Why is the ending e in the word vocabulary. Spelling of endings

When do nouns end with -e, -i? and got the best answer

Answer from Nadeyka[guru]

Nouns of the first declension (country, drop, uncle, alley) in the genitive case have the ending -ы (-и), and in the dative and prepositional forms - e:

These words should not be confused with nouns in -ya, (Marya, Natalya, Sophia) which are inclined according to the general rule and have the ending -e in the dative and prepositional forms: Mary, Natalia, Sophia, but: Mary, Natalia, Sofia; (o) Marya, (o) Natalia, (o) Sophia, but: (o) Mary, (o) Natalia, (o) Sofia.

4. Nouns in -y, -ye (genius, script, meeting, meeting) form a special variant of the declension and have the ending -i in the prepositional case: (about) geniuses, (c) scripts, (at) a meeting, (on) assembly. These words should not be confused with nouns in -ye (confusion, doubt, oblivion, grumbling), which are declined according to the general rule: (o) confusion, (o) doubt, (o) oblivion, (o) grumbling. Exception: in oblivion.


There are tables for this

Answer from Aydin Agaev[newbie]
b

Answer from Olga Somova[newbie]
After w, h, w, u are not written u, i, s, but written y, a, and, for example: miracle, pike, hour, grove, fat, sew.
The letters u and i are allowed after these consonants only in foreign words (mainly French), for example: jury, parachute (including in proper names, for example: Saint-Just), as well as in compound abbreviated words and alphabetic abbreviations in which, as a general rule, any combination of letters is allowed (see § 110).
§ 2. After q, the letter s is written in endings and in the suffix -yn, for example: birds, sheep and sheep? and in other words of the same root.
In other cases, after c is always written and, for example: station, cybik, mat, cymbals, zinc, medicine.
§ 3. After q, the letters u and i are allowed only in foreign proper names, for example, Zurich, Sventsiany.
§ 4. A. If after w, h, w, u is pronounced under the stress o, then the letter o is written:
About the rules of §§ 4-6:
“The presence of these rules is a forced necessity, caused by the special position of hissing and q in the phoneme system of the Russian language (their unpaired softness-hardness). The syllabic principle of Russian graphics is not able to dictate the spelling of e or o here.
V. F. Ivanova. Difficult spelling questions: A guide for teachers. - M.: Enlightenment, 1982.
In the endings of nouns and adjectives, for example: shoulder, knife, hut, shoulder, Fomich, cloak, boundary, rein, soul, candle, sling, alien, big.
In suffixes:
a) nouns:
-ok, for example: horn, cockerel, hook, borscht;
-onok, for example: a bear cub, a mouse, a jackdaw, a barrel;
-onk-a, for example: little book, shirt, little hand; also money;
b) adjectives:
-ov-, for example: hedgehog, penny, brocade, canvas;
-on (with a fluent o), for example: funny;
c) adverbs, for example: fresh, hot, general.
In genitive plural nouns, -ok, -on, for example: guts, princess.
In words (and in their derivatives): glutton, gooseberry, pulp, ratchet, slum, thicket, clink glasses, prim, Pechora, seam, rustle, blinders, in nouns: heartburn, burn, arson (cf. writing with -ёr in the past tense of verbs: burned, burned, set on fire); also in some regional and colloquial words, for example: zholknut, zazhora (and zazhor), zhokh, uzho (meaning "later", "after"), evening (meaning "last night"), chokh (for example, in the expression " does not believe in dreams or chokh"), adverb chohom.
Note. Foreign words are written according to pronunciation, for example: crucson, major, ramrod - ramrod, Chaucer (surname), but: gesture, tablet.
For the letter ё, see also § 10.
B. In all other cases, after w, h, w, u, the letter e is written under stress, although it is pronounced o, namely:
In verb endings -ё, -ёт, -ём, -ётe, for example: lie, lie, etc., bake, bake, etc.
In the verbal suffix -yovyva-, for example: obscure, migrate, also shade, migrate.
In the suffix of verbal nouns -yovk-,
for example: migration, demarcation.
In the suffix of nouns -ёr-, for example: conductor, retoucher, trainee, boyfriend.
In the passive participle suffix -yonn- (-yon-) and in words formed from such participles, for example: tense, tense, tension, tense; detached, detachment; softened, softened; simplified, simplicity; scientist, learning; crushed; burnt, burnt.
In words in the root of which o is pronounced under stress, alternating with e in other forms or in other words of the same root, for example: yellow (turn yellow), hard (harsh), millstones (millstones), acorns (acorns), perch (poles ); cheap, cheap (cheaper), silk (silky), wool (woolen), lattice, lattice (sieve), purse (purse), whisper (whisper); shuttle (shuttle), bangs (brow), devil (devils), black (black), even (odd), tap dance

Answer from Ostrikov Gennady[newbie]
r p 1 skl -i 2 and 3i
d p ​​1st 2nd 3 ..
n n 1st 2nd 3-...

Answer from Natalya Laletina[active]
what

Answer from Bayram's love[active]
Speaking of nouns:
1 declension - masculine and feminine, endings in -а, -я. examples: mom, uncle, rainbow, dad
2nd declension - masculine gender with zero ending and neuter gender with endings -o, -e. examples: sun, wheel, house, garden
3rd declension: feminine with zero ending. examples: night, mouse, soot.

Answer from Danya Kapitonov[active]

Answer from Styopa Sadiokov[active]
Nouns ending in -iya (army, series, line, Maria) form a special variant of the declension, in the genitive, dative and prepositional forms they end in -i: !

Answer from Nastya Sivaeva[newbie]
written in the prepositional case 1 and 2 declension e a in 3 cleavage and

Answer from My name is Anna???[guru]
You know, Aida, there are two ways to determine the letter in the end of a noun. The first is to load up on theory. Here everything was correctly thrown at you: figure it out, but you can go the easier way: substitute keywords and determine the ending from them.
To noun. 1st declension - the words "EARTH, WALL"
To the noun of the 2nd declension - "WINDOW, LINEN"
To the essence of the 3rd declension - "FURNACE". For example, walking along the alley ... (on the ground) - along the alley
Well, you need to remember about the noun. , ending in Im. n. on -ia, ij, ie and noun. on me. In them, in all difficult cases, I is written! For example, I rested in a sanatorium (sanatorium)

Answer from Yeaina Kolesnikova[newbie]
there it depends on the declension ... if the noun is 1 elephant, then in the genitive case it is written I, in the dative E and in the prepositional E;
if there are 2 declensions, then E is written in the prepositional case;
well, all nouns of the 3rd declension are always and everywhere written I.

Answer from Sonia Abakumova[newbie]
Spelling endings
Noun endings
The spelling of the endings of nouns depends on what type of declension these nouns belong to. Mistakes in the choice of endings -е or -и do not occur in all case forms, but only in the forms of three cases: genitive, dative and prepositional.
Nouns of the first declension (country, drop, uncle, alley) in the genitive form have the ending -s (-i), and in the dative and prepositional forms - e:
R.
Countries
Drops
Uncle-i
Alle-i
d.
Country
Drop-e
Uncle-e
Alle-e
P.
(About the country
(Oh) drop-e
(Oh) uncle
(About) alley
2. Nouns ending in -iya (army, series, line, Maria) form a special variant of the declension, in the forms of the genitive, dative and prepositional cases they end in -i:
R.
Army
series
Line-and
Mari-i
d.
Army
series
Line-and
Mari-i
P.
(About) army
(O) series
(Oh) line-and
» (0) Mari-i
These words should not be confused with nouns in -ya, (Maria, Natalya, Sophia) which are declined according to the general rule and have the ending -e in the dative and prepositional forms: Marya, Natalia, Sophia, but: Marya, Natalia, Sophia; (o) Marya, (o) Natalya, (o) Sophia, but: (o) Mary, (o) Natalia, (o) Sofia.
3. Nouns of the II declension in the form of the prepositional case have the ending -e: (in) the house, (on) the horse, (on) the table, (o) heat, (in) frost-e.
4. Nouns in -y, -ye (genius, script, meeting, meeting) form a special variant of the declension and have the ending -i in the prepositional case: (about) geniuses, (c) scripts, (at) a meeting, (on) assembly. These words should not be confused with nouns in -ye (confusion, doubt, oblivion, grumbling), which are declined according to the general rule: (o) confusion, (o) doubt, (o) oblivion, (o) grumbling. Exception: in oblivion.
5. Nouns of the III declension (sadness, night, rye, silence) in the forms of the genitive, dative and prepositional cases have the ending -i:
R.
Sad and
nights
Rzh-i
Tish-i
d.
Sad and
nights
rye
Tish-i
P.
(Oh) sad
(By the night
(In) rzh-i
(B) hush-e
6. The word way, as well as ten nouns with -mya (banner, flame, tribe, stirrup, etc.) are divergent and in the forms of the genitive, dative and prepositional cases have the ending -i:
R.
Put-and
Banners
flames
Tribes
d.
Put-and
Banners
flames
Tribes
P.
(On my way
(On) banners
(B) flames
(B) plsmsn-i
7. Proper names that name settlements, such as Kashin, Kalinin, Borodino, form a special form of the instrumental case of the singular following the model of nouns of the second declension and have an ending -om: Kashin, Kalinin, Borodino. These words should not be confused with proper names that call Russian surnames (Kashin, Kalinin, Borodin), which in the instrumental form have the ending -y: Kashin, Kalinin, Borodin.
8. Nouns like watch, dining room, ice cream, worker, formed from adjectives and participles, change according to the pattern of qualitative adjectives. Nouns such as forester, draw, third - modeled on possessive adjectives with the suffix -ij- (such as foxes, wolves). Surnames like Smirnov, Orlov, Golubev are modeled on possessive adjectives with the suffix -oe- (such as sisters, fathers).
9. Many borrowed nouns (such as cinema, coat, miss), as well as abbreviations (such as department head, RF, USA) are not declined.
Endings of adjectives and participles
1. Checking the unstressed ending of an adjective can be done in two ways: 1) by selecting a similar adjective in the same form, but with a stressed ending (new, new, new, but: holy, holy, holy); 2) by asking the question “what?” in the right form (what? - new, what? - new, what? - new).
Note. It is recommended to remember the spelling of the endings of some adjectives: suburban (th, th), between

Spelling of noun endings

In order to correctly write unstressed noun endings, in most cases (except for words ending in -IYA, -IE, -IJ), it is enough to determine which declension the word belongs to and see how words with stressed endings from the same declension are written in the same form.

When checking for the first declension, it is convenient to use the words GRASS, EARTH, for the second - WINDOW, ELEPHANT, for the third - STEPPE, CHAIN. In these words, all endings are stressed.

For example, we doubt what to write at the end of the phrase "BLOTS IN THE NOTEBOOK_". The word NOTEBOOK of the third declension. We substitute the test word "IN THE STEPPE". Therefore, it is necessary to write "BLOTS IN THE NOTEBOOK", with the letter AND at the end.

For feminine nouns ending in -Я, the ending -И is written in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases (ARMY - from ARMY, to ARMY, about ARMY; NATALIA - from NATALIA, to NATALIA, about NATALIA), for masculine nouns on -II and neuter in -IE in the prepositional case, the ending -I is written (SANATORIUM - about the HEALTH, CONSTELLATION - about the CONSTELLATION).

IN ADDITION, PAY ATTENTION TO THE FOLLOWING RULES DETERMINING THE SPRING OF SOME SPECIFIC NOUNS:

1. After the suffixes -УШК-, -УШК-, -ЫШК-, -ИШК- for feminine nouns and for animate masculine nouns, the ending -A is written, for example: ZIMUSHKA, PASSISTISHKA, KUPCHISCHKA, TRUSISHKA. For neuter nouns and inanimate masculine nouns, after these suffixes, the ending -O is written, for example: GORYUSHKO, GOLOSISHKO, MOLOCHISHKO, RUBLISHKO.

2. After the suffix -ISCH- for masculine and neuter nouns in the singular, the ending -E is written, and for feminine nouns - the ending -A. In the plural, after the suffix -ISCH-, for masculine and feminine nouns, the ending -AND is written, and for neuter nouns - the ending -A.

3. One-syllable nouns VIY and KIY have the ending -E in the prepositional case.

4. In personal names and surnames of Eastern origin, ending in -Я and having an accent on the last syllable, the ending E is written in the dative and prepositional case: letter Zulfiya, dream of Aliya (named after - Zulfiya, Aliya).

An exercise

Have you heard beyond the grove the voice of the night singer of love, the singer of your sorrow_? (A. Pushkin)

"Hey, shepherds, run here, beat me, beat me!" Shepherds with a cudgel on a wolf, a wolf - from them. The shepherds are running, wondering. The wolf went crazy_, he runs and shouts himself: “Catch up!”. (Chingiz Aitmatov, White ship)

Again I am on the big road_, poetry_ free - a citizen, again in a nomadic lair_ I think I am alone. (P. Vyazemsky)

No pity_ for my deep longing. (E. Baratynsky).

In my memory there were no girlfriends of the old days. (E. Baratynsky)

He slowly climbed the stairs_, slowly entered the room among the respectfully parted public_ and, greeting his acquaintances, looked around the room inquiringly with his eyes. (I. Bunin)

“The servant of God Victor is betrothed to the servant of God Natalie_,” Father Vasily proclaimed even louder, almost singing, and, removing the rings from their hands and crossing them, put on each his own. (Sergey Babayan, Lord officers)

Happy is the one in whom the color of life will not be destroyed by the cold of life. (I. Klyushnikov)

The view of the earth is still sad, but the air is already breathing in spring, and the half-dead stalk sways, and stirs the branches with oil. (F. Tyutchev)

It’s impossible, dear sir, we’re picking little by little, collecting pennies, maybe we’ll embroider the kids for milk, ”said Filat Nikitich. (F. Reshetnikov, Between people)

Temperament, curiosity, strength - everything in his powerful nature prevents him from settling on the lands he has discovered, he gives them to others, and he himself hurries on. (Daniil Granin, Bison)

A golden cloud spent the night on the chest of a giant cliff; in the morning she rushed off on her way early, playing merrily across the azure. (M. Lermontov).

Sof_ Ivanovna really wanted to go, and we decided to entrust our fate to a nervous driver. (N. Taffy, Mountains)

Vasily Dimitrievich was married to Vitovt's daughter Sophie_: throughout his reign, he had to observe family relations and at the same time was on his guard against the attempts of his father-in-law. (N. Kostomarov, Russian history in the biographies of its main figures)

Whether you are in verse_ stormy, then gloomy, then bright. (F. Tyutchev).

In this excitement_, in this radiance_, all, as in a dream, I am lost standing; Oh, how willingly I would drown my whole soul in their charm. (F. Tyutchev).

And the tax farmer Mamontov was selling the same filthy wine as it was ten years ago, under Vasily Aleksandrovich Kokorev. (N. Leskov, Life of a Woman)

I'm bored, maidens, all alone in the room, sewing patterns with silver. (K. Aksakov)

In the house and in the neighborhood_, everything, from the yard girl_ to the yard dog_, ran away, seeing him (N. Gogol)

Fires flashed, rumpled bushes, black, still smoking ruins. (Yu. Dombrovsky, Monkey comes for his skull)

And the tired traveler grumbled at God: he languished thirsty and hungry, wandering in the desert for three days and three nights ... (A. Pushkin).

Behind the church, across the driveway, a concrete building was spread out, all in glass and aluminium. (Yu. Druzhnikov, Visa the day before yesterday)

I noticed, strengthened myself, and then suddenly, to my misfortune (or maybe fortunately!), As if out of the blue, the repairman galloped onto our little town_. (F. Dostoevsky, Polzunkov)

In thoughtfulness and in some senseless reasoning about the strangeness of his position, he began to pour tea (N. Gogol).

In fact, it was Skvorushk_, very young, yellow-mouthed: he did not even know that they did not eat such caterpillars, and was very proud of his prey. (Boris Zakhoder, Tales for people)

E.A. Makovey, teacher of the Russian language, secondary school No. 1 in Adygeysk,
A.I. Arkhipova, Professor of the Kuban State University

§ 4. Spelling of endings

The ending - this is a changeable part of a word that forms the form of a word and serves to form a link between words in a phrase and a sentence.

4.1. Spelling of unstressed noun endings

The choice of an unstressed vowel at the end of a noun depends on the type of its declension.

In China .., in Korea .., in Germany .., in the Arctic .., in amazement ..

To find out the spelling of a noun ending, follow these steps:
1) put the noun in the initial form (who what?);
2) determine the type of its declination from the table;
3) substitute in its place a test word for this type of declension (this word has a stressed ending in different cases, which will prompt the desired vowel).

* A special group of nouns includes heterogeneous nouns, as well as nouns of the 1st and 2nd declensions with special endings (the so-called nouns in -iya, -iya, iya).
In China - (China, 2 fold, in the table).
in Korea - (Korea, 1 fold, in the wall).
in Germany - (Germany, esp. gr., on the way).
in the Arctic - (Arctic, 2 fold, in the table).
in amazement - (amazement, esp. gr., on the way).

4.2. Spelling of unstressed endings of adjectives and participles

Unstressed endings of adjectives and participles are checked by the stressed ending of the test word.

In a flying ..m plane; changing .. by opinion; powerful ..th voice.

You can determine the ending by the test word - what question? (he will tell you the stressed vowel at the end):
in a rotating ... cylinder (in what? - end -om / -em) in rotating;
with changing ... wind (with what? - end -th / -im) with changing;
worried mother (what? - ending -oh / -she) worried mother;
on a sinking ship (on what ship? - end -om / -em) on sinking.

Exception:
in the form of the nominative (accusative) case m. units h. the ending of the adjective (participle) should be remembered: -YI / -IY.
The Lost Man; curling smoke.

4.3. Spelling of unstressed personal verb endings

The choice of an unstressed vowel in the personal ending of a verb depends on the type of its conjugation.

We are cle..m; you hear .. you; they fight..

To find out the spelling of a verb ending, follow these steps:
1) put the verb in the indefinite form ( what to do / what to do?);
2) determine the type of its conjugation from the table;
3) substitute the test word (the stressed ending of the test word will prompt the desired vowel).

We glue ... m (glue, II conjugation, we say) - glue
You hear ... you (hear, II conjugation, you SPEAK) - you hear
They fight ... fight (fight, I conjugation, they take) - fight

In a flying plane (in what?).
Changing opinion (what?).
Mighty voice (excl.).

One of the common cases where there is difficulty in choosing the correct spelling is "during" or "during". It is useful for everyone to know how to use such phrases in the text correctly, since even the Word program, most likely, will not help clarify the situation with the correct ending. The built-in spell checker will only be useful when typing "during" or "during" instead of "during".

In contact with

During - together or separately? The answer to this question is unambiguous. In any case, it is correct to write separately. This is where a text editor with a built-in spell checker will help, highlighting the continuous spelling as erroneous. However, automatic fix is ​​not always available. Therefore, it is easier to remember this rather easy rule that will help out under any circumstances.

Which ending is correct: "e" or "i"? There is no definite answer here. Both options are correct, but are used in different cases, as they differ in meaning. At the same time, automatic spell checking is powerless, because the spelling of the phrase both with the ending "and" and with "e" is not erroneous.

So you can find out for sure which ending should be written only by examining the phrase in the sentence.

Spelling in cases where you can ask the question "in what?"

Correct: with the ending "and".

These are two parts of speech: the preposition "in" and the noun, which is in the prepositional case. That is, the phrase answers the question "what?". The noun following the preposition in such cases can have any of the following meanings (for example, "flow" or "development"):

Scientists years later noticed changes (in what?) in the course of the river.

Doctors managed to achieve improvement (in what?) During the disease.

In addition, a noun can have dependent words with it, that is, for the purpose of checking spelling, the combination is easily separated by inserting an adjective into it. For example:

In the (what?) rapid course of events, a regularity became noticeable.

Spelling when meaning "for some time" or "during"

Correct: with the ending "e".

This is a complex preposition, which is similar in meaning to the expressions "throughout", "in time" or "in time". Following the rules of the Russian language, the end of the combination with this meaning should always be written in the form of the letter "e":

During the lesson, the students studied the spelling of the adjective "tin" and made sentences with the word.

Over the past four years, they have vacationed at sea three times.

Two separate words form one part of speech (complex preposition), therefore, inserting something else between them without violating the meaning will not work. This feature can be used for verification purposes. So, for example, you cannot separate this stable combination by inserting an additional word in the following sentence:

He hadn't been able to catch the ever-elusive moment for a long time.

For comparison: between the preposition "in" and the noun "flow" you can insert the word "fast":

He once tried to capture a subtle moment (in what?) in the rapid passage of time.

Spelling in cases where you can ask the question "to what?"

Correct: with the ending "e".

Here, everything is in many ways similar to the case with the phrase with the ending "and". At the same time, the difference lies in the question to which the combination answers: “into what?” or "where?". These are the same two parts of speech: a preposition and a noun, but already in the accusative. Otherwise, there are no differences. The noun here can also be used in any sense (for example, "flow" or "stroke"):

The authorities became aware that industrial waste got into (into what?) along the river.

He noticed that (into what?) memories of the past conversation were constantly bursting into his thoughts.

In such cases, it is also possible for the noun to have dependent words. That is, to check the spelling, for example, an adjective is inserted in the middle of the combination, and the phrase will still make sense.

conclusions

Regardless of the semantic load and ending (“e” or “and”), the phrase is written separately. At the same time, the choice of the last letter at the time of writing is influenced by the meaning in the sentence, that is, belonging to one or two parts of speech.

Should be spelled with the ending "and", if:

• it answers the question "in what?", being a preposition and a noun;

The phrase must be written with the ending "e", if:

• it is similar in meaning to the expressions “during”, “during”, “during the time”, being a stable combination that is used as a complex preposition;
• it is impossible to put a word between the parts of the combination.

• the phrase answers the question “what?”, being a preposition and a noun;
• you can put a word between the parts of the combination.

Spelling of case endings of nouns

The spelling of the endings of nouns depends on what type of declension they belong to. Mistakes in choosing endings -e or - and usually occur not in all case forms, but only in the forms of three cases: genitive, dative and prepositional.

Nouns I declination(country, land, alley) in the genitive forms have an ending -s(s), and in the forms of the dative and prepositional -e:

Genus. n. (whom? what?) countries of the earth alley

Date n. (to whom? why?) country-land alley

Suggestion n. (about whom? about what?) (about) country (about) land (about) alley

Nouns II declension in the form of the prepositional case have an ending -e: (in) a house, (on) a horse, (on) a window, (o) heat, (in) hoarfrost. There are usually no mistakes here.

Nouns III declension(steppe, night, silence) in the forms of the genitive, dative and prepositional cases have an ending -and:

Genus. n. (whom? what?) steppes of the night of silence

Date n. (to whom? why?) steppes of the night of silence

Suggestion n. (about whom? about what?) (o) steppes (o) nights (in) silence

Recommendation. To check the spelling of an unstressed ending in a noun, it is enough to recall the keyword with a stressed ending in the same form (according to the morphological principle of Russian spelling). For the I declension, this can be a word Earth, for II - window, for III - steppe.

Inflected nouns

Word path, as well as ten nouns in -me (banner, flame, tribe, stirrup, etc.) are inconsistent and in the forms of the genitive, dative and prepositional cases have the ending -and:

Genus. n. (whom? what?) the path of the banner of the flame

Date n. (to whom? what?) the path of the banner of the flame

Suggestion n. (about whom? about what?) (in) the way (on) the banner (in) the tribe

Case forms of nouns in -i, -i, -i

1. Nouns with a non-monosyllabic masculine and neuter stem in -th and -s in the feminine prepositional -and I in the dative and prepositional cases of the singular have an unstressed ending -and(but not -e as a general rule), for example:
genius - about genius, sodium - about sodium, radium - about radium, Vasily - about Vasily, Yuri - about Yuri;
department - in the department, return - upon return, assistance - with assistance;
army - to the army, about the army, line - along the line, on the line, station - to the station, at the station; Bulgaria - in Bulgaria, in Bulgaria; Mary - to Mary, about Mary.

Note. If there are options for -s and -e, -and I and -ya These case forms have different endings. Nouns on –ya and -e are inclined according to the general rule and have the ending in the dative and prepositional cases -e:
about skill - about skill, in flowering - in flowering, about verbosity - about verbosity, about Natalia - about Natalya, to Mary - to Marya.

2. Few nouns in -y, -yy with a monosyllabic stem in the indicated cases in an unstressed position, as a general rule, the ending -e: serpent - about the snake, cue - about cue, cue (the legendary founder of Kyiv) - about cue, whose (plant) - about cie, "Viy" - in "Bue", Pius - about Pius, under Pope Pius; Biya (river) - along the Biya, on the Biya; Oia, Leah, Via (female names) - to Ie, about Leah, about Bie; Gia (male name) - to Gia, about Gia. (§ 40 of the 1956 Code of Practice)

3. Few nouns have - ie, -and I having an accent on the ending, the indicated case forms end in - and on either - e, for example: judge - to judge, about judge, lithium - in lithium-, litany - in litany, being - about being, life - about life, in life, but: point - on the point, on the point, Aliya, Zulfiya (personal names) - about Aliya, to Zulfiya.

Vowels in some unstressed case endings

Nouns with suffix -search-, if they are masculine or neuter, they end in them. pad. units hours on -e , for example: house, camel, rod, swamp. If they are feminine, then they end in them. pad. units hours on -a , for example: cows, hands, dirt.

Masculine nouns with suffixes -yshk-, -yushk-, ishk-, yshk- , denoting animate objects, as well as all feminine nouns with the same suffixes, end in it. pad. units hours on -a , for example: grandfather, father, boy, old man, little man, nightingale, nanny, hand.

Masculine nouns denoting inanimate objects, as well as all neuter nouns, have in them. pad. units hours after these suffixes ending -about , for example: bread, dvorishko, feather, coat.

At the end of them. pad. units h. animate masculine nouns after suffixes -to- and -l- spelled a , for example: reveler, sang, tall, ate; colloquial proper names like Gavrila, Kirila, Mikhaila(used along with Gabriel, Cyril, Michael).

The exception is Old Russian and Ukrainian names and surnames in -ko , for example: Michalko, Shevchenko, as well as ancient and regional proper names on -lo , for example: Yarilo, Mikhailo Lomonosov.

In the genus pad. plural hours from nouns ending in singular hours for non-strike -ya and -e , is written -th , but from nouns ending in -ya and -e under stress, spelled -her , for example: naughty - naughty, gorge - gorges, but: bench - bench, gun - gun.

Declension of proper names

In surnames on -in (-yn) and on -ov(s) is written in creativity. pad. units h. th (according to the declension of adjectives), for example: Pavel Lisitsyn - Pavel Lisitsyn, Ivan Turgenev - Ivan Turgenev.

Note. In foreign surnames -in and -ov is written in creativity. pad. units h. -om (according to the declension of nouns), for example: Green - Green, Darwin - Darwin, Bülow - Bülow.

In the names of settlements on -in (-yn), -ov (-ev), -ino (-yno), -ovo (-evo) is written in creativity. pad. units h. -ohm , for example:

the city of Pskov - the city of Pskov
the city of Lviv - the city of Lviv
the city of Saratov - the city of Saratov
the city of Kanev - the city of Kanev
the city of Kalinin - the city of Kalinin
the city of Kirov - the city of Kirov
the village of Maryino - the village of Maryino
the village of Lisitsyno - the village of Lisitsyn
the village of Kryukovo - the village of Kryukov