Rules of conduct in infectious diseases. Rules of conduct for people with infectious diseases

21.04.2020 -

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1. Rules of behavior of the population in case of infectious diseases 2

2. Actions of the population in the focus of bacteriological damage 6

Literature 13

1. Rules of behavior of the population in case of infectious diseases

Infectious diseases occur when there are three main factors: the presence of a source of infection, favorable conditions for the spread of pathogens, and a person susceptible to the disease. If at least one link is excluded from this chain, the epidemic process stops. Therefore, the purpose of preventive measures is to influence the source of infection in order to reduce the contamination of the external environment, localize the spread of microbes, and also increase the population's resistance to diseases.

Since the main source of infection is a sick person or a carrier, early detection, immediate isolation and hospitalization are necessary. With a mild course of the disease, people tend to see a doctor late or not at all. Household rounds can help in the early identification of such patients.

The rooms where the patient is located should be regularly ventilated. For him, allocate a separate room or fence off with a screen. Service personnel must wear protective gauze masks.

Emergency and specific prophylaxis is important for preventing the development of infectious diseases.

Emergency prophylaxis is carried out when there is a danger of mass diseases, but when the type of pathogen has not yet been accurately determined. It consists in taking antibiotics, sulfanilamide and other drugs by the population. Means of emergency prevention with their timely use according to the schemes provided in advance can significantly prevent infectious diseases, and in case of their occurrence, alleviate their course.

Specific prophylaxis - the creation of artificial immunity (immunity) through protective vaccinations (vaccination) is carried out against some diseases (variola, diphtheria, tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, etc.) constantly, and against others only when there is a danger of their occurrence and spread.

It is possible to increase the resistance of the population to infectious agents through mass immunization with protective vaccines, the introduction of special sera or gamma globulins. Vaccines are killed or weakened by special methods of pathogenic microbes, which, when introduced into the body of healthy people, they develop a state of immunity to the disease. They are administered in different ways: subcutaneously, cutaneously, intradermally, intramuscularly, through the mouth (into the digestive tract), by inhalation.

To prevent and mitigate infectious diseases in the order of self-help and mutual assistance, it is recommended to use the funds contained in the first-aid kit of an individual AI-2.

In the event of a focus of an infectious disease, quarantine or observation is declared in order to prevent the spread of diseases.

Quarantine is introduced in case of occurrence of especially dangerous diseases (smallpox, plague, cholera, etc.). It can cover the territory of a district, a city, a group of settlements.

Quarantine is a system of regime, anti-epidemic and therapeutic and preventive measures aimed at the complete isolation of the focus and the elimination of diseases in it. The main regime measures in establishing quarantine are: protection of the focus of an infectious disease, settlements in it, infectious isolation wards and hospitals, checkpoints. Prohibition of the entry and exit of people, the entry and exit of animals, as well as the export of property. Prohibition of transit passage of transport, with the exception of rail and water. Dividing the population into small groups and limiting communication between them. Organization of delivery of food, water and basic necessities to the population in apartments (houses). The cessation of the work of all educational institutions, entertainment institutions, markets. Termination of production activities of enterprises or their transfer to a special mode of operation.

Anti-epidemic and treatment-and-prophylactic measures under quarantine conditions include: the use of medicines by the population, the protection of food and water, disinfection, disinsection, deratization, sanitization, stricter observance of personal hygiene rules, active identification and hospitalization of infectious patients.

Observation is introduced if the type of pathogen is not particularly dangerous. The purpose of the observation is to prevent the spread of infectious diseases and eliminate them. To do this, essentially the same therapeutic and preventive measures are carried out as during quarantine, but during observation, isolation and restrictive measures are less strict.

The period of quarantine and observation is determined by the duration of the maximum incubation period of the disease, calculated from the moment of isolation of the last patient and the end of disinfection in the outbreak.

People who are on the territory of the focus of an infectious disease should use cotton-gauze bandages to protect their respiratory organs. For short-term protection, it is recommended to use a handkerchief or scarf, towel or scarf folded in several layers. Goggles don't hurt either. It is advisable to use capes and raincoats made of synthetic and rubberized fabrics, coats, padded jackets, rubber shoes, shoes made of leather or its substitutes, leather or rubber gloves (mittens).

The protection of food and water consists mainly in creating conditions that exclude the possibility of their contact with a contaminated atmosphere. Case means of protection can be all types of tightly closed containers.

Water from the water supply and artesian wells is allowed to be used freely, but it must be boiled.

In the focus of an infectious disease, disinfection, disinsection and deratization cannot be dispensed with.

Disinfection is carried out in order to destroy or remove microbes and other pathogens from environmental objects that a person may come into contact with. For disinfection, solutions of bleach and chloramine, lysol, formalin, etc. are used. In the absence of these substances, hot water with soap or soda is used.

Disinsection is carried out to destroy insects and ticks carriers of pathogens of infectious diseases. For this purpose, various methods are used: mechanical (knocking out, shaking, washing), physical (ironing with an iron, boiling), chemical (use of insecticides chlorophos, thiophos, DDT, etc.), combined. To protect against insect bites, repellents (repellents) are used, which lubricate the skin of exposed parts of the body.

Deratization is carried out for the extermination of rodents carriers of pathogens of infectious diseases. It is carried out most often with the help of mechanical devices and chemicals.

An important role in the prevention of infectious diseases is played by strict observance of the rules of personal hygiene: washing hands with soap after work and before eating; regular washing of the body in a bath, bath, shower with a change of underwear and bed linen; systematic cleaning and shaking of outerwear and bedding; maintaining the cleanliness of residential and working premises; cleaning from dirt and dust, wiping shoes before entering the room; the use of only proven products, boiled water and milk, fruits and vegetables washed with boiled water, thoroughly boiled meat and fish.

The success of the elimination of the infectious focus is largely determined by the active actions and reasonable behavior of the entire population. Everyone must strictly comply with the established regime and rules of conduct at work, on the street and at home, constantly comply with anti-epidemic and sanitary and hygienic standards.

2. Actions of the population in the focus of bacteriological damage

Cities, other settlements, objects of the national economy and territories contaminated with bacterial agents and being a source of the spread of infectious diseases are called the focus of bacteriological damage. The enemy can create such a hotbed using numerous pathogens of various infectious diseases.

The timeliness and effectiveness of taking protective measures against bacteriological agents, which form the basis of the destructive effect of bacteriological weapons, will be largely determined by how well the signs of an enemy bacteriological attack are studied. With some observation, one can notice: in the places of ruptures of bacterial ammunition, the presence of drops of liquid or powdery substances on the soil, vegetation and various objects, or when the ammunition bursts, the formation of a light cloud of smoke (fog); the appearance of a dark stripe behind a flying aircraft, which gradually settles and dissipates; the accumulation of insects and rodents, the most dangerous carriers of bacterial agents, unusual for a given area and a given season; the emergence of mass diseases among people and farm animals, as well as the mass death of animals.

Having discovered at least one of the signs of the use of bacteriological weapons by the enemy, it is necessary to immediately put on a gas mask (respirator, anti-dust fabric mask or cotton-gauze bandage), if possible, skin protection and report this to the nearest civil defense control body or medical institution. Then, depending on the situation, you can take cover in a protective structure (shelter, anti-radiation or simple shelter). Timely and correct use of personal protective equipment and protective structures will prevent bacterial agents from entering the respiratory system, skin and clothing.

Successful defense against bacteriological weapons largely depends, in addition, on the degree of immunity of the population to infectious diseases and the effects of toxins. Immunity can be achieved primarily by general strengthening of the body through systematic hardening and physical education and sports; even in peacetime, the holding of these events should be the rule for the entire population. Immunity is also achieved by carrying out specific prophylaxis, which is usually carried out in advance by inoculation, vaccination and sera. In addition, immediately with the threat of injury (or after injury) by bacterial agents, antibacterial agent No. 1 from the AI-2 first aid kit should be used.

In order to ensure effective protection against bacteriological weapons, anti-epidemic and sanitary-hygienic measures are of great importance. It is necessary to strictly observe the rules of personal hygiene and sanitary and hygienic requirements when providing food and water supply to the population. Cooking and eating should exclude the possibility of contamination with bacterial agents; various types of utensils used in the preparation and consumption of food must be washed with disinfectant solutions or boiled.

The simultaneous emergence of a significant number of infectious diseases among people in the event that the enemy uses bacteriological weapons can have a strong psychological impact even on healthy people. The actions and behavior of each person in this case should be aimed at preventing possible panic.

To prevent the spread of infectious diseases when the enemy uses bacteriological weapons, by order of the chiefs of civil defense of districts and cities, and the tactics of objects of the national economy, quarantine and observation are applied.

Quarantine is introduced when it is indisputably established that the enemy has used bacteriological weapons, and mainly in cases where the pathogens used are particularly dangerous (plague, cholera, etc.). The quarantine regime provides for the complete isolation of the lesion from the surrounding population; it aims to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

Armed guards are established at the outer borders of the quarantine zone, commandant service and patrols are organized, and traffic is regulated. In settlements and at facilities where quarantine has been established, a local (internal) commandant's service is organized, protection of infectious disease isolators and hospitals, checkpoints, etc. is carried out.

From areas in which quarantine is declared, the exit of people, the withdrawal of animals and the export of property are prohibited. Entry into the contaminated territory is allowed by the chiefs of civil defense only to special formations and modes of transport. Transit passage of transport through the lesions is prohibited (the only exception can be railway transport).

The objects of the national economy that are in the quarantine zone and continue their production activities are switching to a special mode of operation with strict compliance with anti-epidemic requirements. Work shifts are divided into separate groups (possibly smaller in composition), contact between them is reduced to a minimum. Meals and rest for workers and employees are organized in groups in specially designated rooms. In the quarantine zone, the work of all educational institutions, entertainment institutions, markets and bazaars is stopped.

The population in the quarantine zone is divided into small groups (the so-called fractional quarantine); he is not allowed to leave his apartments or debts unless absolutely necessary. Food, water and basic necessities are delivered to such populations by special teams. If it is necessary to perform urgent work outside buildings, people must be sure to wear personal protective equipment.

Each citizen bears strict responsibility for compliance with regime measures in the quarantine zone; control over their observance is carried out by the public order service.

In the event that the established type of pathogen does not belong to the group of especially dangerous, the introduced quarantine is replaced by an observation, which provides for medical observation of the lesion and the implementation of the necessary therapeutic and preventive measures. Isolation and restrictive measures during observation are less stringent than during quarantine.

In the focus of bacteriological damage, one of the priority measures is to conduct emergency preventive treatment of the population. Such treatment is organized by medical personnel attached to the facility, district medical workers, as well as personnel of medical units. For each sanitary friend, a part of the street, quarter, house or workshop is assigned, which are managed by sanitary troopers 2 - 3 times a day; medical preparations are issued to the population, workers and employees. For prevention, broad-spectrum antibiotics and other drugs that provide a preventive and therapeutic effect are used. The population with AI-2 first-aid kits carries out prophylaxis on their own, using drugs from the first-aid kit.

As soon as the type of pathogen is determined, specific emergency prophylaxis is carried out, which consists in the use of antibiotics, serums, etc., specific for this disease.

The emergence and spread of epidemics largely depend on how strictly emergency preventive treatment is carried out. In no case should you shy away from taking medicines that prevent diseases. It must be remembered that the timely use of antibiotics, serums and other drugs will not only reduce the number of victims, but will also help to quickly eliminate foci of infectious diseases.

Disinfection, disinfestation and deratization are organized in the quarantine and observation zones from the very beginning. Disinfection aims to disinfect objects of the external environment that are necessary for normal activities and the safe presence of people. Disinfection, for example, of territory, structures, equipment, machinery and various items can be carried out using fire fighting, agricultural, construction and other equipment; small objects are decontaminated using manual equipment. For disinfection, solutions of bleach and chloramine, lysol, formalin, etc. are used. In the absence of these substances, hot water (with soap or soda) and steam can be used to disinfect premises, equipment, and equipment.

Disinsection and deratization are activities associated with the extermination of insects and the extermination of rodents, which are known to be carriers of infectious diseases, respectively. For the destruction of insects, physical (boiling, ironing with a hot iron, etc.), chemical (use of disinfectants) and combined methods are used; the extermination of rodents in most cases is carried out using mechanical devices (traps of various types) and chemicals. Among the disinfectants, DDT, hexachloran, chlorophos can be most widely used; among the drugs intended for the extermination of rodents are ratsid, scurvy phosphide, potassium sulphate.

After disinfection, disinfestation and deratization, a complete sanitization of persons who took part in the implementation of these activities is carried out. If necessary, sanitary treatment of the rest of the population is organized.

Simultaneously with the considered measures in the quarantine (observation) zone, sick people and even those who are suspicious of the disease are identified. Signs of the disease are fever, feeling unwell, headaches, rashes, etc. Sanitary workers and medical workers find out these data through responsible tenants and owners of houses and immediately report to the commander of the formation or to a medical institution to take measures to isolate and treat patients .

After sending the patient to a special infectious diseases hospital and the apartment where he lived, disinfection is carried out; things and clothes of the patient are also disinfected. All those who have been in contact with the patient are sanitized and isolated (at home or in special rooms).

If it is not possible to hospitalize an infectious patient, he is isolated at home, one of the family members takes care of him. The patient should use separate utensils, towels, soap, bedpan and urinal. In the morning and in the evening at the same time, his temperature is measured, the thermometer readings are recorded on a special temperature sheet indicating the date and time of measurement. Before each meal, the patient is helped to wash his hands and rinse his mouth and throat, and in the morning and before bedtime - to wash and brush his teeth.

Seriously ill people need to wipe their face with a damp towel or napkin; eyes and mouth are wiped with swabs moistened with 1-2% solution of boric acid or baking soda. Towels and napkins used to treat the patient are disinfected, paper napkins and tampons are burned. To avoid bedsores, it is necessary to correct the patient's bed and help him change position, and if necessary, apply lining circles.

At least twice a day, the room in which the patient is located should be ventilated and wet cleaned using disinfectant solutions.

The caregiver should use a cotton-gauze bandage, gown (or appropriate clothing), gloves, emergency and specific prophylaxis; he must carefully monitor the cleanliness of hands (nails should be cut short) and clothing. After each contact with secretions, linen, dishes and other objects of the patient, it is necessary to wash hands and disinfect them with a 3% solution of Lysol or 1% solution of chloramine. You should also have a towel with you, one end of which should be wetted with a disinfectant solution.

Literature

Avazhansky Yu.V. Defense of the Fatherland - M .: Energoatomizdat, 1989.

Civil defense. - / Ed. N.P. Olovyanishnikova - M .: Higher school, 1979.

Civil defense. / Edited by General of the Army A.T. Altunin - M .: Military Publishing House, 1982.

Kammerer Yu.Yu. Protective structures of civil defense - M .: Energoatomizdat, 1985

Kulpinov Sergey. Website for civil defense http://www.gr-obor.narod.ru/- 2003

Work pages

Fragment of the text of the work

to prevent the introduction of infection from outside, the exchange of goods is stopped and borders are closed.

Etiology and epidemiology.

The causative agent of cholera - vibrio cholerae and vibrio El Tor - was discovered by Koch in 1883 in the feces of patients. The cholera embryo has the shape of a comma with a flagellum at the end, which ensures its mobility; it grows well on ordinary nutrient alkaline media with oxygen. The stability of cholera vibrio in the external environment depends on various conditions. It usually dies when dried and under the influence of sunlight, instantly dies when boiled, and is unstable to disinfectants - bleach, lysol, sublimate. In a humid environment, the vibrio can remain viable for a long time. In feces, it survives up to 150 days, on the surface of oil - up to 30 days, vegetables - up to 8 days, in dairy products it remains viable up to 14 days, in boiled water - up to 39 hours, in open water - up to several months. It is also resistant to low temperatures. The source of infection is a sick person or a carrier. The patient excretes the causative agent of cholera with feces, and sometimes with vomit during the entire illness. The ways of spreading the infection are different: through hands contaminated with secretions of a cholera patient, through food. Flies are carriers of the causative agent of cholera, but the spread of cholera through water is of greatest epidemiological importance. Water epidemics are explosive.

Rules of behavior and actions of the population in the foci of an infectious disease

A focus of infectious diseases (sometimes also referred to as a focus of epidemic (epizootic) infection) is a territory infected with pathogenic microbes and is a source of the spread of infectious diseases. A feature of infectious diseases is, first of all, their contagiousness, i.e. the possibility of transmitting a disease from a sick person or animal to a healthy one. Another feature of infectious diseases is that they do not appear immediately after infection, but after a latent (incubation) period, which can last for several days, weeks, and sometimes months. The causative agents of infectious diseases can only be determined using special laboratory research methods and by analyzing selected samples. Human infection with pathogenic microbes can occur through inhalation of air, consumption of contaminated food and water, bites of infected insects and ticks, as well as through contact with sick people, animals and contaminated objects. Most of the measures taken to protect against nuclear and chemical weapons are also measures to protect against pathogens of infectious diseases. But to protect against pathogenic microbes, in addition, there are specific means. These include various medicinal substances used for the prevention of infectious diseases through protective vaccinations. Protective vaccinations against some diseases (smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, etc.) are carried out constantly, and against others only when there is a danger of their occurrence and spread. Therefore, when infectious diseases are detected, especially before the type of pathogen is established, medical authorities carry out emergency prophylaxis, which consists in preventive treatment with drugs that have a detrimental effect on pathogenic microbes (antibiotics, sulfonamides, bacteriophages, serum preparations). When a focus of infectious diseases occurs, local authorities take measures to eliminate it. To this end, measures are being taken to not only completely neutralize the source of infection, but also to prevent the spread of infectious diseases beyond its borders. These measures include: establishment of quarantine or observation in the source of infection; emergency prevention; sanitation of people; disinfection of objects; extermination of insects, ticks and rodents. The medical service carries out the evacuation of patients to medical institutions and their treatment. Quarantine is introduced in case of detection of especially dangerous infections, as well as when the type of pathogen is not established. The purpose of quarantine is the complete isolation of the source of infection and the elimination of infectious diseases that have arisen in it. To achieve this goal, strict regime and anti-epidemic measures are being taken. Regime measures include: cordoning off the focus of infection, dividing the population into small groups, organizing a commandant's service inside the outbreak, strict restriction of entry and entry into it, prohibition of exit and exit, as well as the export of property, restriction of movement inside the outbreak. Anti-epidemic measures include: carrying out emergency prevention of the entire population, active identification of patients and those suspected of the disease, their isolation, hospitalization and treatment, as well as sanitization of people, disinfection of premises, property, transport and terrain. If it is established that the causative agent of the disease is non-contagious (it is not transmitted from a sick person to a healthy one), then an observation is introduced. Its purpose is to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. To do this, essentially the same therapeutic and preventive measures are carried out as during quarantine, but isolation and restrictive measures are less strict during observation. In particular, the exit of the population from the contaminated zone is not prohibited, but limited and allowed, subject to mandatory preventive measures. To a lesser extent, the communication of the population within the focus is limited. The regime and rules of conduct established in the focus of infectious diseases, as well as the requirements of the medical service, must be observed by all citizens unquestioningly. No one has the right to evade preventive vaccinations and taking medications. To prevent the mass spread of infectious diseases, the population must carefully observe the rules of personal hygiene and keep their homes, yards, and common areas clean. In residential buildings, it is necessary to treat the railings of stairs and door handles with disinfectant solutions, cover the toilet bowls with bleach, and carry out all cleaning in the premises only with a wet method; Avoid breeding flies and other insects. In the focus of an infectious disease, water is allowed to be taken only from water pipes or from uncontaminated water sources checked by the medical service. All products should be stored in tightly closed containers and processed before use: boil water and milk, wash raw vegetables and fruits with boiling water, and burn the bread on fire. The dishes must be thoroughly washed and boiled; when eating, use individual utensils. Before leaving the premises, put on personal protective equipment for respiratory organs and skin; before entering from the street into the living room, shoes and raincoats must be left on the outside until they are treated with disinfectant solutions. If the first signs of the disease are detected, you should immediately call a doctor and isolate the patient. If the patient is left for treatment at home, he must be placed in a separate room or his bed should be fenced off with a screen or sheets. Separate utensils and care items should be allocated for the sick person. In the room where the patient is located, carry out current disinfection - disinfection of the room and objects with which the patient came into contact. Disinfection is carried out by the simplest means - washing with hot water with soda, soap and other detergents, as well as boiling individual items. If possible, the patient should be cared for by one person. When leaving, safety measures and personal hygiene rules must be observed: you need to use the simplest personal protective equipment, wash and disinfect your hands. After the transfer of the patient to the hospital or his recovery, the final disinfection is carried out. The room, bedding, objects with which the patient came into contact are disinfected. Items are usually decontaminated on site; bedding is handed over to the decontamination station. In the focus of an infectious disease, all residents must disinfect their apartments and household items. For this, solutions of various disinfectants (chlorine, chloramine, alkalis, formalin, lysol) are used. Disinfection of walls, ceilings, floors, wooden and metal objects is carried out with rags moistened with disinfectant solutions. Upholstered furniture is first cleaned with a vacuum cleaner and then wiped with a cloth or brush dipped in a 3% chloramine solution. Disinfection of cotton clothes, linen, dishes is carried out by boiling in a two percent soda solution for two hours. Disinfection of fabric products can also be done with a hot iron. Shoes, clothes, carpets, pillows and other items that cannot be boiled, as well as protective equipment, are handed over for disinfection at the disinfection station. Disinfection of residential premises must be carried out in individual protective equipment. In this case, care must be taken with various disinfecting solutions. Cleaning material used for disinfection is stored in designated areas and then incinerated. Do not smoke, drink or eat while working. For disinfection of premises, a clarified (settled) 0.1-5% solution of bleach is most often used. To prepare a 5% solution, dilute 0.5 kg of bleach in a 10-liter container and allow the solution to settle. After that, the top layer of the solution is drained and, if necessary, diluted with water to the desired concentration. After the end of the disinfection work, the persons involved in their implementation must undergo a complete sanitization. It is carried out at stationary washing points, in baths, shower pavilions or at specially deployed washing sites. These points and sites have three sections: dressing room, washing room and dressing room; in addition, there may be a clothing decontamination department. Before entering the locker room, outerwear, headwear, and skin protection are removed. In the dressing room, shoes, clothes and underwear are removed and a medical examination is performed. Contaminated clothing, footwear and protective equipment are transferred by the attendants to the decontamination department. Before entering the washing department, gas masks are removed, mucous membranes are treated with a two percent solution of baking soda, soap and washcloths are given. In the washing department, people first lather their hands 1-2 times, then their face and head, and wash them thoroughly with warm water. Then they lather and wash the whole body. Washing under the shower lasts 10-15 minutes. In the dressing department, those who have undergone sanitization undergo a secondary medical examination, receive uncontaminated clothing (their sanitized or from a reserve fund) and dress.

Issues of output control.

1. name the nature and characteristics of wartime dangers (five

Rules of conduct in infectious diseases

1. The emergence of infectious diseases
2. Recognition of infectious diseases
3. Fundamentals of protection and rules of conduct for the population

According to the World Health Organization, more than 1 billion people annually carry infectious diseases on the earth's container. Within a short time, large numbers of people can become infected. So, cholera El Tor, which began in 1960 in Indonesia, by 1971 covered all countries of the world. The fourth influenza pandemic (epidemic covering a group of countries, continents) in two years (1968-1970) affected about 2 billion people on all continents and claimed about 1.5 million lives. No, no, yes, and there are patients with plague, cholera, brucellosis. The incidence of acute dysentery, typhoid fever, diphtheria, viral hepatitis, salmonellosis, and influenza is still high. Their occurrence is especially dangerous in enterprises, educational institutions, military collectives, where one can infect everyone.
That is why it is very important to know the signs of infectious diseases, how they spread, how to prevent and how to behave.

November 1990 The taiga city of oil producers Langepas (Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug) turned into a huge infirmary. More than 2,000 people went to the hospital with an intestinal infection, more than 100 were hospitalized, of which 13 were in a very serious condition. What is the reason? The fact that water and sewer pipes were laid side by side, in one trench. As a result, faecal water began to penetrate into the water supply network.
Another example. At the Rodnik campsite, located on the outskirts of Stavropol, 45 of its settlers fell ill with cholera. There was a critical situation, because 733 people visited the campsite in a short time. They had to be found, isolated and cured. Carriers of cholera vibrio were found in Barnaul, Perm, Krasnodar and many other cities. Only emergency measures prevented the spread of infection. The cause was a spring near the campsite. Landslides damaged the sewerage network, and sewage got into the spring water.
It must be remembered that the causative agents of infectious diseases, penetrating into the body, find there a favorable environment for development. Reproducing rapidly, they release toxic products (toxins) that destroy tissues, which leads to disruption of the normal vital processes of the body. The disease occurs, as a rule, after a few hours or days from the moment of infection. During this period, called the incubation period, there is a multiplication of microbes and the accumulation of toxic substances without visible signs of the disease.
Their bed infects others or inseminates various objects of the external environment with pathogens.
There are several ways of distribution: contact, when there is direct contact of the patient with a healthy person; contact household
passing inspection through household items (linen, towels, dishes, toys). contaminated with secretions of the patient; airborne
when talking, sneezing; water. Many pathogens remain viable in water for at least a few days. In this regard, the transmission of acute dysentery, cholera, typhoid fever can occur through it very widely. If the necessary sanitary measures are not taken, water epidemics can lead to sad consequences.
How many infectious diseases are foodborne? Five cases of brucellosis were detected in the Tula region. Cause? Neglect of veterinary requirements and norms: the state farm sent 65 heads of cattle with brucellosis to a meat processing plant, from the products of which people became infected.
Today, salmonellosis has become the most important. The incidence of them increased by 25 times. This is one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases. Various animals can be peddlers: cattle, pigs, horses, rats, mice and poultry, especially ducks and geese. Perhaps such an infection from a sick person or a carrier of salmonella.
Patients who do not see a doctor in a timely manner are a great danger to others, since many infectious diseases are mild. But at the same time, an intensive release of pathogens into the external environment occurs.
The survival time of pathogens is different. So, on the smooth surfaces of celluloid toys, the diphtheria bacillus remains less than on soft toys made of wool or other fabric. In ready meals, in meat, milk, pathogens can live for a long time. In particular, milk is a favorable breeding ground for typhoid and dysenteric bacilli.
In the human body, the skin, the mucous membrane of the stomach, and some components of the blood stand in the way of the penetration of pathogenic microbes. Dry, healthy and clean skin releases substances that lead to the death of microbes. Mucus and saliva contain a highly active enzyme, lysozyme, which destroys many pathogens. The airway sheath is also a good protector. Reliable barrier on the way of microbes stomach. It secretes hydrochloric acid and enzymes that neutralize most of the pathogens of infectious diseases. However, if a person drinks a lot of water, then the acidity, diluted, decreases. Microbes in such cases do not die and penetrate into the intestines with food, and from there into the blood.
It should be noted that the protective forces are more effective in a healthy, hardened body. Hypothermia, non-observance of personal hygiene, trauma, smoking, radiation, alcohol intake sharply reduce its resistance.

gr-obor.narod.ru

Information about the prevention of respiratory infections and how to behave in case of illness

The main route of transmission of SARS and influenza is airborne, that is, through droplets released when talking, sneezing or coughing. In order to prevent the occurrence and spread of respiratory infections, it is necessary to observe personal hygiene rules that will protect against infection:

wash your hands regularly and thoroughly with soap or disinfectant wipes (especially if you touch your mouth and nose or potentially contaminated surfaces);

if possible, reduce the time spent in crowded places;

avoid close contact with people with flu-like symptoms (trying to keep a distance of about 1 meter from them, if possible);

avoid touching your mouth and nose;

cover your mouth and nose with disposable handkerchiefs when coughing and sneezing;

use individual or disposable towels;

constantly ventilate the premises by opening windows;

lead a healthy lifestyle, including adequate sleep, proper nutrition and physical activity;

get vaccinated against influenza, which will help maintain health, as well as avoid serious complications from influenza;

use non-specific remedies to increase immunity, as well as "folk" remedies, for example: onion, garlic, lemon, rosehip infusion, etc. In case of symptoms of SARS and influenza (body temperature above 36.7 degrees, chills, cough, pain in throat, body aches, headache, fatigue, etc.) it is necessary:

call a doctor, isolate the patient in a separate room;

limit the contact of the patient with family members;

pay special attention to the patient's compliance with the rules of personal hygiene (frequent handwashing, wearing an individual protective mask);

daily carry out wet cleaning of the room where the patient is located with the use of disinfectants;

limit the number of people caring for the sick. Caregivers should use personal protective masks.

Rules of conduct for people with infectious diseases. Consider the features of human behavior in the event of some of the most dangerous infectious diseases.

v Plague- a particularly dangerous infectious disease.

First aid: bed rest, immediately isolate the patient from the rest of the family, give an antipyretic at high temperature, give a headache remedy for severe pain and call a doctor. Before the doctor arrives, you can apply a folk remedy: ripe figs cut in half are tied to the sore spot.

v Cholera- an acute infectious disease only in humans.

First aid : bed rest, immediately isolate the patient from healthy people, cover with hot bottles, wrap in a warm blanket. Put a warming compress of vodka or a poultice of bran, cooked in a peel and mashed potatoes on the stomach. If available, it is good to give Botkin's cholera drops inside: 15–20 drops every two to three hours. You can also give several times half a cup of a weak (pink) solution of potassium permanganate. If there is camphor alcohol, then you can give it 8 drops on sugar every 10 minutes, especially when the patient starts to get cold. You can also give hot, strong coffee, tea with rum or cognac. Drink and give as much liquid as possible.

v anthrax- an infectious disease of humans and animals.

First aid: bed rest, isolate the patient from others, bandage the patient's mouth, nose and his own gauze mask, call a doctor. Antibiotics, gamma globulin and other drugs are usually used for treatment.

v Tularemia- an acute bacterial infectious disease of humans and some rodents.

First aid : bed rest, isolate from others, give an antipyretic, headache remedy and call a doctor.

v Meningitis is a dangerous infectious disease that causes inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. Dangerous complications and consequences, in particular, dementia may persist for life.

First aid: exposure of the patient, a cold compress on the head, wiping the body with a damp cloth, blowing with a household fan, antipyretics (aspirin, amidopyrine, etc.), headache remedies (analgin, etc.), call an ambulance or a doctor.

v Diphtheria - dangerous infectious disease leading to toxic damage to the cardiovascular and nervous systems.

First aid: give a laxative, gargle with a strong solution of table salt or vinegar - both of which remove films. Cold compresses are applied to the neck, often changing them. If swallowing is difficult, then they give a little ice to swallow, but if the cervical glands swell, then this should not be done. Then you need to call an ambulance or a doctor. Before the doctor arrives, you cannot lubricate the throat yourself, since if pus enters the bloodstream, it may become infected.

v Dysentery- a dangerous infectious disease that affects the large intestine.

First aid: bed rest, water-tea diet for 8-10 hours, drinking plenty of water(5% glucose solution, sodium chloride solution, rosehip decoction, antibiotics), at high temperatures give antipyretics, call a doctor.

v Flu - infectious disease, dangerous complications of the central nervous system and respiratory organs.

First aid: rest, bed rest, hot milk, alkaline drink, mustard plasters on the anterior surface of the chest, drink 3-4 liters of fluid per day (especially Borjomi type water), take vitamin C, eat protein-rich foods, as well as lean fish, seafood, walnuts, sauerkraut, onions, garlic, call a doctor.

v Pulmonary tuberculosis- a dangerous infectious disease.

First aid: rest, bed rest. For better sputum discharge, the patient is given a position that facilitates drainage. With a strong cough, antitussive drugs are given: codeine tablets, expectorants. Facilitate the position of mustard plasters, circular banks.

v Viral hepatitis type A - infectious disease. Affects the liver.

Prevention. Avoid drinking unboiled drinking water from open water, observe the rules of personal hygiene and avoid contact with patients with hepatitis.

First aid. Isolation of the patient, bed rest, diet (proteins, carbohydrates, trace element potassium, magnesium, iron, vitamins). Call a doctor or an ambulance.

v Tetanus - acute infectious disease.

Prevention and first aid . Prevention - vaccination (tetanus toxoid). Prevention of the disease is achieved by removing foreign bodies, dead tissue from the wound and its processing. When symptoms of the disease appear, create peace for the patient and call an ambulance.

v Mumps - infection.

First aid: lubricate swollen glands with ichthyol or iodine ointment, but do not rub.

Other infectious diseases, as rare ones, are not considered in this paragraph.

B) Actions of the population in case of infectious diseases of domestic and agricultural animals

Infectious diseases caused by viruses. Many animal diseases caused by viruses (foot-and-mouth disease, plague, sheep pox, rabies, etc.) cause significant economic damage. The most common viral infections that cause respiratory and intestinal diseases.

When infectious diseases appear among wild animals, they are simply destroyed. To preserve the livestock of domestic animals, vaccination and veterinary treatment of animals is usually carried out by the veterinary services. This is done at special processing points where the animals are treated with special disinfectant solutions. The type of disinfectant solution depends on the type of infectious disease, but in the case of already sick pets, they are not treated, but destroyed mainly by burning, followed by disinfection of outbuildings and animal burial sites.

With the most common diseases of animals, and from them to humans, it is necessary to take into account the resistance of microbes and take protective and safety measures. Let's briefly consider the most common and dangerous viral diseases and measures for their prevention.

Rabies - an acute infectious disease caused by a virus that enters a wound and reaches the central nervous system.

.Prevention measures: sick animals are not treated, but isolated and killed when the diagnosis is confirmed. Dogs are often vaccinated. Animals that have bitten people or other animals are observed for 10 days. Bitten people are vaccinated, and a complex of their treatment is carried out.

Rinderpest - dangerous infectious disease.

Prevention measures : keeping in quarantine with subsequent slaughter and burning of corpses.

smallpox- an acute infectious disease. The disease affects all kinds of animals and humans.

Prevention measures: imported animals are kept in quarantine and vaccinated. Dead animals are burned.

Bovine leukemia (leukemia, blood cancer) - chronic infectious disease. Caused by a virus and affects immunocompromised animals

Prevention measures: regular examination of livestock by clinical and other methods. Destruction of diseased animals.

foot and mouth disease- an infectious disease of artiodactyl animals.

Prevention measures : mass vaccination of cattle, goats, sheep, pigs.

Pseudoplague of birds is an infectious disease of the chicken family.

Prevention measures : in the autumn-summer period, chickens are fed with proven feed, chickens should drink clean water.

Ornithosis - infectious natural focal disease of many birds, including domestic birds, as well as mammals and humans. It is characterized by atypical pneumonia, fibrous peritonitis, encephalitis.

Prevention measures : sick birds are destroyed.

Infectious diseases caused by bacteria. Here are some examples of the most common diseases.

Glanders- an infectious disease of one-hoofed animals.

Prevention measures : glanders are detected at an early stage by an allergic test with mallein. If such animals are found, they are destroyed..

Tuberculosis (animals, humans and birds) – a chronic infectious disease with localization in most internal organs, more often the lungs.

Prevention measures: allergic diagnosis, positive responders are killed.

Leptospirosis -.

Prevention measures: animals are vaccinated, new arrivals are quarantined.

Anthrax - especially dangerous acute infectious disease of humans and animals.

Prevention measures: immunization of animals. Treat with anti-anthrax serum and penicillin.

Listeriosis - infectious disease transmitted from animals to humans . .

Prevention measures : animals are vaccinated. Sick animals are isolated and treated.

Tularemia - infectious disease of animals and humans.

Prevention measures: rodent control (destruction in warehouses, indoors).

Salmonella - infectious diseases caused by intestinal bacteria.

Prevention measures : patients are isolated and treated, antiseptic serum and bacteriophage are used.

Botulism - infection in humans and animals.

Prevention measures : strictly control the production of sausages, canned food, pickles.

Brucellosis. It is a chronic infectious disease of animals and humans.

Prevention. Animals with a positive reaction to brucellosis are destroyed. The rest are vaccinated.