Words-synonyms in Russian, examples. What are "synonyms"? What are synonyms for? Why do we need a synonym in speech

The Russian language is difficult for foreigners trying to learn it, due to the abundance of words that, with different semantic shades, can describe one subject. In most languages, the number of words that describe a subject is small. In Russian, dozens of word forms can be selected to characterize each subject. These are the words synonyms, examples of them can often be found in colloquial speech.

What are synonyms in Russian - these are words that in most cases refer to one part of speech, describing one object or action, different in spelling. For example: pants - pants. These are words that characterize an element of a wardrobe with a certain cut, dressed on a specific part of the body.

What do synonyms mean. They give the same object a subtle characteristic, highlighting specific features. In a certain context, synonymous words can replace each other if the general meaning of what is said does not change.

In the sentence there are trousers hanging in the closet, the word "trousers" can be replaced with "pants". The meaning of what has been said does not change - THIS TYPE OF CLOTHING hangs in the closet.

In the sentence “The dress code obliges men to wear trousers indoors”, the words cannot be replaced, since trousers, a model of a specific cut from a certain type of fabric, belong to the classic type of clothing.

Pants is a term that defines a simple cut model, in the context it implies concepts such as sports or pajama models. In the first case, the meaning of the sentence itself provides for the wearing of a classical form, so the terms cannot replace each other.

What are synonyms for? They expand vocabulary, allow you to describe objects from different angles, enrich your vocabulary and allow you to express yourself most clearly. They are indispensable in literary texts: they provide ample opportunities in the description and allow you to endow objects and states with individual, unique properties.

Note! Synonyms do not always act as one word. Phraseological turns are typical representatives.

The peculiarity of Russian speech is such that a single word-synonym can be selected for the whole sentence, giving a brief and complete description.

For example: From the bay-floundering - unexpectedly. Goal, like a falcon - poverty, poverty.

Kinds

Synonymy in Russian speech arose due to the arrival of foreign words in the vocabulary, the emergence of new terms and the general development of the lexicon. As Wikipedia says, these factors were the reason for the formation of 4 groups.

Absolute and semantic

Absolute terms have different sound and spelling, but their semantic load is absolutely identical.

Arose due to the advent of foreign words into speech. Today, there are few absolute synonyms. Example - alphabet - alphabet.

Semantic give the object a characteristic on several points. In the semantic group, the match passes only on one of the points: ball-sphere.

A ball is a round, voluminous object, hollow inside, with only a shell. Sphere - a round, voluminous object, without cavities. Outwardly, both objects look the same, but from a technical point of view, these are two completely different figures.

Stylistic

Speech has styles - artistic, business, journalistic and others. This means that certain words carry a specific semantic load.

One and the same object can be described by words that are different in spelling and sound, which will give it a specific meaning. Representatives of the stylistic group are interchangeable depending on the context.

For example: a toddler is a child. Peanut is a common definition. Applies to very young children. Causes tenderness, gentle, caressing word.

It is unacceptable for use in scientific or journalistic texts. Child is a general term applied to a person who has not reached the age of majority. It is used in scientific, medical and journalistic texts. For a 10-year-old boy, the term "peanut" is no longer applied, in contrast to the concept of "child".

Contextual

Words that are different in meaning, sound and spelling, but describe the same object in a particular sentence. Separately, they are not related to each other in meaning.

For example: Thief was elusive. This rat eluded the guards through back streets and narrow courtyards. Silhouette literally dissolved in the darkness of the streets, seeping through fences and fences.

Thief, rat and silhouette are contextual synonyms. All three words characterize the same object, refer to the same part of speech (in the proposed example, this is a noun). Individually, each term has its own character and cannot be replaced.

A thief is a person who steals something. The rat is an animal. A silhouette is a description of a human figure.

Neutral

Words that are close in meaning, describing the same object or action, but different in spelling and giving the object unique characteristics, form rows.

Run, rush, go, accelerate - a number of synonyms that characterize the type of movement. The differences are in speed and movement.

The series contains neutral synonyms - words that do not give the object a pronounced characteristic, but simply describe its state without betraying additional meaning.

For example: laugh, laugh, giggle. A synonymous series of words defining human emotions and ways of their manifestation:

• laughter is a neutral synonym for the manifestation of emotions. Does not give any additional semantic load;
• laughter - loud laughter caused by violent emotions, manifested by additional gestures. May act as a reaction to a person's failure and be offensive;
• a chuckle is a quiet laugh that a person tries (not always) to hide. It can act as a manifestation of mockery of a person or occurs in situations where a person cannot openly laugh due to circumstances.

Search

How to identify synonymous words in Russian. As a rule, they refer to one part of speech in most cases: What to do? Walk, walk, march. Who? Woman, mother, brunette. Synonyms describe a certain property to varying degrees: color - color, coloring, palette; speed - quickly, instantly, urgently.

Examples of synonyms in Russian:

1. Properties - features, individual qualities, signs, traits. "Slowly" - inhibited, like a turtle, like a snail.
2. Designation - a concept, definition, sign, mark, symbol. "Loudly" - with all his might, not restrained.
3. Definition - formulation, precise description, finding, identification, assignment, measurement. "Beautiful" - sweet, charming, pretty. "Small" - tiny, small, microscopic, with a fingernail.

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Conclusion

Not only in literary texts, but also in everyday life, the use of synonymous words allows you to decorate speech, make the vocabulary rich, give a clear description of what is happening in one capacious word. It is convenient, understandable and beautiful. Synonymy enriches Russian speech, making it multifaceted, beautiful, rich.

In contact with

Today it is rare to find a literate person.

Even high-ranking officials or businessmen make mistakes in proposals, despite their position. There can be many reasons for this. Someone carelessly treated the study of language and literature while studying at a general educational institution, someone simply did not like this subject, and therefore still writes with errors. Despite this, today the Internet has come to the rescue again, on the network of which there are many programs that help to express your thoughts on paper correctly. The Internet offers such programs where you can search for offers online.

The principle of operation of such programs is simple and logical. An example of this is the text in a foreign language, which is entered into the program field. Right now, the translator presents the finished text in Russian. The same can be done with the text in the native language, when a ready-made text is entered, and the same similar one is issued, only through other words, without changing its original meaning. These programs provide not only the opportunity to find synonyms for the desired word, but also special synonymizers that can help you correctly present the text on paper or on a computer. Again, without changing its meaning.

Why are such programs needed?

As a rule, authors of texts who constantly work with them use such programs. For example, you need to write ten articles on the same topic. The author of the ordered text performs high-quality content with good uniqueness. Then, the verified text is inserted into the field of the synonymizer program in turn, and as a result, twenty articles are already obtained on the same topic, only through the words of synonyms.

This allows you to save time on writing articles, and not think about every word that needs a synonym. For this, there are special services that help you write many articles with good uniqueness on the same topic. Basically, all such services have great functionality. There are, of course, and not very acceptable. However, many also use such, as they say "the taste and color, there is no comrade."

Synonyms are words that have a similar or the same lexical meaning, but are different in spelling and sound. To understand, a synonym, examples will help: cavalry - cavalry - big - huge, huge - be afraid - be afraid, shy - heat - heat.

Differences of synonymous words from each other

Each of the synonyms usually has a special shade of meaning that distinguishes it from others. For example, synonyms for the word "red" are the words "scarlet", "crimson", "crimson". The word "red" means "having the color of blood." The word "scarlet" means "bright red". "Crimson" - "thick red". "Purple" also means a deep red color, but with a slight purple or bluish tinge.

Some synonyms differ in expressive coloring, it is advisable to use them only within a certain style. For example, for the word "eyes" a synonym is "zenki", as well as "eyes". The word "eyes" is widely used both in colloquial and in book speech, it does not have additional expressive coloring. The word "eyes" is used only in highly artistic texts and poetic works. It has a certain coloring of solemnity, obsolescence. The word "zenki", denoting the eyes, on the contrary, has a tinge of rudeness, sharpness, is used in non-standardized

Many synonyms are simultaneously distinguished by a shade of lexical meaning, fixedness in a certain style, and expressive coloring. For example, the synonyms for "complain" (to express grief, resentment - general literary) - "whining". (obtrusively, annoyingly complaining - colloquial style) - "study" (engage, general literary) - "study" (study carefully, book style).

A small group of similar words has the same meaning, they do not differ from each other either in stylistic fixation or in expressive coloring. These are the so-called full synonyms, for example, "thermometer" - "thermometer", "linguistics" - "linguistics", "octopus" - "octopus". You can choose a synonym for a certain word using a special dictionary.

What is a synonym, its meaning in speech

These words help to avoid the monotony of speech, unjustified repetitions of the same words. Synonyms also help to formulate the thought more precisely, make the speech expressive, for example: "There was a barking of dogs. Usually they bark at postmen like that ... Indeed, looking out the window, I saw a letter carrier." In this example, it can be seen that such a synonym-word is chosen, which helps to avoid repetition and gives expressiveness to the sentence.

A group of words, which consists of a number of synonyms, is called a synonymic series. One of them, which is placed first in dictionaries, is considered the main one, the main one.

The synonymic series can include not only words, but also phraseological units (stable phrases). In a sentence, they perform one syntactic function. You can understand what a synonym is, what a synonymic series may look like, from examples: a lot - without counting, chickens do not peck, over the edge.

The ability to apply the synonymous richness of the Russian language is an important indicator of the speaker's oratorical skills.

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Synonyms are words that are different in sound and spelling, but have the same or very close lexical meaning: bold - brave, dark - gloomy, sudden - unexpected, shallow - shallow, etc. The purpose of synonyms is to increase the expressiveness of speech, getting rid of monotony .

It cannot be argued that synonyms are completely identical in meaning: each synonym has a special shade of meaning that distinguishes it from other synonyms: red - scarlet - crimson - crimson.

Synonyms of one word form synonymous pairs (b quickly - swiftly) and synonymic rows, where one word (the first) is dominant, i.e. has a more general meaning, it is stylistically neutral and commonly used: to fall, to fall, to fall, to crash, to fly, to rattle and etc.

Synonyms help to show the difference in shades of meaning of a polysemantic word, because each meaning of a polysemantic word is included in different synonymous series: fresh - fresh fish (unspoiled) // fresh bread (soft) // fresh newspaper (today's) // fresh linen (clean) // fresh wind (cool) // fresh person (new).

In addition, synonyms are a sign of the richness of the language. They are used to highlight semantic shades and to increase the figurativeness and artistic depiction of speech, etc.: What is it (the sea) gray? It is azure, turquoise, emerald, blue, cornflower blue. It is more blue. The bluest thing in the world (B. Zakhoder).

As a rule, synonyms are the words of one part of speech, but there are also grammatical synonyms, for example, the synonymy of the adverbial phrase and the adjectival part of the NPP: When I passed by this house, I met him - Passing by this house, I met him.

In order to find synonyms for words, it is necessary to have a significant vocabulary - this is especially true for synonymic series. You can also use this method: present the feature or object to which we need to find synonyms, and build a chain through associations: bad time ( war, trouble, sadness, etc. .) - difficult, difficult, tragic, dangerous time // dashing racer ( speed, drive, etc. ) - courageous, selfless, purposeful. However, the more you read and listen, the easier it will be for you to pick up a synonym for a word.

If you have any difficulties, and the task needs to be done immediately, you can encourage synonyms for words online. Our tutor will answer your questions, give you an idea, help you determine the range of meanings of the word in question and create a synonymic series.

Good luck in learning Russian!

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