"five-year plans" in the USSR. Soviet five-year plans Greetings to the builders of the Dnieper
Date of birth: The team was created in 2002 by music producer Alexei Bryantsev (group Butyrka, group Dalniy Svet, group Patsanka, etc.).
Career: By 2007 the band had released 4 albums, BEST album and MP3 album. All albums were released by Classic Company.
The sound of the group is distinguished by powerful energy, dance rhythms, modern sound. The group's repertoire includes more than 50 songs. The group successfully tours in Russia. Songs are rotated on radio chanson Moscow and other radio stations, and are regularly published in popular chanson collections.
Vocalist - Valery Voloshin
On stage, the group works only live: vocals, rhythm guitar, solo guitar, keys, drums, bass guitar. On concert tours, to make life easier for local organizers, Pyatiletka mostly travels in a reduced composition: vocals, guitar, keys, drums.
Most famous songs:
"On the stretch Shira-Abakan"
"At the season"
"Let's light candles vagrants"
"Student", etc.
The history of the creation of the group, in general, is rather unsophisticated and especially not replete with miraculous transformations of Cinderella into a princess. St. Petersburg musicians Dmitry Bykovsky and Eduard Kharlamov quite often flashed in many nightclubs as performers of tavern songs, until, as they say, they were in the right place, at the right time and in the right company. As a result of such a concentration of several creative personalities at once, an alliance arose in the composition: Dmitry Bykovsky - vocals, Eduard Kharlamov - keyboards, Alexei Chetverikov - backing vocals, Alexei Bryantsev - arrangements. The result of the team's work in 2003 was the songs, which were later included in the first album of the group, the name of which was actually given by the first recorded track - "Pyatiletka". This song practically determined the style and manner of the band's performance. Well, we, in turn, hope for mutual interest in our work on the part of you - our listeners, because songs written and performed by people who love and understand this music have always been a success with our people.
In 2007, its soloist Dmitry Bykovsky left the group and a new vocalist of the Pyatiletka group appeared - Valery Voloshin.
Bykovsky Dmitry Anatolyevich - was born on October 5, 1969.
Until the age of 14 he lived in Central Asia. He served in Hungary in an airborne reconnaissance company. Graduated from the Voronezh State Academy of Arts - Theater Institute (course of V. Topolagi) in 1998. The first film in 1999. He graduated from GITIS (workshop of A.V. Borodin). In the group "Pyatiletka" Dmitry performed under the name "Dmitry Bykov".
Today the actor of the theater BDT them. Tovstonogov in St. Petersburg, starred in famous television series: "Cop Wars" parts 1, 2, 3; "Mine" parts 1 and 2; "The Life and Death of Lenka Panteleev", etc., performed a solo song "Guys" on the stage of the Palace of Culture named after. Gaza in St. Petersburg.
The new composition of the group "Pyatiletka": vocals - Valery Voloshin; guitar - Sergey Lazarev; keyboards - Alexander Khvorikov; drums - Alexander Sechenykh.
Currently: chanson group.
You can invite the Pyatiletka group to a holiday, order a performance of the Pyatiletka group for a corporate party, wedding, anniversary or birthday with the help of our concert and holiday agency 123 SHOW. Entrust the organization and holding of your holiday to the specialists of our company! How much does the performance of the Pyatiletka group cost at a holiday, corporate event, wedding - check with the managers of our concert agency via the feedback form or by phone.
Specialists of the company 123 SHOW will contact you and help answer all your questions.
Five-year plan, five-year plans, women. 1. Same as five years in 1 digit. (neol.). Economic prospects for the next five years. 2. Five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR (neol.). As a result of the implementation of the five-year plan in the field of industry, ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
FIVE YEARS, and, wives. 1. Five-year plan for the development of the economy. 2. Same as five years (in 1 value). Prospects for the next five years. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
Five years Dictionary of Russian synonyms. five-year plan n., number of synonyms: 1 five-year plan (2) ASIS Synonym Dictionary. V.N. Trishin ... Synonym dictionary
- (5 year old) ... Spelling Dictionary
five-year plan- FIVE YEARS, and, w. The term of imprisonment is five years. From the corner… Dictionary of Russian Argo
five-year plan- , and, well. Plan for the development of the national economy for five years. KTSRYA, 161. ◘ By the beginning of the 11th Five-Year Plan, the total carrying capacity of ships exceeded 1 million 300 thousand tons. Owls. Lat., 38. My country now stands at the new starting mark. Summary of the past.... Explanatory Dictionary of the Language of Soviet Deputies
AND; pl. genus. current, date weaves; well. 1. Unfold About who (what) at the age of five. Five year old girl. Five-year-old apple tree. Walking group for five-year-olds. 2. In the USSR: a five-year plan for the development of the national economy; the period covered by this plan. ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
five-year plan- and; pl. genus. current, date weaves; well. 1) unfold About who (what) at the age of five. Five year old girl. Five-year-old apple tree. Walking group for five-year-olds. 2) In the USSR: a five-year plan for the development of the national economy; the period covered by this plan. ... ... Dictionary of many expressions
I 1. Five-year plan for the development of the national economy (in the USSR). ott. The period covered by such a plan. 2. unfold the same as the five-year plan 1. II m. and f.; unfold Someone under the age of five (of a child or young animal). Tolkov ... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language Efremova
Books
- Materials of the joint plenum of the Central Committee and Central Control Commission of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, E. Sokolova. When the five-year plan appeared, people hardly imagined that the five-year plan could be of tremendous international significance. On the contrary, many people think that the five-year plan is a private matter...
- Leningrad. Tenth five-year plan, . The book was created by Leningrad journalists based on materials from the periodical press. It tells about the selfless work of Leningraders during the tenth five-year plan to implement the decisions of the XXV ...
The result of the team's work in 2003 was the songs that were subsequently included in the group's first album, the name of which was actually given by the first recorded track - "Pyatiletka". This song practically determined the style and manner of the band's performance.
Discography
Albums
- - Five-year plan
- - Second album
- - Drop your weapon... Hands up the hill
- - Fourth Album
- - 5 Plus
The current line-up of the group
- Valery Voloshin - vocals.
- Alexey Gavrik
Former members:
- Dmitry Bykovsky - vocals (-).
- Vadim Glukhov - guitar
see also
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An excerpt characterizing the Five-Year Plan (group)
- Now!At this time, Petya, in the first room, seeing and grabbing sabers, and experiencing the delight that boys experience at the sight of a warlike older brother, and forgetting that it is indecent for sisters to see undressed men, opened the door.
- Is that your sword? he shouted. The girls jumped back. Denisov, with frightened eyes, hid his shaggy legs in a blanket, looking around for help at his comrade. The door let Petya through and closed again. There was laughter outside the door.
- Nikolenka, come out in a dressing gown, - Natasha's voice said.
- Is that your sword? Petya asked, “or is it yours?” - with obsequious respect he turned to the mustachioed, black Denisov.
Rostov hurriedly put on his shoes, put on a dressing gown and went out. Natasha put on one boot with a spur and climbed into the other. Sonya was spinning and just wanted to inflate her dress and sit down when he came out. Both were in the same, brand new, blue dresses - fresh, ruddy, cheerful. Sonya ran away, and Natasha, taking her brother by the arm, led him into the sofa room, and they started talking. They did not have time to ask each other and answer questions about thousands of little things that could interest only them alone. Natasha laughed at every word that he said and that she said, not because what they said was funny, but because she had fun and was unable to restrain her joy, expressed in laughter.
- Oh, how good, excellent! she said to everything. Rostov felt how, under the influence of the hot rays of love, for the first time in a year and a half, that childish smile blossomed in his soul and face, which he had never smiled since he left home.
“No, listen,” she said, “are you quite a man now? I'm awfully glad you're my brother. She touched his mustache. - I want to know what kind of men you are? Are they like us? Not?
Why did Sonya run away? Rostov asked.
- Yes. That's another whole story! How will you talk to Sonya? You or you?
“How will it happen,” said Rostov.
Tell her, please, I'll tell you later.
- Yes, what?
- Well, I'll tell you now. You know that Sonya is my friend, such a friend that I would burn my hand for her. Here look. - She rolled up her muslin sleeve and showed on her long, thin and delicate handle under her shoulder, much higher than the elbow (in the place that is sometimes covered by ball gowns) a red mark.
“I burned this to prove my love to her. I just kindled the ruler on fire, and pressed it.
Sitting in his former classroom, on the sofa with pillows on the handles, and looking into those desperately animated eyes of Natasha, Rostov again entered that family, children's world, which had no meaning for anyone except for him, but which gave him one of the best pleasures in life; and burning his hand with a ruler, to show love, seemed to him not useless: he understood and was not surprised at this.
– So what? only? - he asked.
- Well, so friendly, so friendly! Is this nonsense - a ruler; but we are forever friends. She will love someone, so forever; but I don't understand it, I'll forget it now.
- Well, so what?
Yes, she loves me and you so much. - Natasha suddenly blushed, - well, you remember, before leaving ... So she says that you forget it all ... She said: I will always love him, but let him be free. After all, the truth is that this is excellent, noble! - Yes Yes? very noble? Yes? Natasha asked so seriously and excitedly that it was clear that what she was saying now, she had previously said with tears.
Rostov thought.
“I don’t take back my word in anything,” he said. - And besides, Sonya is so charming that what kind of fool would refuse his happiness?
“No, no,” Natasha screamed. We already talked about it with her. We knew you would say that. But this is impossible, because, you understand, if you say so - you consider yourself bound by a word, then it turns out that she seemed to have said it on purpose. It turns out that you still forcibly marry her, and it turns out not at all.
The Civil War, imposed on the people by the bourgeoisie after the Great October Socialist Revolution, with the active support of the interventionists of England, Austria-Hungary, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Romania, the USA, Turkey, Finland, and Japan, brought the country to complete economic ruin. But already in 1926, with the complete economic blockade of the West, industrial production reached the level of 1913 - the period of the "highest development" of tsarist Russia. At the same time, electricity production exceeded that level by 80%, engineering products - by 33%, ferrous metallurgy products - by 13%. After the monetary reform of 1922-1924. the ruble became high and stable. The XV Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in December 1927 approved the Directives for the preparation of the First Five-Year Plan. From a speech by I.V. Stalin in November 1928: “It is necessary to catch up and overtake the developed capitalist countries. Either we achieve this, or we will be overwhelmed.”
FIRST FIVE-YEAR PLAN(1929-1932). The volume of gross industrial output for 4 years has grown DOUBLE. Including: electricity, sulfuric acid - 2.7 times, coal and oil - 1.8 times, steel - 1.4 times, cement - 2, machine tools - 10, tractors, cars - 30 once. From the speech of I.V. Stalin: “... we have done more than we ourselves expected ... the tractor, automobile, aviation industries, machine tool building, agricultural engineering have been re-created, a new coal and metallurgical base in the East has been re-created ...” In Ivanovo, built, equipped and launched: Europe's largest Melange plant, Krasnaya Talka and Dzerzhinsky spinning mills, a peat machine plant, an automobile plant in Nizhny Novgorod, tractor plants in Kharkov and Stalingrad, Uralmash ... Trains went along Turksib to Central Asia. By the end of 1930, there was no unemployment in the country. With the beginning of collectivization, machinery came to the village. There are practically no illiterates left in the country. From the speech of I.V. Stalin on February 4, 1931: “We are 50-100 years behind the advanced countries. We have to run this distance in 10 years. Either we do it or we will be crushed.” 
SECOND FIVE-YEAR PLAN(1933-1937). During the five years, the national income increased 2.1 times, industrial output 2.1 times, and agriculture 1.3 times. Uralo-Kuzbass was built - the second coal and metallurgical base in the country. In 1935, metro lines were put into operation in Moscow. The Stakhanovist movement "For Impact Labor" was widely developed in the country. In 1937, he gave the first current to the Dnieper Hydroelectric Power Station, the construction of the Moscow-Volga navigable canal was completed, the Papanin expedition landed at the North Pole and deployed the first polar station SP-1, the crew of the ANT-25 aircraft V. Chkalov, G. Baidukov, A. Belyakov made a non-stop flight from the USSR to the USA via the North Pole. By the end of the five-year plan, 97 out of every hundred peasant households were in collective farms. On December 12, 1937, for the first time, direct and secret elections were held in the country to the Union Parliament - the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. 
THIRD FIVE-YEAR PLAN(1938-1941). During the first three years of the Third Five-Year Plan, industrial production grew by 45 percent, and machine building by 70 percent. In the face of the aggressive policy of fascist Germany, special attention was paid to strengthening the country's defense capability, mastering and mass production of new types of military equipment and weapons. By 1939, the USSR had more universities and students than all the countries of Europe combined. The five-year plan was interrupted by the perfidious Nazi attack on June 22, 1941. At the beginning of the war, 1,310 large industrial enterprises, one and a half million wagons of cargo, and 10 million people were evacuated to the east. During the war, the Nazis: burned and destroyed 1,710 cities and towns, 70 thousand villages and villages, over 6 million residential buildings, depriving 25 million people of shelter, 31,850 industrial enterprises, 65 thousand km of railways and 4,100 stations, 40 thousand hospitals and other medical institutions, 84,000 schools, colleges, technical schools and universities, 43,000 libraries, 36,000 post offices and telephone exchanges; destroyed or removed 239,000 electric motors and 175,000 metal-cutting machines; ruined, plundered 98 thousand collective farms, 1,876 state farms, 2,890 machine and tractor stations; 71 million heads of cattle, pigs, sheep and goats, horses, 110 million heads of poultry were stolen to Germany. In the shortest possible time, the military industry was deployed in the east of the country, which gave the front 138.5 thousand aircraft (of which 115.6 thousand were combat), 110.2 thousand tanks and self-propelled guns, 526.2 thousand guns and mortars, 19.8 million small arms. The industrial base created during the war in the east was further developed in the postwar period. 
FOURTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN(1946-1950). Already in 1948, the pre-war level of industrial production was basically reached, and by 1950 the main production assets had increased to the level of 1940: in industry - by 41, in construction - by 141, in transport and communications - by 20 percent. The pre-war level was surpassed by 73 percent in terms of gross output: industry. Agriculture in most indicators also reached the pre-war level. By the end of the five-year plan, not only the Dnieper Hydroelectric Power Plant, but also all the power plants of the Dnieper, Donbass, Chernozem region, and the North Caucasus were put into operation again. The giants of metallurgy and mechanical engineering of the South have started working again. From 1947 until 1953, there were major cuts in retail prices for food and consumer goods in the spring. In 1950, the USSR stripped the United States of its monopoly on atomic weapons.
FIFTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN(1951-1955). During the five-year period, the national income increased by 71%, the volume of industrial production - by 85%, agricultural production - by 21%, the volume of capital investments (investments) in the domestic economy - almost doubled. In 1952, the Volga-Don shipping canal was put into operation. In Ivanovo, the first stages of factories for truck cranes, boring machines, and precision instruments were put into operation.
SIXTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN(1956-1960). During the five years, the national income increased by more than 1.5 times, the gross industrial output by 64 percent, that of agriculture by 32 percent, and capital investment more than doubled. Gorkovskaya, Irkutskaya, Kuibyshevskaya, Volgogradskaya hydroelectric power stations, Europe's largest worsted plant in Ivanovo were put into operation. The development of virgin and fallow lands of Kazakhstan, the Trans-Urals and Western Siberia has begun. On October 4, the USSR launched the world's first artificial Earth satellite. The country received a reliable nuclear missile shield.
SEVENTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN(1961-1965). The five-year plan began with the April flight of Yuri Gagarin into space and was crowned with an increase in national income by 60 percent, fixed production assets by 90 percent, gross industrial output by 84 percent, and agriculture by 15 percent.
EIGHTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN(1966-1970). During the five years, the national income increased by 42%, the volume of gross industrial output by 51%, and that of agriculture by 21%. The Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Saratov hydroelectric power stations, the Volga Automobile Plant were put into operation ...
NINTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN(1971-1975). During the five years, the national income grew by 28 percent, the gross industrial output by 43 percent, and that of agriculture by 13 percent. With the development of oil and gas fields in Western Siberia, petrochemical and oil refining enterprises were intensively built, 22.6 thousand kilometers of main oil pipelines and oil product pipelines, 33.7 thousand km of main gas pipelines and branches from them were laid.
TENTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN(1976-1980). During the five years the national income grew by 24 percent, the volume of gross industrial output by 23 percent, and that of agriculture by 10 percent. The Ust-Ilimsk Hydroelectric Power Station and the Kama Automobile Plant were put into operation. Correspondingly, the length of main oil and gas pipelines increased by another 15,000 and 30,000 km. In August 1977, the Soviet nuclear-powered icebreaker Arktika reached the North Pole for the first time in the history of navigation.
ELEVENTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN(1981-1985) The XXVII Congress of the CPSU defined the most important all-party, nationwide task for the 11th five-year plan to give the country's development even greater dynamism through even more efficient use of production assets, their further development and renewal, the introduction of advanced technologies and achievements in scientific and technical progress, especially in heavy industry. In the light and food industry, along with the creation of new capacities, the expansion and technical re-equipment of existing enterprises was actively carried out. The total length of the main oil and gas pipelines and branches from them reached 54,000 and 112,000 km, respectively. On the whole, during the five-year period the national income and the gross social product increased by another 19 per cent. Real incomes per capita, payments and benefits to the population from public consumption funds increased by 11 and 25 percent, respectively.
TWELVE FIVE-YEAR PLAN(1986-1990). Determining the main directions of the economic and social development of the USSR for the 12th five-year plan and for the period up to 2000, the 28th CPSU Congress set the task of doubling the national income used for consumption and accumulation, payments and benefits to the population from public consumption funds, the output of industrial products, in 1.6-1.8 times increase real per capita income. And at the start of the five-year plan, the planned pace of transformations was maintained. The pace of housing construction was especially growing, which made the task set by the Party to increase the country's housing stock by one and a half times by the year 2000 and provide each family with a separate apartment quite realistic. This continued until Gorbachev, who was pestered by the “reformist” itch, actively pushed from the outside and the internal “fifth” column, started an active “perestroika” under the banner of “more glasnost, more socialism”, which turned into a “catastrophe”.
HOW THE SOVIET UNION DEVELOPED
| 1913 | 1920 | 1940 | 1945 | 1967 | 1990 | |
| Population (million people) | 174 | n/a | 191 | 170 | 236 | 290 |
| INDUSTRY | ||||||
| Electricity (billion kWh) | 2 | 1 | 48 | n/a | 589 | 1.728 |
| Coal (million tons) | 29 | 8 | 166 | 49 | 495 | 703 |
| Oil (million tons) | 10 | 4 | 31 | 19 | 288 | 570 |
| Pig iron (million tons) | 4 | 0,1 | 15 | 9 | 58 | 110 |
| Steel (million tons) | 4 | 0,2 | 18 | 12 | 102 | 154 |
| Gas (billion cubic meters) | - | - | - | 159 | 815 | |
| Cars (thousand) | - | - | 145 | 102 | 729 | 2.120 |
| Tractors (thousand) | - | - | 129 | 15 | 405 | 494 |
| Combines of all types (thousand) | - | - | 40 | 10 | 101 | 121 |
| Cement (million tons) | 2 | 0,03 | 5,7 | 3,8 | 85 | 137 |
| Fabrics of all kinds (million square meters) | 3.100 | 100 | 3.300 | 2.100 | 6.200 | 12.700 |
| Leather shoes (million pairs) | 68 | 2,6 | 211 | 63 | 522 | 820 |
| AGRICULTURE | ||||||
| Total sown area (million ha) | 105 | 85 | n/a | n/a | 188 | 208 |
| Cereals (million tons) | 51 | 21 | 96 | 47 | 136 | 218 |
| Livestock (million heads) | ||||||
| cattle | 61 | 46 | 55 | 47 | 97 | 116 |
| pigs | 21 | 12 | 28 | 11 | 51 | 76 |
| sheep and goats | 121 | 91 | 96 | 70 | 138 | 140 |
| Meat (million tons) | n/a | n/a | 5 | 3 | 12 | 20 |
| Milk (million tons) | n/a | n/a | 33 | 26 | 80 | 109 |
| Fleet (thousand): tractors | - | - | 684 | 397 | 3.485 | 2.609 |
| combine harvesters | - | - | 182 | 148 | 553 | 655 |
| trucks | - | - | 228 | 62 | 1.054 | 1.443 |
| SOCIAL SPHERE | ||||||
| Doctors (thousand) | 19,8 | n/a | 155 | 186 | 598 | 1.305 |
| Hospital beds (thousand) | n/a | n/a | 791 | n/a | 2.398 | 3.896 |
| Club institutions (thousand) | 0,2 | n/a | 118 | n/a | 129 | 136 |
| Theaters | 177 | n/a | 908 | 892 | 518 | 713 |
| Museums | 213 | n/a | 518 | n/a | 1.012 | 2.311 |
| Mass Libraries | n/a | n/a | 73.634 | 54.329 | 123.382 | 133.700 |
| Scientific institutions | 289 | n/a | 1.821 | n/a | 4.724 | 8.172|
The exploits of five-year plans
Now let's go back 70 years to the Soviet Union of 1928-1941. During those incomplete 13 years of the pre-war five-year plans, an industrialization unprecedented in its scale was carried out in the country, as a result of which about 9,000 new plants, factories, mines, power plants, and oil fields were put into operation; hundreds of new cities were built, and as early as 1930 unemployment was completely eliminated. The country overcame technical and economic backwardness, and in terms of the structure of industrial production, the USSR reached the level of the most developed countries in the world. The increase in production, for example, only for ahead of schedule (4 years and 3 months). The second five-year plan was 73%, and the average annual increase was 17.2%! (Is it conceivable, has this been seen today?) In terms of industrial output, we have taken second place in the world, second only to the United States, and in terms of industrial growth rates we have surpassed their figures. Labor productivity, for example, in large-scale industry increased by 82% over the five-year period. And most importantly, the country has become economically completely independent. We learned to be able to do everything and began to do everything ourselves! The share of imported products by 1937 did not exceed 0.7%.
This is how the words of I. Stalin, spoken on February 4, 1931, were put into practice: “We are 50-100 years behind the advanced countries. We must make good this distance in ten years. Either we do it or we will be crushed.” And after 10 years there was a war. Great and Patriotic. But thanks to the mass labor heroism of the Soviet people in the pre-war and war years, they "ran the distance", did not allow themselves to be "crushed" and won this war.
Well, after the war, during the years of the Fourth Five-Year Plan (1946-1950), the pre-war level of industrial production was already reached by 1948, and by 1950 the volume of engineering output exceeded the level of 1940 by 2.3 times. The pre-war level of gross industrial output was also surpassed by 73%. In agriculture, most of the indicators also reached the pre-war level, and since 1947, every spring, large reductions in retail prices took place. New power plants were built, a new building of Moscow State University, and most importantly, in 1949 the Soviet atomic bomb was created and all the necessary conditions were laid for an early Soviet spacewalk.
Today, everything that the Soviet people were able to do then is perceived as a fairy tale. Just as it is simply impossible, unthinkable to imagine what we would do if that terrible war were to happen now. And where, and with what would have ended up after it. But then, thanks to the feat of the people and the planned management of the five-year plan, everyone survived, endured everything and left the second superpower of the world to the descendants.
First five-year plan- the first five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR and the corresponding stage in the history of the country from October 1, 1928 to September 30, 1933 inclusive. The first of Stalin's five-year plans.
The main task of the five-year plan
The main task of the 1st Five-Year Plan is formulated as "the creation of production capacities that constitute a prerequisite for building the foundation of a socialist economy." The historical experience of the industrialization of the countries of Europe with its initial accumulation of capital was unacceptable for the USSR due to the socialist nature of the state of workers and peasants. The economic blockade of the USSR by world capital, the fundamental impossibility of obtaining "political" (i.e., not secured) loans from them, imposed severe restrictions on the available resource base: one had to rely only on one's own strength, providing industrialization programs mainly through redistribution of the maximum possible amount of resources.
In December 1927, the XV Congress of the CPSU(b) adopted "Directives for the preparation of the first five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR." The congress spoke out against "over-industrialization": growth rates should not be maximum, and they should be planned so that there are no failures. The draft of the first five-year plan (October 1, 1928 - October 1, 1933) developed on the basis of these directives was approved at the XVI Conference of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (April 1929), and in May of the same year was approved by the V Congress of Soviets of the USSR .
Financial System Reforms
The 1st five-year plan differed from all subsequent ones in that many institutions of the NEP period continued to operate in the economy, and especially in finance. The banking system was decentralized - the industrialization program was serviced, in addition to the State Bank, by Tsekombank (central utility), Electrobank, Central Agricultural Bank, BDK (Bank for Long-term Crediting of Industry and Agriculture), as well as cooperative banks, Vsekobank and Ukrainbank.
In 1930, a credit reform was launched, the implementation of which took 3 years (1930–32). In 1930, they also carried out a tax reform.
Reform of the economic management system
The system of economic management was also reformed. The Supreme Council of National Economy, created back in 1917, after the formation of the USSR, had the status of a united people's commissariat. Even before the beginning of the five-year plan, in August 1926, the head offices (abbreviated main departments) for industries were created in its structure. In the course of the five-year plan, the number of enterprises began to grow rapidly, and it became necessary to give the branch management bodies greater independence so that each of them could concentrate on solving the specific problems of their industry.
To this end, on January 5, 1930, on the basis of the Supreme Economic Council of the USSR, prototypes of ministries were created - people's commissariats (people's commissariats) for heavy, light and forestry industries. The apparatus and tasks of the regional Council of National Economy (p. 422) were transferred, in the main, to the respective executive committees of the Soviets of Working People's Deputies. By the end of the 1930s. in the USSR there were 21 industrial people's commissariats. Thus, there was a transition to the sectoral principles of industrial management and the centralization of the inter-sectoral distribution of raw materials and manufactured products.
Agriculture
The largest structural transformation of the economy in the 1st Five-Year Plan of the Five-Year Plan was agriculture, which began in 1929. Already in March 1930, Stalin recognized the excesses in collective farm construction, after which there was a well-known rollback, and by August 1930 collective farms united a little more than one-fifth (21.4%) peasant farms.
Nevertheless, the course towards collectivization continued. The achievements of industrialization also came to agriculture. In view of the lack of funds from the peasants to purchase agricultural machinery, in 1929 the state organized machine and tractor stations (abbreviated as MTS). Completed and financed from the budget, the MTS provided their equipment to collective and state farms for rent. By taking over the wages of rural machine operators, the state relatively increased the funds due to the co-operative peasants for distribution through workdays. At the end of 1932, there were already 2,446 MTSs operating in the USSR with a fleet of 73,300 tractors.
Thanks to the emergence of domestic tractor construction, in 1932 the USSR refused to import tractors from abroad, and in 1934 the Kirov Plant in Leningrad began production of the Universal tractor, which became the first domestic tractor exported abroad. In the ten pre-war years, about 700 thousand tractors were produced, which accounted for 40% of their world production.
Achievements of the five-year plan
By 1930, the level of provision with schools and teachers was reached, which made it possible to adopt the law "On universal compulsory primary education." Compulsory seven-year education was introduced in the cities. The system of higher education was expanding, including technical and humanitarian.
In 1930, speaking at the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, Stalin reported that an industrial breakthrough was also possible when building socialism in one country.
The first five-year plan was associated with rapid urbanization. The urban labor force increased by 12.5 million, of which 8.5 million were rural migrants. However, the share of 50% of the urban population of the USSR reached only in the early 1960s.
Early completion of the five-year plan
The complex of reforms of the economic mechanism carried out in the USSR since 1928 gave the whole economy as an object of planning a new quality. The economy itself turned from an agrarian-industrial into an industrial-agrarian one (in 1932, the share of industry in the national income reached 70.2%), and therefore the choice of the end of the agrarian year (September) as the starting point for plans became an anachronism.
In order to speed up the transition to plans drawn up with a view to a qualitatively different structure of industries, to a new system of finance and credit, at the end of 1932, work on the basis of the 1st Five-Year Plan was completed ahead of schedule. According to the updated data that I.V. Stalin reported on January 7, 1933 to the Joint Plenum of the Central Committee and the Central Control Commission of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, for 4 years and 3 months of work on account of the 1st Five-Year Plan, the general industrial production program was completed by 93.7% .
Revealing a hypothetical alternative, Stalin pointed out that the policy of relegating the tasks of industrialization to the background would lead to the fact that “we would not have a tractor and automobile industry, ferrous metallurgy, metal for the production of machines. The country would sit without bread. The capitalist elements in the country would enormously increase the chances for the restoration of capitalism. Our position would be similar to that of China, which at that time did not have its own heavy and military industry, and became the object of aggression. We would not have non-aggression pacts with other countries, but military intervention and war. A dangerous and deadly war, a bloody and unequal war, because in this war we would be almost defenseless against enemies who have at their disposal all modern means of attack.
By January 1, 1933, the five-year assignments for heavy industry were overfulfilled (105%). For 4 years and 3 months, the fixed production assets of heavy industry increased by 2.7 times. For coal, steel and cast iron, the increase was 1.8–1.9 times, and for the production of metal-cutting machine tools - 9.9 times. Thus, the main task of the 1st Five-Year Plan - the creation of production capacities, which constitute the prerequisite for building the foundation of a socialist economy - was recognized as accomplished.