - during the years of the First World War and the Civil War, about 10 million people died from hostilities, famine and epidemics; the final formation of the dictatorship of the Bolsheviks, while the harsh methods of governing the country during the Civil War began to be regarded as quite acceptable for peacetime.

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A source of information: History in tables and diagrams. / Edition 2e, St. Petersburg: 2013.

The Great Russian Revolution of 1917 was the impetus for the deployment of armed struggle between different groups population. The revolution deprived some of them of everything, while for others it seemed to give everything, but did not say how it could be obtained. There were more dissatisfied people than one could imagine. The military-political structures formed during the days of the revolution, and state formations on the territory of the former Russian Empire, were divided into two groups, which were assigned the names "white" and "red". The spontaneously emerging military and socio-political groups, which were called the "third force" (insurgent, partisan detachments, and others), did not stand aside. Foreign states, or interventionists, did not stand aside from the civil confrontation in Russia either.

Stages and chronology of the Civil War

Until now, historians have no consensus on how to determine the chronology of the Civil War. There are experts who believe that the war began with the February bourgeois revolution, while others defend May 1918. There is also no final opinion on when the war ended.

The next stage can be called the period until April 1919, when the intervention of the Entente is expanding. The Entente set its main task to support the anti-Bolshevik forces, to strengthen their interests and solve the problem that has been troubling her for many years: the fear of socialist influence.

The next stage is the most active on all fronts. Soviet Russia simultaneously waged a struggle against the interventionists and against the White armies.

Causes of the Civil War

Naturally, the beginning of the Civil War cannot be reduced to one reason. The contradictions that had accumulated in society by this time went off scale. First World War sharpened them to the extreme, the values ​​of human life were devalued.

Of no small importance in the aggravation of the situation were changes in the state political system, especially the dispersal of the Constituent Assembly by the Bolsheviks, the creation of which many counted on. The actions of the Bolsheviks in the countryside gave rise to great unrest. The Decree on Land was announced, but new decrees reduced it to zero. Nationalization and confiscation land plots the landlords gave rise to a harsh rebuff from the owners. The bourgeoisie was also extremely dissatisfied with the nationalization that had taken place and sought to return factories and factories.

The actual withdrawal from the war, the Treaty of Brest - all this played against the Bolsheviks, which made it possible to accuse them of "the destruction of Russia."

The right of peoples to self-determination, which was proclaimed by the Bolsheviks, contributed to the emergence of independent states. This also caused irritation as a betrayal of Russia's interests.

Not everyone agreed with the policy of the new government, which broke with its past and ancient traditions. The anti-church policy was especially rejected.

There were many forms of the Civil War. Uprisings, armed clashes, large-scale operations involving regular armies. Partisan actions, terror, sabotage. The war was bloody and extremely long.

Major events of the Civil War

We offer you the following chronicle of the events of the Civil War:

1917

	Uprising in Petrograd. Fraternization of workers and soldiers. The capture by the rebels of the arsenal, a number of public buildings, the Winter Palace. Arrest of tsarist ministers. The formation of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' Deputies, to which the elected representatives of the soldiers adjoin.
	The executive committee of the Petrograd Soviet concluded an agreement with the Provisional Committee of the State Duma on the formation of the Provisional Government, one of whose tasks was to govern the country until the convocation of the Constituent Assembly.
	Since May 1917, on the Southwestern Front, the commander of the 8th shock army, General Kornilov L. G., begins the formation of volunteer units ( "Kornilovites", "drummers").
	Speech by General L. G. Kornilov, who sent the 3rd Corps of General A. M. Krymov (“Wild Division”) to Petrograd in order to prevent a possible action by the Bolsheviks. The general demanded the resignation of the socialist ministers and a tightening of the internal political course.
	Resignation of Cadets. Kerensky removes Kornilov from his duties as commander in chief and declares him a traitor. He turns to the Soviets for support, which send Red Guard detachments to repulse the military units sent to Petrograd.
	Kerensky takes command of the troops. An attempted military coup is finally averted.
	An open break between the Petrograd Soviet and the Provisional Government. The beginning of the uprising: the capture of the most important points of Petrograd by the Red Guards, soldiers and sailors. Departure of Kerensky for reinforcements.
	The rebels control almost all of Petrograd, except for the Winter Palace. The Military Revolutionary Committee declares the Provisional Government deposed. On the night of October 26, the rebels occupy the Winter Palace. At the same time, the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets opens its meetings (out of 650 delegates, 390 Bolsheviks and 150 Left Socialist-Revolutionaries). The Mensheviks and Right Socialist-Revolutionaries, in protest against the beginning of the seizure of the Winter Palace, leave the congress, thereby making it easier for the Bolsheviks to make decisions affirming the victory of the rebels.
	The beginning of an armed uprising in Moscow.
	The unsuccessful offensive of the troops of General Krasnov (prepared by Kerensky) on Petrograd.
	Organization of the first counter-revolutionary military formations in the south of Russia (in particular, the Volunteer Army of Generals Alekseev and Kornilov).

1918

	In Brest-Litovsk, General Hoffmann, in the form of an ultimatum, presents the terms of peace put forward by the Central European powers (Russia is deprived of its western territories).
	The Council of People's Commissars adopted Decree on the organization of the Red Army- the Bolsheviks began to recreate the previously destroyed Russian army. It is organized by Trotsky, and soon it will become a really powerful and disciplined army. A large number of experienced military specialists were recruited, officer elections were canceled, political commissars appeared in the units).
	After the presentation of an ultimatum to Russia, the Austro-German offensive was launched along the entire front; despite the fact that the Soviet side on the night of February 18-19 accepts the terms of peace, the offensive continues.
	The volunteer army, after failures on the Don (the loss of Rostov and Novocherkassk), is forced to retreat to the Kuban (Ice Campaign).
	In Brest-Litovsk, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed between Soviet Russia and the Central European powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary) and Turkey. Under the treaty, Russia loses Poland, Finland, the Baltic states, Ukraine and part of Belarus, and also cedes Kars, Ardagan and Batum to Turkey. In general, losses amount to 1/4 of the population, 1/4 of cultivated land, about 3/4 of the coal and metallurgical industries. After the signing of the treaty, Trotsky resigned as People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs and on April 8 became People's Commissar for Naval Affairs.
	At the end of March, an anti-Bolshevik uprising of the Cossacks began on the Don under the leadership of General Krasnov.
	The landing of the British in Murmansk (initially, this landing was planned to repel the offensive of the Germans and their allies - the Finns).
	The landing of Japanese troops in Vladivostok began, the Americans, the British and the French would follow the Japanese.
	A coup took place in Ukraine, as a result of which, with the support of the German occupying army, Hetman Skoropadsky came to power.
	The Czechoslovak Legion (formed from about 50 thousand former prisoners of war who were supposed to be evacuated through Vladivostok) takes the side of the opponents of the Soviet regime.
	Decree on general mobilization into the Red Army.
	The 8,000th Volunteer Army began its second campaign (Second Kuban campaign)
	The uprising of the Terek Cossacks began under the leadership of Bicherakhov. The Cossacks defeated the Red troops and blocked their remnants in Grozny and Kizlyar.
	The beginning of the White offensive on Tsaritsyn.
	The Yaroslavl rebellion began - an anti-Soviet armed uprising in Yaroslavl (lasted from July 6 to 21 and was brutally suppressed).
	The first major victory of the Red Army: Kazan was taken by it.
	The coup in Omsk, committed by Admiral Kolchak: overthrows the Ufa directory, declares himself the supreme ruler of Russia. The beginning of the offensive of the Red Army in the Baltic States, which lasts until January 1919. With the support of the RSFSR, ephemeral Soviet regimes are established in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.

1919

	General A. Denikin unites under his command the Volunteer Army and the Don and Kuban formations.
	The Red Army occupies Kyiv (the Ukrainian directory of Semyon Petliura accepts the patronage of France).
	The beginning of the offensive of the troops of Admiral A. V. Kolchak, who are advancing in the direction of Simbirsk and Samara.
	The offensive of the Eastern Front begins - fighting red against the white troops of Admiral A. V. Kolchak.
	The offensive of the Whites on Petrograd. It is shown at the end of June.
	The beginning of the offensive of General Denikin in Ukraine and in the direction of the Volga.
	The Red Army knocks out Kolchak's troops from Ufa, who continues to retreat and in July-August completely loses the Urals.
	The August offensive of the Southern Front against the White armies of General Denikin begins (about 115-120 thousand bayonets and sabers, 300-350 guns). The main blow was delivered by the left wing of the front - the Special Group of V.I. Shorin (9th and 10th armies).
	Denikin launches an attack on Moscow. Kursk (September 20) and Orel (October 13) were taken, a threat loomed over Tula.
	The beginning of the counteroffensive of the Red Army against A. Denikin.
	The First Cavalry Army was created from two cavalry corps and one rifle division. S. M. Budyonny was appointed commander, and K. E. Voroshilov and E. A. Shchadenko were members of the Revolutionary Military Council.

1920

	The Red Army begins an offensive near Rostov-on-Don and Novocherkassk - the Rostov-Novocherkassk operation - and again occupies Tsaritsyn (January 3), Krasnoyarsk (January 7) and Rostov (January 10).
	Admiral Kolchak renounces his title of supreme ruler of Russia in favor of Denikin.
	The Red Army enters Novorossiysk. Denikin retreats to the Crimea, where he transfers power to General P. Wrangel (April 4).
	Beginning of the Polish-Soviet War. The offensive of J. Pilsudski (an ally of S. Petliura) in order to expand the eastern borders of Poland and create a Polish-Ukrainian federation.
	Polish troops occupy Kyiv.
	In the war with Poland, the beginning of a counteroffensive on the Southwestern Front. Zhytomyr taken and Kyiv taken (June 12).
	On the Western Front, the offensive of the Soviet troops under the command of M. Tukhachevsky is unfolding, which approach Warsaw in early August. According to Lenin, entry into Poland should lead to the establishment of Soviet power there and cause a revolution in Germany.
	The Red Army begins an offensive against Wrangel in Northern Tavria, crosses the Sivash, takes Perekop (November 7-11).
	The Red Army occupies the entire Crimea. Allied ships evacuate to Constantinople more than 140 thousand people - civilians and the remnants of the white army.
	Thanks to diplomatic efforts, Japanese troops were withdrawn from Transbaikalia, and during the third Chita operation, the troops of the Amur Front of the NRA and partisans defeated the Cossacks of Ataman Semyonov and the remnants of Kolchak's troops.

1921

1922

Results of the Civil War

The civil war ended, its main result was the establishment of Soviet power.

During the war years, the Red Army was able to turn into a well-organized and well-armed force. She learned a lot from her opponents, but her talented and original commanders also appeared a lot.

The Bolsheviks actively used the political mood of the masses, their propaganda set clear goals, promptly resolved issues of peace and land, etc. The government of the young republic was able to organize control over the central provinces of Russia, where the main military enterprises were located. The anti-Bolshevik forces were never able to unite until the end of the war.

The war ended, and Bolshevik power was established throughout the country, as well as in most national regions. According to various estimates, more than 15 million people died or died due to disease and starvation. More than 2.5 million people have gone abroad. The country was in a state of severe economic crisis. whole social groups were on the verge of annihilation, primarily the officers, the intelligentsia, the Cossacks, the clergy and the nobility.