Petrov fell backward on the ground and buried his face in his hands. point out a spelling mistake
ACCURACY, CLARITY AND SIMPLICITY OF SPEECH
Speak in such a way that you cannot be misunderstood.
Quintilian, Roman orator
Accuracy of word usage
The accuracy and clarity of speech are interrelated: the accuracy of speech gives it clarity, the clarity of speech follows from its accuracy. However, the speaker (writer) should take care of the accuracy of the statement, and the listener (reader) evaluates how clearly the thought is stated. We put our thoughts into words. As V. G. Belinsky noted, “the word reflects the thought: the thought is incomprehensible - the word is also incomprehensible.” And at the same time, "he who thinks clearly, he clearly states." This should be remembered by all who like to obscure and lead their listeners away from the truth.
The criterion for the accuracy of a statement is also determined by its reliability: how objectively, correctly, we reflect facts and events in speech. After all, false information can be hidden behind beautiful words. However, this is a moral problem, not a stylistic one, we will not go into it and talk only about the accuracy of word usage.
In order for speech to be accurate, words should be used in full accordance with the meanings assigned to them in the language: the word should be adequate to the concept it expresses. With a clear expression of thought, the words fully correspond to their subject-logical meaning, and the wrong choice of the word distorts the meaning of the statement. Masters of artistic dispute persistently achieve the accuracy of word usage, selecting from a huge number of words close in meaning those that would most accurately express the idea. However, we are not always able to avoid lexical errors that deprive our speech of accuracy. Even experienced writers are not immune from this. So, in the first editions of A. Fadeev's novel "The Rout" there was a phrase: The sword fell to the ground and buried his face in his hands." This sentence misspelled the word back: you can’t “bury your face in your palms” if you fall on your back, that is, on your back. In the 1949 edition, the author made a correction: The sword fell face down on the ground and buried its face in his hands.
Let us give other examples of inaccurate word usage. The proportion of literate people according to the 1897 census was determined at 37.6 percent(specific gravity is not defined as a percentage, it should have been said: According to the 1897 census, there were 37.6 percent literate). The issue of printing these essays is aggravated by the fact that many of them have already been published.(aggravate means“increase, intensify, make special, that is, very large, special, preferable over anything else”; instead of aggravated should have said becomes more difficult).
A. N. Tolstoy wrote: "... to select accurate, accurate, corresponding to the meaning of the concept of the word they define - this is the task of the writer." And even earlier, half-jokingly, L.N. Tolstoy remarked: "If I were a tsar, I would have issued a law that a writer who uses a word whose meaning he cannot explain is deprived of the right to write and receives 100 blows of the rod."
Great Russian writers have always found simple and clear words that reach the heart and mind of the reader. Let us recall the lines from B. Pasternak's novel "Doctor Zhivago":
The partisan chain, in which the doctor, caught in the fire, lay down next to the telegraph operator of the detachment, occupied the edge of the forest. Behind the back of the partisans was the taiga, in front - an open meadow, a bare unprotected space, along which the whites walked, advancing.<…>The doctor did not know any of them, but the faces of half of them seemed to him familiar, seen, familiar. Some reminded him of former school comrades. Could it be that they were their younger brothers? Others he seemed to meet in the theater or street crowd in the old days. Their expressive, attractive physiognomies seemed close, their own.<…>
The doctor lay unarmed in the grass and watched the battle. All his sympathy was on the side of the heroically perishing children. He sincerely wished them good luck.<…>
However, it was unthinkable and beyond human strength to contemplate and remain inactive amid the struggle that was seething around not on the stomach, but on death. They shot at him and his comrades. I had to shoot back.
And when the telephone operator next to him began to convulse in chains and then froze and stretched out, frozen in immobility, Yuri Andreevich crawled up to him, took off his bag, took his rifle and, returning to its original place, began to discharge it shot after shot.
But pity did not allow him to aim at the young people whom he admired and sympathized with ... He began to shoot at a target on a charred tree.<…>
But horror! No matter how the doctor was careful not to hit someone, one or the other attacker moved at the decisive moment between him and the tree and crossed the line of sight at the moment of the rifle discharge. He touched and wounded two, and the third unfortunate man, who fell near the tree, cost his life.
The most ordinary words, but how exciting! Because the man tells a true and terrible story.
Pseudo-scientific presentation
We do not always manage to express our thoughts simply and clearly. Remember our speeches at meetings, even conversations among friends, when instead of simple and clear words, bookish, sophisticated ones come to mind, making our speech confusing and chaotic. For example, a teacher talks about the shortcomings of our education system, but try to understand his statement: One of the elements of the social mechanism for slowing down the process of overcoming the backlog is serious shortcomings in the sphere of our public education.
An article on the development of animal husbandry talks about working on a farm: To obtain high milk yields, the composition of the livestock is of paramount importance. Should have written: To ensure high milk yields, it is necessary to breed valuable breeds of livestock.
The bad habit of interspersing speech with clerical words, "flaunting" sophisticated bookish vocabulary often prevents journalists from writing simply and clearly. It is difficult, for example, to grasp the meaning of such a sentence in a newspaper article: Marriage is a negative side in the business of the enterprise. This could have been written in a simpler and more emotional way: It is bad when an enterprise releases marriage; Marriage is unacceptable at work; Marriage is a great evil that must be fought! We must not allow marriage in production! We must finally stop the production of defective products! You can't put up with marriage! n. etc.
Usually you can find a lot of stylistic options for expressing thoughts, but for some reason, many prefer not the simplest and clearest ...
Why do we get upset when we hear: A famous poet lives in the same house with me; I am currently preparing for my exams; My girlfriend bought a house? Because the highlighted words are not suitable for the colloquial style of speech, they give it a clerical tone, deprive it of its naturalness and simplicity.
Stylistically, the use of book words in everyday, everyday conversations is not justified: Igor told me that his grandmother would come to the kindergarten today! I bought a board game for my son! The clockwork monkey is out of order.
Predilection for clericalism and book vocabulary leads to verbosity, to a confused and complex transmission of the simplest thoughts. For example, they write: An obligatory element of the winter maintenance of the road is its cleaning from snow. Couldn't this idea be expressed in a simpler way? - The road needs to be cleared of snow. After all, there is no snow in summer, so there is no need to talk about elements of winter road maintenance.
How do you understand this sentence: A significant part of the season is marked by the elimination of snow cover? It turns out that in the area in question, the snow melts most of the winter.
N. Chernyshevsky wrote: “What you imagine is unclear, you will express it unclearly; inaccuracy and confusion of expressions only testifies to the confusion of thoughts. This weakness distinguishes novice authors who strive to "speak beautifully" by inventing "smart" words. For example: We still don't take care of pigs; On the cards of patients in the registration year is not affixed; In an environment of lack of control, even good employees become complacent; The builders work with full dedication; Machine builders demonstrate their products together with instrument operators!
Fascination with book words, the use of far-fetched abstruse terms become the cause of pseudo-scientific speech. For example, they write: In order to have more livestock, it is necessary to ensure that each head of female cattle, as a rule, before going under the knife for meat, gives itself a replacement for the subsequent reproduction of offspring - except for the contrived term female head of cattle there are many other stylistic errors in the sentence: violation of lexical compatibility (livestock), tautology ( livestock - head), pleonasm (under the knife - for meat), speech redundancy (subsequent playback). You should have just written: To increase the number of livestock, it is necessary to get offspring from each cow, and then send it to the slaughterhouse.
The pseudo-scientific style of presentation often causes inappropriate comedy, so you should not complicate the text if you can express the idea simply. For example, in magazines intended for the general reader, it is ridiculous to write: The staircase - a specific room for interfloor connections of a preschool institution - has no analogues in any of its interiors; Our women, along with work in production, also perform a family and household function, which includes three components: childbearing, educational and economic.
Wouldn't it have been better to abandon the unjustified use of bookish words? One could write: Staircase in preschool institutions, connecting the floors, is distinguished by a special interior; Our women work in production and pay a lot of attention to the family, raising children, and housekeeping.
If the editor encounters such "pearls" in the manuscript, he, of course, seeks to simplify the expression of thought, to achieve clarity. Examples of such literary editing of texts can be given.
Unedited version
1. Driving ahead of the route with an increased, relative to the given, average speed is penalized.
2. Manufactured products must be of high quality and competitive.
edited version
1. Driving ahead of the route with an increased, relatively given, average speed is punished with penalty points.
2. We must produce only excellent quality products so that they can withstand high competition.
Correct construction of sentences
The accuracy and clarity of speech are determined not only by the purposeful choice of words and expressions, the choice of grammatical constructions, the “only necessary placement” of words in a sentence, and the exact adherence to the norms of the connection of words in a phrase are no less important.
The possibility of combining words into phrases in different ways gives rise to ambiguity: The assistant had to explain a lot(did the assistant explain or did someone explain to him himself?); Ordered them to deliver the fuel on time(did they receive an order or will they be delivered as a result of the order?); In other works of this kind, there are no numerical data.(works of this kind or this kind of digital data are not available?); After the manuscript was returned to the editors, new materials were received(was the manuscript returned to the editor or did the editor receive new materials?).
The reason for the ambiguity of the statement may be the wrong word order in the sentence: 1. A city with a population of 200,000 will fully provide dairy products to a new plant in Zhytomyr. 2. Spacious balconies are framed by reinforced glass screens. 3. Seven operating platforms serve several hundred people. In such sentences, the subject does not differ in form from the direct object, and therefore it is not clear who (or what) is the subject of the action: a city or a factory, loggias or screens, platforms or people who serve them. An experimental example of such confusion has been cited by linguists more than once: The sun covered the cloud.
Of course, such sentences can be corrected if they are used in written speech; Just change the word order: 1. The new plant in Zhytomyr will fully provide dairy products to the 200,000th population of the city. 2. Armored glass screens frame spacious loggias. 3. Several hundred people serve the seven operating platforms. And of course: A cloud covered the sun. But if you hear a phrase with the wrong word order, then you may misinterpret it. This is what the joke of A.P. Chekhov is based on: I wish you all kinds of troubles, sorrows and misfortunes to avoid.
Unfortunately, carelessness in the placement of words in a sentence is quite common. The bike crashed the tram, they fed it with the meat of their dogs. etc. The meaning of these sentences is eventually clarified, but with some effort, which does not meet the requirement of clarity of expression.
Semantic ambiguity sometimes arises in unprepositional combinations such as mother's letter(written by or addressed to her), deception of priests, criticism of Belinsky, portraits of Repin etc.
Ambiguity can also arise in complex sentences with relative clauses of the type: The illustrations for the stories that were sent to the competition were masterfully executed.(were illustrations or stories sent to the competition?). In these cases, subordinate clauses are recommended to be replaced by participial phrases: Illustrations sent to the stories. Or: Illustrations for submitted stories.
From the book Units of Convention the author Zimin AlexeyPASTA, OR HOW SIMPLICITY CAN SAVE THE WORLD Perfection can be outrageous. And vice versa - outrageous can be perfect. One day I came to my friend's birthday party with a gift. A pasta machine. She looked imposing and stern, like
From the book Petersburg Dostoevsky author Antsiferov Nikolay Pavlovich From the book When Simplicity Means Weird and Psychosis Becomes the Norm the author Zizek Slava From the book Fundamentals of Stage Movement author Koh I EChapter Eleven PURPOSE PHYSICAL ACTIONS (concreteness, efficiency, accuracy and muscle release) Complex motor skills include: 1. Purposeful physical action.2. Continuity and discontinuity in the performance of physical actions.3.
From the book Everyday Life of the Nobility of Pushkin's Time. Etiquette author Lavrentieva Elena Vladimirovna From the book of the Inca. Gen. Culture. Religion author Boden Louis From the book The Art of Living on Stage author Demidov Nikolay VasilievichSimplicity and naturalness Many of the actors, rightly believing that one should be simple and natural on stage, try to find simplicity and naturalness, as if it were some special object. But, to tell the truth, it does not exist at all. What is simplicity and
From the book Guiding Ideas of Russian Life the author Tikhomirov Lev From the book Loud History of the Piano. From Mozart to modern jazz with all the stops by Isakoff StewartChapter 11 Refinement and Simplicity Pianists have four primary sounds, just as printers have four primary colors. However, the latter are often combined when printing, giving the output a real rainbow, and in a similar way, the main sounds are combined in different proportions.
From the book History of Islam. Islamic civilization from birth to the present day author Hodgson Marshall Goodwin Simms From the book Language and Man [On the Problem of the Motivation of the Language System] author Shelyakin Mikhail Alekseevich3. Concepts of human communication, speech and their functions. Types of speech 3.1. The concept of human communication (verbal communication) and its functions Human communication is a process of interaction and interconnection of people, in which they mutually adapt to each other in their
From the book of Taipei from the inside out. What guidebooks are silent about author Baskin Hell From the book How a Russian Nobleman Was Raised. The experience of the famous families of Russia - to modern parents author Muravieva Olga SergeevnaChapter 15 Liberty and Simplicity "In the living room, secular and free, a common tone was adopted." A.S. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin The tone of "good society", with all its attention to etiquette and strict requirements for the art of conversation, was not at all distinguished by stiffness and hypocrisy.
From the book Artists author Dangulov Savva Artemevich From the book How to Speak Correctly: Notes on the Culture of Russian Speech author Golovin Boris NikolaevichACCURACY AND BRIEF - HERE ARE THE FIRST ADVANTAGES OF PROSE WHAT IS IT - ACCURACY? For each word, the history of the language has assigned a particular meaning or set of meanings. So, the word newspaper means ‘a periodical, usually in the form of several sheets of large format,
From the author's bookWHAT IS ACCURACY? For each word, the history of the language has assigned a particular meaning or set of meanings. Thus, the word newspaper means ‘a periodical, usually in the form of several sheets of large format, informing readers about current events in various
XI. uFTDB
KhLTSCHCHYUSH RPUME VPS H ZMHIPN, BTPUYEN ICHPEPN Y RBRPTPFOILPN PCHTBZE, MECHYOUPO PUNKBFTYCHBM MPYBDEK Y OBFLOKHMUS ABOUT AYUYIKH.
LFP UFP FBLPE?
B UFP? - RTPVPTNPFBM NEYUYL.
B OH, TBUUEDMBC, RPLBTSY URYOKH ...
OH DB, LPOEYUOP ... uVYFB URYOB, - ULBBM MECHIOUPO FBLYN FPOPN, UMPCHOP Y OE PTSYDBM OYYUEZP IPTPYEZP. - yMY fng DHNBEYSH, YUFP ON MPYBDY FPMSHLP EDYFSH OHTSOP, B HIBTSYCHBFSH - DSDS .. mEChYOUPO UFBTBMUS OE RPCHSCHYBFSH ZPMPUB, OP FP DBCHBMPUSH ENH have FTHDPN, - IN UYMSHOP HUFBM, VPTPDB EZP CHDTBZYCHBMB, TH IN OETCHOP LPNLBM THLBNY UPTCHBOOHA zde-OP CHEFPYULKH.
CHCHPDOSHK! IDY UADB... fsh YUEN UNPFTYYSH?.. ch ChPDOSHK, OE NYZBS, HUFBCHYMUS Ch UEDMP, LPFPTPE NEYUYL DETTSBM RPYUENKh-FP Ch THLBI. ULBBM NTBYOP Y NEDMEOOP:
ENH, DHTBLH, ULPMSHLP TB ZPCHPTEOP...
S FBL Y OBM! - MECHYOUPO CHSHCHVTPUYM CHEFPYULKH. chZMSD EZP, OBRTBCHMEOOSHK ABOUT NEYULB, VSHCHM IPMPDEO Y UFTPZ. rPKDEYSH L OBJU-IPKH Y VKHDEYSH EDYFSH U CHHAYUOSCHNY MPYBDShNY, RPLB OE CHCHMEYYYSH ...
UMKHYBKFE, FPCHBTE MOVIOPO ... - BBVPTNPFBM NEOIL ZPMPAUPN, DPCBEN PF Hoisetajas, LPFTPP on Yufpchchchchchbm OE PFFPPZP, YUFPSHCHBM OE PFFPPZP, YUFP CHILDREN'S HIBCYBM BBB MPPBDSHA, B PFFPPZP, YUFP LLB-FP Overerp YuFemshop Detsbm H THLBI FSCEP UEDMP. - with OE CHYOPCHBF... CHCHUMHYBKFE NEOS... RPUFPKFE... FERETSCH CH NPTSEFE NOE RPCHETYFSH... with VHDH IPTPYP U OEK PVTBEBFSHUS. OP MECHIOUPO, OE PZMSDSCCHBSUSH, RTPYEM L UMEDHAEEK MPYBDY. CHULPTE OEDPUFBFPL RTPPDCHPMSHUFCHYS BUFBCHYM YI CHSHKFY CH UPUEDOAA DPMYOH. h FEYUEOYE OEULPMSHLYI DOK PFTSD NEFBMUS RP HMBIYOULYN RTYFPLBN, YOYOSCHCHBS CH VPSI Y NHYUYFEMSHOSHCHI RETEIPDBI. oEBOSFSHCHI IHFPTPCH PUFBCHBMPUSH CHUE NEOSHIE, LBTsDBS LTPYLB IMEVB, PCHUB DPVSHCHBMBUSH U VPEN; CHOPCHSH Y CHOPCHSH TBUFTBCHMSMYUSH TBOSHCH, OE KHORECHYE BTSYFSH. MADY YUETUFCHEMY, DEMBMYUSH UKHYE, NPMYUBMYCHEK, EMEK. mEChYOUPO ZMHVPLP CHETYM H AF YUFP DCHYTSEF FYNY MADSHNY OE FPMSHLP YUHCHUFCHP UBNPUPITBOEOYS, OP J DTHZPK, OE NEOEE CHBTSOSCHK YOUFYOLF, ULTSCHFSCHK PF RPCHETIOPUFOPZP ZMBB, OE PUPOBOOSCHK DBTSE VPMSHYYOUFCHPN dv OHYE, RP LPFPTPNH Chui, YUFP RTYIPDYFUS dH RETEOPUYFSH, DBTSE UNETFSH, PRTBCHDBOP UCHPEK LPOEYUOPK GEMSHAY Y VE LPFPTTPZP OILFP YOYI OE RPYEM VSC DPVTPCHPMSHOP HNYTBFSH CH HMBIYOULPK FBKZE. OP FOR OBM FBLTSE, YUFP FPF ZMHVPLYK YOUFYOLF TSYCHEF H Madsen RPD URHDPN VEULPOEYUOP NBMEOSHLYI, LBTSDPDOECHOSCHI, OBUHEOSCHI RPFTEVOPUFEK J BVPF P UCHPEK - FBLPK CE NBMEOSHLPK, OP TSYCHPK - MYYUOPUFY, RPFPNH YUFP LBTSDSCHK YUEMPCHEL IPYUEF EUFSH J URBFSH, RPFPNH YUFP LBTSDSCHK YUEMPCHEL Umbwe. pVTENEOEOOSchE RPCHUEDOECHOPK NEMPYUOPK UHEFPK, YUHCHUFCHHS UCHPA UMBVPUFSH, MADY LBL R ™ £ RETEDPCHETYMY UBNHA CHBTSOHA UCHPA BVPFH VPMEE UYMSHOSCHN, CHTPDE mEChYOUPOB, vBLMBOPChB, dHVPChB, PVSBCH YEE DHNBFSH P OEK VPMSHYE, Yuen P FPN, YUFP dH FPTSE OHTSOP EUFSH J URBFSH, RPTHYUYCH dH OBRPNYOBFSH MF FFPN PUFBMSHOSHCHN. MECHIOUPO FERETSCH CHUEZDB VSHCHM OB MADSY - CHPDYM YI CH VPK UBNPMYUOP, EM U ONYY Y PDOPZP LPFEMLB, OE URBM OPYUK, RTPCHETSS LBTBKHMSCH, Y VSCHM RPYUFY EDYOUFCHEOOOSCHN YUEMPCHELPN, LPFPPTSE YUSHCHK E dBTsE LPZDB TBZPCHBTYCHBM have MADSHNY P UBNSCHI PVSCHDEOOSCHI CHEEBI, B LBTSDPN EZP UMPCHE UMSCHYBMPUSH "uNPFTYFE C FPTSE UFTBDBA CHNEUFE have CHBNY - NEOS FPTSE NPZHF BCHFTB HVYFSH YMY With UDPIOH have ZPMPDH, OP With RP-RTETSOENH VPDT J OBUFPKYUYCH, RPFPNH YUFP Chueh FP OE FBL HC CHBTSOP ... "Chueh th CE ... At LBTSDSCHN milking MPRBMYUSH OECHYDYNSCHE RTPCHPDB, UCHSSCHCHBCHYYE EZP have RBTFYBOULYN OHFTPN th ... Yuen Neosho UFBOPCHYMPUSH FYI RTPCHPDPCH, DRYER FTHDOEE VSCHMP ENH HVETSDBFSH, - software RTECHTBEBMUS B UYMH, UFPSEHA HBS PFTSDPN. PVSHYUP, LPDB ZMHYMY VSTVKH DOPEM, OILFP OEA IPPEM MBIFSH BBB OEA H IPRPDUKH CHATS, SPOSMY VOVISPMEY UMBVISHIY, YUBEE CHEUZP VICHTCHESP CHAIRBUBBB MBHTHYLKH - Yempechelb MBCHUFOPK Zhibylbaespus. PO PFYUBSOOP VPSMUS CHPDSH, DTPTSB Y LTEUFSUSH URPMBM U VETEZB, Y NEYUYL CHUEZDB U VPMSHHA UNPFTEM ABOUT EZP FPEHA URYOKH. PDOBTsDCH MECHYOUPO OBNEFIM LFP.
PVPTSDY ... - ULBBM BY MBCHTHYLE. - rPYUENKh FS UBN OE UMBYYSH? - URTPUYM X LTYCHPZP, UMPCHOP KHEENMEOOOPZP U PDOK UFPTPOSCH DCHETSHA RBTOS, ЪBZPOSCHYEZP mBCHTHYLKH RYOLBNY. FPF RPDOSM ABOUT OEZP BEMSCHE, CH THINGS TEUOYGBI, ZMBBBY Y OEPTSYDBOOP ULBBM:
UMBSH UBN, RPRTPVHK...
S-FP OE RPMEЪKH, - URPLPKOP PFCHEFIM MECHIOUPO, - X NEOS Y DTHZYI DEM NOPZP, B CHPF FEVE RTYDEFUS ... UOYNBK, UOYNBK YFBOSHCH ... CHPF HTS Y TSCHVB HRMSCCHBEF.
RHEBK HRMSCCHBEF ... B S FPCE OE TSCHTSYK ... - rBTEOSH RPCHETOHMUS URYOPK Y NEDMEOOP RPYEM PF VETEZB. oEULPMSHLP DEUSFLPCH ZMB UNPFTEMY PDPVTYFEMSHOP ABOUT OEZP Y OBUNEYMYCHP ABOUT Sword Ub.
OH Y NPTPLB U FBLYN OBTPDPN ... - OBYUBM VSCHMP zPOYUBTEOLP, UBN TBUUFEZYCHBS TXVBIKH, Y PUFBOPCHYMUS, CHDTPZOHCH PF OERTYCHSHCHYUOP ZTPNLPZP PLMYLB LPNBOYTB:
CHETOYUSH! .. - h ZPMPUE Sword VTSLOHMY CHMBUFOSHCHE OPFLY OEPTSYDBOOPK UYMSCH. rBTEOSH PUFBOPCHYMUS Y, TSBMES HCE, YuFP ChChSBMUS CH YUFPTYA, OP OE CEMBS UTBNYFSHUS RETED DTHZYNY, ULBBM UOPCHB:
ULBBOP, OE RPMEЪKH... MECHYOUPO FSCEMSCHNY YBZBZBNY DCHYOKHMUS L OENKH, DETSBUSH BL NBKHET, OE URHULBS U OEZP ZMB, KHYEDYI CHPCHOHFTSH Y UFBCHYI OEPVSHLPCHEOOP LPMAYUYNYY YNBME. rBTEOSH NEDMEOOP, VHDFP OEIPFS, UFBM TBUUFEZYCHBFSH YFBOSHCH.
CYCHEK! - ULBBM MECHIOUPO U NTBYOPK HZTPPK. RBTEOSH RPLPUYMUS OB OEZP Y ChDTHZ RETERKHZBMUS, UBFPTPRYMUS, BUFTSM CH YFBOOYOE Y, VPSUSH, YUFP MECHIOUPO OE HYUFEF LFPK UMHYUBKOPUFY HVSHEF EZP, BLVPTNPFBM ULPCHPTLPZ:
UEKYUBU, UEKYUBU... ЪBGERYMBUSH CHPF... B, YuETF! h LFH NYOHPHH ON UBN RPYUKHCHUFCHPCHBM UEVS UYMPK, UFPSEEK OBD PFTSDPN. OP PO ZPFHR VSCHM YDFY Y ABOUT FP: PO VSCHM HVETSDEO, YuFP UYMB EZP RTBCHIMSHOBS. u FFPZP DOS mechjoupo OE UYUYFBMUS HCE OY U YUEN, EUMY OCHTSOP VSCHMP TBBDPVSHCHFSH RTPDCHPMSHUFCHYE, CHCHLTPYFSH MYYOYIK DEOSH PFDSHCHIB. PO KhZPOSM LPTCH, PVYTBM LTEUFSHSOULIE RPMS Y PZPTPDSCH, OP DBCE nPTPLB CHYDEM, UFP LFP UPCHUENE RPIPTS ABOUT LTBTSH DSCHOSH U tKhVGPCHB VBYFBOB. rPUME NOPZPCHETUFOPZP RETEIPDB YUETE hDEZYOULYK PFTPZ, PE CHTENS LPFPTPZP PFTSD RYFBMUS FPMSHLP CHYOPZTBDPN J RPRBTEOOSCHNY HBS PZOEN ZTYVBNY, mEChYOUPO CHSCHYEM fYZTPChHA RBDSH B, L PDYOPLPK LPTEKULPK ZHBOHYLE B DCHBDGBFY CHETUFBI PF HUFSHS yTPIEDSch. yI CHUFTEFYM PZTPNOSHCHK, CHPMPUBFSHKK, LBL EZP HOFSHCH, YUEMPCHEL WE YBRLY, U TTSBCHSHCHN UNIFPN X RPSUB. mechjoupo rtyobm dbhviyyoullpzp urytfpopub ufshtlykh.
BZB, MECHYOUPO! y VKHKOPK RPTPUMY U PVSCHYuOPK ZPTSHLPK KHUNEYLPK CHSHZMSDSCHCHBMY EZP ZMBB. - tsych EEE? iPTPYEE DEMP... b FHF FEVS YEHF.
LFP YEEF?
SRPOGSCH, LPMYUBLY... LPNKh FSH EEE OHTSEO?
BCHPUSH OE OBKDHF ... tsTBFSH FHF VHDEF OBN?
NPTSEF, Y OBKDHF, - ЪBZBDPYuOP ULBBM ufshtlyb. sing FPTSE OE DHTBLY - ZPMCHB-FP FCHPS CH GEOE ... about UIPBI CHPO RTYLB YUYFBAF: RB RPYNLH TSYCHPZP YMY NETFCHPZP OBZTBDB.
PZP! .. Y DPTPZP DBAF? ..
RSFSHUPF THVMEK UYVYTLBNY.
DENYCHLB! - HUNEIOHMUS MECHYOUPO. - rPTSTBFSh-FP, S ZPCHPTA, VKhDEF OBN?
YuETFB U DCHB... LPTEEG UBN ABOUT PDOK YUKHNYE. UCHYOSHS FHF X OII RHDPC ABOUT DEUSFSh, FBL SOY ABOUT OEE NPMSFUS - NSUP ABOUT CHUA IBNH. mechjoupo rpyem pfschulichbfsh ipsyob. FTSUKHEYKUS UEDPCHBFShKK LPTEEG, CH RTPDBCHMEOOOPK RTCHPMPYuOPK YMSRE, U RETCHSCHI TSE UMPCH CHNPMYMUS, YUFPVSHCHOE FTPZBMY EZP UCHYOSHA. MECHIOUPO, YUKHCHUFCHHS ЪB UPVPK RPMFPTBUFB ZPMPDOSCHI TFPC Y TsBMES LPTEKGB, RSHCHFBMUS DPLBEBFSH ENH, YuFP YOBYUE RPUFKHRYFSH OE NPTSEF. lPTEEG, OE RPOYNBS, RTPDPMTSBM HNPMSAE ULMBDSCCHBFSH THLY Y RPCHFPTSM:
OE OBDP LKHY-LKHY ... OE OBDP ...
UFTEMSKFE, CHUE TBCHOP, - NBIOHM MECHYOUPO Y UNPTEIMUS, UMPCHOP UFTEMSFSH DPMTSOSCH VSHCHMY CH OEZP. LPTEEG FPCE UNPTEYMUS Y BRMBBLBM. ChDTHZ PO HRBM ABOUT LPMEO Y, ETBS Ch FTBCHE VPTPDPK, UFBM GEMPCHBFSH MECHYOUPOKH OPZY, OP FPF DBTSE OE RPDOSM EZP - PO VPSMUS, UFP, UDEMBCH LFP, OE CHSHCHDETSYF Y PFNEOYF UCHPE RTYLBBOYE. NEYUYL CHYDEM CHUE FFP, Y UETDGE EZP UTSINBMPUSH. PO KhVETSBM ЪB ZHBOJH Y HFLOHMUS MYGPN CH UPMPNH, OP DBCE ЪDEUSH UFPSMP RETED OIN BRMBBLBOOPE UVBTYUEULPE MYGP, NBMEOSHLBS ZHJZHTTLB CH VEMPN, ULPTYUYCHYBSUS Kh OPZ MECHIOUPOB. "OEKHTSEMY VE LFPZP OEMSHЪS?" - MYIPTBDPYuOP DKHNBM NEYUYL, Y RETED OIN DMYOOPC CHETEOYGEK RTPRMSCHCHBMY RPLPTOSHCH Y UMPCHOP RBDBAEYE MYGB NHTSILPCH, X LPFPTSCHI FPCE PFVYTBMY RPUMEDOEE. "OEF, OEF, LFP TSEUFPLP, LFP UMYYLPN TSEUFPLP", - UOPCHB DKhNBM ON Y ZMHVTSE BTSCCHBMUS CH UPMPNKH. NEYUYL OBM, YuFP UBN OILPZDB OE RPUFKHRIM VSC FBL U LPTEKGEN, OP UCHYOSHA PO EM CHNEUFE UP CHUENY, RPFPNKh YuFP Vshchm ZPMPDEO. tBOOYN HFTPN SECHOUPOB PFTEEBMY PF ZPT, Y RPUME DCHHIYUBPCHPZP VPS, RPFETSCH DP FTYDGBFY Yuempchel, PO RTPTCHBMUS CH DPMYOH yTPIEDSHCH. lPMYuBLPCHULBS LPOOYGB RTEUMEDPCHBMB EZP RP RSFBN, PO RPVTPUBM CHUEI CHSHAYUOSHI MPYBDEK Y FPMSHLP CH RPMDEOSH RPRBM ABOUT OBLPNKHA FTPRH, L ZPURYFBMA. FHF PO RPYUHCHUFCHPCHBM, UFP EDCHB UYDYF ABOUT MPYBDY. UETDGE RPUME OECHETPSFOPZP OBRTTSEOIS VYMPUSH NEDMEOOOPNEDMEOOP, LBBMPUSH - POP CHPF-CHPF PUFBOCHYFUS. ENH BIPFEMPUSH URBFSH, ON PRHUFIM ZPMPCHH Y UTBYH RPRMSHCHM ABOUT UEDME - CHUE UFBMP RTPUFSHCHN Y OCHBTSOCHN. ChDTKhZ PO CHDTPZOHM PF LBLPZP-FP FPMYULB YOKHFTY Y PZMSOHMUS ... OILFP OE ЪBNEFYM, LBL PO URBM. CHUE CHYDEMY RETED UPVPK EZP RTYCHSHCHYUOKHA, YUHFSH UPZOHFHA URYOKH. b TBICHE NPZ RPDHNBFSH LFP-MYVP, UFP PO HUFBM, LBL CHUE, Y IPYUEF URBFSH? .. "dB ... ICHBFIF MY UIM X NEOS?" - RPDHNBM MECHIOUPO, Y CHSHYMP LFP FBL, UMPCHOP URTBYCHBM OE PO, B LFP-FP DTHZPK. MECHIOUPO FTSIOKHM ZPMCHPK Y RPYUKHCHUFCHPCHBM NEMLHA RTPFICHOKHA DTPTSSH CH LPMEOSI.
OH CHPF... ULPTP Y TSYOLKH UCHPA KHCHYDYYSH, - ULBBM nPTPЪLE DHVPCH, LPZDB POI RPDYAETSBMY L ZPURYFBMA. nPTPЪLB RTPNPMYUBM. PO UYUYFBM, UFP DEMP LFP LPOYUEOP, IPFS ENH CHUE DOY IPFEMPUSH RPCHYDBFSH chBTA. pVNBOSCHCHBS UEVS, PO RTYOYNBM UCHPE TSEMBOYE BL EUFEUFCHEOOPE MAVPRSCHFUFCHP RPUFPTPOOOEZP OBVMADBFEMS: "LBL LFP X OYI RPMHYUYFUS". OP LPZDB ON HCHYDEM EE - ChBTS, UFBYYOULYK Y iBTYUEOLP UFPSMY CHPME VBTBLB, UNESUSH Y RTPFSZYCHBS THLY, - CHUE CH OEN RETECHETOKHMPUSH. OE BDETSYCHBSUSH, PO CHNEUFE UP CHCHPDPN RTPEIBM RPD LMEOSCH Y DPMZP CHPYIMUS RPDME TSETEVGB, PUMBVMSS RPDRTKHZY. ChBTS, PFSHULYCHBS NEYUILB, VEZMP PFCHEYUBMB OB RTYCHEFUFCHYS, HMSCHVBMBUSH CHUEN UNHEEOOP Y TBUUESOOP. NEYUYL CHUFTEFYMUS U OEK ZMBBNY, LYCHOHM Y, RPLTBUOECH, PRHUFYM ZPMPCH: PO VPSMUS, UFP POB UTBYH RPDVETSYF L OENH Y CHUE DPZBDBAFUS, UFP FHF UFP-FP OEMBDOP. OP POB Y CHOHFTEOOEZP FBLFB OE RPDBMB CHYDH, UFP TBDB ENH. PO OBULTP RTYCHSBM AYUYYH Y HMYOKHM CH YUBEKH. rTPKDS OEULPMSHLP YBZPCH, OBFLOHMUS ABOUT RYLH. FPF METSBM CHPME UCHPEK MPYBDY; CHZMSD EZP, UPUTEDPFPYEOOSCHK CH UEVE, VSCHM CHMBTSEO Y RHUF.
UBDYUSH... - ULBBM HUFBMP. NEUIL PRHUFIMUS TSDPN.
LKhDB NSC RPKDEN FERESH?..
S VSC UYUBU TSCHVKH MPCHYM ... - BDKHNYUYCHP ULBBM RYLB. - ABOUT RBUEL... TSCHVB UYYUBU LOIKH YDEF... HUFTPIYM VSCH CHPDPRBD Y MPCHYM... fPMSHLY RPDVYTBK. - according to RPNPMYUBM Y DPVBCHYM ZTHUFOP: - dB CHEDSH OEF RBUELY-FP ... OEF! b FP V IPTPYP VSHMP ... fYIP FBN, Y RYUEMB FERETS FYIBS ... chDTHZ PO RTYRPDOSMUS ABOUT MPLFE Y, LPUOKHCHYUSH NEYUYLB, BZPCHPTYM DTPTSBEIN, CH FPULE Y VPMMY, ZPMPUPN:
UMHIBK, rBCHMHYB... UMHIBK, NBMSHUYL FSH NPK, rBCHMHYB! oh LBL TSE TSYFSH VKhDEN, LBL TSYFSH-FP VKhDEN, NBMSHUYL FSH NPK, rBCHMHYB? ON VEURPNPEOP ZMPFBM CHPDHI Y UHDPPTTSOP GERMSMUS ЪB FTBCHH UCHPPVPDOPK THLPK. NEYUYLOE UNPFTEM OB OEZP, DBTSE OE UMHYBM, OP U LBTsDSHCHN EZP UMPCHPN UFP-FP FYIP CHODTBZYCHBMP CH OEN, UMPCHOP YUSHY-FP TPVLYE RBMShGSC PVTSHCHBMY CH DHYE U EEE TSYCHPZP UFPMS HYYTSHE MYBCHSSE. "CHUE LFP LPOYUYMPUSH Y OILPZDB OE CHETEEFUS..." - DKHNBM NEYUYL, YENKH TsBMSh VSHMP UCHPYI ЪBCHSDYI MYUFSHECH.
URBFSH RPKDH ... - ULBBM PO RYLE, YUFPVSH LBL-OYVHDSH PFCHSBFSHUS. - HUFBM S... ON BYE ZMHVCE CH YUBEKH, MEZ RPD LHUFSH Y GBVSHMUS CH FTECHPTSOPK DTENPFE... RTPUOHMUS CHOEBROP, VHDFP PF FPMYULB. UETDGE OETPCHOP WYMPUSH, RPFOBS THVBIB RTYMYRMB L FEMX. bB LHUFPN TBZPCHBTYCHBMY DCHPE: NEYUYL HOBM uFBYIOULPZP Y mechyoupob. ON PUFPPTTSOP TBBDCHYOKHM CHEFLY Y CHCHZMSOKHM.
CHUE TBCHOP, - UHNTBYOP ZPCHPTYM MECHIOUPO, DPMSHIE DETTSBFSHUS H FFPN TBKPE OENSCHUMYNP. EDYOUFCHEOOOSCHK RHFSH - ABOUT ACCOUNTING, CH FKHDP-chBLULHA DPMYOH ... - BY TBUUFEZOHM UHNLH Y CHSHCHOHM LBTFH. - ChPF... 'DEUSH NPTsOP RTPKFI ITEVFBNY, B URKHUFYNUS RP iBHOYIEDE. dBMELP, OP YUFP Ts RPDEMBEYSH... uFBYYOULYK ZMSDEM OE CH LBTFH, B LHDB-FP CH FBETSOKHA ZMHVSH, FPYuOP CHCHEYCHBM LBTsDHA, PVMYFHA YuEMPCHEYUEULYN RPFPN CHETUVH. ChDTKhZ PO VSHCHUFTP ЪBNYZBM ZMBBPN Y RPUNPFTEM ABOUT SOCKE-UPOB.
B zhTPMCH?
DB - zhTPMCH ... - MECHYOUPO FSCEMMP PRHUFYMUS ABOUT FTBCHH. NEUIL RTSNP RETED UPVPK HCHYDEM EZP VMEDOSHK RTPZHYMSH.
LPOEYUOP, S NPZH PUFBFSHUS U OIN ... - ZMHIP ULBBM uFBYYOULYK RPUME OELPFPTPK RBHSHCH. - h UHEOPUFY, FFP NPS PVSBOOPUFSH ...
ETHODB! - MECHIOUPO NBIOHM THLPK. - OE RPJCE LBL BCHFTB L PVEDH UADB RTYDHF SRPOGSH RP UCHETSYN UMEDBN...
B YuFP C FPZDB DEMBFSh?
OE FUCK... NEYUIL OILPZDB OE CHADE ABOUT MYGE SECHOOPOB FBLPZP VEURPNPEOPZP CHSHTBTSEOIS.
LBCEFUS, PUFBEFUS EDYOUFCHEOOPE... S HCE DHNBM PV LFPN... - MECHYOUPO BROHMUS Y UNPML, UHTPPCHP UFYUOHCH YUEMAUFY.
DB? NEYUIL, RPYUKHCHUFCHPCHBCH OEDPVTPE, UYMSHOEK RPDBMUS CHRETED, EDCHB OE CHSHCHDBCH UCHPEZP RTYUHFUFCHYS. MECHIOUPO IPFEM VSHMP OBCHBFSH PDOIN UMCHPN FP EDJOUFCHEOOPE, YUFP PUFBCHBMPUSH YN, OP, CHYDOP, UMPCHP LFP VSHMP OBUFPMShLP FTHDOSHN, YUFP PO OE UNPZ EZP CHSHZPCHPTYFSH. UFBIYOULYK CHZMSOKHM ABOUT OEZP U PRBULPK Y HDYCHMEOYEN Y... RPOSM. oE ZMSDS DTHZ ON DTHZB, DTPTSB TH TH BRYOBSUSH NHYUBUSH FYN, sing BZPCHPTYMY P FPN, YUFP HTSE VSCHMP RPOSFOP PVPYN, OP YUEZP Sing OE TEYBMYUSH OBCHBFSH PDOYN UMPCHPN, IPMF POP NPZMP R ™ £ UTBH Chueh CHSCHTBYFSH J RTELTBFYFSH YEE NHYUEOYS. "Sing IPFSF HVYFSH EZP ..." - UPPVTBYM NEYUYL Y RPVMEDOEM. UETDGE UBVIMPUSH CH OEN U FBLPK UIMPK, UFP, LBMBPUSH, ЪB LHUFPN FPTS CHPF-CHPF EZP KHUMSCHYBF.
B LBL PO - RMPI? pYUEOSH?.. - OEULPMSHLP TB URTPUYM MECHIOUPO. - EUMMY VSCHOE YFP ... oh ... EUMY VSCHOE NSC EZP ... PDOIN UMPPCHPN, EUFSH X OEZP IPFSh LBLIE-OYVHDSH OBDETSDSCH ABOUT CHSHCHDPTCHMEOYE?
OBDETSD OILBLYY... DB TBCHE H FFPN UHFSH?
CHUE-FBLY MEZUE LBL-FP, - UPOBMUS MECHIOUPO. according to FHF CE HUFSHCHDYMUS, UFP PVNBOSCCHCHBEF UEVS, OP ENH DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP UFBMP MEZUE. oENOPZP RPNPMYUBCH, BY ULBBM FYIP: rTYDEFUS UDEMBFSH LFP UEZPDOS CE ... FPMSHLP UNPFTY, UFPVSHCH OILFP OE DPZBDBMUS, B ZMBCHOPE, BY UBN ... NPTsOP FBL? ..
PO-FP OE DPZBDBEFUS ... ULPTP ENH VTPN DBCHBFSH, CHPF CHNEUFP VTPNB ... b NPTSEF, NSC DP OBCHFTB PFMPTSYN? ..
YuEZP Ts FSOHFSH... CHUE TBCHOP... - MECHIOUPO URTSFBM LBTFH Y CHUFBM. - OBDP CHEDSH - OYYUEZP OE RPDEMBEYSH ... CHEDSH OBDP? "dB, OBDP..." - RPDHNBM uFBYIOULYK, OP OE ULBBM.
UMHYBK, - NEDMEOOP OBJUBM MECHIOUPO, - DB FSH ULBTSY RTSNP, ZPFCH MY FSH? MHYUYE RTSNP ULBTSY...
ZPFHR MY S? - ULBBM uFBIYOULYK. - dB, ZPFCH.
RPKDEN ... - MECHIOUPO FTPOKHM EZP ЪB THLBCH, Y PVB NEDMEOOP RPYMY L VBTBLH. "OEKHTSEMY POY UDEMBAF FFP?.." BY RTPMETSBM FBL OEYCHEUFOP ULPMSHLP READ. rPFPN RPDOSMUS Y, GERMSSUSH ЪB LHUFSHCH, RPYBFSCHCHBSUSH, LBL TBOEOSCHK, RPVTEM CHUMED BL uFBYIOULYN Y MECHIOUPOPN. PUFSCHCHYYE, TBUUEDMBOOSCHE MPYBDY RPCHPTBYUYCHBMY L OENH HUFBMSHE ZPMCHSHCH; RBTFYBOSHCH ITBREMY ABOUT RTPZBMYOE, OELPFPTSCHE CHBTYMY PVED. NEYUYL RPYULBM uFBYOULPZP Y, OE OBKDS EZP, RPYuFY RPVETSBM L VBTBLH. BY RPUREM CHPCHTENS. uFBIYOULYK, UFPS URYOPK L zhTPMPCHH, RTPFSOHCH ABOUT UCHEF DDTTSBEYE THLY, OBMYCHBM UFP-FP CH NEOJHTLH.
PVPTSDYFE! pVPTSDYFE! with CHUE UMSCHYBM! ChDTHZ BY YBZOHM L NEYLKH, Y UFTBYOBS VBZTPCHBS TSYMB CHODKHMBUSH X OEZP ABOUT MVH.
ChPO! - hVSHA!.. uFBIYOULYK FHF CE URPICHBFIMUS Y PVETOHMUS L zhTPMPCH.
UFP... UFP UFP?
FFP VTPN, CHSHCHREK... - OBUFPKYUYCHP, UFTPZP ULBBM uFBYYOULYK. chzmsdshch YI CHUFTEFYMYUSH Y, RPOSCH DTHZ DTHZB, BUFSHMY, ULPCHBOOSCHE EDYOPK NSHCHUMSHHA... "lPOEG..." - RPDHNBM zhTPMCH Y RPYUENKh-FP OE HDYCHYMUS, OE PEHFYM OY UFTTBIB, OH CHPMOEOYU, OY. Chui Plbbmbmpush RTPUFCHN MEZLIN, DBCE UFLBOP LSSP, Büben on FBL NOPZP NHYUMUS, FBL HRTPTOP Hersmus Obnet, Eumen Tsyhosh Uhmikhn is retaining Uphtbdobus, Uneta FPMSLP YavbchmSMP PF OIA. ON CH OETEYFEMSHOPUFY RPCHEM ZMBBNY CHPLTHZ, UMPCHOP PFSHCHULYCHBM UFP-FP, Y PUFBOCHYMUS ABOUT OEFTPOHFPN PVEDE, CHPME, ABOUT FBVKhTEFL. FP VSHCHM NPMPYUOSCHK LYUEMSH, PO HTS PUFSCHM, Y NHIY LTHTSIMYUSH OBD OIN. CHRECHESCHE BY CHTENS VPMEY H ZMBBI zhTPMPCHB RPSCHIMPUSH YuEMPCHEYUEULPE CHSHTBTSEOIE - TsBMPUFSH L UEVE, B NPTSEF VSHCHFSH, L uFBYIOULPNKH. PO PRHUFIM CHELY, Y, LPZDB PFLTSCHM YI UOPCHB, MYGP EZP VSHMP URPLPKOSHCHN Y LTPFLIN.
UMHYUYFUS, VKHDEYSH ABOUT UHYUBOE, - ULBBM PO NEDMEOOP, - RETEDBK, UFPV OE VPMSHOP HC FBN ... HVYCHBMYUSH ... chue L FFPNH NEUFH RTYDHF ... DB ... n OEYVETSOPUFY UNETFY MADEK of the ECE OE VSCHMB ENH UPCHUEN SUOB J DPLBBOB, OP PHB VSCHMB YNEOOP FPC NSCHUMSHA, LPFPTBS MYYBMB MYYUOHA - EZP, zhTPMPChB - UNETFSH ITS PUPVEOOPZP, PFDEMSHOPZP UFTBYOPZP UNSCHUMB J DEMBMB ITS - FH UNETFSH - Yuen-OP PVSCHLOPCHEOOSCHN, UCHPKUFCHEOOSCHN Chuen MADS. oENOPZP RPDHNBCH, BY ULBBM: uSCHOYYLB FBN X NEOS EUFSH ABOUT THDOIL... JEDEK ЪCHBFSH... pV OEN YuFPV CHURPNOYMY, LPZDB PVETOEFUS CHUE, - RPNPYUSH FBN YUEN YMY LBL... dB DBCHBK, UFP MY!.. - PVPTCHBMY CHDTKhZ UTBYH PFUSHTECHYN Y DTPZOKHCHYYN ZPMPUPN. LTYCHS RPVEMECHYE ZHVSHCH, ЪOPVSUSH Y UFTBYOP NYZBS PDOIN ZMBBPN, UFBYOULYK RPDEEU NEOJHTLH. ZhTPMCH RPDDETSBM HER PVEYNY THLBNY Y CHSHCHRYM. NEUIL, URPFSCHLBSUSH P CHBMETSOIL Y RBDBS, VETSBM RP FBKZE, OE TBVIITBS DPTPZY. tO RPFETSM ZHHTBTSLH, CHPMPUSCH EZP UCHYUBMY ON ZMBB, RTPFYCHOSCHE J MYRLYE, LBL RBHFYOB, B CHYULBI UFHYUBMP, J have LBTSDSCHN HDBTPN LTPCHY IN RPCHFPTSM LBLPE-OP OEOHTSOPE TSBMLPE UMPCHP, GERMSSUSH B OEZP, RPFPNH YUFP VPMSHYE OE B YUFP VSCHMP HICHBFYFSHUS. CHDTHZ ON OBFLOHMUS ABOUT CHBTA Y PFULPYUM, DYLP VMEUOHCH ZMBBNY.
B S-FP YEKH FEVS ... - OBYUBMB POB PVTBPCHBOOP Y UNPMLMB, YURHZBOOBS EZP VEEKHNIGHT CHYDPN. BY UICHBFIM EE BL THLH, UBZPCHPTYM VSHCHUFTP, VEUUCHSHOP:
UMHYBK... SING EZP PFTBCHYMY... zhTPMCHB... fshch OBEYSH?... SING EZP...
UFP? .. PFTBCHYMY? .. NPMYUY! y, CHMBUFOP RTYFSOKHCH EZP L UEVE, CBTSBMB ENH TPF ZPTSUEK, CHMBTSOPK MBDPOSHA. - NPMYUY! .. OE OBDP ... EIDEN PFUADB.
LHDB? .. BI, RHUFY! POB UOPCHB UICHBFYMB EZP ЪB THLBCH Y RPFBEYMB ЪB UPVPK, RPCHFPTSS OBUFPKYUCHP:
OE OBDP... YDEN PFUADB... HCHYDSF... rBTEOSH FHF LBLPCFP... FBL Y CHSHEFUS... YDEN ULPTEE!
LHDB FS?.. RPUFPK!.. - LTYLOHMB POB, VTPUBSUSH OB OIN. h FP CHTENS Y LHUFCH CHSHCHULPYUYM YUTS, - POB NEFOHMBUSH CH UFPTPOKH Y, RETERTSCHZOHCH YUETE THYUEK, ULTSCHMBUSH CH PMSHIPCHOYLE.
UFP - OE DBMBUSH? - VSHCHUFTP URTPUYM YUTS, RPDVEZBS L NEUYLKH. - b OH, NPTSEF, NOE RPUYUBUFMYCHYFUS! - by IMPROHM UEVS RP MSCLE Y LYOKHMUS CHUMED ЪB CHBTEK ...
speech purity correctness accuracy
Quintilian Roman orator:
Accuracy has long been recognized as one of the main virtues of speech. Already in
In ancient manuals on eloquence, the first and main requirement for speech was the requirement of clarity. The content that the ancient theorists invested in this concept is in many respects similar to the modern concepts of accuracy. Aristotle believed that if the speech is not clear, it does not reach the goal. "The dignity of the syllable is to be clear and not low."
The accuracy and clarity of speech are interrelated: the accuracy of speech, as a rule, gives it clarity, the clarity of speech follows from its accuracy. However, the speaker (writer) should take care of the accuracy of the statement, and the listener (reader) evaluates how clearly the thought is stated. We put our thoughts into words. As noted by V.T. Belinsky, “The word reflects the thought: the thought is incomprehensible and the word is incomprehensible.” And at the same time, "he who thinks clearly, he clearly states." In order for speech to be accurate, words should be used in full accordance with the meanings that are assigned to them in the language: the word must be adequate to the concept expressed by it. With a clear expression of thought, the words fully correspond to their subject-logical meaning, and the wrong choice of the word distorts the meaning of the statement. Masters of the artistic word persistently achieve the accuracy of word usage. However, we are not always able to avoid lexical errors that deprive our speech of accuracy. Even experienced writers are not immune from this.
So in the first editions of the novel by A.A. Fadeev (until 1949) was the phrase: "The sword fell on its back to the ground and buried its face in his palms." In this sentence, the word backwards is inaccurately used: you cannot “bury your face in your palms” if you fall backwards, that is, on your back. In the 1949 edition, the author made a correction: "The sword fell to the ground and buried his face in his hands."
Usually you can find many stylistic options for expressing thoughts, but for some reason many prefer not the simplest and clearest ... why does it jar us when we hear: A famous poet lives with me in this house; I am currently preparing for my exams. Because the highlighted words are not suitable for the colloquial style of speech, they give it a clerical tone, depriving it of its natural simplicity.
Stylistically, the use of bookish words is also not justified in such, for example, replicas during oral communication: “Igor told me that his grandmother would come to the kindergarten for him; the clockwork monkey is out of order." Predilection for clericalism and book vocabulary leads to verbosity, to a confused and complex transmission of the simplest thoughts. N.G. Chernyshevsky wrote: “What you do not clearly imagine, you will not express clearly; inaccuracy and confusion of expressions testifies only to the confusion of thoughts. This is often the fault of new writers.
The reason for the ambiguity of the statement may be the wrong word order in the sentence: "Seven operating platforms are served by several hundred people." Of course, such sentences can be corrected if they are used in speech. It is enough to change the word order: “Several hundred people serve seven operating platforms,” but if you hear a phrase with the wrong word order, its incorrect interpretation is probably based on this, A.P. Chekhov: “I wish you to avoid all kinds of troubles, sorrows and misfortunes.”
Unfortunately, carelessness in the placement of words in a sentence (not
rarity: Bicycle crashed a tram; They fed him the meat of their dogs, etc., the meaning of which eventually becomes clear, but with some effort, which does not meet the requirement of clarity of expression.
Semantic ambiguity sometimes arises in unprepositional combinations of the type: a letter to the mother (written by her or addressed to her), a portrait of Repin, etc.
Lexical norms regulate the use of words in speech. The word should be used in the meaning that it has and which is fixed in the explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language. Violation of lexical norms leads to a distortion of the meaning of the statement.
No one is immune from lexical errors, even experienced writers. So, in the first editions of A. Fadeev's novel "The Defeat" there was a phrase: "The sword fell backward on the ground and buried its face in the palms." Where is the inaccuracy? Back - "on the back", so you can not bury your hands in your hands, falling on your back. Later, the author made a correction to the text: "The sword fell face down on the ground and buried his face in his hands."
There are many examples of inaccurate use of words. Yes, adverb where-then has the meaning "in some place", "it is not known where" (music started playing somewhere). However, recently this word has been used in the sense of “about, approximately, sometime” (somewhere in the 70s, the plan was completed by about 102%).
Speech deficiency should be considered the frequent use of the word order meaning "a little more", "a little less". In Russian, to denote this concept, there are words approximately, about. But some use the word instead order. Example: "The damage caused to the city is about 300 thousand rubles."
Misuse of the verb is also a mistake. lay down instead of put. These verbs have the same meaning, but put- a common literary word, and lay down- spacious.
It must also be remembered that many words in Russian are polysemantic. But the meanings of such words are usually clarified already in self-music context: quiet voice, quiet disposition, quiet weather, quiet breathing, quiet driving, etc.
A polysemantic word can have different lexical compatibility. Compatibility is the ability of a word to be used with other words in a speech segment. Compatibility is largely determined by the meaning of the word. Yes, verbs wash and wash have common components in their values. However, only items made of fabric or having the properties of fabric can be washed.
Another example. Boost only that to which we apply the parameter is possible tall. high speed - raise speed. But you can not increase the training of specialists, it can be improved.
Combinations of words that contain semantic features that negate each other are not allowed. One cannot say: "These dryers have a high drying depth" (high degree of drying).
From the point of view of the modern Russian language, it is often difficult to explain the reasons for the different compatibility of words that are close in meaning ( Roy, herd, herd, group, etc.). Many combinations of words are fixed by linguistic tradition.
Homonymy should not be confused with polysemy of words. Homonyms These are words that are the same in sound and spelling, but different in meaning. In explanatory dictionaries, they are in different dictionary entries ( marriage"marriage" and marriage"flaw").
To avoid repetition of the same words, you need to use synonyms in your speech. Synonyms are words that sound and are spelled differently but have similar meanings: moment – moment, scold – to scold, huge - huge. Not only pairs, but also whole series of words can be synonymous: briefly, briefly, concisely, briefly, concisely, etc.
Violation of lexical norms is sometimes associated with the fact that speakers confuse words that are similar in sound, but different in meaning. Such words are called paronyms: introduce and provide(The word is presented to Petrov. Allow me to introduce Dr. Petrov to you). Verb provide means “to give the opportunity to take advantage of something” (to provide a vacation, an apartment, a position, a loan, rights, a word, independence, etc.). Verb introduce has the meaning "to give, to transfer, to present something to someone" (to present a report, certificate, facts, evidence; to present for an award, for an order, for a title, etc.). Words are different in meaning spectacular and effective, offensive and touchy and other.
Violation of lexical norms generates various speech errors. Yes, it is common pleonasm - semantic redundancy in a combination of words or in a compound word. At the same time, the constituent parts of a phrase or a compound word contain the same semantic component ( memorable souvenir, anticipate in advance, valuable treasures, subtle nuance, in the month of April, the route of movement, the main essence, mutual cooperation, etc.).
From the point of view of the linguistic norm, pleonasm is not permissible, however, some pleonastic combinations have become fixed in the language ( exhibit'exhibition' Exhibitions).
Pleonasm is a type tautology - redesignation of an already named concept. Tautology occurs when the same root words are repeated in one phrase ( torrential downpour, group groups, tell a story, depict an image, etc.).
Tautological are irregular grammatical forms such as more beautiful, the best and other .
However, the use of cognate words in one phrase or sentence is justified if they are the only carriers of the corresponding meanings and cannot be replaced by synonyms. (cover the bucket with a lid, make a bed, a dictionary of foreign words, etc.).
Lecture 6 Functional varieties of the Russian language
Formal business style
Literary language serves various spheres of human activity. Therefore there is 5 main styles: official business; scientific; journalistic; colloquial; art. Each of the styles has its own set of specific means, which are manifested in terms of the content of the statement, in terms of speech expression.
The official business style is used in documenting different things: economic, state styles. The most important varieties include: stationery(actually official business style), legal(language of laws and decrees), diplomatic(international).
International properties are connected by the general tasks of the official business speech of any state:
Be a means of business communication;
Serve as a language tool for documenting management business and service information.
To general the properties of the official business style include:
A) sufficiency of information (its completeness).
B) reliability of information (objectivity).
C) persuasiveness (argumentation).
D) consistency and structure of presentation.
D) conciseness (no more than 2 pages).
E) functionality and rationality of the official business style language.
G) standardization and unification of the language and textual means.
Among the functions of documents are general and special.
General:
· Informational;
· Social (need of society);
Communicative (means of communication between public structures);
· Cultural (consolidation, transfer of cultural traditions and stages of development of civilization);
Special:
· Management (planning, reporting, organizational distribution documents);
· Legal (documents having a legal basis);
Function of a historical source (sources of historical information about the development of society);
A variety of genres of official business style gives rise to a variety of types of business organization. Conditionally, there is 3 groups of documents:
1. business papers of a personal nature.
2. service documentation.
3. business correspondence.
1. These are: a statement (a request to an official), an explanatory note (contains the reason for the violation of something), a receipt (confirmation of the receipt of material value), an autobiography (a description of life and educational and business activities), a characteristic (a list of professional and personal qualities of a person) , summary (autobiography + professional and personal qualities for the benefit of themselves).
2. These are: a resolution (a legal act, it is adopted by the highest authority), a decision (a legal act adopted by collegial and advisory bodies), an order (an order of the head, the main official document binding on subordinates), an order (a legal act issued by an enterprise in order to resolve the issue), memorandum (appeal outlining the issue requiring resolution), certificate (informational nature, confirming the facts), announcement (informs about something).
3. these are: a notification letter (information about something), a reminder letter, a request letter (commercial form, an appeal from persons wishing to receive information), an offer letter (an offer, a statement of the desire to conclude a deal indicating the conditions), letter of response (agreement/disagreement to the terms of the request), letter of complaint (claim, expression of claims against the party that violated the contract, compensation for losses).
Any document consists of a number of details (date, text, signature, etc.). Most used requisites:
1. emblem of the organization;
2. name of the organization;
3. legal address of the organization;
4. name of types of documents;
5. date;
7. addressee;
8. title of the text;
9. text;
10. a mark on the presence of applications;
11. signature;
12. printing;
1 - drawing, trademark. It is located in the left corner or in the middle of the sheet.
2 - is written in accordance with the registered names. Abbreviation CJSC, LLC, OJSC, etc. located below the logo of the organization.
3 - index of the communication enterprise, postal address, telephone, fax, TIN, bank account number. It is located in the left corner after the name of the organization.
4 - located in the header after the legal address. Gives a general idea of the purpose of the document.
5 - the main attribute of the document, ensuring its legal force. All of them are in the header. In the text - digital method (day/month/year). Financial character is a verbal-digital way of registration. The date is on the left or under the text on the left (after the signature).
6 - serial number of registration. With double numbering, the first number is the serial number of the document from where it came from, the second number is where it is sent.
7 - name of the organization (in the nominative case), structural: position, surname and initials in the dative case, legal address of the organization. Right at the top of the sheet.
8 - a summary of the meaning of the text.
9 - the text itself.
10 - the full name of the applications contained in the text, the mark is drawn up in an abbreviated form (application: on the 3rd sheet in 2 copies). If the applications are not indicated in the text, then the full name of the applications is written.
11 - mandatory requisite of the document. Includes the name of the position of the person who signed the document; personal signature; its decryption.
12 - optional props. Material values and expenses of funds. It is necessary to put the seal correctly: to capture part of the title of the person of his personal signature; clear to read.
Language means and styles of presentation of business documents are required:
Unambiguity of words, expressions.
Neutral tone of presentation.
Compliance with grammatical, lexical, syntactic, stylistic norms.
Semantic sufficiency and conciseness.
1. lexical: no distinction of paronyms; inattention to the shades of synonymous words (build a warehouse); use of professionalisms (dostrat); unjustified use of borrowed words (appeal); do not use obsolete words (of this year);
2. grammatical:
A) misuse pretexts(by non-distribution); It must be remembered that the following prepositions are used with the dative case: thanks, in relation to, in relation to, according to, according to, according to.
B) when used numerals: unambiguous- in a word (five), to indicate the measure of use - a figure (9 kg), compound numbers, standing at the beginning of the sentence, are written in words (one hundred and fifty), ordinals written with a case ending. C) When constructing phrases, it is taken into account that some words are used with only one word (an order is issued).
The structure of the text is easily perceptible. It is the most rational, it includes 2 parts: the motives that gave rise to the creation of the document; and requests, suggestions, orders. Multi-aspect documents: each aspect from a new paragraph (4-6 sentences and 1 sentence).
Special conditions of business communication: the nature, address, frequency of managerial situations and thematic limitations determine the general requirements for the culture of official correspondence:
1. Laconism of a business letter.
2. Quite informative.
3. Clarity and unambiguity of language.
Business Etiquette- the order of conduct established in the field of business communication. The rules are based on:
1. polite, respectful, friendly attitude towards a business partner.
2. observance of a certain distance between employees occupying different official positions.
3. the ability to say "yes" and "no" without offending a partner, without hurting his pride.
4. tolerance for other people's opinions that do not coincide with yours.
5. the ability to admit their mistakes.
6. be self-critical.
Lecture 7 scientific style
Linguistic and structural features of scientific speech genres
The main function of the scientific style is communicative and informative. Implemented in the following ways:
1) accuracy, logic of speech.
2) Conciseness, information richness.
3) Objectivity, abstractness and generalization of judgments.
4) Impersonality, abstractness of the statement.
6) Standardization of means of expression.
Depending on the target setting, the following varieties (substyles) of the scientific style are distinguished:
· academic style. It is characterized by a strict scientific presentation of the material addressed to specialists. Important features of the substyle: accuracy of information, persuasiveness of argumentation, logical sequence of reasoning, conciseness. It is implemented in the following genres: dissertation, scientific monographs, articles, reports, theses and term papers, projects, reviews, abstracts, scientific reports.
· Educational and scientific substyle. Outlines the basics of science in educational literature. Genres: educational and teaching aids, educational monographs, educational dictionaries, lectures.
· Scientific and informative sub-style. Main purpose: to provide scientific information with the most accurate description of the factor. The peculiarity is manifested in the stereotype of the composition; maximum standardization of language means; unification of syntactic constructions. Genres: abstracts, annotations, catalogs, special dictionaries, technological descriptions.
· Popular science substyle. Unlike other sub-styles, it is addressed not to specialists, but to a wide range of readers, so scientific data are presented in an accessible form. Genres: essay, essay, book, popular science lecture, periodical article.
Language tools consist of 3 groups:
· Lexical and phraseological;
· Morphological (grammatical);
· syntactic;
1) vocabulary and phraseological units. Vocabulary presented 4 shapes:
terminology
words with a generalized abstract meaning
Common vocabulary
organizer words of scientific thought
BUT) terms. There are general scientific and social. The first express the general concepts of science and technology. Unambiguous within the functional style (physical and chemical properties). The second show objects and objects of science and technology (atom, chromosome, valence).
B) words with a generalized abstract meaning are the basis and source of the scientific style (aspect, concept, totality, study).
AT) vocabulary for general use. For all walks of life.
G) organizer words are divided into 3 groups:
words that are introduced into a logical context (thus, thereby, as a result of this, in turn).
Characterizes the degree of objectivity of information (consider, believe, assert, it seems possible)
Scientific phraseological units denote certain concepts, is a term (as observations have shown, based on the data obtained, summarizing what has been said).
2) morphological features of the scientific style:
Predominance of verbal nouns (study, consideration).
· Activity of the genitive (connection line, properties of metals, etc.).
In verb forms, the present tense prevails (chemistry studies, biology considers).
· The use of impersonal forms of verbs (explored in the work).
Abbreviations are actively used.
Plural forms are allowed for personal pronouns.
Dominant digital. And not the letter designation of numbers.
· As a means of logical connections between sentences and parts of the utterance, adverbs (further, earlier, above), prepositions (in view of, due to, except for, in addition to), unions (and, but, but, however) are used.
· Means of strengthening persuasiveness - particles (only, only, same).
3) scientific style syntax:
Active predominance of prepositional-nominal phrases (with a purpose, with the help).
The predominance of compound nominal predicates (makes it possible to consider).
· The use of passive constructions (considered in the work, analyzed in the article).
Active use of adverbial and participial phrases (having received this result).
· The predominance of detailed syntactic constructions.
The frequency of use of introductory constructions (so, of course, in this way).
Conditional language is very important for the scientific style, i.e. underlining, font, emphasis systems (italics, spacing), formulas, graphics, diagrams.
The course of scientific research follows the following logical scheme:
1) substantiation of the relevance of scientific research.
2) The choice of subject, object of study.
3) Choice of research methods.
4) Description of the research process.
5) Research results.
6) Formulation of the conclusion.
Everyone genre scientific work I have my own composition , heading . Most of the texts are 2 parts: descriptive(reflects the course of scientific research), main(research method, achieved result). All materials that are not important for substantiating the problem are included in the appendices.
rubrication- division of text into component parts - graphical separation of one part from another, as well as used headings and numbering. The simplest heading is a paragraph. The division into paragraphs is determined by the size and content of the text. Go to paragraph requirements:
2) Proportionality.
3) Paragraph division is often combined with numbering.
Possible systems numbering :
· Use of characters of different types (Roman and Arabic numerals, uppercase and lowercase letters).
· The digital numbering system uses Arabic numerals (1; 1.1; 1.1.1 - where the first digit is a section, the second is a chapter, the third is a paragraph).
Quote
- an exact literal excerpt from any source. Quotations are direct and indirect. Straight- complete, without arbitrary reduction and distortion of the transmission of thought from the quoted text (it is drawn up in quotation marks, the author and page are indicated). Indirect- retelling the thought in your own words while preserving the essence of the original source (in this case, the page is not indicated, only the author). Link
- a mention of the author and the source that contains the idea being covered (the page is not indicated).
For quoting, use forms of the following verbs
: define, mark, imply, emphasize, formulate, count, assert.
Quotations are subject to strict rules.:
1. Quoted text is enclosed in quotation marks. It preserves the grammatical forms of words and punctuation marks.
2. when quoting, it is not allowed to combine in one quote several passages taken from different places in the quoted text. Each passage is formatted as a separate quotation.
3. A quote at the beginning of a sentence begins with an uppercase letter (big), even if the first word in the source begins with a lowercase letter.
4. A quotation after a colon begins with a lowercase letter if the first word of the quotation began with a lowercase letter in the source, and with an uppercase letter if the word began with an uppercase letter in the source.
5. a quote at the end of a sentence, which is an independent sentence and ends with “ … », « ? », « ! ”, is closed with quotation marks, after which no punctuation marks are placed.
Do they believe it now?
Twenty-five years ago
That I am politically developed,
I got a certificate from a kindergarten.
(Evgeny Vinokurov)
A quarter of a century later, it has become a source of all sorts of humorous associations. But in 1939, Pavel Kogan had no time for humor. The picture he paints does not even look like a satirical grotesque. It terrifies precisely with its actual, photographic accuracy.
But let's see how events develop further in the autobiographical novel in verse by Pavel Kogan.
The boy, of course, shared his experiences with his mother:
It was not in vain that Volodya bit his lips in anger. The mention that he was "special" hurt his soul. He didn't want to be special. He wanted to be "like everyone else." And who dares to condemn this natural desire of a six-year-old boy, if adults, wise by experience and hundreds of volumes read, people wholeheartedly shared this childhood desire of his:And my mother gave up shopping, She said that she was losing the thread, She said that it was a "nightmare", and - to the phone, Rather, call Lyubochka. (A childhood friend, one of the lucky ones, Of summer residents. She doesn’t care about anything. A model from the time of problem books, For an ugly, but doctor.) And mother, getting excited and complaining, Shouted to Lyubochka: “Shame, You can’t close the child’s horizons with a damned newspaper ... Volodya! But Volodya is thin. Special. It's not that scary. You should have looked at the child - He is trembling with disgust ... ”Volodya listened, and the wood lice crawled between the shoulder blades. He himself did not know what would happen, But he bit his lips with evil ...
And don't I measure five years,
I don't fall, I don't get up...
But what about my chest
And with the fact that any inertia of inertia?
Even if Pasternak struggled to overcome the “inertness” of his chest, to crush in himself a simple human pity, then what can we say about a little boy who wanted to escape into the big world from a cramped “philistine” “petty-bourgeois” paradise. No, what happened to Volodya was by no means an accidental outburst of a "nervous" child.
The feeling he experienced was akin to the feeling that Mayakovsky so encouraged in himself. He, too, "choked with happiness," because he managed to "commune with a great feeling called class."Some kind of alien force On the shoulders of thin breeches, Pushed, endured ... He shouted: “You lied to her. You are both lying. You are bourgeois. I do not care. I won't ask. You are slanderers. I don’t tremble, and I tremble with joy.” He lied. Yes, it made my heart skip a beat. Choking with happiness, he lied. And listened to the world. And the world outside the windows of "Separation" played subtly.
This is how this sad story ends.
The boy listens to the world that plays “Separation” outside the windows, foreshadowing him parting with everything that is dear to him, with everything that surrounds him since childhood. Some kind of huge force powerfully pushes him out of his familiar environment. This force, which repels him from the old, “bourgeois”, that he imagines in the family, is much stronger than the force that prevents him from accepting the cruelty of the pogrom, pretending to be harsh justice, in his heart.
Thus, from early childhood, the spark of the intellectual inferiority complex swelled, swelled, flared up, grew, turning into a flame that burned the soul.
The intellectuals amicably crawled on their belly in front of the hegemonic class, beating their chests and swearing an oath that although they are worse than the “new man”, they will try very hard and gradually, drop by drop, squeeze out of themselves all the abomination left in their souls from the old of the world: abstract humanism, kindness, pity, the habit of thinking and doubting, honor, simple decency, and if the hegemonic class orders, then the excessive complexity of feelings and even metaphor.
A variety of books were devoted to the slandering of an intellectual who could not overcome his intellectual essence and therefore was doomed to death: Fadeev's Defeat, Fedin's Cities and Years, Ehrenburg's The Second Day, Boris Levin's Youth, Olesha's Envy.
True, there was a small problem with Olesha. From the conflict depicted by him in Envy, the entire Soviet public unanimously concluded that a person “without a soul” is better, more perfect, purer, and in any case more useful for the proletarian state than a person “with a soul”. For nothing, perhaps, Nikolai Kavalerov, who has a soul, is so desperately jealous of human robots, whose actions are driven by bare expediency.
But Olesha himself could not reconcile himself with what the communist critics so insistently instilled in him. He could not believe, could not agree that the "soul" was an atavism, a rudiment from which the new man was determined to get rid of. With the last of his strength, he tried to prove that this is not so, that poetry, the soul is a kind of value that new people can still come in handy.
Poor Olesha. He didn't have much pride left. Exactly enough so that, without crawling on his belly, but still in a fairly respectful manner, try to prove that he, with all the burden of his intellectual, petty-bourgeois past, is still no worse than a worker or a Komsomol member.... I realized that my main dream is to protect my freshness from the assertion that it is not needed, from the assertion that freshness is vulgarity, insignificance ...
I realized that the reason for such a concept is the desire to prove that I have the power of colors and that it would be absurd if these colors were not used. The worst thing is to humiliate myself, to say that I am nothing compared to a worker or a Komsomol member ... No, I have enough pride to say that, despite the fact that I was born in the old world, in me, in my soul, in my imagination, in my life, in my dreams, there is much that puts me on the same level with both the workers and the Komsomol members.
(From a speech at the First Congress of Writers)
We will return to the question of what came out of this desperate attempt of his. In the meantime, let us note that Olesha's lonely voice was lost in the friendly choir of other, immeasurably more confident voices, in unison repeating to their reader that the intellectual, by its very essence, is immeasurably worse and more disgusting than the "common man".
An intellectual is immeasurably uglier and worse than an ordinary person precisely because he has screwed up a lot of superfluous things on himself. And the more he screwed up on himself, and the stronger this superfluous grew to him, the more obvious his human inferiority.Frost has been accustomed since childhood to the fact that people like Mechik hide their true feelings - as simple and small as Frost's - with big and beautiful words and this separates themselves from those who, like Frost, do not know how to dress up their feelings. pretty enough. He did not realize that this was the case, and could not express it in his own words, but he always felt between himself and these people an impenetrable wall of false, painted words and deeds dragged up by them from nowhere.
(Alexander Fadeev)
This inferiority of the intellectual, this defectiveness of him is not only disgusting. It is fraught with a threat to the cause of the proletariat, and therefore there is nothing in the world more vile and more dangerous than it.
In Alexander Fadeev's novel "The Rout" this thesis is developed into a plot. Mechik's "unheard-of vile betrayal" that ends the novel is an inevitable consequence of his intellectual inferiority. But this final episode is just the final touch, the last dot on the i. Throughout the novel, Mechik's intellectual inferiority has been explored in detail and comprehensively.
What exactly does it manifest itself in?
First of all, it's not dirty enough. In the most direct, literal sense of the word. Physically not dirty enough.
These hostile thoughts of Frost could not have been given much importance if not for the ending of the novel. If at the end it had not turned out irrefutably that Frost's class instinct had not failed this time either.To tell the truth, Frost did not like the rescued at first sight.
Frost did not like clean people. In his life practice, these were fickle, worthless people who could not be trusted.
The second, already more important sign of Sword's human inferiority is that he is too pure not only physically, but also morally. For example, he keeps a faded photograph of his girlfriend under his pillow. And even though he felt the caustic bitterness of shame for this intellectual weakness of his and at the decisive moment tore the card to shreds, he still cannot completely overcome his disgust at the simplicity of morals that is characteristic of his new comrades.
The third sign of Mechik's inferiority is even more dangerous for the cause of the proletariat. It consists in the fact that the Mechik sympathizes with the grief of others and does not know how to reconcile with cruelty. Pity breaks his heart.- Hey, helper of death! the first one shouted, seeing Kharchenko and Varya on the mound. - Why are you pawing our women? .. Well, well, let me hold on too ... The paramedic laughed unnaturally loudly, imperceptibly climbing under Varya's blouse. She looked at them meekly and tiredly, not even trying to drive Kharchenko's hand away...
- Why the hell are you sitting like a seal? Chizh quickly whispered in Mechik's ear. - It's all agreed - such a girl - she will give both ...
The contemptuous attitude of the author to Mechik's intellectual weakness was most clearly expressed in the last phrase. But not only in it. It is shaded by Levinson's behavior. After all, Levinson is also an intellectual. He, too, is not alien to this intellectual weakness. He, too, is unbearably sorry for the Korean. But he knows how to stifle this pity in himself, to curb it. He knows how to keep his heart on a chain. Unlike Swordsman, he knows what revolutionary necessity is.A shaking gray-haired Korean, in a sagging wire hat, from the very first words begged that the pigs would not touch him. Levinson, feeling 150 hungry mouths behind him and feeling sorry for the Korean, tried to prove to him that he could not do otherwise. The Korean, not understanding, continued to fold his hands pleadingly and repeated:
- No need for kushi-kushi ... No need ...
“Shoot, it doesn’t matter,” Levinson waved and grimaced, as if they were supposed to shoot at him.
The Korean also grimaced and cried. Suddenly he fell to his knees and, fidgeting with his beard on the grass, began to kiss Levinson's feet, but Levinson did not even raise him - he was afraid that, having done this, he would not stand it and cancel his order.
The swordsman saw all this, and his heart sank. He ran behind the fanza and buried his face in the straw, but even here stood before him a tear-stained, old face, a small figure in white, crouched at Levinson's feet. “Is it really impossible without this?” – Sword thought feverishly, and in front of him the submissive and as if falling faces of the peasants, from whom the last was also taken away, floated in a long line. No, no, this is cruel, this is too cruel, he thought again, and buried himself deeper in the straw.
Mechik knew that he would never have done this to a Korean himself, but he ate the pig along with everyone because he was hungry.
The episode with the Korean and his pig is far from the last test of “strength” that Mechik has not been able to withstand. This episode is a stepping stone to the next, even more eloquent episode.
Revolutionary necessity forces Levinson to make an even more terrible decision. This time it is no longer about a pig, but about a man. To save the squad, it is necessary to kill a wounded comrade. The wounded man is hopeless, he will die anyway.
There is, however, another way out.
The last argument seems irrefutable to both interlocutors (and, of course, to the author). What is the point of a doctor staying with an obviously hopeless patient: only one will die this way, and two will die this way. Pure arithmetic.“Of course, I can stay with him,” Stashinsky said muffledly after a pause. “Actually, it’s my job…
“Nonsense,” Levinson waved his hand. - No later than tomorrow, by lunchtime, the Japanese will come here on fresh tracks ... Or is it your duty to be killed?
If Janusz Korczak wanted to resort to this arithmetic, he would not have gone with the children to the gas chamber. The kids were doomed anyway.
Korczak's act shows that intellectual consciousness does not necessarily become a source of weakness. It can equally be a source of strength.
I remembered Korczak not in order to humiliate the doctor Stashinsky, who accepted Levinson's argument and agreed with him. It is assumed that Stashinsky did this not because he clung to life and seized on Levinson's arguments to justify his weakness. Let's assume that it would be much easier for Stashinsky to stay with the wounded and die. Let us assume that he refused to perform his medical duty not from the instinct of self-preservation. That he sacrificed this debt to some other, immeasurably higher debt. Let us even admit that, neglecting his duties as a doctor, he committed self-sacrifice.
Fadeev is trying to inspire us with just that. With all his might, he tries to prove that people like Stashinsky and Levinson are infinitely higher than respectable intellectuals, who in any circumstances strive to fulfill their simple human duty. They are higher because they know how to keep their heart on a leash, they know how to make all their feelings recede into the background before the greatness of the cause they serve.
Korczak, going with his pupils to the gas chamber, pursued a very simple and clear goal. He wanted the children, who were destined to die anyway, not to be alone at their last minute.
Whatever descendants may say about the senselessness, about the inexpediency of the decision taken by Korczak, he achieved this goal of his.
Can people like Levinson and Stashinsky boast of the same? The happiest of them sleep peacefully in their graves, never knowing what has become of the cause in the name of which they ruined their lives and their immortal souls. And outside the triumph of this cause, their feat had no value even in their own eyes.
Korczak was a free man. He was in charge of his own life. Himself, single-handedly held an answer to God for himself and his soul. Therefore, only he alone had the right to judge the correctness or fallacy of his act. And the lives of Levinson and Stashinsky belonged to the cause. They have condemned themselves to the fact that we judge them depending on whether it turned out to be right or wrong in the end it was their business.
However, we completely forgot about our hero - Pavel Mechik. By chance (or rather, by the will of the author) he overheard the conversation between Levinson and Stashinsky.
The terrible crimson vein swelled up on Stashinsky’s forehead not at all because Mechik accidentally caught him “at the crime scene”, became an involuntary witness to something that he (and indeed no one) was supposed to see. Stashinsky experienced this sudden rage, hatred and contempt for Mechik for a completely different reason. An acute desire to immediately kill - no, not even kill, but crush Mechik, like some last evil spirit, trash, spider or cockroach - Stashinsky felt because in the instinctive horror of Mechik before what he, Stashinsky, had to do, he saw the desire to stay clean. Stashinsky knows that in these circumstances to remain clean means to shift his responsibility onto someone else's shoulders. He is not going to do this. He is ready to bear his terrible burden. But that doesn't mean it's easy for him.- We'll have to do it today ... Just make sure that no one guesses, and most importantly, he himself ... can it be so?
- He won’t guess ... soon give him bromine, instead of bromine ... Or maybe we’ll postpone it until tomorrow? BUT?
- Why pull ... anyway ... - Levinson hid the map and stood up. "You have to, there's nothing you can do...
“Will they really do it? ..” The sword fell backward on the ground and buried his face in his palm ... Then he got up and, clinging to the bushes, staggering like a wounded man, wandered after Stashinsky and Levinson ...
He arrived on time. Stashinsky, standing with his back to Frolov, holding out his trembling hands to the light, poured something into a beaker.
– Wait!.. What are you doing? I heard everything!
Stashinsky, startled, turned his head, his hands trembled even more ... Suddenly he took a step towards Mechik, and a terrible crimson vein swelled on his forehead.
- Get out! .. - he said in an ominous strangled whisper. - I'll kill you! ..
The sword squealed and, beside himself, jumped out of the barracks.
The sword is not even able to understand all the greatness of the soul of Stashinsky - such is the subtext of this scene. Next to Stashinsky, he is not a person. Rather, some kind of rat, causing involuntary disgust: “The sword squealed and, not remembering himself, jumped out of the barracks ...”
The last phrase leaves no doubt: Mechik's behavior evokes approximately the same feelings in the author of the novel as in Stashinsky.
The same dramatic collision was considered in another book by another Soviet writer. A book written around the same time as Fadeev's "Rout".
The situation is exactly the same as that of Fadeev. It is necessary to finish off the wounded. Before us are two people who have different attitudes towards this terrible necessity. One, although he understands that to shoot Dolgushov means to perform an act of mercy towards him, to save him from incredible suffering, he is still unable to do this. Another simply, without any extra words, fulfills the last request of a wounded comrade.The man sitting by the road was Dolgushov, the telegraph operator. Spreading his legs, he looked at us point-blank.
- I'm here, - said Dolgushov, when we drove up, - I'll run out ... Understand?
“Understood,” said Grischuk, stopping the horses.
“The patron must be spent on me,” said Dolgushov.
He sat leaning against a tree. His boots were sticking out.
- The gentry will jump in - they will make a mockery. Here is the document, you will write to your mother how and what ...
Without taking his eyes off me, he carefully unfolded his shirt. His stomach was torn out, the intestines crawled onto his knees, and heartbeats were visible ...
- No, - I answered and gave the horse spurs ...
Perspiration crawled over my body. The machine guns fired faster and faster, with hysterical stubbornness. Surrounded by a halo of sunset, Afonka Bida galloped towards us.
“We scratch a little,” he shouted cheerfully. - What kind of fair do you have here?
I pointed to Dolgushov and drove off.
(Isaac Babel)
Yes, the situation is close. But that's where the similarity ends.
Fadeev described this situation, so to speak, in the best traditions of the old literature.
Rhythm, syntax, phrase construction, all the intonations of this prose are typically Tolstoyan. Yes, Fadeev never hid that he considers himself a student of Tolstoy. However, at the same time, he naively believed that he would accept Tolstoy's literary, so to speak, purely artistic achievements, rejecting Tolstoy's worldview, which was unacceptable to him. He was not going to learn from Tolstoy to think, feel, comprehend and realize the world. He wanted only one thing: to learn to write from Tolstoy."It's bromine, drink it," Stashinsky said sternly.
Their eyes met and, understanding each other, froze, bound by a single thought ... "The end," Frolov thought, and for some reason was not surprised - he did not feel any fear, or excitement, or bitterness. Everything turned out to be so simple and easy, and it was even strange why he suffered so much, clung so stubbornly to life and was afraid of death, if life promised him new suffering, and death only deliverance from them. He moved his eyes around, hesitantly, as if looking for something. For the first time during his illness, a human expression appeared in Frolov's eyes - pity for himself, and maybe for Stashinsky. He lowered his eyelids, and when he opened them again, his face was calm and meek.
“If it happens, you will be on Suchan,” he said slowly, “tell them not to kill them painfully ... Everyone will come to this place ... yes? it was completely clear and proven to him, but it was precisely the thought that deprived the personal - his, Frolov's - death of its special, separate, terrible meaning and made it - this death - something ordinary, characteristic of all people.
But it turned out that learning to write from Tolstoy means learning from him the main thing: the attitude to life.
Together with Tolstoy's syntax, together with the rhythm and intonations of Tolstoy's phrases, Fadeev involuntarily learned a fraction of Tolstoy's worldview. Like Tolstoy's Ivan Ilyich, Frolov dies with Fadeev as a philosopher. He dies, realizing that something infinitely important is happening now with his soul.
Dolgushov with Babel dies quite differently.
Babel describes the death of his hero in such a way, gloriously he firmly decided to proceed from the premise that "man is bones and meat, and nothing more."
We will never learn anything about the words that Dolgushov said to Afonka before he shot him in the mouth. And, of course, not only because the narrator did not hear these words. Obviously, even if we had heard these last words of his, we would still not have learned anything new about his dying feelings and thoughts, except for what we already know about this. And we only know what Dolgushov expressed in a single short phrase: "The patron must be spent on me." As if in what lies ahead for him, the most important and most annoying thing for him is that he will have to go to some unplanned expenses and spend a cartridge for his personal needs, which was intended for completely different purposes.His stomach was torn out, the intestines crawled onto his knees, and heartbeats were visible ...
They spoke briefly - I did not hear the words. Dolgushov handed his book to the platoon commander. Afonka hid it in his boot and shot Dolgushov in the mouth.
Unlike Tolstoy's Ivan Ilyich and Fadeev's Frolov, Dolgushov apparently did not doubt for a second that it was right for him to die.
Frolov in Fadeev, as we remember, in the end also comes to such a consciousness. But it does not come immediately, but after defeating long and painful doubts, overcoming the fear of death, the horror of the fact that it should turn into nothing. As for Dolgushov, he seems to have nothing to overcome. He initially proceeds from the fact that it is right for him to die.
Dolgushov is a living person made of meat and bones. He hurts. We see his heart beating. And it's scary to kill him.
But Afonka, it turns out, is not only not scary, but even quite simple. The very description of the act he committed tells us about this. Rather, this is not even a description, but a message made by a semi-phrase, almost a subordinate clause. One short phrase includes two actions, two actions of Afonka: "I hid it in my boot and shot Dolgushov in the mouth." The intonation of the phrase, its very syntax tangibly show that shooting Dolgushov in the mouth for Afonka is as clear, simple, self-evident action as hiding paper in a boot.
In the old literature, a person who stepped over someone else's life immediately became different from what he was a minute before. There was an instantaneous change in him. And in the eyes of others, and in his own eyes, he became a "murderer." The seal of Cain lay on his whole appearance:
And twelve come again
Behind him is a rifle.
Only the poor killer
Can't see a face...
(Alexander Blok)
Afonka Vida shot Dolgushov in the mouth, and nothing has changed in the world. And in Afonka himself, nothing has changed either. He shot Dolgushov in the mouth as simply and easily as he would share a pinch of tobacco with him.
A short phrase speaks of this more eloquently than any long-winded descriptions, more precisely than any reasoning. What is unthinkable, impossible for the former candidate for rights of St. Petersburg University, Lyutov, for Afonka, as Zoshchenko's heroes put it in such cases, is "not a question." Maybe because Afonka, like Dolgushov himself, firmly believes that it is right for Dolgushov to die. And most likely, because he is not able to feel the horror at the thought that now, with his own hand, he will destroy the unique human personality of Dolgushov. He knows only one thing for sure: now he will kill his poor, suffering flesh. That is, it will stop his unbearable, inhuman torment.
Stashinsky, who took on the burden of responsibility beyond human strength, knows for sure that by killing Frolov, he is destroying his soul. And the fact that he managed to step over this, with special force, was the fact that he himself is a person with a soul. According to Fadeev, not even just with a soul, but with a soul immeasurably higher and stronger than that of the Mechik.
Dolgushov and Afonka Bida are completely different people. Do they have a soul? Who knows! In any case, the author did everything in his power to prevent this thought from even entering our heads. The only person about whom we can say with complete certainty that he has a soul is the narrator himself. That is, the one who turned out to be unable to do what Afonka Bida and Stashinsky did without hesitation.
Oddly enough, Afonka's reaction is exactly the same as Stashinsky's. With the only insignificant difference that Stashinsky limited himself to a purely verbal threat ("I'll kill you! .."), and Afonka - a creature not so civilized and therefore more direct - immediately grabbed a pistol.“Afonya,” I said with a pitiful smile and rode up to the Cossack, “but I couldn’t.
“Go away,” he replied, turning pale, “I’ll kill you!” You, bespectacled, pity our brother, like a cat a mouse ...
And cocked the trigger.
I rode at a pace without turning around, feeling cold and death on my back.
“There,” shouted Grischuk from behind, “what a fool! - and grabbed Afonka by the hand.
- Kholuy blood! shouted Afonka. He won't leave my hand!
But for now, we are more interested in Lyutov's reaction here. He does not even try to defend himself from the bullet of his bosom friend, because he fully admits that he is right. Confessing to him that he could not shoot Dolgushov, Lyutov admits not only his human inferiority. Lyutov's miserable smile also signifies the recognition of the sad circumstance that all his so-called "bosom friendship" with Afonka, all their former closeness was based on deceit, on his sheer, Lyutov's, pretense. And now this deception was revealed, its shameful secret came out.
From the very beginning, Lyutov was warned about the conditions under which he, an intellectual, bespectacled man, could be taken by the fighters as his own:
Yes, the bespectacled Lyutov had little chance of being accepted into this front-line fraternity. But no matter how insignificant it was, the chance, Lyutov decided to use it to the end.We went up to the hut with painted crowns, the lodger stopped and suddenly said with a guilty smile:
- We have a gimp here with glasses, and you can’t calm it down. A man of the highest distinction - the soul is out of him here. And if you spoil a lady, the cleanest lady, then you will get caress from the fighters ...
I put my hand to the visor and saluted the Cossacks. A young lad with flaxen hair and a beautiful Ryazan face came up to my chest and threw it out of the gate. Then he turned his back to me and, with particular dexterity, began to make shameful sounds.
- Guns number two zero, - the older Cossack shouted to him and laughed, - the cut is runaway ...
The guy exhausted his simple skill and walked away. Then, crawling along the ground, I began to collect manuscripts and my holey cast-offs that had fallen out of the chest.
The heart of an intellectual is stained with murder. But it was only a goose that was killed.- Mistress, - I said, - I need to eat ...
The old woman raised the spilled whites of her half-blind eyes to me and lowered them again.
“Comrade,” she said after a pause, “from these deeds I want to hang myself.
“God’s mother’s soul,” I then muttered with annoyance and pushed the old woman in the chest with my fist, “I’m talking to you here ...
And, turning away, I saw someone else's saber lying nearby. A strict goose staggered around the yard and serenely cleaned its feathers. I caught up with him and bent him to the ground, the goose head cracked under my boot, cracked and flowed. The white neck was spread out in the dung, and the wings hovered over the dead bird.
“God bless my soul!” I said, digging into the goose with my saber. - Roast it for me, mistress ...
And in the yard the Cossacks were already sitting around their bowler hat...
“The guy is suitable for us,” one of them said about me, blinked and scooped up cabbage soup with a spoon ...
Then we went to sleep in the hayloft. Six of us slept there, warm from each other, legs tangled, under a leaky roof that let the stars through.
I saw dreams and women in my dreams, and only my heart, stained with murder, creaked and flowed.
This goose was not killed in the name of that lofty revolutionary necessity in the name of which the pig belonging to the old Korean who tried to kiss Levinson's feet was killed. The goose was killed not even for the vulgar reason that the candidate was right, who decided to become a red cavalryman, "wanted to eat." The main reason for the death of the goose was that the former candidate of rights at St. Petersburg University wanted to "participate in the great feeling called class." With a dashing kill of a goose, he wanted to say to the heroic fighters of the First Cavalry:
We are of the same blood, you and I!
And now, after he failed to shoot Dolgushov, his deceit came out. It finally and irrefutably became clear that he was not like them. He is not of the same blood as them.
No matter how hard he tried to overcome his organic, invincible aversion to murder, nothing came of it. The mask has fallen. There is no point in pretending anymore. There is only one thing left: to hope that at least someday he will be able to become the same as them.