The longest stay in space. Everyone has the right not to read
Duration of continuous human stay in space flight conditions:
During the operation of the Mir station, absolute world records were set for the duration of a continuous stay of a person in space flight conditions:
1987 - Yuri Romanenko (326 days 11 hours 38 minutes);
1988 - Vladimir Titov, Musa Manarov (365 days 22 hours 39 minutes);
1995 - Valery Polyakov (437 days 17 hours 58 minutes).
The total time spent by a person in space flight conditions:
Absolute world records were set for the duration of the total time spent by a person in space flight conditions at the Mir station:
1995 - Valery Polyakov - 678 days 16 hours 33 minutes (for 2 flights);
1999 - Sergey Avdeev - 747 days 14 hours 12 minutes (for 3 flights).
Space walks:
78 spacewalks were made on the Mir OS (including three spacewalks to the depressurized Spektr module) total duration 359 hours 12 minutes The exits were attended by: 29 Russian cosmonauts, 3 US astronauts, 2 French astronauts, 1 ESA astronaut (German citizen). Sunita Williams is a NASA astronaut who holds the world record for the longest work time for a woman. open space. The American worked on the ISS for more than half a year (November 9, 2007) together with two crews and made four spacewalks.
Space Survivor:
According to the authoritative scientific digest New Scientist, Sergei Konstantinovich Krikalev, as of Wednesday, August 17, 2005, spent 748 days in orbit, thereby breaking the previous record set by Sergei Avdeev during his three flights to the Mir station (747 days 14 hours 12 min). The various physical and mental loads endured by Krikalev characterize him as one of the most enduring and successfully adapting astronauts in the history of astronautics. Krikalev's candidacy has been repeatedly elected to carry out rather difficult missions. Texas State University physician and psychologist David Masson describes the astronaut as the best you can find.
Duration of space flight among women:
Among women, world records for the duration of a space flight under the Mir program were set by:
1995 - Elena Kondakova (169 days 05 hours 1 min); 1996 - Shannon Lucid, USA (188 days 04:00, including at Mir station - 183 days 23:00).
The longest space flights of foreign citizens:
Of the foreign citizens, the longest flights under the Mir program were made by:
Jean-Pierre Haignere (France) - 188 days 20 hours 16 minutes;
Shannon Lucid (USA) - 188 days 04 hours 00 minutes;
Thomas Reiter (ESA, Germany) - 179 days 01 hours 42 minutes
Astronauts who have completed six or more spacewalks
at Mir station:
Anatoly Solovyov - 16 (77 hours 46 minutes),
Sergey Avdeev - 10 (41 hours 59 minutes),
Alexander Serebrov - 10 (31 hours 48 minutes),
Nikolai Budarin - 8 (44 hours 00 minutes),
Talgat Musabaev - 7 (41 hours 18 minutes),
Victor Afanasiev - 7 (38 hours 33 minutes),
Sergey Krikalev - 7 (36 hours 29 minutes),
Musa Manarov - 7 (34 hours 32 minutes),
Anatoly Artsebarsky - 6 (32 hours 17 minutes),
Yuri Onufrienko - 6 (30 hours 30 minutes),
Yuri Usachev - 6 (30 hours 30 minutes),
Gennady Strekalov - 6 (21 hours 54 minutes),
Alexander Viktorenko - 6 (19 hours 39 minutes),
Vasily Tsibliyev - 6 (19:11).
First manned spacecraft:
The first manned space flight registered by the International Federation of Aeronautics (IFA was founded in 1905) was made on the Vostok spacecraft on April 12, 1961 by the USSR pilot cosmonaut Major of the USSR Air Force Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin (1934 ... 1968). It follows from the official documents of the IFA that the spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome at 6:07 GMT and landed near the village of Smelovka, Ternovsky District, Saratov Region. USSR in 108 min. The maximum flight altitude of the Vostok spacecraft with a length of 40868.6 km was 327 km with a maximum speed of 28260 km/h.
First woman in space:
The first woman to circle the Earth in space orbit was junior lieutenant of the USSR Air Force (now lieutenant colonel engineer pilot cosmonaut of the USSR) Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova (born March 6, 1937), who launched on the Vostok 6 spacecraft from the Baikonur Cosmodrome Kazakhstan USSR, at 9:30 min GMT on June 16, 1963 and landed at 08:16 on June 19 after a flight that lasted 70 hours and 50 minutes. During this time, she made more than 48 complete revolutions around the Earth (1971000 km).
The oldest and youngest astronauts:
The oldest among the 228 cosmonauts of the Earth was Karl Gordon Henitz (USA), who at the age of 58 took part in the 19th flight of the Challenger shuttle on July 29, 1985. The youngest was a major of the USSR Air Force (currently lieutenant general pilot USSR cosmonaut) German Stepanovich Titov (born September 11, 1935) who was launched on the Vostok 2 spacecraft on August 6, 1961 at the age of 25 years 329 days.
First spacewalk:
First to open space On March 18, 1965, Lieutenant Colonel of the USSR Air Force (now Major General, Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR) Alexei Arkhipovich Leonov (born May 20, 1934) left the Voskhod 2 spacecraft. space outside the lock chamber 12 min 9 s.
First spacewalk by a woman:
In 1984, Svetlana Savitskaya was the first woman to go into outer space, having worked outside the Salyut-7 station for 3 hours and 35 minutes. Before becoming an astronaut, Svetlana set three world records in parachuting in group jumps from the stratosphere and 18 aviation records in jet planes.
Record duration of spacewalks by a woman:
NASA astronaut Sunita Lyn Williams has set the record for the longest spacewalk for a woman. She spent 22 hours 27 minutes overboard the station, exceeding the previous achievement by more than 21 hours. The record was set during work on the outer part of the ISS on January 31 and February 4, 2007. Williams worked with Michael Lopez-Alegria to prepare the station for continued construction.
First autonomous spacewalk:
U.S. Navy Captain Bruce McCandles II (born June 8, 1937) was the first man to operate in open space without a tether. propulsion plant. The development of this space suit cost $15 million.
Longest manned flight:
Colonel of the USSR Air Force Vladimir Georgievich Titov (born January 1, 1951) and flight engineer Musa Hiramanovich Manarov (born March 22, 1951) launched on the Soyuz-M4 spacecraft on December 21, 1987 to the Mir space station and landed on the Soyuz-TM6 spacecraft (together with the French cosmonaut Jean Lou Chretien) at an alternate landing site near Dzhezkazgan, Kazakhstan, USSR, on December 21, 1988, having spent 365 days in space 22 hours 39 minutes 47 seconds.
The furthest journey in space:
Soviet cosmonaut Valery Ryumin spent almost a whole year in the spacecraft, which made 5,750 revolutions around the Earth in those 362 days. At the same time, Ryumin traveled 241 million kilometers. This is equal to the distance from Earth to Mars and back to Earth.
Most Experienced Space Traveler:
The most experienced space traveler is Colonel of the USSR Air Force, USSR pilot-cosmonaut Yuri Viktorovich Romanenko (born in 1944), who spent 430 days 18 hours and 20 minutes in space in 3 flights in 1977 ... 1978, in 1980 and in 1987 gg.
Largest Crew:
The largest crew consisted of 8 astronauts (it included 1 woman), who launched on October 30, 1985 on the Challenger reusable spacecraft.
Most people in space:
The largest number of astronauts ever in space at the same time is 11: 5 Americans aboard the Challenger, 5 Russians and 1 Indian aboard the Salyut 7 orbital station in April 1984, 8 Americans aboard the Challenger and 3 Russians aboard the Salyut 7 orbital station in October 1985, 5 Americans aboard the space shuttle, 5 Russians and 1 French aboard the Mir orbital station in December 1988.
The highest speed:
The highest speed at which a person has ever moved (39897 km / h) was developed by the main module of Apollo 10 at an altitude of 121.9 km from the Earth's surface during the return of the expedition on May 26, 1969. On board the spacecraft were the crew commander Colonel US Air Force (now Brigadier General) Thomas Patten Stafford (b. Weatherford, Oklahoma, USA, September 17, 1930), US Navy Captain 3rd Rank Eugene Andrew Cernan (b. Chicago, Illinois, USA, 14 March 1934) and US Navy Captain 3rd Rank (now retired Captain 1st Rank) John Watt Young (born in San Francisco, California, USA, September 24, 1930).
Of the women, the highest speed (28115 km / h) was reached by the junior lieutenant of the USSR Air Force (now lieutenant colonel-engineer, pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR) Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova (born March 6, 1937) on the Soviet spacecraft Vostok 6 on June 16, 1963.
The youngest astronaut:
The youngest astronaut today is Stephanie Wilson. She was born on September 27, 1966 and is 15 days younger than Anyusha Ansari.
The first living being to travel into space:
The dog Laika, which was put into orbit around the Earth on the second Soviet satellite on November 3, 1957, was the first living creature in space. Laika died in agony from suffocation when the oxygen ran out.
Record time spent on the moon:
The crew of "Apollo 17" collected a record weight (114.8 kg) of samples rocks and pounds during work outside the spacecraft lasting 22 hours 5 minutes. The crew included Captain 3rd Rank US Navy Eugene Andrew Cernan (b. Chicago, Illinois, USA, March 14, 1934) and Dr. Harrison Schmitt (b. Saita Rose, New Mexico, USA, July 3 1935), who became the 12th person to walk on the moon. The astronauts were on the lunar surface for 74 hours 59 minutes during the longest lunar expedition, which lasted 12 days 13 hours 51 minutes from December 7 to 19, 1972.
First person to walk on the moon:
Neil Alden Armstrong (b. Wapakoneta, Ohio, USA, August 5, 1930, ancestors of Scottish and German descent), commander of the Apollo 11 spacecraft, became the first person to walk on the lunar surface in the Sea of Tranquility at 2:56:15 GMT on July 21, 1969. He was followed from the Eagle lunar module by US Air Force Colonel Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr. (born in Montclair, New Jersey, USA, January 20, 1930
Highest space flight altitude:
The crew of Apollo 13 reached the highest altitude, being in a settlement (i.e., at the farthest point of its trajectory) 254 km from the lunar surface at a distance of 400187 km from the Earth's surface at 1 hour 21 minutes GMT on April 15, 1970. The crew included US Navy Captain James Arthur Lovell, Jr. (born in Cleveland, Ohio, USA, March 25, 1928), Fred Wallace Hayes, Jr. (born in Biloxi, Missouri, USA, November 14, 1933 ) and John L. Swigert (1931...1982). The altitude record for women (531 km) was set by American astronaut Katherine Sullivan (born in Paterson, New Jersey, USA, October 3, 1951) during a shuttle flight on April 24, 1990.
The highest spacecraft speed:
First spacecraft, which reached the 3rd space velocity, which allows you to go beyond the solar system, was Pioneer-10. The carrier rocket "Atlas-SLV ZS" with the modified 2nd stage "Tsentavr-D" and the 3rd stage "Tiokol-Te-364-4" on March 2, 1972 left the Earth with an unprecedented speed for that time 51682 km / h. The spacecraft speed record (240 km/h) was set by the American-German solar probe Helios-B, launched on January 15, 1976.
The maximum approach of the spacecraft to the Sun:
On April 16, 1976, the Helios-B research automatic station (USA-FRG) approached the Sun at a distance of 43.4 million km.
The first artificial satellite of the Earth:
The first artificial Earth satellite was successfully launched on the night of October 4, 1957 into an orbit with a height of 228.5/946 km and a speed of more than 28565 km/h from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, north of Tyuratam, Kazakhstan, USSR (275 km east of the Aral Sea). The spherical satellite was officially registered as an object "1957 alpha 2", weighed 83.6 kg, had a diameter of 58 cm and, having existed for 92 days, burned down on January 4, 1958. The launch vehicle, modified R 7, 29.5 m long, was developed under the direction of Chief designer S.P. Korolev (1907 ... 1966), who also led the entire project for launching the IS3.
The most distant man-made object:
Pioneer 10 launched from Cape Canaveral, Space Center. Kennedy, Florida, USA, on October 17, 1986, crossed the orbit of Pluto, 5.9 billion km from the Earth. By April 1989 it was located beyond the farthest point of Pluto's orbit and continues to recede into space at a speed of 49 km / h. In 1934 n. e. it will approach the minimum distance to the star Ross-248, which is 10.3 light years away from us. Even before 1991, the faster-moving Voyager 1 spacecraft will be further away than Pioneer 10.
One of the two space "Travelers" Voyager, launched from the Earth in 1977, moved away from the Sun by 97 AU in 28 years of flight. e. (14.5 billion km) and is today the most remote artificial object. Voyager 1 crossed the heliosphere, the region where the solar wind meets the interstellar medium, in 2005. Now the path of an apparatus flying at a speed of 17 km/s lies in the zone of the shock wave. Voyager-1 will be operational until 2020. However, it is very likely that information from Voyager-1 will stop coming to Earth at the end of 2006. The fact is that NASA is scheduled to cut by 30% of the budget in terms of research on the Earth and the solar system.
The heaviest and largest space object:
The heaviest object launched into near-Earth orbit was the 3rd stage of the American Saturn 5 rocket with the Apollo 15 spacecraft, which weighed 140512 kg before entering the intermediate selenocentric orbit. The American radio astronomy satellite Explorer 49, launched on June 10, 1973, weighed only 200 kg, but its antenna span was 415 m.
Most Powerful Rocket:
The Soviet space transport system Energia, first launched on May 15, 1987 from the Baikonur cosmodrome, has a weight at full load of 2400 tons and develops a thrust of more than 4 thousand tons. The rocket is capable of delivering a payload weighing up to 140 m, the maximum diameter - 16 m. Basically a modular installation used in the USSR. 4 accelerators are attached to the main module, each of which has 1 RD 170 engine running on liquid oxygen and kerosene. A modification of the rocket with 6 boosters and an upper stage is capable of launching a payload weighing up to 180 tons into near-Earth orbit, delivering a load of 32 tons to the Moon and 27 tons to Venus or Mars.
Flight range record among solar-powered research vehicles:
The Stardust space probe has set a kind of record for the flight range of all solar-powered research vehicles - it is currently at a distance of 407 million kilometers from the Sun. The main purpose of the automatic apparatus is to approach the comet and collect dust.
The first self-propelled vehicle on extraterrestrial space objects:
The first self-propelled vehicle designed to work on other planets and their satellites in automatic mode is the Soviet "Lunokhod 1" (weight - 756 kg, length with an open lid - 4.42 m, width - 2.15 m, height - 1, 92 m), delivered to the Moon by the Luna 17 spacecraft and started moving in the Sea of Rains on command from the Earth on November 17, 1970. In total, it traveled 10 km 540 m, overcoming elevations up to 30 °, until it stopped on October 4, 1971. , having worked 301 days 6 h 37 min. The cessation of work was caused by the depletion of the resources of its isotopic heat source "Lunokhod-1" examined in detail the lunar surface with an area of 80 thousand m2, transmitted to Earth more than 20 thousand of its photographs and 200 telepanoramas.
Record speed and range of movement on the moon:
The record for the speed and range of movement on the moon was set by the American wheeled lunar rover Rover, delivered there by the Apollo 16 spacecraft. He developed a speed of 18 km / h down the slope and traveled a distance of 33.8 km.
Most Expensive Space Project:
The total cost of the US human spaceflight program, including the latest Apollo 17 mission to the moon, was about $25,541,400,000. The first 15 years of the USSR space program, from 1958 to September 1973, according to Western estimates, cost $45 billion. billion dollars
The most interesting human records in space
On April 12, 1961, mankind witnessed how cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin went into orbit and made a 108-minute flight high above the Earth.
Then Gagarin set a kind of record - he was the first man in space. Over the past 50 years, people have done a lot space records, which expanded the capabilities of man in the cold depths of space.
Below we list just a few of them, starting with the oldest person in space to the present day.
The oldest in space
US Senator John Glenn was 77 years old when he flew aboard the shuttle STS-95 on the Discovery mission in October 1998. This mission was for Glenn the second in a row. In the first, in February 1962, he became the first American to orbit the Earth.
Glenn has another record - the maximum difference between which was 36 years.
The youngest in space
Cosmonaut German Titov was only 26 years old when he first went into orbit aboard the Soviet Vostok 2 spacecraft in August 1961. He was the second person in Earth orbit to complete 17 orbits around our planet during his 25 hour flight.
Titov was the first person to sleep in outer space, and, according to the data received, the first to suffer from "space sickness" (sickness in space)
Russian cosmonaut Valery Polyakov spent 438 days aboard the Mir space station from January 1994 to March 1995. This is not a beaten record for the longest human spaceflight.
The shortest space flight
On May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American to fly into space. He set a record in this mission that has not been broken to this day: the Saami short space flight of a man into space.
Shepard's suborbital flight lasted only 15 minutes, taking the astronaut to an altitude of 115 miles (185 km). It landed in the Atlantic Ocean just 302 miles (486 km) from the Florida spaceport.
Later, Shepard went to the moon on NASA's Apollo 14 mission. During that flight, the 47-year-old astronaut set another record by becoming the oldest person to walk on the surface of the moon.
The furthest flight
The record for the furthest distance from Earth was unattainable for over forty years. In April 1970, the crew of Apollo 13 headed for the Moon at an altitude of 158 miles (254 km), making a path 248,655 miles (400,171 km) from Earth. This is the farthest flight ever made from Earth.
Longest total time spent in space
Cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev still holds this record with over 803 days credited during his six space flights. He spent two years and two months in total flying around the Earth.
For women, a similar record is held by NASA astronaut Peggy Whitson, who has spent more than 376 days in space.
Krikalev has another interesting achievement: He is the last citizen and cosmonaut Soviet Union. When the Mir space station ceased to exist in December 1991, the cosmonaut returned to Earth in Russia, not in the USSR.
First cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin
The youngest cosmonaut - German Titov
Sergei Korolev - the great Russian designer
Cosmonaut Gennady Padalka
Alexei Leonov - the first person to go into outer space
Alexey Leonov
Svetlana Savitskaya
Cosmonaut Valery Polyakov
The very first astronaut, the youngest astronaut, the longest flight and the first spacewalk - these and other records in my new collection for you guys.
First cosmonaut
Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin - Russian. The first man in the world to go into space. On April 12, 1961, he flew around the Earth under the guidance of the great Russian designer Sergei Pavlovich Korolev.
The youngest astronaut
The youngest cosmonaut in space was 25 years old. This cosmonaut was German Titov. In April 1961, he was Yuri Gagarin's understudy, and made his first flight in August of the same year.
Record for longest stay in space
Cosmonaut Gennady Padalka occupies the first place in terms of the total duration of being in space. For all the time of flights, he spent 878 days in space. The previous record holder was cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev. His total flying time is 803 days.
longest space flight
The longest flight into space was made by Valery Polyakov. He spent 437 days and 18 hours aboard the Mir orbital station, which was an absolute record for the duration of work in space in one flight. By the way, Valery Polyakov went to the Mir orbital station not only as a cosmonaut-researcher, but also as a doctor.
Single woman space flight
Everyone knows that Valentina Tereshkova is the world's first female cosmonaut. But besides that, she is still the only woman who has made a space flight alone.
First spacewalk
In 1965, cosmonaut Alexei Leonov made the first ever spacewalk. Total time The first exit was 23 minutes 41 seconds, of which Alexei Leonov spent 12 minutes 9 seconds overboard the Voskhod-2 spacecraft. The first spacewalk among female astronauts was made by Svetlana Savitskaya in 1984.
About records in space for 60 years, influence breastfeeding on intelligence, mushroom superpower and solar eclipse in our review of science news.
50 years ago, Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov became the first man to go into open space: on March 18, 1965, he, together with cosmonaut P.I. Belyaev flew into space on the Voskhod-2 spacecraft as a co-pilot. For the first time in the world, Leonov went into outer space, retired from the ship at a distance of up to 5 m, spending 12 minutes in open space. After the flight, the shortest report in the history of cosmonautics was heard at the state commission: "It is possible to live and work in outer space."
The records of the first years of space exploration paved the way for new achievements and discoveries, allowing humanity to step far beyond the limits of the Earth and human capabilities.
oldest man in space
The oldest person to orbit is U.S. Senator John Glenn, who flew aboard the shuttle Discovery into space in 1998. Glenn was one of the so-called first seven American astronauts, he was the first American astronaut to make an orbital space flight on February 20, 1962. Therefore, Glenn owns the record and most long period between two space flights.
The youngest astronaut
Cosmonaut German Titov was 25 full years old when he went into space on the Vostok-2 spacecraft on August 9, 1961. He became the second person to orbit the Earth, completing 17 orbits around the planet in a 25-hour flight. Titov also became the first person to sleep in space and the first to experience space sickness (decreased appetite, dizziness, headache).
longest space flight
Russian cosmonaut Valery Polyakov holds the record for the longest stay in space. From 1994 to 1995, he spent 438 days at the Mir station. He also holds the record for the longest solo stay in space.
The shortest flight
On May 5, 1961, Alan Sheppard became the first American to leave Earth in a suborbital space flight. He also holds the record for the shortest flight into space, which lasted only 15 minutes. During this quarter of an hour, he flew to a height of 185 km. It splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean 486 km from the launch site. In 1971, Sheppard went to the moon, where the 47-year-old astronaut became the oldest person stepping on the surface of the Earth's satellite.
The furthest flight
The record for the maximum distance of astronauts from the Earth was set by the Apollo 13 team, which in April 1970 flew over the invisible side of the Moon at an altitude of 254 km, finding itself at a record distance of 400,171 km from the Earth.
Longest in space
Cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev spent the longest time in space, spending more than 803 days in space during six flights. Among women, this record belongs to Peggy Whitson, who spent more than 376 days in orbit.
Krikalev also owns another, unofficial record: the last person who lived under the USSR. In December 1991, when the USSR disappeared, Sergei was on board the Mir station, and in March 1992 he returned to Russia.
Longest inhabited spacecraft
This record, which is increasing every day, belongs to the ISS. The $100 billion station has been continuously manned since November 2000.
Longest shuttle mission
The Space Shuttle Columbia launched into space on November 19, 1996. Initially, the descent was scheduled for December 5, but weather conditions delayed the landing of the spacecraft, which spent 17 days and 16 hours in orbit.
Longest on the Moon
Harrison Schmitt and Eugene Cernan were on the moon longer than other astronauts - 75 hours. During the landing, they made three long walks with a total duration of more than 22 hours. This was the last manned mission to the Moon and beyond Earth orbit to date.
The fastest flight
The fastest people on Earth and beyond were members of the Apollo 10 mission, the last preparatory flight before landing on the moon. Returning to Earth on May 26, 1969, their ship reached a speed of 39,897 km/h.
Most flights
Most often, the Americans flew into space: Fraanklin Chang-Diaz and Jerry Ross flew into space seven times as part of the space shuttle crews.
Maximum number of spacewalks
Cosmonaut Anatoly Solovyov during five space flights in the 1980s and 1990s made 16 spacewalks outside the station, spending 82 hours in outer space.
Longest spacewalk
On March 11, 2001, astronauts Jim Voss and Susan Helms spent almost nine hours outside of the Discovery shuttle and the ISS, preparing the station for the arrival of the new module. To this day, that space walk remains the longest in history.
The most representative company in space
13 people gathered in space at once in July 2009, when the shuttle Endeavor landed on the ISS, where there were six astronauts. This meeting became the most massive stay in space of people at the same time.
most expensive spaceship
The International Space Station began to be assembled in 1998, and it was completed in 2012. In 2011, the cost of its creation exceeded $100 billion. The station became the most expensive single technical object ever built and the largest spacecraft. 15 countries took part in its construction, its dimensions today are almost 110 m. The volume of its living quarters is equivalent to the volume of the passenger compartment of a Boeing 747.
www.gazeta.ru
Breastfeeding affects the child's intelligence
A long-term study by Brazilian scientists led by Bernardo Lessa Horta of the University of Pelotas found that people who were breastfed longer in infancy had, on average, more high performance intellect. The scientists described the results of the study in an article published in the journal The Lancet Global Health.
As part of the study, researchers tracked nearly 3,500 children. Most of them were breastfed by their mothers - some for less than a month, some for more than a year. The main comparisons were made between these two groups. The researchers emphasize that the sample contains children from families belonging to different social classes.
In addition to the level of intelligence (it was assessed using the Wechsler test), a relationship was also found with the average level of wages and the level of education. All these parameters were assessed approximately 30 years after birth.
The researchers emphasize that the duration of breastfeeding is not the only factor that affects the level of intelligence. Although, as part of the study, they tried to exclude the influence of factors such as mother's education, family income and birth weight of the child.
It was not the aim of the study to explain the nature of this connection, but Horta suggests that it may be in the nutrients in mother's milk, which have an important effect on the development of the child's brain.
scientificrussia.ru
The help of insects for reproduction is used not only by plants, but also by fungi.
The bioluminescent mushrooms that live near the roots of palm trees in the Amazon jungle glow for a reason. A recent study showed that by doing so, they attract insects that help in the spread of spores.
Neonothopanus gardneri is considered one of the champions in the field of bioluminescence - in the dark, it shines brighter than any other of the 71 species of mushrooms capable of glowing. It was discovered back in the middle of the 19th century, but since then researchers have not come across it until 2011, when this rare mushroom was finally discovered again.
After that, he became one of the most attractive objects of biological research, and, of course, scientists were especially interested in his unique abilities for bioluminescence. And recently, an unusual experiment was set up to study the evolutionary foundations of this “superpower”.
The researchers made exact plastic replicas of the fruiting bodies of the fungus and placed them in their usual habitat - closer to the roots of trees in the Brazilian jungle. Some of them were left like that, while others were illuminated in the dark by built-in greenish LEDs. Traps located right there were waiting for insects that flocked to these and other plastic mushrooms.
As scientists expected, luminous hats attracted them much more: in five nights, non-luminous copies attracted a total of 12 insects, and luminous ones - 42. For what purpose the mushrooms need insects, it remains to be established exactly, but the authors of the experiment make a quite reasonable assumption : for breeding. Of course, mushrooms are not plants, and you don’t need to pollinate them, but winged creatures are quite capable of spreading spores.
naked-science.ru
The day of the eclipse has come
On Friday, March 20, the inhabitants of our planet are waiting for a rare event - a total solar eclipse. At 12:06 Moscow time, the Moon will begin to obscure the Sun from the western side, at 13:13 it will cover it as much as possible, and at 14:21 it will leave from the northeastern edge. The eclipse parameters were calculated by the Laboratory of Astronomical Yearbooks of the Institute of Applied Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, to whose press service TASS.
It will not be possible to see the complete closure of the solar disk by the Moon passing in front of it on the territory of Russia. For example, in Moscow only about 65% of the surface of the heavenly body will be closed, in St. Petersburg - 78%, in Murmansk - 89%.
The total eclipse will be visible in a band of just 200 kilometers in the North Atlantic Ocean. His maximum duration will be 2 minutes 47 seconds off the coast of Iceland, and the width of the shadow will reach 462 kilometers. Of the Russian territories in this strip, there is only the Svalbard archipelago, where an expedition of Russian astronomers is now located.
Total solar eclipses are rare in themselves, and besides, the total closure of the Sun is always visible only from certain areas of our planet. In August 2008, the inhabitants of Russia were lucky, the next time such a chance will appear only in 2061. So those wishing to observe the total eclipse earlier will have to specially go to the desired point on the planet. For example, the current eclipse can be seen from a plane that will take off from Murmansk, fly to the point best view and will return back.
Experts remind you that you can only watch the Sun through tinted glass, otherwise there is a risk of serious eye damage - you can take several pairs of dark glasses, or hold the glass over a candle to get "dark glass", in general, take something not completely transparent .
Question number 1: Which of the astronauts and when was the longest in space orbit?
Answer: Valery Vladimirovich Polyakov holds the record for the duration of work in space. From January 8, 1994 to March 22, 1995, he made his second space flight as a doctor-cosmonaut-researcher on a spacecraft and the Mir orbital complex, lasting 437 days and 18 hours. For the successful implementation of the flight on April 10, 1995, he was awarded the title of Hero of Russia.
Valery Vladimirovich Polyakov (04/27/1942 [Tula]) Pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR, Hero of the Soviet Union, Hero of Russia, instructor-cosmonaut-researcher of the SSC IBMP cosmonaut corps. 66th cosmonaut of the USSR and Russia, 207th cosmonaut of the world. He made his first space flight from August 29, 1988 to April 27, 1989 as the first cosmonaut-researcher of the Soyuz TM-6 TC together with A. Ahad Mohmand under the EP-3 program, as well as as part of the EO-3 together with B. A. Titov and M. X. Manarov and EO-4 together with, and J.-L. Chretien (France). Callsign: "Proton-2", "Donbass-3". Flight duration 240 days 23 hours 35 minutes 49 seconds.
Emblem "Soyuz TM-18" |
For the successful implementation of a long space flight, he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union (1989), with the award of the Order of Lenin and the medal " Question number 2: Representatives of which states visited the International Space Station (ISS)?
For 10 years and 5 months, the International Space Station (ISS) was visited by representatives 12 states:
Russia:
1. Sergey Krikalev (Flight Engineer, ISS-1 Long-Term Crew; Commander, ISS-11),
2. Yuri Gidzenko (Commander, ISS-1 Long-Term Crew),
3. Yuri Usachev (Commander, Long-term crew of the ISS - 2),
4. Mikhail Tyurin (Flight engineer, Long-term crew of ISS-3, ISS-14),
5. Vladimir Dezhurov (Pilot, ISS-3 long-term crew),
6. Yuri Onufrienko (Commander, ISS-4 long-term crew),
7. Valery Korzun (Commander, Pilot, ISS-5 Long-Term Crew),
8. Sergey Treschev (Flight Engineer-2, ISS-5 Long-Term Crew),
9. Nikolai Budarin (Flight Engineer-1, ISS-6 Long-Term Crew)
10. Yuri Malenchenko (Commander, ISS-7 Long-Term Crew; Flight Engineer, ISS-16),
11. Alexander Kaleri (Flight Engineer, ISS-8 Long-Term Crew; Flight Engineer 4, ISS-25),
12. Gennady Padalka (Commander, Long-term crew of ISS-9, ISS-19, ISS-20),
13. Yuri Shargin (Participant of the visiting expedition program),
14. Salizhan Sharipov (Flight Engineer, ISS-10 Long-Term Crew)
15. Valery Tokarev (Flight Engineer, ISS-12 Long-Term Crew),
16. Pavel Vinogradov (Commander, ISS-13 Long-Term Crew),
17. Fedor Yurchikhin (Commander, ISS-15 Long-Term Crew; Flight Engineer 2, ISS-24; Flight Engineer 3, ISS-25),
18. Oleg Kotov (Flight engineer 2, ISS-22; commander, ISS-23),
19. Sergey Volkov (Commander, ISS-17 long-term crew),
20. Oleg Kononenko (Flight Engineer, ISS-17 Long-Term Crew),
21. Yuri Lonchakov (Flight Engineer, ISS-18 Long-Term Crew),
22. Roman Romanenko (Flight Engineer 3, ISS-20 Long-Term Crew; Flight Engineer 1, ISS-21),
23. Maxim Suraev (Flight Engineer 4, ISS-21 Long-Term Crew; Flight Engineer, ISS-22),
24. Alexander Skvortsov (Flight Engineer 3, ISS-23 Long-Term Crew; Commander, ISS-24),
25. Mikhail Kornienko (Flight Engineer 4, ISS-23 Long-Term Crew; Flight Engineer 1, ISS-24),
26. Oleg Skripochka (Flight Engineer 5, ISS-25 Long-Term Crew).
1. William Shepherd (Commander, ISS-1),
2. Susan Helms (flight engineer, ISS-2),
3. James Voss (Flight Engineer, ISS-2),
4. Frank Culbertson (Commander, ISS-3),
5. Daniel Bursch (Flight Engineer, ISS-4),
6. Carl Walz (Flight engineer, ISS-4),
7. Peggy Whitson (Flight engineer, ISS-5; commander, flight engineer, ISS-16),
8. Kenneth Bowersox (Commander, pilot, ISS-6),
9. Donald Pettit (Flight Engineer-2, ISS-6),
10. Edward Lu (Flight Engineer, ISS-7),
13. Lera Chiao (Commander, ISS-10),
14. John Phillips (Flight engineer, ISS-11),
15. William MacArthur (Commander and Scientist, ISS-12),
16. Gregory Olsen (space tourist)
17. Jeffrey Williams (Flight Engineer, ISS-13; Flight Engineer 3, ISS-21 Commander, ISS-22),
19. Sunita Williams (Flight Engineer, ISS-14; Flight Engineer, ISS-15),
20. Anoushe Ansari (First female space tourist)
21. Clayton Anderson (ISS-15; flight engineer, ISS-16),
22. Charles Simonyi (space tourist)
23. Daniel Tani (Flight Engineer, ISS-16),
24. Garret Reisman (Flight Engineer 2, ISS-16, Flight Engineer 2, ISS-17),
25. Greg Shamitoff (Flight Engineer, ISS-17; ISS-18),
26. Sandra Magnus (Flight Engineer, ISS-17; ISS-18),
28. Timothy Kopra (Flight Engineer 2, ISS-20),
29. Nicole Stott (Flight Engineer 2, ISS-20; Flight Engineer 5, ISS-21),
30. Timothy Creamer (Flight Engineer 4, ISS-22; Flight Engineer 2, ISS-23),
31. Tracey Caldwell (Flight Engineer 5, ISS-23; Flight Engineer 2, ISS-24),
32. Shannon Walker (Flight Engineer 4, ISS-24; Flight Engineer 1, ISS-25),
33. Wheelock Douglas (Flight Engineer 5, ISS-24; Commander, ISS-25),
34. Scott Kelly (Flight Engineer 3, ISS-25).
Canada:
1. Robert Thursk (Flight Engineer 4, ISS-20; Flight Engineer 2, ISS-21).
Germany:
1. Thomas Reiter (Flight engineer, ISS-13; ISS-14).
France:
1. Leopold Eyartz (Flight Engineer 2, ISS-13)
Italy:
1. Roberto Vittori (Participant of the visiting expedition program).
Holland:
1. Andre Kuypers (Participant of the expedition program).
Belgium:
1. Frank De Winne (Flight Engineer 5, ISS-20; Commander, ISS-21).
Japan:
1. Koichi Wakata (Flight Engineer 2, ISS-18; Flight Engineer ISS-19; Flight Engineer 2, ISS-20),
2. Soichi Noguchi (Flight Engineer 3, ISS-22; Flight Engineer, ISS-23).
1. Lee So Yeon (Member of the visiting expedition).
Brazil:
1. Marcos Pontes (Space tourist).
Malaysia:
1. Sheikh Muzafar (Member of the Space Expedition).
ISS in touch
Work on the station in outer space
Shuttle launch to the ISS
ISS-1 long-term crew
From left to right: S. Krikalev, W. Shepherd, Y. Gidzenko.
Question number 3. What animals have participated in space experiments?
https://pandia.ru/text/78/362/images/image008_13.jpg" alt="(!LANG:C:\Users\Tatiana\Desktop\belka-strelka-1.jpg" align="left" width="184" height="281 src=">Собаки !}
The first experiments with sending dogs into space began in 1951. Suborbital flights were made by the dogs Gypsy, Dezik, Knicker, Fashionista, Kozyavka, Unlucky, Chizhik, Lady, Courageous, Baby, Snowflake, Bear, Ginger, ZIB, Fox, Rita, Bulba, Button, Minda, Albina, Red, Joyna, Palma, Courageous, Motley, Pearl, Malek, Fluff, Belyanka, Zhulba, Button, Squirrel, Arrow and Asterisk. On November 3, 1957, the dog Laika was launched into orbit. On July 26, 1960, an attempt was made to launch the dogs Bars and Lisichka into space, but 28.5 seconds after the launch, their rocket exploded. The first successful orbital flight with a return to Earth was made by the dogs Belka and Strelka on August 19, 1960. The last test launch of an artificial satellite of the Earth (the fifth unmanned spacecraft-satellite Vostok) before the flight of Yu. A. Gagarin with a dog Zvezdochka and a mannequin of an astronaut, whom the future explorers of space called Ivan Ivanovich. The “general rehearsal” was successful - after the round-the-world orbit, the expedition returned safely to Earth: the dog was returned, the dummy was ejected and returned by parachute. Three days later, at a conference at the Academy of Sciences, all the eyes of those present were fixed on Belka, Strelka and Zvezdochka, and then no one paid attention to Gagarin, who was sitting in the front row.
Laika's heroic mission has made her one of the most famous dogs in the world. Her name is on the commemorative table of names. dead cosmonauts, installed in November 1997 in Star City.
February 2010." href="/text/category/fevralmz_2010_g_/" rel="bookmark">On February 2010, two turtles made a successful suborbital flight on a rocket launched by Iran.
October 12" href="/text/category/12_oktyabrya/" rel="bookmark"> October 12, 1982. On September 24, 1993, the system was officially put into operation.
Owner" href="/text/category/vladeletc/" rel="bookmark">owner of a GLONASS navigator or other equipment.
Car monitoring with this satellite system – reliable way protect your car from theft. Indeed, thanks to GLONASS, you will be able to set the direction of movement or the location of the vehicle without any effort.
The signals that come from the satellites make it possible not only to get information about where the car is located almost instantly, but also to quickly respond to any changes that have occurred with vehicle, and in case of theft up to remote blocking of the engine.
GLONASS, it should be noted, is a high-tech system that is reliably protected from any failures and malfunctions. And all because initially this satellite monitoring system was created for the needs of defense, and that is why such a factor as reliability was given especially close attention.
Despite the fact that GPS monitoring of vehicles is the leader in the modern world market, the GLONASS system is not inferior in any single parameter.
The GLONASS system will allow you to plot a route through absolutely any unfamiliar terrain. In this case, the route laid once will be stored in the memory of the equipment and / or navigator, and if necessary, you can repeat it. Having once made a choice in favor of the GLONASS system, you will not have to regret decision not under any circumstances.
Question number 5: What planets were studied by spacecraft?
October 4" href="/text/category/4_oktyabrya/" rel="bookmark"> October 4, 1957 - the first artificial satellite was launched Earth Sputnik-1. (THE USSR)
https://pandia.ru/text/78/362/images/image019_11.gif" align="left" width="168" height="126"> In 1974 The space station Mariner 10 was sent to Mercury. Flying at a distance of 700 km from the surface of the planet, he took photographs that can be used to judge the relief of this small and closest planet to the Sun. Until then, astronomers had photographs taken from Earth using powerful telescopes.
Note:
The Hubble telescope is the most important in space discoveries.
Important Observations:
- For the first time maps of the surface of Pluto and Eris have been obtained. Ultraviolet auroras were first observed on Saturn, Jupiter and Ganymede. Additional data on planets outside solar system, including spectrometric.