Essay on the topic "conversational style". Characteristic features of conversational style

Conversational style is a functional style of speech that serves for informal communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting. It often uses colloquial and colloquial vocabulary. The usual form of implementation of conversational style is dialogue, this style is more often used in oral speech. There is no pre-selection of language material in it. In this style of speech, extralinguistic factors play an important role: facial expressions, gestures, and the environment. In everyday communication, a concrete, associative way of thinking and a direct, expressive nature of expression are realized. Hence the disorder, fragmentation of speech forms and the emotionality of style. Conversational style is characterized by emotionality, figurativeness, concreteness, and simplicity of speech. For example, in a bakery, the phrase: “Please, with bran, one” does not seem strange. The relaxed atmosphere of communication provides greater freedom in the choice of emotional words and expressions: colloquial words are more widely used ( to be stupid), colloquial ( neigh, deadhead, awful, disheveled), slang ( parents - ancestors, iron, world).

In the colloquial style of speech, especially at its fast pace, a smaller reduction of vowels is possible, up to their complete loss and simplification of consonant groups. Word-building features: subjective evaluation suffixes are widely used. To enhance expressiveness, doubling words is used.

Oral speech is a form of speech activity, including the understanding of sounding speech and the implementation of speech statements in sound form (speaking). Oral speech can be carried out with direct contact between interlocutors or can be mediated by technical means (telephone, etc.), if communication takes place at a considerable distance. Oral speech, unlike written, is characterized by:

redundancy (the presence of repetitions, clarifications, explanations);

use of non-verbal means of communication (gestures, facial expressions),

economy of speech statements, ellipses (the speaker may not name, skip what is easy to guess).

Oral speech is always conditioned by the speech situation. Distinguish:

unprepared oral speech (conversation, interview, presentation in the discussion)

Prepared oral speech (lecture, report, speech, report);

Dialogic speech (direct exchange of statements between two or more persons)

monologue speech (a type of speech addressed to one or a group of listeners, sometimes to oneself).

The colloquial style of speech has its own lexical and grammatical features.

Within the literary language, colloquial speech is opposed to codified language. (The language is called codified, because in relation to it, work is being done to preserve its norms, its purity). But the codified literary language and colloquial speech are two subsystems within the literary language. As a rule, every native speaker of the literary language knows these two varieties of speech.

The main features of the conversational style are the already indicated relaxed and informal nature of communication, as well as the emotionally expressive coloring of speech. Therefore, in colloquial speech, all the wealth of intonation, facial expressions, and gestures are used. One of its most important features is the reliance on an extralinguistic situation, i.e. the immediate environment of speech in which communication takes place. For example: (Woman before leaving home) What should I wear? (about the coat) Is that it? Or that? (about the jacket) Won't I freeze? Listening to these statements and not knowing the specific situation, it is impossible to guess what they are talking about. Thus, in colloquial speech, the extralinguistic situation becomes an integral part of the act of communication. A characteristic feature of colloquial speech is its lexical heterogeneity. The most diverse groups of vocabulary, both thematically and stylistically, are found here: common book vocabulary, terms, foreign borrowings, words of high stylistic coloring, as well as facts of vernacular, dialects, and jargons. This is explained, firstly, by the thematic diversity of colloquial speech, which is not limited to everyday topics, everyday remarks; secondly, the implementation of colloquial speech in two keys - serious and playful, and in the latter case, it is possible to use various elements.

Syntactic constructions also have their own characteristics. For colloquial speech, constructions with particles, with interjections, constructions of a phraseological nature are typical: “They tell you!”. In a colloquial style, the law of “saving speech means” applies, therefore, instead of names consisting of two or more words, one is used: evening newspaper - evening, condensed milk - condensed milk, utility room - utility room, five-story house - five-story building. In other cases, stable combinations of words are converted and one word is used instead of two: forbidden zone - zone, academic council - council, sick leave - sick leave, maternity leave - decree.

A special place in colloquial vocabulary is occupied by words with the most general or indefinite meaning, which is concretized in the situation: thing, thing, business, history. “Empty” words are close to them, acquiring a certain meaning only in the context (bagpipes, bandura, jalopy). For example: And where will we put this bandura? (about the closet); We know this music!

The conversational style is rich in phraseology. Most Russian phraseological units are of a colloquial nature (at hand, unexpectedly, like water off a duck's back, etc.), colloquial expressions are even more expressive (the law is not written for fools, in the middle of nowhere, etc.). Colloquial and colloquial phraseological units give speech vivid imagery; they differ from bookish and neutral phraseological units not in meaning, but in special expressiveness and reducedness. Let's compare: to die - to play in the box, to mislead - to hang noodles on your ears (rub glasses, suck from your finger, take from the ceiling).

The syntax of colloquial speech is very peculiar, due to its oral form and vivid expression. Simple sentences dominate here, often incomplete, of the most diverse structure (definitely personal, indefinitely personal, impersonal, and others) and extremely short. The situation fills in the gaps in the speech, which is quite understandable to the speakers: Please show in a line (when buying notebooks); I don't want a Taganka (when choosing theater tickets); To you from the heart? (in a pharmacy), etc.

In oral speech, we often do not name the object, but describe it: Did you wear a hat here? They like to watch up to sixteen (meaning movies). As a result of the unpreparedness of the speech, connecting constructions appear in it: We must go. In Saint-Petersburg. To the conference. Such fragmentation of the phrase is explained by the fact that the thought develops associatively, the speaker seems to recall the details and completes the statement.

In conclusion, we note that the colloquial style, to a greater extent than all other styles, has a bright originality of linguistic features that go beyond the normalized literary language. It can serve as convincing evidence that the stylistic norm is fundamentally different from the literary one. Each of the functional styles has developed its own norms that should be reckoned with. This does not mean that colloquial speech always conflicts with literary language rules. Deviations from the norm can fluctuate depending on the intra-style stratification of the colloquial style. It has varieties of reduced, rude speech, vernacular, which has absorbed the influence of local dialects, etc. But the colloquial speech of intelligent, educated people is quite literary, and at the same time it differs sharply from the bookish one, bound by the strict norms of other functional styles.

Conversational style serves the sphere of informal, off-duty, everyday relationships. It is used in almost all spheres of life - household, industrial, family, educational, cultural, etc. The main function of colloquial speech is communicative function (communication function) , supplemented by minor ones: information function and impact function .

Colloquial speech is mainly realized orally, although examples of written colloquial speech (non-informational friendly letters, notes on everyday topics, etc.) can also be named. The main extralinguistic factors that determine the actual linguistic features of colloquial speech are: the everyday, “personal” nature of the relationship between the participants in communication and the resulting ease, immediacy of participation and unpreparedness of communication. The direct participation of the speakers in the speech act determines the predominantly dialogic character, but a monologue is also possible. In live colloquial speech, dialogue and monologue are not as distinctly contrasted as in written language.

Colloquial speech is characterized by emotionality, expressiveness, appraisal. So, at the request Help solve the problem! instead of " No, I won't help!" usually followed by an emotionally expressive response like " All my life I dreamed!”, “Decide for yourself!” or "Here's another!" etc.

The personality of communication inherent in colloquial speech is manifested in the fact that the features of colloquial speech are most clearly expressed in the communication of relatives, relatives, acquaintances and less clearly in the communication of strangers who met by chance. It is also noted that the features of colloquial speech are more clearly manifested due to the property of situational communication (reliance on the situation, the use of not only words and intonations, but also facial expressions and gestures to convey information).

Conversational speech is characterized by a specific character, inconsistency, illogical presentation, discontinuity, the predominance of emotional and evaluative information, personal character. The most common language features of style: standardization, stereotyped use of linguistic means, weakening of syntactic links between parts of statements or their lack of formality, sentence breaks, repetitions of words and sentences, use of language means with bright emotional and expressive coloring, activity of units of a specific meaning, passivity of units with an abstract - generalized meaning.

The norms of colloquial speech differ significantly from the norms of other functional styles, which is explained mainly by the oral nature of speech. The norms of this style are not deliberately established and codified. The notion that the colloquial norm does not exist is erroneous. The reproduction in speech of standardized language means (ready-made constructions, phraseological turns, various stamps) corresponding to certain standard speech situations indicates that colloquial speech obeys strict laws. This fact is also confirmed by the fact that the linguistic means characteristic of book speech are perceived in colloquial speech as foreign, alien. On the other hand, the unpreparedness of the speech act, the use of non-verbal means of communication and the specificity of the speech situation lead to a weakening of the norms.

Colloquial speech is distinguished by phonetic fuzziness of pronunciation and richness of intonation. L. G. Barlas names a number of phonetic and intonational features of conversational style:

1. An incomplete type of pronunciation causes an increased reduction of vowels and consonants, up to their loss.

2. The greatest reduction of vowels is observed in the first stressed syllable.

3. In addition to quantitative reduction, unstressed vowels can also undergo qualitative reduction. With an accelerated pace of speech, vowel contraction may occur.

4. Consonant sounds at a fast pace of speech undergo reduction in the position between vowels.

5. In addition to individual vowels and consonants, at a fast pace of pronunciation, whole groups of consonants fall out, that is, there is a “compression”, contraction of most of the word, the whole word or the segment at the junction of words.

Intonation in colloquial speech plays a much greater role than in the oral implementation of other functional styles. A quick change of intonations, timbre, overflows of emotional colors make colloquial speech natural, relaxed, lively, expressive.

Stylistically neutral words, which form the core of each style, are often used in colloquial speech in figurative meanings. For example, a stylistically neutral noun hare(a beast of the rodent order, with long ears and strong hind legs) is colloquially used in the meaning "stowaway", "spectator entering somewhere without a ticket". In colloquial speech, the use of terms and foreign words is limited, at the same time, dialectisms, professionalisms, argotisms, vulgarisms, which violate the norms of colloquial literary speech, are widespread. Phraseology gives figurativeness and brightness to colloquial speech, for example: not for life, but for death; inflate your own value; circle around the finger; disassemble the bones, etc. Most of the colloquial phraseological units have a vivid metaphor and emotional and evaluative expression.

Common colloquial vocabulary is divided into colloquial-literary (associated with the norms of literary use) and colloquial-everyday, which adjoins colloquial (not associated with strict norms of use). Common speech also includes words that are outside the scope of literary use (non-literary common speech). These are, for example, vulgarisms - words that are distinguished by the expression of rudeness. Colloquial speech has emotional shades of sharp condemnation, gives the statement a rude tone. The distinction between colloquial and colloquial words often causes difficulties due to the nature of the transmitted expression and the common origin (most often native Russian). The presence of common features and mobility of boundaries leads to the emergence of the term "vernacular and colloquial words" and the discrepancy of stylistic marks in dictionaries.

The expressiveness and evaluativeness of the conversational style are also manifested in the field of word formation. Suffixes characteristic of colloquial speech with a functional coloring of colloquialism are noted, for example, the use of suffixes -to- (locker room, stove, slide), -hic- (knife, bowl), -un- (talker, flyer, fighter); the use of feminine formations to refer to representatives of certain professions and positions or spouses of male specialists (director, doctor, general), the use of nouns with suffixes - her-, -uy-, -yash-, -l-, -ovk- inherent mainly in colloquial vocabulary (literate, stunned, round, ripped off).

In colloquial style, words formed by addition are widely used: parasite, slow-witted. Colloquial speech tends to use adjectives with a suffix -ast-, indicating the redundancy of the feature (eyed, loud-mouthed), prefixed verb formations (re-elect, hold back, throw out), prefixed-reflexive verbs with bright emotional-evaluative and figurative expression (to work out, to agree, to think out). There is also a tendency to reduce names: a record book - a record book, a nautical school - a sailor, a specialist in eye diseases - an eye specialist.

In the field of morphology of colloquial speech, the following are noted:

1) the use of common nouns, especially with negative expression: bully, climber;

2) in the nominative plural, forms on -a: bunker, cruiser, searchlight, instructor;

3) in the genitive and prepositional cases of the plural, forms on -y: a glass of tea, a bunch of grapes, in the shop, on vacation;

4) zero ending in the genitive plural: five grams, ten kilograms, a kilogram of tomato;

5) use of possessive adjectives synonymous with oblique cases of nouns: fathers suit (father suit);

6) using predominantly the full form of the adjective: the woman was taciturn;

7) the use of pronouns, not only replacing nouns and adjectives, but also used without relying on the context, as well as replacing the name of the subject (Give me something to write. Bring something to read);

8) the use of verbs of multiple and single action: read, sat, walked, spun, banged; verbs with the meaning of ultra-instantaneous action (verbal interjections): knock, break, jump, bam, lope.

The syntax of colloquial speech is peculiar. It is characterized by the incompleteness of constructions, since everything that was previously known to the interlocutors and given by the situation is omitted from the speech. Simple sentences prevail. Often there is no verb-predicate, which gives the statement dynamism: I would like a ticket. To the theater tomorrow. Colloquial speech is characterized by the use of words and corresponding sentences expressing agreement or disagreement: Yes. No. Of course. Certainly.

Of the complex sentences, compound and non-union sentences are more active, which have a bright colloquial coloring: You will come - call. There are people who do not feel sorry for themselves. Due to economy, emotionality and a high degree of expressiveness, inarticulate sentences are actively used in colloquial speech. (Know ours! No matter how it is! Circus and nothing more!) interrogative and exclamatory sentences (Do you want to see? Well, why are you sitting at home? In this weather!), connecting structures (The factory is well equipped. With the latest technology).

A huge semantic, emotionally expressive load is carried by intonation, making up for what is left unsaid, enhancing emotionality. Intonation is the main means of expressing the actual division of a sentence: the topic is highlighted with the help of logical stress, and the rheme can be located anywhere (When will you go to Moscow? - When will you go to Moscow? - When will you go to Moscow?). Word order in colloquial speech is the most free. The immediacy of communication and the unpreparedness of colloquial speech lead to frequent restructuring of the phrase on the go. At the same time, sentences often break off, their syntactic structure changes.

The colloquial style is manifested in texts of various genres. The most "prepared" of them is an informal friendly letter. friendly letter is a text of addressed colloquial speech in written form. When characterizing a letter, one should note the informal relationship between the addressee and the addressee, who, as a rule, are acquaintances, relatives, people who share their impressions, feelings, etc. A necessary condition for this genre is sincerity, a relaxed relationship between the author and the addressee. Therefore, a letter can be thematically discrete, it is characterized by a free form of expression, reticence, based on the background knowledge already available to the author and the addressee. The letter can be corrected to a certain extent in the course of writing. A friendly letter is emotional, because it is a lively reaction to events, to the actions of others:

But the functioning of writing as a genre requires compliance with certain rules even in informal communication. It is necessary to take into account the external order of the letter. It contains an appeal, a greeting, a signature, a designation of the time of writing. A friendly letter uses a variety of addresses (Sasha, Sasha, granddaughter, son, son, dear, dear), greeting formulas ( hello, hello (hic), salute) and farewell ( goodbye, bye, see you soon, see you soon) .

The linguistic means that distinguish informal correspondence from official one include figurativeness (as opposed to the requirement of conciseness in transmitting only the necessary information in official correspondence), the text can be written with humor, contain a certain amount of irony (which is manifested, for example, in deliberately respectful treatment indicating positions, titles), a letter can express the character and mood of the author. Colloquial elements are widely used in journalism, where they serve as an expressive means, create a character of trust, closeness of the newspaper to the reader.

Conversational style

Colloquial speech- functional style of speech, which serves for informal communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting. It often uses colloquial and colloquial vocabulary.

Peculiarities

The usual form of implementation of conversational style is dialogue, this style is more often used in oral speech. There is no pre-selection of language material in it.

In this style of speech, extralinguistic factors play an important role: facial expressions, gestures, environment.

Conversational style is characterized by emotionality, figurativeness, concreteness, and simplicity of speech. For example, in a bakery, the phrase: “Please, with bran, one” does not seem strange.

The relaxed atmosphere of communication provides greater freedom in the choice of emotional words and expressions: colloquial words are more widely used ( to be stupid), colloquial ( neigh, deadhead, awful, disheveled), slang ( parents - ancestors, iron, world).

In the colloquial style of speech, especially at its fast pace, a smaller reduction of vowels is possible, up to their complete loss and simplification of consonant groups. Word-building features: subjective evaluation suffixes are widely used. To enhance expressiveness, doubling words is used.

Limited: abstract vocabulary, foreign words, book words.

An example is the statement of one of the characters in A.P. Chekhov's story "Revenge":

Open it, damn it! How much longer will I have to freeze in this through wind? If you had known that it was twenty degrees below zero in your hallway, you would not have made me wait so long! Or maybe you don't have a heart?

This short passage reflects the following features of the conversational style: - interrogative and exclamatory sentences, - colloquial interjection "damn it", - personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person, verbs in the same form.

Another example is an excerpt from a letter from A. S. Pushkin to his wife, N. N. Pushkina, dated August 3, 1834:

Shame on you, lady. You are angry with me, not understanding who is to blame, me or the post office, and you leave me for two weeks without news of yourself and the children. I was so embarrassed that I didn't know what to think. Your letter calmed me, but did not console me. The description of your trip to Kaluga, however funny, is not at all funny to me. What is the desire to wander into a nasty provincial town to see nasty actors performing nasty old, nasty opera?<…>I asked you not to travel around Kaluga, yes, it’s clear that you have such a nature.

In this passage, the following language features of the colloquial style appeared: - the use of colloquial and colloquial vocabulary: wife, drag, nasty, drive around, what a hunt, union yes in the meaning of 'but', the particles are not at all, the introductory word is visible, - the word with evaluative derivational suffix town, - inversion word order in some sentences, - lexical repetition of the word is bad, - appeal, - the presence of an interrogative sentence, - the use of personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person singular, - the use of verbs in the present tense, - the use of an absent in the language plural forms of the word Kaluga (driving around Kaluga) to designate all small provincial towns.

Lexical means

Colloquial words and phraseological units: vymahal (grew up), electric train (electric train), vocabulary with emotionally expressive coloring (class), diminutive suffixes (gray). suffixes of subjective assessment: hard worker, hard worker, hostel, secretary, director, handy. Substantivation, the use of words of contraction - deletion, record-book; truncations - comp.

see also

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See what "Conversational style" is in other dictionaries:

CONVERSATIONAL STYLE- CONVERSATIONAL STYLE. See Functional Styles...

Conversational style- (colloquially everyday, colloquially everyday, everyday communication) - one of the functions. styles, but in the system of functions. stylistic differentiation lit. language occupies a special place, because. unlike others, it is not connected with the professional activity of a person ...

colloquial style- a kind of national language: a style of speech that serves the sphere of everyday communication ... Dictionary of literary terms

colloquial style Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Conversational style- (colloquially everyday, colloquially everyday, style of everyday communication) One of the functional styles used in the informal sphere of communication; does not require special training for its use. R.s. mastered from early childhood. Brighter… … General linguistics. Sociolinguistics: Dictionary-Reference

See pronunciation styles, functional styles... Dictionary of linguistic terms

colloquial pronunciation style- See the article colloquial speech ... Educational dictionary of stylistic terms

Literary and colloquial style, or type, of speech- (colloquial speech) - 1) Funkts. kind of lit. language, used in informal, informal communication and opposed within lit. language as a dichotomous system to bookish style (see). Lit. unfold style in this ... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language

STYLE CONVERSATION- STYLE CONVERSATIONAL. See conversational style... A new dictionary of methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of teaching languages)

- [manner] n., m., use. often Morphology: (no) what? style for what? style, (see) what? style what? style about what? about style; pl. what? styles, (no) what? styles for what? styles, (see) what? styles than? styles about what? about styles 1. Style is called ... ... Dictionary of Dmitriev

Books

• Is there a mistake in the world formula? Conversations of Dr. Ben Yamin with the participation of Vitaly Volkov, Shulman Benyamin (Eugene). This book was born from conversations between two people and retains the form and conversational style of these dialogues. In conversations representing the Jewish tradition of Kabbalah, meeting with the spirituality of our time, as if…

If book styles (scientific, official-business, newspaper-journalistic, artistic) are used primarily in an official setting and in writing, require indispensable care about the form of expression, then colloquial style used in informal settings. The degree of preparedness of speech may be different. In everyday conversation, she is usually completely unprepared (spontaneous). And when writing a friendly letter, drafts written in advance can also be used. But this readiness never reaches the degree that is characteristic of book styles.

All this leads to the fact that the dominant of the conversational style, especially colloquial speech that exists in the oral form of informal personal communication, is to minimize the concern for the form of expression of thoughts. And this, in turn, gives rise to a number of linguistic features of conversational style.

On the one hand, the colloquial style of speech is characterized by a high degree of standardization of the language. Typified, standard constructions are convenient for spontaneous (unprepared) speech. Each typical situation has its own stereotypes.

For example, etiquette stereotypes include phrases: Good afternoon!; Hey!; What's new?; Till! Stereotypes are used in urban transport: Are you leaving on the next one?; in the shop - Weigh three hundred grams of oil etc.

On the other hand, in a relaxed environment, the speaker is not limited by the strict requirements of official communication and can use untyped, individual means.

It should be remembered that colloquial speech serves not only the purposes of the message, but also the purposes of influence. Therefore, the colloquial style is characterized by expressiveness, visualization and figurativeness.

Among the characteristic features of the conversational style are the following:

It should be remembered that, on the one hand, almost all norms of colloquial style are optional (optional), and on the other hand, the features of colloquial speech and colloquial style in general should not be transferred to official oral, especially written speech. The use of elements inherent in the colloquial style in other styles (publicistic, artistic) should be stylistically justified!

Examples of texts of colloquial style of speech are present in fiction and journalistic literature. There is no universal language suitable for every situation. That is why the elements of conversational style, characteristic of everyday communication, are found in the media and works of art.

Briefly about speech styles

There are several of them. Each of them has its own purpose. The artistic style is characterized by emotional coloring, imagery. It is used by authors of prose and poetry. Scientific speech is found in textbooks, dictionaries, reference books and encyclopedias. This style is also used in meetings, reports and official conversations.

The author of an article written in a scientific style aims to accurately convey knowledge and information, and therefore uses a large number of terms. All this allows you to express thoughts unambiguously, which is not always possible to achieve using spoken language.

In colloquial speech, there may be words that are not found in reference books. At the same time, people use approximately 75% of the units of the Russian literary language in any style of speech. For example, words like I, walked, forest, look, earth, sun, long ago, yesterday. They are called common.

Words like rectangle, pronoun, multiplication, fractions, set, referred to as scientific terms. But about 20% of the words of the Russian literary language are used only in colloquial speech. So, "electric train" is not found in the railway directory. Here, this word replaces the term "electric train". What are the characteristics of spoken language?

It is carried out mainly orally. Spoken language differs from written language in this respect. In the book style, literary norms are strictly observed at all language levels. Among the styles of speech, as already mentioned, there are scientific, journalistic, official business. All of them have a more general name, namely - book. Sometimes artistic style is distinguished as a functional style. However, this point of view is objected to by many linguists. Read more about the art style below.

Spontaneity

Conversational speech belongs to the category of unprepared. It is spontaneous, involuntary. It is created simultaneously with the thought process. That is why its laws differ significantly from the laws of journalistic style. But they still exist, and even in everyday communication one should remember the norms of the literary language.

Examples of texts of colloquial style of speech are found in the speeches of public and political figures. Some of them among the people gained fame as authors of unique statements and aphorisms. “We wanted the best, it turned out as always,” this phrase became famous. However, it is worth saying that its creator made a gross stylistic mistake. Oratorical speech should consist exclusively of elements of journalistic style. The incompleteness of the phrase, emotionality are unacceptable for her.

expressiveness

Using everyday colloquial speech, people easily share information, thoughts, feelings with relatives and friends. It is not applicable in every situation. One of the main features of the colloquial style of speech is emotionality. It is appropriate in any informal setting.

In everyday communication, people constantly express their feelings, preferences, addictions, or, on the contrary, indignation, irritation, hostility. In the examples of texts of the colloquial style of speech, there is emotionality, which is not found in journalism.

Without expressiveness, it is impossible to create advertising slogans. The main task of a marketer is to inspire confidence in consumers, and this can be done using texts created in the language spoken by potential buyers. An example of the text of a colloquial style of speech: "Fly Aeroflot planes!". If this phrase is dressed in a journalistic style, then it will turn out “Use the services of the Aeroflot company!” The second option is more difficult to perceive and hardly causes positive emotions.

Jargons and dialectisms

Spoken language is not codified, but it has norms and laws. Certain taboos exist for her. For example, contrary to the generally accepted opinion, profanity should not be present not only in journalistic, but also in colloquial speech. In the dialogue of educated people there is no place for jargon, rude vernacular, unless, of course, these linguistic elements carry a certain emotional coloring. There should not be dialectisms in colloquial speech - signs of not mastering the orthoepic norms of the Russian language. Although in some cases they are irreplaceable.

Examples of colloquial style of speech are present in prose. In order to be convinced of this, one has only to open any book by Bunin, Kuprin, Tolstoy, Turgenev, Dostoevsky or any other Russian writer. Creating a portrait of the characters, the author endows them with characteristic features that manifest themselves in the best possible way in the dialogues. Colloquial speech in this case may include both jargon and dialectisms.

The norms of the literary language do not include vernacular. But they are often found in everyday speech. Example: "I came from Moscow." It is worth knowing that the incorrect use of verbs is outside the norms and colloquial style.

Art style

Writers use the variety of language means to the maximum extent. The artistic style is not a system of homogeneous linguistic phenomena. It is devoid of stylistic isolation. Its specificity depends on the peculiarities of the individual style of a particular author. And, as already mentioned, examples of colloquial style texts are present on the pages of works of art. Below is one of them.

Reading the famous novel by Mikhail Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita", you can already find in the first chapter many examples of texts of a colloquial style of speech. Elements of everyday language are present in the dialogues. One of the characters says the phrase “You, professor, have come up with something awkward. It may be clever, but painfully incomprehensible. If you "translate" this phrase into journalistic language, you get: "Professor, your point of view deserves attention, but raises some doubts." Would Bulgakov's novel have acquired the interest of millions of readers if the characters had expressed their thoughts so dryly and officially?

We have already mentioned such elements of the language as jargon and dialectisms. In another work by Bulgakov, namely in the story "Heart of a Dog", the main character - Polygraph Poligrafovich - actively uses profanity in communication with the professor and other characters.

Examples of texts of colloquial style of speech with an abundance of obscene expressions, which the author included in the work, in order to emphasize the lack of education, rudeness of Sharikov, will not be given here. But let us recall one of the phrases uttered by Professor Preobrazhensky - a hero in whose speech, unlike the speech of Polygraph Poligraphovich, there are no syntactic, orthoepic and other errors.

“If I, instead of operating, start singing in chorus in my apartment, devastation will come,” Philip Philippovich said in a dialogue with his assistant. What is the importance of colloquial speech in fiction? It is impossible to overestimate its role in prose. Being in a state of emotional excitement, the professor, an extremely educated person, makes a semantic mistake (singing in chorus) intentionally, thereby giving the speech a certain irony, without which he could not express his indignation and indignation so vividly.

There are two forms of oral speech: written and oral. We discussed the first one above. Every person uses oral colloquial speech every day. It is worth talking in more detail about other features of this important layer of the language.

Use of pronouns

The authors of journalistic and scientific texts, as a rule, address a wide audience of readers. In colloquial speech, there are pronouns, especially in the first and second person, quite often. This is due to the fact that communication takes place in an informal setting, a small group of people takes part in it. Spoken language is personalized.

Diminutive forms and metaphors

In modern colloquial speech there is a large number of zoomorphic metaphors. Bunny, cat, bird, cat, mouse- all these words are not found in scientific articles. A person uses the name of animals in relation to his interlocutor mainly in diminutive forms, and he does this in order to express his favor, sympathy.

But there are other words in colloquial speech. For example: goat, donkey, ram, snake, viper. If these nouns are used as zoomorphic metaphors, then they have a pronounced negative character. It is worth saying that in colloquial speech there are much more negative appraisal words than positive ones.

Polysemy

In Russian there is such a common word as "drum". The verb "drum" is formed from it, which is used in colloquial speech in completely different meanings. You can use it in relation to both a person and a natural phenomenon. Examples:

• Don't drum your fingers on the table.
• The rain is drumming on the glass for half a day.

This is one of the few verbs that has multiple meanings in colloquial speech.

Abbreviations

The truncated form uses given names and patronymics. For example, San Sanych instead of Alexander Alexandrovich. In linguistics, this phenomenon is called prosiopesis. In addition, “dad” and “mum” are more often used in everyday speech than the words “mother” and “dad”, “mother” and “father”.

In a conversation, people actively use aposiopesis, that is, an intentional break in a phrase. For example: "But if you're not home by two, then...". Sometimes the authors of fiction and journalistic texts also resort to this linguistic means (“If there are no serious changes in the economy, then ...”). But above all, aposiopesis is characteristic of colloquial speech.

Verb

If you look at one of the examples of conversational style texts, you can find that verbs are more common in it than nouns or adjectives. In everyday communication, for some reason, people prefer words denoting actions.

According to statistics, only 15% of the total number of nouns are used in colloquial speech. As for verbs, preference is given to the present tense in cases where it would be more correct to use the future. For example: "Tomorrow we fly to the Crimea."

Other features of colloquial speech

Conversational style is a full-fledged functional style of the language, but living according to slightly different laws than written. With free communication, a person creates statements spontaneously, and therefore they do not always sound perfect. However, even colloquial speech should be monitored so that such phrases as “We wanted the best, but it turned out as always” were not born.