Types of subordination in sp. Complex sentence with several subordinate clauses

There can be more than one subordinate clause in NGN. In this case, it is important to understand how all parts of a complex sentence are interconnected, what is subordinate to what. Three types are possible:

1) consistent submission,
2) parallel subordination,
3) homogeneous subordination.

Sequential submission

With consistent subordination, a chain of sentences is formed: the first clause is subject to the main clause, the second clause is subordinate to the first clause, and so on. With this type of subordination, each subordinate clause is the main one for the subsequent subordinate clause.

Example: [She was horrified"], (when she found out), (that the father was carrying the letter) (F. Dostoevsky) -, (s. when verb), (s. what).

subordinate clauses form a chain: the first clause refers to the main clause (subordinate clause of the 1st degree), the second clause refers to the clause of the 1st degree (subordinate clause of the 2nd degree), etc.

Parallel subordination

If one main clause includes subordinate clauses different types, then a parallel subordination is formed. With this type of subordination, both subordinate clauses belong to the same main one. It is important that these clauses are of different types and they answer different questions.

Example: Parallel subordination

(If I had a hundred lives), [they would not satiate all the thirst for knowledge], (which burns me) (V. Bryusov) - (union if), [n.], (s.word which).

Heterogeneous clauses have different meaning, answer different questions or depend on different words in a sentence.

Homogeneous submission

If subordinate clauses are sentences of the same type and refer to the same member of the main clause or to the entire main clause as a whole, then a homogeneous subordination is formed. With homogeneous subordination, the subordinate clauses answer the same question.

Example: [But it’s sad to think], (that youth was given to us in vain), (that they cheated on her all the time), (that she deceived us) ... (A. Pushkin) - [verb], (union what), (union what), (conjunction what)...

Homogeneous clauses, like homogeneous members, have the same meaning, answer the same question and depend on one word in the main clause. Between themselves, homogeneous subordinate clauses can be connected by coordinating conjunctions or union-free (only with the help of intonation).

Considers the structure of phrases and sentences. At the same time, the construction and punctuation of various types of complex sentences usually cause particular difficulty, especially with three or more predicative parts. Consider on concrete examples types of NGN with several subordinate clauses, ways of connecting the main and subordinate parts in them, rules for putting punctuation marks in them.

Complex sentence: definition

To clearly express a thought, we use a different sentence characterized by the fact that two or more predicative parts are distinguished in it. They can be equivalent in relation to each other or enter into a relationship of dependence. NGN is such a sentence in which the subordinate part is subordinate to the main part and joins it with the help of subordinating conjunctions and / or For example, " [Styopka was very tired in the evening], (WHY?) (since he walked at least ten kilometers in a day)". Hereinafter, the main part is denoted, round - dependent. Accordingly, in NGN with several subordinate clauses, at least three predicative parts are distinguished, two of which will be dependent: “ [The area, (WHAT?) (which they were passing now), was well known to Andrei Petrovich], (WHY?) (since a good half of his childhood passed here)". It is important to correctly determine the sentences where you need to put commas.

NGN with multiple clauses

A table with examples will help determine what types of complex sentences with three or more predicative parts are divided into.

Type of subordination of the subordinate part of the main	Example
Sequential	The guys rushed into the river with a run, the water in which had already warmed up enough, because the last few days had been incredibly hot.
Parallel (non-uniform)	When the speaker finished speaking, there was silence in the hall, as the audience was shocked by what they heard.
Homogeneous	Anton Pavlovich said that reinforcements would soon arrive and that you just need to be patient a little.
With different types subordination	Nastenka reread the letter for the second time, which was trembling in her hands, and thought that now she would have to quit her studies, that her hopes for new life were not justified.

Let's figure out how to correctly determine the type of subordination in NGN with several subordinate clauses. The examples above will help.

Sequential submission

In a sentence " [The guys ran into the river] 1 , (the water in which has already warmed up enough) 2 , (because the last few days have been incredibly hot) 3»First, we select three parts. Then, with the help of questions, we establish semantic relationships: [... X], (in which ... X), (because ...). We see that the second part has become the main one for the third.

Let's take another example. " [There was a vase with wild flowers on the table], (which the guys gathered), (when they went to the forest on an excursion)". The scheme of this NGN is similar to the first: [... X], (which ... X), (when ...).

With homogeneous subordination, each subsequent part depends on the previous one. Such NGN with several subordinate clauses - examples confirm this - resemble a chain, where each subsequent link joins the one in front.

Parallel (heterogeneous) subordination

In this case, all subordinate clauses refer to the main part (to the whole part or the word in it), but they answer different questions and differ in meaning. " (When the speaker finished speaking) 1 , [there was silence in the hall] 2 , (as the audience was shocked by what they heard) 3 » . Let's analyze this NGN with several clauses. Its scheme will look like this: (when ...), [... X], (since ...). We see that the first subordinate part (it stands before the main one) denotes time, and the second - the reason. Therefore, they will answer different questions. Second example: [Vladimir certainly needed to find out today] 1, (at what time the train from Tyumen arrives) 2, (in order to have time to meet a friend) 3". The first subordinate clause is explanatory, the second is purpose.

Homogeneous submission

This is the case when it is appropriate to draw an analogy with another well-known syntactic construction. For registration of PP with homogeneous members and such NGN with several subordinate clauses, the rules are the same. Indeed, in the sentence [Anton Pavlovich talked about] 1, (that reinforcements will arrive soon) 2 and (that you just need to be patient a little) 3» subordinate parts - 2nd and 3rd - refer to one word, answer the question "what?" and both are explanatory. In addition, they are interconnected with the help of the union and, which is not preceded by a comma. Imagine this in a diagram: [... X], (what ...) and (what ...).

In NGN with several subordinate clauses, with homogeneous subordination between the subordinate clauses, any coordinating conjunctions are sometimes used - the punctuation rules will be the same as when making homogeneous members - and the subordinating conjunction in the second part may be completely absent. For example, " [He stood at the window for a long time and looked] 1, (as cars drove up to the house one after another) 2 and (workers unloaded building materials) 3».

NGN with several subordinate clauses with different types of subordination

Very often, four or more parts are distinguished as part of a complex sentence. In this case, they can communicate with each other in different ways. Let's look at the example in the table: [Nastenka re-read the letter for the second time, (which was shaking in her hands) 2 , and thought] 1 , (that now she would have to quit her studies) 3 , (that her hopes for a new life were not justified) 4". This is a sentence with parallel (heterogeneous) (P 1,2,3-4) and homogeneous (P 2,3,4) subordination: [... X, (which ...), ... X], (what ...), (what ... ). Or another option: [All the way Tatyana was silent and only looked out the window] 1, (behind which flashed small, closely located villages) 2, (where people fussed) 3 and (work was in full swing) 4)". This is a complex sentence with sequential (P 1,2,3 and P 1,2,4) and homogeneous (P 2,3,4) subordination: [... X], (followed by ...), (where ...) and (... ).

Punctuation marks at the junction of conjunctions

To arrange in a complex sentence, it is usually enough to correctly determine the boundaries of the predicative parts. The complexity, as a rule, is the punctuation of NGN with several subordinate clauses - examples of schemes: [... X], (when, (which ...), ...) or [... X], [... X], (how (with whom ...), then ...) - when two subordinating unions (allied words) are nearby. This is characteristic of sequential submission. AT such a case you need to pay attention to the presence of the second part of the double union in the sentence. For example, " [An open book remained on the sofa] 1, (which, (if there was time) 3, Konstantin would certainly have read to the end) 2 ". Second option: " [I swear] 1 , (that (when I get back from my trip home) 3 , I will definitely visit you and tell you everything in detail) 2 ". When working with such NGN with several clauses, the rules are as follows. If the second clause can be excluded from the sentence without compromising the meaning, a comma is placed between unions (and / or allied words), if not, it is absent. Let's return to the first example: " [There was a book on the sofa] 1, (which had to be finished in time) 2 ". In the second case, if the second subordinate part is excluded, the grammatical structure of the sentence will be violated by the word "that".

Should be remembered

A good assistant in mastering the NGN with several subordinate clauses - exercises, the implementation of which will help consolidate the knowledge gained. In this case, it is better to act according to the algorithm.

1. Read the sentence carefully, mark the grammatical foundations in it and indicate the boundaries of the predicative parts (simple sentences).
2. Select all means of communication, not forgetting about compound or used conjunctions.
3. Establish semantic connections between the parts: to do this, first find the main one, then ask a question (s) from it to the subordinate (s).
4. Build a diagram, showing on it with arrows the dependence of parts on each other, put punctuation marks in it. Move commas into the written sentence.

Thus, attentiveness in the construction and analysis (including punctuation) of a complex sentence - NGN with several specific clauses - and reliance on the above features of this syntactic construction will ensure the correct execution of the proposed tasks.

June 19, 2015

The syntax of the Russian language considers the structure of phrases and sentences. At the same time, the construction and punctuation of various types of complex sentences usually cause particular difficulty, especially with three or more predicative parts. Let us consider, using specific examples, the types of NGN with several subordinate clauses, the ways of connecting the main and subordinate parts in them, the rules for punctuation marks in them.

Complex sentence: definition

To clearly express a thought, we use various syntactic constructions. A complex sentence is characterized by the fact that two or more predicative parts are distinguished in it. They can be equivalent in relation to each other or enter into a relationship of dependence. NGN is a sentence in which the subordinate clause is subordinate to the main clause and is joined to it with the help of subordinating conjunctions and / or allied words. For example, " [Styopka was very tired in the evening], (WHY?) (since he walked at least ten kilometers in a day)". Here and below, square brackets denote the main part, round brackets denote the dependent part. Accordingly, in NGN with several subordinate clauses, at least three predicative parts are distinguished, two of which will be dependent: “ [The area, (WHAT?) (which they were passing now), was well known to Andrei Petrovich], (WHY?) (since a good half of his childhood passed here)". At the same time, it is important to correctly determine the boundaries of simple sentences where commas should be placed.

Related videos

NGN with multiple clauses

A table with examples will help determine what types of complex sentences with three or more predicative parts are divided into.

Type of subordination of the subordinate part of the main	Example
Sequential	The guys rushed into the river with a run, the water in which had already warmed up enough, because the last few days had been incredibly hot.
Parallel (non-uniform)	When the speaker finished speaking, there was silence in the hall, as the audience was shocked by what they heard.
Homogeneous	Anton Pavlovich said that reinforcements would soon arrive and that you just need to be patient a little.
With different types of submission	Nastenka re-read the letter for the second time, which was trembling in her hands, and thought that now she would have to quit her studies, that her hopes for a new life were not justified.

Let's figure out how to correctly determine the type of subordination in NGN with several subordinate clauses. The examples above will help.

Sequential submission

In a sentence " [The guys ran into the river] 1 , (the water in which has already warmed up enough) 2 , (because the last few days have been incredibly hot) 3»First, we select three parts. Then, with the help of questions, we establish semantic relationships: [... X], (in which ... X), (because ...). We see that the second part has become the main one for the third.

Let's take another example. " [There was a vase with wild flowers on the table], (which the guys gathered), (when they went to the forest on an excursion)". The scheme of this NGN is similar to the first: [... X], (which ... X), (when ...).

Thus, with homogeneous subordination, each subsequent part depends on the previous one. Such NGN with several subordinate clauses - examples confirm this - resemble a chain, where each subsequent link joins the one in front.

Parallel (heterogeneous) subordination

In this case, all subordinate clauses refer to the main part (to the whole part or the word in it), but they answer different questions and differ in meaning. " (When the speaker finished speaking) 1 , [there was silence in the hall] 2 , (as the audience was shocked by what they heard) 3 » . Let's analyze this NGN with several clauses. Its scheme will look like this: (when ...), [... X], (since ...). We see that the first subordinate part (it stands before the main one) denotes time, and the second - the reason. Therefore, they will answer different questions. Second example: [Vladimir certainly needed to find out today] 1, (at what time the train from Tyumen arrives) 2, (in order to have time to meet a friend) 3". The first subordinate clause is explanatory, the second is purpose.

Homogeneous submission

This is the case when it is appropriate to draw an analogy with another well-known syntactic construction. For registration of PP with homogeneous members and such NGN with several subordinate clauses, the rules are the same. Indeed, in the sentence [Anton Pavlovich talked about] 1, (that reinforcements will arrive soon) 2 and (that you just need to be patient a little) 3» subordinate parts - 2nd and 3rd - refer to one word, answer the question "what?" and both are explanatory. In addition, they are interconnected with the help of the union and, which is not preceded by a comma. Imagine this in a diagram: [... X], (what ...) and (what ...).

In NGN with several subordinate clauses, with homogeneous subordination between the subordinate clauses, any coordinating conjunctions are sometimes used - the punctuation rules will be the same as when making homogeneous members - and the subordinating conjunction in the second part may be completely absent. For example, " [He stood at the window for a long time and looked] 1, (as cars drove up to the house one after another) 2 and (workers unloaded building materials) 3».

NGN with several subordinate clauses with different types of subordination

Very often, four or more parts are distinguished as part of a complex sentence. In this case, they can communicate with each other in different ways. Let's look at the example in the table: [Nastenka re-read the letter for the second time, (which was shaking in her hands) 2 , and thought] 1 , (that now she would have to quit her studies) 3 , (that her hopes for a new life were not justified) 4". This is a sentence with parallel (heterogeneous) (P 1,2,3-4) and homogeneous (P 2,3,4) subordination: [... X, (which ...), ... X], (what ...), (what ... ). Or another option: [All the way Tatyana was silent and only looked out the window] 1, (behind which flashed small, closely located villages) 2, (where people fussed) 3 and (work was in full swing) 4)". This is a complex sentence with sequential (P 1,2,3 and P 1,2,4) and homogeneous (P 2,3,4) subordination: [... X], (followed by ...), (where ...) and (... ).

Punctuation marks at the junction of conjunctions

To punctuate a complex sentence, it is usually enough to correctly determine the boundaries of the predicative parts. The complexity, as a rule, is the punctuation of NGN with several subordinate clauses - examples of schemes: [... X], (when, (which ...), ...) or [... X], [... X], (how (with whom ...), then ...) - when two subordinating unions (allied words) are nearby. This is characteristic of sequential submission. In such a case, you need to pay attention to the presence of the second part of the double union in the sentence. For example, " [An open book remained on the sofa] 1, (which, (if there was time) 3, Konstantin would certainly have read to the end) 2 ". Second option: " [I swear] 1 , (that (when I get back from my trip home) 3 , I will definitely visit you and tell you everything in detail) 2 ". When working with such NGN with several clauses, the rules are as follows. If the second clause can be excluded from the sentence without compromising the meaning, a comma is placed between unions (and / or allied words), if not, it is absent. Let's return to the first example: " [There was a book on the sofa] 1, (which had to be finished in time) 2 ". In the second case, if the second subordinate part is excluded, the grammatical structure of the sentence will be violated by the word "that".

Should be remembered

A good assistant in mastering the NGN with several subordinate clauses - exercises, the implementation of which will help consolidate the knowledge gained. In this case, it is better to act according to the algorithm.

1. Read the sentence carefully, mark the grammatical foundations in it and indicate the boundaries of the predicative parts (simple sentences).
2. Select all means of communication, not forgetting about compound or used conjunctions.
3. Establish semantic connections between the parts: to do this, first find the main one, then ask a question (s) from it to the subordinate (s).
4. Build a diagram, showing on it with arrows the dependence of parts on each other, put punctuation marks in it. Move commas into the written sentence.

Thus, attentiveness in the construction and analysis (including punctuation) of a complex sentence - NGN with several specific clauses - and reliance on the above features of this syntactic construction will ensure the correct execution of the proposed tasks.

Only in the third quarter, ninth-graders get acquainted with the topic “Types of subordination of subordinate parts in a complex sentence”, but they are preparing for the exam from the beginning of the school year.

Let's try to deal with task 13 in the test part of the OGE. For observation, let us turn to the story of A.P. Chekhov "Dear Lessons"

Recall the wording of this task: “Among the sentences ___ find a complex sentence cuniform submission. Write the number of this proposal. Instead of words in bold style, there may be such words: " with heterogeneous (parallel) subordination" or " with sequential submission».

Decide on symbols, which will help us in analyzing the structure of a complex sentence (abbreviated SPP). To highlight the main part, we use square brackets, for the subordinate clause - round brackets (). We will draw up both linear and vertical supply schemes.

First, let's practice drawing up NGN diagrams with one subordinate part. Please note that the position of the subordinate clause can be different: preposition, interposition and postposition. Prefixes in the word "position" already contain an indication of the place of the subordinate clause in the sentence.

Consider examples.

1. Preposition adverbial adverbial goal: (To breathe easier) 1, [he always works in a nightgown] 2.

2. Interposition of adverbial adverbial time: [The next day in the evening, (when the clock showed five minutes to seven) 2, Alisa Osipovna came] 1.

3. Postposition of the adverbial adverbial tense: [Vorotov felt this strongly] 1, (when, having left the university with a candidate's degree, he took up a small scientific work) 2.

In the first example, we found the clause at the beginning of the sentence, in the second - in the middle, in the third - at the end of the SPP.

Let us explain that complex sentences there may be various cases of complications in the text, and if you do not recognize them, you can get confused, so we will explain these complications in each example. So, in the third sentence, the subordinate part is complicated by a separate circumstance, expressed by a participle turnover (abbreviated as DO).

Determine if there are any types of complications in the following three examples. What is the position of the adjective in them?

2) Her facial expression was cold, businesslike, like that of a person who came to talk about money.

3) If this strange proposal had been made by a minor, then, probably, she would have been angry and shouted.

You should have noticed that in the first two sentences the clause is in postposition, but in the last example it is in preposition.

So, let's check our observation.

2. [The expression on her face was cold business, like a person] 1 , (who came to talk about money) 2 .

3. (If this strange proposal was made by a minor) 1, [then, probably, she would be angry and shouted] 2 .

Line diagrams are very convenient.

Now let's find out what types of complications we encountered here. The first sentence has a separate application, expressed by a proper name, and homogeneous predicates. In the second, an isolated circumstance expressed by a comparative turnover, and homogeneous definitions are in the main part. And, finally, in the third sentence there is an introductory word and homogeneous predicates in the main part.

We will not introduce all these complications into the schemes, since only homogeneous predicates play the main role in the structure of the NGN, and yet we will keep them in mind.

Now let's get acquainted with the types of subordination in NGN, which have several subordinate parts.

It is difficult to say exactly which type is more common, most likely, various combinations and mixed cases are possible, when several types of submission can be in one NGN. But you will not find such examples on the exam.

Let's analyze the proposal:

And he also asked her if she wanted tea or coffee, if the weather was good outside.

In this sentence, from the main part to two explanatory subordinate clauses, we ask the same question "about what?"

[And he also asked her] 1 , (does she want to tea or coffee) 2 , (is the weather good outside) 3 .

To compare the two types of schemes, we offer both: linear and vertical.

NGN SCHEMES with homogeneous subordination:

This way of submission is called homogeneous. If there were more than two subordinate parts with a similar structure, then one of the unions LI would be omitted to avoid repetition. But restoring it is very easy.

Consider another suggestion:

Now we find the main and subordinate parts, draw up diagrams.

[On one winter afternoon, (when Vorotov sat in my office and have worked) 2 , the footman reported] 1 , (that some young lady asked him) 3 .

NGN SCHEMES with heterogeneous (parallel) subordination:

Here, from the main part, we ask two different questions: the lackey reported "when?" and "about what?". The subordinate parts are no longer homogeneous, they have different meanings: one of them is adverbial tense, the other is explanatory. This method is called parallel.

Now let's look at the last example.

Only once did a look of bewilderment flickered across her face when she learned that she had been invited to teach not children, but an adult, fat person.

We come to the conclusion that the adnexal parts also answer different questions: there was a flash of bewilderment "when?", she found out "about what?". We ask these questions not from the main part, but sequentially: from the first subordinate to the second subordinate part.

[Just once, a look of bewilderment flashed across her face] 1 , (when she found out) 2 , (that she was invited to teach not children, a adult, fat man) 3 .

NGN SCHEMES with serial subordination:

This way of subordination is called sequential.

For self-examination, we offer five suggestions. Be aware that you may encounter mixed type subordination, if there are more than two subordinate parts.

Self test

1) Alisa Osipovna, with a cold, businesslike expression, answered him that she had completed her course at a private boarding school and had the rights of a home teacher, that her father had recently died of scarlet fever, her mother was alive and was making flowers ...

2) She apologized and said that she could only study for half an hour, as she would go straight to the ball from the lesson.

3) And Vorotov, looking at her embarrassment, realized how dear the ruble was for her and how hard it would be for her to lose this income.

4) She, apparently, did not want her gentlemen to know that she had students and that she gave lessons out of need.

Clue!

Here, unions are highlighted in color, and all complications are in italics:

1. [Alisa Osipovna with cold business answered him with an expression] 1, (that she finished the course in a private boarding school) 2 and (has the rights of a home teacher) 3, (that her father had recently died of scarlet fever) 4, (mother is alive ) 5 and (makes flowers) 6...

2. [She apologized and said] 1 , (which can only be done for half an hour) 2 , (since the lesson will go straight to the ball) 3 .

3. [And Vorotov, looking at her embarrassment, understood] 1, (how dear the ruble was for her) 2 and (how hard it would be for her to lose this income) 3 .

4. [Hey, apparently, didn’t want] 1, (for her gentlemen to know) 2, (that she has students) 3 and (that she gives lessons out of need) 4 .

Now let's read the whole story in full.

A.P. Chekhov

Dear Lessons

For an educated person, ignorance of languages ​​is a great inconvenience. Vorotov felt this strongly when, having left the university with a Ph.D., he took up a small scientific work.

It's horrible! - he said breathlessly (despite his twenty-six years, he is plump, heavy and suffers from shortness of breath). - It's horrible! Without tongues I am like a bird without wings. Just quit your job.

And he decided at all costs to overcome his innate laziness and learn French and German languages and started looking for teachers.

One winter afternoon, when Vorotov was sitting in his office and working, the footman reported that some young lady was asking him.

Ask, - said Vorotov.

And a young woman entered the office, latest fashion, exquisitely dressed young lady. She introduced herself as a teacher French, Alisa Osipovna Anket, and said that one of his friends sent her to Vorotov.

Very nice! Sit down! - said Vorotov, panting and covering the collar of his nightgown with his palm. (To breathe easier, he always works in a nightgown.) - Pyotr Sergeyevich sent you to me? Yes, yes... I asked him... Very happy!

Negotiating with m-lle Annette, he looked at her shyly and with curiosity. She was a real, very elegant Frenchwoman, still very young. On the face, pale and languid, on the short curly hair and with an unnaturally thin waist, she could have been given no more than 18 years; glancing at her broad, well-developed shoulders, beautiful back and stern eyes, Vorotov thought that she must be at least 23 years old, perhaps even all 25; but then again it began to seem that she was only 18. Her expression was cold, business-like, like that of a person who came to talk about money. She never smiled, did not frown, and only once did a flash of bewilderment flash across her face when she learned that she had been invited to teach not children, but an adult, fat person.

So, Alisa Osipovna, - Vorotov told her, - we will study daily from seven to eight in the evening. As for your desire to receive a ruble per lesson, I have nothing to object to. For the ruble - so for the ruble ...

And he also asked her if she wanted tea or coffee, if the weather was good outside, and, smiling good-naturedly, stroking the cloth on the table with his palm, he amiably inquired who she was, where she finished her course and how she lives.

Alisa Osipovna, with a cold, business-like expression, answered him that she had completed her course at a private boarding school and had the rights of a home teacher, that her father had recently died of scarlet fever, that her mother was alive and making flowers, that she, m lle Anket, studied at a private school until lunchtime. boarding house, and after dinner, until the evening, walks along good houses and gives lessons.

She left, leaving behind a light, very delicate smell of a woman's dress. Vorotov did not work for a long time afterwards, but sitting at the table, stroking the green cloth with his palms and meditating.

"It's very nice to see girls earning a piece of bread for themselves," he thought. - On the other hand, it is very unpleasant to see that need does not spare even such graceful and pretty girls as this Alisa Osipovna, and she also has to fight for existence. Trouble!.. "

He, who had never seen virtuous French women, also thought that this elegantly dressed Alisa Osipovna, with well-developed shoulders and exaggerated slim waist, in all likelihood, besides the lessons, doing something else.

The next day in the evening, when the clock showed five minutes to seven, Alisa Osipovna came in, pink from the cold; she opened the Margot she had brought with her and began without preamble:

French grammar has twenty-six letters. The first letter is A, the second B...

Guilty, ”Vorotov interrupted her, smiling. “I must warn you, mademoiselle, that for me personally you will have to change your method somewhat. The fact is that I know Russian, Latin and Greek well... I studied comparative linguistics, and it seems to me that we can, bypassing Margot, directly start reading some author.

And he explained to the Frenchwoman how adults learn languages.

One of my acquaintances, he said, wanting to learn new languages, put the French, German and Latin gospels in front of him, read them in parallel, and painstakingly analyzed each word, and so what? He achieved his goal in less than one year. We will do so too. Let's take some author and we will read.

The Frenchwoman looked at him in bewilderment. Apparently, Vorotov's proposal seemed to her very naive and absurd. If this strange proposal had been made by a minor, she would probably have been angry and shouted, but since there was an adult and very fat person here, at whom it was impossible to shout, she only shrugged her shoulders barely perceptibly and said:

As you wish.

Vorotov rummaged through his bookcase and pulled out a tattered French book.

Is it good? - he asked.

Doesn't matter.

In that case, let's get started. God bless. Let's start with the title... Memoires.

Memories, - m-lle Anket translated.

Memories... repeated Vorotov. Smiling good-naturedly and breathing heavily, he fiddled with the word memoires for a quarter of an hour and the same with the word de, and this tired Alisa Osipovna. She answered questions languidly, confused, and apparently did not understand her student well and did not try to understand. Vorotov offered her questions, while he himself looked at her blond head and thought: “Her hair is not naturally curly, it curls. Marvelous! He works from morning to night and still manages to curl.

Exactly at eight o'clock she got up and, saying a dry, cold "au revoir, monsieur" (goodbye, sir - fr.), went out of the office, and after her all that gentle, subtle, exciting smell remained. The student again did nothing for a long time, sat at the table and thought.

In the days that followed, he became convinced that his teacher, the young lady, was sweet, serious and tidy, but that she was very uneducated and did not know how to teach adults; and he decided not to waste time, to part with her and invite another teacher. When she came for the seventh time, he took out an envelope with seven rubles from his pocket and, holding it in his hands, became very embarrassed and began like this:

Excuse me, Alisa Osipovna, but I must tell you... I have been placed in a dire need...

Glancing at the envelope, the Frenchwoman guessed what was the matter, and for the first time in all the lessons her face trembled, and the cold, businesslike expression disappeared. She blushed slightly and, lowering her eyes, began to nervously finger her thin gold chain. And Vorotov, looking at her embarrassment, realized how dear the ruble was to her and how hard it would be for her to lose this income.

I have to tell you ... - he muttered, even more embarrassed, and something sank in his chest; he hurriedly thrust the envelope into his pocket and continued:

Excuse me, I... I'll leave you for ten minutes...

And pretending that he did not want to refuse her at all, but only asked permission to leave her for a while, he went into another room and sat there for ten minutes. And then came back even more confused; he realized that she could somehow explain this departure of his for a short time in her own way, and he was embarrassed.

The lessons started again.

Vorotov worked without any desire. Knowing that nothing would come of the lessons, he gave the Frenchwoman full rein, did not ask her about anything and did not interrupt. She translated as she liked, ten pages in one lesson, but he did not listen, he was breathing heavily, and, having nothing to do, examined either her curly head, then her neck, then her delicate white hands, inhaled the smell of her dress ...

He would catch himself thinking bad thoughts, and he would feel ashamed, or else he would be touched, and then he would feel chagrin and annoyance because she treated him so coldly, businesslike, as with a student, without smiling and as if afraid that he would touch her. to her by accident. He kept thinking: how to inspire confidence in her, get to know her better, then help her, let her know how badly she teaches, poor thing.

Alisa Osipovna once came to a lesson in a smart pink dress, with a small neckline, and such a fragrance came from her that it seemed as if she was shrouded in a cloud, as if one had only to blow on her, she would fly or dissipate like smoke. She apologized and said that she could only study for half an hour, as she would go straight from class to the ball.

He looked at her neck and at her back, bare near the neck, and seemed to understand why it was French women who enjoyed the reputation of frivolous and easily falling creatures; he was drowning in this cloud of aromas, beauty, nakedness, and she, not knowing his thoughts and probably not at all interested in them, quickly turned over the pages and translated at full speed:

- "He walked in the street and met the gentleman of his acquaintance and said:" Where are you rushing, seeing your face so pale, it hurts me.

The Memoires had long been finished, and now Alice was translating some other book. Once she came to the lesson an hour earlier, apologizing for the fact that at seven o'clock she had to go to the Maly Theater. After seeing her off after class, Vorotov got dressed and also went to the theatre. He went, as it seemed to him, only to rest, to have fun, and he had no thoughts about Alice. He could not allow a serious man, preparing for a scientific career, hard on his feet, to give up business and go to the theater only to meet there with an unfamiliar, not smart, little intelligent girl ...

But for some reason, during the intermissions, his heart was beating, he, without noticing it, how the boy ran along the foyer and along the corridors, impatiently looking for someone; and he grew bored when the intermission was over; and when he saw the familiar pink dress and beautiful shoulders under the tulle, his heart sank, as if from a premonition of happiness, he smiled joyfully and for the first time in his life experienced a jealous feeling.

Alice was walking with some two ugly students and an officer. She laughed, spoke loudly, evidently flirted; Vorotov had never seen her like this. Obviously, she was happy, satisfied, sincere, warm. From what? Why? Because, perhaps, these people were close to her, from the same circle as she... And Vorotov felt a terrible gulf between himself and this circle. He bowed to his teacher, but she nodded coldly to him and quickly passed by; she, apparently, did not want her gentlemen to know that she had students and that she gave lessons out of need.

After the meeting at the theater, Vorotov realized that he was in love... During the next lessons, devouring his graceful teacher with his eyes, he no longer struggled with himself, but gave full play to his pure and impure thoughts. Alisa Osipovna's face did not cease to be cold, at exactly eight o'clock every evening she calmly said "au revoir, monsieur", and he felt that she was indifferent to him and would be indifferent and that his position was hopeless.

Sometimes, in the middle of a lesson, he began to dream, hope, make plans, mentally compose a love explanation, recall that French women are frivolous and malleable, but all he had to do was look at the teacher’s face for his thoughts to instantly go out, like a candle goes out when it’s windy in the country take it out to the terrace. Once he, drunk, forgetting, as if in delirium, could not stand it and, blocking her way, when she went out of the office into the hall after the lesson, gasping and stuttering, began to declare his love:

You are dear to me! I... I love you! Let me speak!

And Alice turned pale - probably from fear, realizing that after this explanation it would no longer be possible for her to come here and receive a ruble for a lesson; she made frightened eyes and whispered loudly:

Oh, it's impossible! Don't speak, please! It is forbidden!

And then Vorotov did not sleep all night, was tormented by shame, scolded himself, thought hard. It seemed to him that with his explanation he had offended the girl, that she would no longer come to him.

He decided to find out her address in the address table in the morning and write her an apology letter. But Alice came without a letter. For the first minute she felt awkward, but then she opened the book and began to translate quickly and glibly, as always:

"Oh, young master, don't tear those flowers in my garden that I want to give to my sick daughter..."

She walks until today. Four books have already been translated, but Vorotov knows nothing but the word "memoires", and when asked about his scientific work, he waves his hand and, without answering the question, starts talking about the weather.

Complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses there are two main types: 1) all subordinate clauses are attached directly to the main clause; 2) the first clause is attached to the main clause, the second - to the first clause, etc.

I. Clauses that are attached directly to the main clause can be homogeneous and heterogeneous.

1. Homogeneous adventitious, like homogeneous members, have the same meaning, answer the same question and depend on one word in the main clause. Between themselves, homogeneous clauses can be connected by coordinating unions or union-free (only with the help of intonation). For example:

1) [But sad to think], (which is in vain was us youth is given), (what changed her all the time), (that deceived us she is)... (A. Pushkin)- [verb], (conjunction what),(union what),(union what)...

2) [Dersu said], (what it's not clouds, it's fog) and what tomorrow it will be a sunny day and even hot) (V. Arseniev).[vb], (what) and (what).

The connection of homogeneous clauses with the main clause is called uniform subordination.

It should be borne in mind that with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses, it is possible to skip the union or allied in the second (third) clause, for example:

(Where is the cheerful sickle walked) and ( fell ear), [now everything is empty] (F. Tyutchev).(where) and ("), ["].

2. Heterogeneous clauses have different meanings, answer different questions, or depend on different words in the sentence. For example:

(If I have one hundred lives), [ they would not satisfy all the thirst for knowledge], ( which burns me) (V. Bryusov)- (conjunction if),[n.], (s. word which).

The connection of heterogeneous clauses with the main clause is called parallel submission.

II. The second type of complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses includes those in which the clauses form a chain: the first clause refers to the main clause (subordinate clause of the 1st degree), the second clause refers to the clause of the 1st degree (subordinate clause of the 2nd degree) etc. For example:

[She was horrified"], (when found out), (that the letter was father) (F. Dostoevsky)- , (with. when verb), (p. what).

Such a connection is called consistent submission.

With sequential subordination, one subordinate clause can be inside another; in this case, two subordinating unions may be nearby: what and if anything and when that and as etc. (for punctuation marks at the junction of conjunctions, see the section “Punctuation marks in a complex sentence with two or more subordinate clauses”). For example:

[The water collapsed so scary], (what, (when the soldiers fled below), after them already flew raging streams) (M. Bulgakov).

[uk.sl. so + adv.], (what, (when),").

In complex sentences with three or more subordinate clauses, there may be more complex combinations of subordinate clauses, for example:

(Who in young age not tied yourself with strong ties with an external and beautiful cause, or at least with simple, but honest and useful work), [ he can count his youth without a trace lost], (as if fun she is neither passed) and how many would happy memories she is neither left).

(who), [pronoun.], (however), (however). (A complex sentence with three subordinate clauses, with parallel and homogeneous subordination).

Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses

Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses

1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).

2. Specify the type of offer for emotional coloring(exclamatory or non-exclamatory).

3. Determine the main and subordinate clauses, find their boundaries.

4. Draw up a sentence diagram: ask (if possible) questions from the main to the subordinate clauses, indicate in the main word on which the subordinate clause depends (if it is conditional), characterize the means of communication (unions or allied words), determine the types of clauses (definitive, explanatory and etc.).

5. Determine the type of subordination of subordinate clauses (homogeneous, parallel, sequential).

An example of parsing a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses

1) [Look up at the pale green, star-studded sky, (on which there is neither a cloud nor a spot), and understand], (why is the summer warm air immovable), (why nature is on guard) (A. Chekhov).

[n., (vill. on which), vb.], (vill. why),(vill. why).
will determine. explain. explain.

Narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, complex with three subordinate clauses, with parallel and homogeneous subordination: 1st subordinate clause - attributive clause (the clause depends on the noun sky, answers the question which?, on which); 2nd and 3rd subordinate clauses - subordinate explanatory clauses (depend on the verb understand answer the question what?, join with an allied word why).

2) [Any man knows], (that he have to do not that, ( what separates him with people), otherwise), ( what connects him with them) (L. Tolstoy).

[vb], (conjunction what local, (s.el. what), places.), (s.el.chto).

explain. place-determined place-determined

Narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, complex with three subordinate clauses, with serial and parallel subordination: 1st subordinate clause - subordinate explanatory clause (depends on the verb knows answers the question what?, joins union what), 2nd and 3rd clauses - pronoun-defining clauses (each of them depends on the pronoun then, answers the question what (that)?, joins with an allied word what).

.one. Associative compound sentence

Associative compound sentence - this is a complex sentence in which simple sentences are combined into one whole in meaning and intonation, without the help of unions or allied words: [Habit over us given]: [replacement happiness she is](A. Pushkin).

semantic relationship between simple sentences in allied and are expressed differently. In allied sentences, unions take part in their expression, therefore the semantic relations here are more definite and clear. For example, union so expresses the consequence because- the reason if- condition, but- opposition, etc.

The semantic relations between simple sentences are less clearly expressed than in the union. In terms of semantic relationships, and often in terms of intonation, some are closer to complex ones, others to complex ones. However, often the same non-union compound sentence in meaning, it can be brought closer to both a complex and a complex sentence. Wed, for example: Searchlights lit up- it became light around; Searchlights were lit, and it became light around; When the spotlights came on, it became light all around.

Meaningful relationships in non-union complex sentences depend on the content of the simple sentences included in them and are expressed in oral speech intonation, and in writing with various punctuation marks (see the section “Punctuation marks in non-union complex sentence»).

AT non-union complex sentences possible the following types semantic relationships between simple sentences (parts):

I. enumeration(lists some facts, events, phenomena):

[I_ have not seen you for a whole week], [I didn't hear you for a long time] (A. Chekhov) -, .

Such non-union complex sentences approach compound sentences with a connecting union and.

Like their synonymous compound sentences, non-union complex sentences can express the value 1) simultaneity enumerated events and 2) their sequences.

1) \ Bemep howl plaintively and quietly], [in the darkness neighing horses], [from the tabor floated tender and passionate song- thought] (M. Gorky) -,,.

stirred ], [fluttered half asleep birdie] (V. Garshin)- ,.

Associative compound sentences with enumerative relations may consist of two sentences, or may include three or more simple sentences.

II. Causal(the second sentence reveals the reason for what the first says):

[I unhappy]: [everyday guests] (A. Chekhov). Such non-union complex sentences synonymous with complex subordinate causes.

III. Explanatory(the second sentence explains the first one):

1) [Items were lost form]: [ everything merged first into gray, then into a dark mass] (I. Goncharov)-

2) [Like all Moscow, your father is like that]: [would like he is a son-in-law with stars and ranks] (A. Griboyedov)-

Such non-union sentences are synonymous with sentences with an explanatory conjunction. namely.

IV. Explanatory(the second sentence explains the word in the first part that has the meaning of speech, thought, feeling or perception, or the word that indicates these processes: listened, looked, looked back etc.; in the second case, we can talk about the omission of words like see, hear etc.):

1) [Nastya during the story remembered]: [she has from yesterday remained whole intact cast iron boiled potatoes] (M. Prishvin)- :.

2) [I came to my senses, Tatyana looks]: [bear No]... (A. Pushkin)- :.

Such non-union sentences are synonymous with complex sentences with explanatory clauses. (remembered that ...; looks (and sees that) ...).

V. Comparative-adversative relations (the content of the second sentence is compared with the content of the first or opposed to it):

1) [All happy family looks like and each other], [each unhappy family unhappy but in its own way] (L. Tolstoy)- ,.

2) [Chin followed him]- [he service suddenly left] (A. Griboyedov)- - .

Such non-union complex sentences are synonymous compound sentences with opposing alliances ah, but.

VI. Conditionally temporary(the first sentence indicates the time or condition for the implementation of what is said in the second):

1) [Do you like to ride] - [love and sleigh carry] (proverb)- - .

2) [see you with Gorky]- [talk with him] (A. Chekhov)--.

Such sentences are synonymous with complex sentences with subordinate conditions or tense.

VII. Consequences(the second sentence names the consequence of what the first says):

[Small the rain sows since morning]- [it's impossible to get out] (I. Turgenev)- ^TT