Three-headed snake or female arterial hypertension. Endocrine hypertension: pheochromocytoma, hyperaldosteronism, Cushing's syndrome Female male effect of hormones on high blood pressure

The causes of secondary hypertension lie in the area of ​​disruption of the endocrine system. Environmental factors that affect the human body - weather conditions, temperature conditions, as well as ongoing changes in the work of internal organs in the process of evolution have created a unique adaptation system. Stress and a sense of danger cause the release of hormones into the blood, which cause both low blood pressure and high blood pressure.

How are hormones and blood pressure related?

The task of the circulatory system is to ensure timely access of oxygen to one or another organ. To do this, a certain vessel narrows or expands. This happens due to receptors located in tissue cells. Receptors respond to certain hormones, triggering the desired process. Regulates the process of the pituitary gland, influencing the work of the adrenal glands, synthesizing substances that affect the following parameters:

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• vascular tone, causing their sharp narrowing,
• work of the heart, causing it to beat faster.

Causes of hormonal hypertension

The causes of hypertension of hormonal origin are associated with pathological processes occurring in the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and adrenal glands. Diseases such as: pheochromocytoma, Cushing's syndrome, Kohn's syndrome and thyrotoxicosis lead to excessive synthesis of hormones that can constrict blood vessels, affect the pulse rate, heartbeat and retain water in the body. The result is secondary hypertension.

Hormones that increase blood pressure

Synthesized by the adrenal glands

A tumor in the adrenal medulla causes high blood pressure.

The adrenal glands consist of a cortical layer and an inner medulla. The latter produces adrenaline, the release of which speeds up the heartbeat, constricts blood vessels and dilates the pupils. A tumor of the adrenal medulla, pheochromocytoma, provokes the release of adrenaline and norepinephrine. This leads to a hypertensive crisis with headache and palpitations.

In the case when cortisol is elevated, diseases are formed - hypercortisolism, Cushing's syndrome and diabetes mellitus develops. The systolic pressure is elevated. An excess of another adrenal hormone, aldosterone, causes Cohn's syndrome, or hyperaldosteronism. The reason for the excess release of aldosterone is a tumor (often benign) or hyperplasia (tissue growth) of the adrenal gland. Aldosterone stores water and sodium in the walls of blood vessels and removes potassium. This affects the work of the heart muscle and leads to an increase in blood pressure.

Steroid hormones

By enzymatic reaction from the androgens testosterone and androstenedione, steroid hormones, estrogens, are formed. They are called estradiol and estrone, respectively, which control the reproductive system. They also affect the work of the cardiovascular system, prevent the development of atherosclerosis and are able to increase the content of thyroxine T4 in the blood. The body does not always respond in time to an increase or decrease in estrogen. This explains the cause of high blood pressure in adolescence, "flushing" of blood to the head, redness and increased sweating during menopause. In men, excess estrogen increases blood pressure and increases blood clots.

Prolactin

synthesized by the thyroid gland

An increase in prolactin synthesis provokes hypertension.

The hormones that increase blood pressure are thyroid hormones. The role of the thyroid gland in the human body is to store iodine and synthesize iodine-containing hormones, which, in turn, regulate metabolism - thyroxine T4 (tetraiodothyronine) and triiodothyronine T3. The principle of operation of T3 and T4 is as follows: in response to a change in the environment, when it gets colder or physical activity increases, a person is subjected to emotional stress, then the thyroid gland increases the level of hormones. This leads to a rush of blood to the surface of the body and an increase in body temperature up to 37 degrees. The blood pressure rises. The heart beats faster. The blood vessels are in good shape, the arteries are narrowed.

Thyrotoxicosis

Thyrotoxicosis, a disease of the thyroid gland that causes excessive synthesis of hormones. All the positive points discussed above lead to negative consequences. The heart and vascular walls are forced to work at elevated pressure. Thus, they wear out faster. Irritability appears, a person cannot control the psycho-emotional state. The metabolism is accelerated.

Hormones that lower blood pressure

In the event of a large blood loss, an increase in ambient temperature and in a situation of lack of oxygen, the level of T3 and T4 should be reduced. To survive in these conditions is to lower blood pressure and slow down the heart. Decreased thyroid function leads to hypothyroidism. Inadequate synthesis of thyroxine and triiodothyronine leads to hypotension. As a result, the work of the brain is disrupted due to an insufficient amount of oxygen entering the blood. The work of the heart is disturbed by arrhythmia, bradycardia. Body temperature is within 34.2-36.4. A dangerous complication is myxedematous coma.

There are two types of arterial hypertension - primary and secondary (hypertension 1 and hypertension 2).

Primary hypertension (hypertension 1) is an independent disease that is not associated with a malfunction of the organs of the human body. This type is called hypertension.

Secondary hypertension (hypertension 2) is considered to be an increase in blood pressure under the influence of a malfunction of some organs (for example, kidneys, thyroid gland).

Identification and elimination of these disorders leads to the normalization of blood pressure.

When a patient complains of high blood pressure, the doctor prescribes a complete blood count, determination of glucose, potassium, urea, creatinine, cholesterol, ECG, chest x-ray, fundus examination, abdominal ultrasound. If at this stage there is no reason to suspect secondary hypertension and it is possible to achieve pressure reduction with standard therapy, then the examination can be completed.

In patients older than 40 years, secondary hypertension occurs in 10% of cases, 30-35 years old - in 25%, younger than 30 - in almost 100% of cases.

If secondary hypertension is suspected, targeted laboratory tests are prescribed. We identify the causes of arterial hypertension, prescribe tests

Hypertension of renal origin. Associated with damage to the renal arteries, narrowing of their lumen. The kidneys do not receive enough blood and they produce substances that increase blood pressure.

With chronic glomerulonephritis (chronic inflammatory process in the glomeruli of the kidneys).

With chronic pyelonephritis (inflammatory infectious disease of the kidneys).

With a polycystic kidney - the degeneration of the tissue (parenchyma) of the kidney into multiple cysts.

With congenital narrowing of the renal artery.

Urinalysis, urinalysis according to Nechiporenko, urinalysis according to Zimnitsky, blood test for urea, creatinine, bacteriological culture of urine are prescribed.

The cause is pathology:

Itsenko-Cushing's disease.

Pheochromocytoma.

Kohn's syndrome (hyperaldosteronism).

Diabetic glomerulosclerosis with - changes in the capillaries of the renal glomeruli, leading to renal failure, edema and arterial hypertension.

Acromegaly.

Itsenko-Cushing's disease associated with damage to the cortical layer of the adrenal glands (a pair of small endocrine glands located above the kidneys). At the same time, the level of the hormones ACTH and cortisol sharply increases. The disease is accompanied by obesity, acne, hair loss on the head and growth on the limbs, arterial hypertension, heart failure, and increased blood sugar levels. This condition can also develop with long-term treatment with corticosteroid drugs (for example, with bronchial asthma, rheumatoid arthritis).

For diagnostics prescribe tests for cortisol and ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone). You can read more about Itsenko-Cushing's disease and hormones (ACTH, cortisol) in the articles of the same name.

Pheochromocytoma. This is a tumor of the adrenal glands (mostly benign) that produces excessive amounts of the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine. Usually, blood pressure rises suddenly and sharply, accompanied by trembling, sweating, and increased blood sugar levels.

For diagnosis, tests for adrenaline, norepinephrine, dopamine are prescribed. About pheochromocytoma, about adrenaline and norepinephrine, there are also articles on the site.

Kohn's syndrome or hyperaldosteronism. This disease is associated with the presence of a tumor (usually benign) of the zona glomeruli of the adrenal glands, where the hormone aldosterone is produced. The hormone intensively enters the bloodstream, accumulates water and sodium in the walls of blood vessels, narrows their lumen, and this leads to an increase in blood pressure. At the same time, potassium is excreted from the body, which leads to disorders in the work of muscles, including the heart. The work of the kidneys is disrupted.

Assign tests for aldosterone, potassium, sodium. The hormone aldosterone and Kohn's syndrome are also presented in articles.

- a disease caused by excessive production of growth hormone (somatotropic hormone). People of any age get sick. The size of the hands and feet increases, facial features are enlarged. Headaches, impaired functioning of the joints and internal organs, increased fatigue, increased blood pressure.

For diagnosis, an analysis is prescribed for somatotropic hormone. Read the articles "Somatotropic Hormone" and "Acromegaly"

Hypertension in violation of the functions of the thyroid gland.

Hyperthyroidism (function increased). A characteristic feature is high systolic pressure with normal diastolic pressure.

Hypothyroidism (function reduced). A characteristic sign is high diastolic pressure.

To identify the pathology and causes of hypertension, tests for thyroid hormones T3, T4 free, TSH are prescribed.

Even in perfectly healthy, young people, it can change countless times during the day. It is influenced by hundreds of external and internal factors. For example, weather conditions, atmospheric pressure, physical activity of the individual, stress, hormonal background of the body and much more. This is probably why, for some of us, it behaves as if it doesn't care about the laws of gravity. And for some "chosen ones" - even so, as if he did not care about the laws of existence, even of the organism itself ...

In fact: there are very few people who can rightfully boast of stable blood pressure, even among young people. And in the 25 to 50 age group, the number of those lucky ones is still halving every five years. The norm of pressure in people "a little over 50" and older is found in isolated cases, surprising for science itself. And everything else is a variety of constant or, even worse, variable deviations. Someone suffers from low pressure, someone - high. The first is called hypotension, the second is called hypertension.

Especially, we will consider that those who have pressure under the influence of certain circumstances change sharply - from low to high, or vice versa, are not lucky. Or opposite deviations in different halves of the body, separate circles of blood circulation ... We say "unlucky" because sharp fluctuations in blood pressure cause such an unpleasant phenomenon as migraine. And more or less frequently occurring "discordance", say, in the right and left half of the body gives rise to dystonia. Naturally, with all her discomfort, steady, as if with a migraine, headaches, the threat of complications.

In general, over the years, we all develop a tendency to hypertension. This is due to the progression of atherosclerosis, which, to one degree or another, with one speed or another, develops in every person on earth. Therefore, even "nee" hypotension over the years can reach the norm of pressure first and after - hypertension. Those who suffered from high blood pressure from a young age often simply do not live to old age. After all, as we understand, the complications of all these outwardly harmless fluctuations are far from harmless. After all, blood always flows through the blood vessels. And the vessels can withstand far from all of its pressure - especially if not everything is in order with their walls or structure. Therefore, unpleasant, but, as they say, not fatal headaches of youth over the years become dangerous to health and life. In particular, the main threat that they carry with them is a stroke - blockage of the cerebral arteries by a thrombus. And also its variety - hemorrhagic stroke (blockage with a blood clot with rupture of the vessel and hemorrhage in the brain tissue).

Of course, hardly anyone wants to die such a death. At the same time, everyone who suffers from a deviation from the norm of pressure will confirm that it is almost impossible to control it. Rather, at first (the first five to eight years from the moment of manifestation), almost everyone succeeds, regardless of the severity of the problem and the chosen treatment tactics. But over time, the situation is more and more clearly and often out of control, the symptoms that accompany the attack are aggravated, their number is growing. And gradually everything ceases to help the patient - both the previously effective "tested" methods, and the experiments that he decides to do in the hope of overcoming the possible effect of addiction.

As a result, we find ourselves in a difficult and even hopeless situation. On the one hand is our “I don’t want to” and “I will do everything in my power.” On the other hand, the fact that the effort was not applied to the point that would have moved the matter in the desired direction. Or that in this case, conceived, as the experience of others shows, is too tough for us. So, we can only accept the inevitability and come to terms with it. Whether this is such an inevitability, as it seems to us, whether all the recommendations in this area are correct, what could help and what will help us personally, we will figure it out today.

Problems of hormonal regulation

Finally, from the side of the neurohormonal regulation system, which is represented by the "unification" of the endocrine glands of the body "under the control" of the pituitary gland, only background fluctuations can affect the pressure. Especially if they are sharp or strong. However, there is one important caveat here. Namely, the fact that corticosteroids are not all hormones that can affect our blood pressure. Part of the body's hormones really simply cannot affect him. But among the entire array of these substances, it is not so great.

For example, how corticosteroids work, we have already explained. Yes, and these explanations, in fact, were not needed. After all, every person is familiar with the action of adrenaline - unfortunately, but still familiar. That serotonin or the same endorphins are often called the hormones of happiness, we also probably heard before. Of course, we are not familiar with the entire list of corticosteroids. For example, we do not associate the name "dopamine" with anything, although it belongs to the most important stimulators of the activity of nerve processes. Suffice it to say that dopamine deficiency in the body leads to the development of Parkinson's disease, and all its importance will immediately become clear ...

But with all this, we are hardly able to connect the activity of the cardiovascular system without prompting with hormones such as ADH, testosterone, prolactin, other estrogens or thyroxine. Somehow unusually far from the heart and blood vessels, isn't it? Outwardly, the main male and female hormones have nothing to do with the work of the heart. Well, the maximum they can, as it seems to us, accelerate it during intercourse, childbirth, etc. Even more strange is the idea of ​​​​the relationship between the work of the heart or blood vessels and the ADH hormone, which regulates the general excretion activity of the kidneys. And meanwhile we are wrong - all these correlations exist. And on the scale of even a few days, they can have a very noticeable impact on our lives.

We cannot draw some parallels because we have already taken into account everything - the elasticity of blood vessels, the functionality of muscles, the correct location of neurons in the walls, the normal structure of the heart ... We forgot only about the blood - the fluid that flows through these vessels. If you like, the fluid that the heart "drives" from the right circle of blood circulation to the left throughout our life. We do not think that the individual properties of this fluid (especially if they are pathological) do not affect the speed with which the heart can push it through the opening of the vessel? Of course, it is often these properties that make it difficult or easier for the heart to work almost half. And if there is already a factor within the circulatory system that can tip the scales in one direction or another, it is changes in the composition of the blood that often become the “last straw” that launches a cascade of interconnected processes.

The question arises: what substances can significantly change the composition of the blood? And we just gave the answer to it above - hormones. Only this time, hormones that do not regulate the behavior of blood vessels, their neurons, etc. Of course, changes in blood composition should be able to distinguish from changes in its properties. After all, changing for its composition is a common thing. And this happens, without affecting the pressure, hundreds of times a day.

The main purpose of blood is to carry certain elements to the target organs. These can be nutrients from food, products of cellular decay or metabolism, pathogens, hormones, and much more. The chemical composition of blood is an extremely diverse and changeable “thing”. This diversity should not scare us - it is completely normal. The main thing here is that the blood does not "confuse" some substances with others and delivers each of them strictly for its intended purpose.

But with all the variability in the composition of the blood, there are also a number of constant elements. Moreover, even their proportion can change not infinitely, but only within certain, strictly defined limits. The disappearance of at least one item in this invariable list leads to difficult to eliminate and often irreversible consequences. So, every person in the blood must necessarily have shaped bodies - erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. Some of these bodies also have subclasses, but they have nothing to do with our topic yet, so we will skip them. Shaped bodies are suspended, of course, in a liquid. This liquid part of the blood is water with many proteins dissolved in it and a fraction of the dye bilirubin, which gives it a yellowish tint. The liquid part of the blood is called plasma, and each protein dissolved in it also has a separate name.

There are no plasma proteins that can affect blood pressure. But there are those that can significantly affect blood clotting. The tendency to thrombosis or, conversely, hemophilia, as we understand it, will not change the density of the blood. But if something happens, she can put an end to the question of what will be the pressure and blood supply in a certain area in the coming days. And will it be at all, since a blood clot usually blocks the blood flow in the place where it is stuck, completely ...

In addition, the proportion, so to speak, of the pressure-forming meaning is decisively in all plasma proteins. In the end, it is they who together give plain water - its basis a characteristic rich texture. That is, just what prevents the plasma from simply seeping through the walls of the vessels into the tissues - not to linger inside the vessels for even a minute. Undoubtedly, we are talking about a very important indicator for life. An example is the so-called hungry edema.

As we may know, in the last stages of starvation, shortly before starvation, malnourished people become bloated. In fact, we are talking about elementary tissue edema. And they appear precisely because the body, dying from a lack of food, went to an extreme measure, which he managed to avoid all the previous time. Namely, he removed the blood proteins dissolved in the plasma in order to break them down in the absence of others, isolate glucose from them and “feed” the brain. As a result, plasma liquefaction occurred, and all the water left the bloodstream, entering the tissues. Usually, soon after the onset of such edema, patients die, because for the cardiovascular system such a condition (one "dry residue" of shaped bodies in the vessels) means collapse.

Of course, platelets, not plasma proteins, play the main role in coagulation issues. Their activity does not affect the tendency of blood to thicken - only the frequency of blood clots and the ability of blood to clot in general. However, platelet activity should be targeted if we already suffer from hypertension. In fact, hypertension almost automatically means that we have atherosclerosis. Especially if it gets worse over time.

With atherosclerosis, it is not the clotting bodies themselves that are sick - the vessels covered with rough plaques are sick. But platelets and other bodies, floating along the "pipe" from such vessels along with the blood flow, rub their shells against their surface. Gradually, this brings the proteins that form these shells into a state of increased excitation. Simply put, the platelet's desire to attach itself to something is growing day by day. He becomes aggressive and dangerous. And the likelihood of thrombosis increases even while maintaining a normal amount of clotting proteins and platelets in the blood. In such situations, medicine recommends artificial inhibition of the adhesive ability of platelets. The safest way to achieve this is to start taking one aspirin a day.

Now let's clarify a little about ADH or antidiuretic hormone, if we decipher this abbreviation. The relationship between its production and functioning is as transparent as glass. We have just said that blood is water with proteins dissolved in it, carried elements and shaped bodies, which, in fact, carry these elements. Water is water - probably, we all heard about such a thing as water-salt metabolism in the body. It lies in the fact that the fluid is distributed in the tissues also through the blood.

In general, our body consists of water, as you know, by 90%, plus or minus a small percentage. Therefore, a certain proportion of it must always be present not only in the blood, but in all tissues of the body. Water enters the body through the digestive system, then absorbed along with the food (its elements) dissolved in it into the blood. And the blood “distributes” both to the tissues in accordance with their needs. Simply put, at some point in time, the volume of liquid in our vessels can increase noticeably - exactly by the amount of tea or juice drunk. And after - decrease or remain almost the same, if the tissues still have enough liquid. Therefore, the volume increased, but the diameter of the vessels did not. Will it increase blood pressure? Of course, and the speed of the heartbeat here will be completely irrelevant.

It's one thing when the fluid that "replenished" the bloodstream was immediately distributed in the tissues, leaving its limits. Or if the kidneys responded quickly to the appearance of excess fluid, filtering it and sending it to the bladder for excretion. But if our tissues don’t need water either (winter is in the yard or we are overweight) and the kidneys are “not eager” to work as they should, the situation will be completely different. In this case, excess fluid will linger in the vascular bed, increasing the pressure in it, for an indefinite period.

Why don't the kidneys remove excess water in a timely manner? There may be several answers to this question. First, we may have kidney problems. If we think that it is impossible not to notice the gradual decline in their performance, we are mistaken. The pathology of one of these organs may not be suspected for years, although the failure of both will indeed not be easy to ignore. Secondly, the kidneys can sometimes seem to not notice that there is too much fluid in the body. For example, this happens in the late stages of atherosclerosis, when the patient's angina pectoris is rapidly progressing and a heart attack, in principle, can already overtake him at any moment.

For this stage of atherosclerosis, edema of the extremities is very characteristic - namely “heart”, not “renal”. They are distinguished from "renal" pains in the heart and chest, and not in the lower back. Yes, and kidney failure has another obligatory sign - "bags" under the eyes in the morning. If there are no "bags" or pain, which we often mistake for lumbar osteochondrosis or sciatica, we should know that swelling of the arms and legs is also characteristic of coronary heart disease.

They arise because the failing heart is no longer able to provide sufficient blood flow throughout the entire length of the vascular network. Especially on its periphery and in conditions when the lumen of the coronary arteries has long narrowed to the diameter of the eye of a needle. In other words, shortly before a heart attack, the situation in the peripheral blood vessels is such that the blood is still moving through them at a speed sufficient to prevent the formation of blood clots. But it is already clearly not enough for a uniform distribution of fluid in the tissues of the body. Hence the swelling.

One way or another, the kidneys themselves seem to be unaware that excess water is accumulating in the body. This excess no longer circulates with blood through the vessels, but accumulates in the tissues of the arms and legs. And therefore, neither the pituitary gland nor the kidneys “feel” its presence. It is precisely because the body itself cannot cope with such situations, as practice shows, that the cardiologist prescribes diuretics to the patient with similar symptoms - diuretics. It is important for us here to understand that the kidneys really do not “see” this excess. And it is not always reasonable for us to wait for them to “turn on” themselves.
The third option, when there is an excess, but he does not intend to leave the body, is associated with deviations in the synthesis of the very ADH that we mentioned above. This hormone is produced by the adrenal glands. The more it is in the blood, the lower the excretory activity of the kidneys, and, accordingly, vice versa. Synthesis of ADH accelerates or slows down several times during the day. The speed of its production depends on what it "thinks" about the amount of fluid in the body and the bloodstream of the pituitary gland - the main endocrine gland of the body.

At the same time, it should be noted that the pituitary gland uses the regulation of the level of ADH only in "regular" situations - that is, to control the fluid content in the tissues in the norm. With sharp jumps in blood pressure or cerebrospinal fluid pressure in the cranial cavity in the spinal column, he resorts to another, faster-acting measure. Namely, it increases spasms of the stomach and intestines, leading to nausea and uncontrollable vomiting. For this reason, people who have received a concussion begin to feel sick soon after the causative blow. The meaning of the measure is that the gastric and intestinal digestive juice is also water with acid, alkali, and digestive enzymes dissolved in it. Thus, with profuse vomiting, the body leaves a much larger amount of fluid at once than the kidneys could excrete during the same period of time.

So, as we see, the features of compliance with and regulation of water-salt metabolism in the body have the most direct relation to the behavior of our circulatory system. Now we just need to explain how the sex hormones affect the pressure. This is also easy. The fact is that the main background regulates the activity of all blood coagulation factors and closely interacts with them. Why, we can guess for ourselves: each of the sexes has its own biological tasks. For example, in the female body, a mechanism should be provided for protection against heavy blood loss during critical days, and even more so during childbirth. And the body of a man is created as perfectly adapted to high loads and other conditions that increase the likelihood of injury.

Therefore, it is not surprising that testosterone and one of the female hormones (prolactin) significantly increase blood clotting. And estrogen, on the contrary, reduces it. True, he also creates mood swings typical of the female sex. It also introduces a serious imbalance in the operation of the pressure control system. Under the influence of estrogen, the pressure in a woman can "jump" in both directions to the extreme divisions of the scale. And for each such “jump” the reason is usually the most trivial. For example, a word carelessly thrown by a colleague, a reprimand from a boss, a deuce in a child’s diary, etc.

In addition to the ability to generally increase clotting, testosterone has the ability to accelerate the development of atherosclerosis. The fact is that cholesterol, upon closer acquaintance with it, turned out to be far from such a useless and harmful substance as it seemed to science immediately after its discovery. As it turned out, it is from cholesterol that the protein shells for white matter neurons in the brain and spinal cord, and the shells of every cell in the body, are built. And it follows that muscles, which lose a very large number of cells with each episode of activity, need cholesterol no less than protein. The liver will “survive” without it - its cells are updated less frequently. But the muscles also have the ability to grow under the influence of loads. That is, to grow several new cells in place of one cell that died the previous time.

In short, their cholesterol consumption during the recovery period after physical work can be compared with their own appetite for sugar at the time of this work. And the main background of the male sex, of course, takes into account all types of pastime to which this sex is prone. The male body is adapted to physical stress much better than the female, and it is the activity of testosterone that gives it all these adaptation mechanisms. Since the “duty” of this hormone is to promote muscle growth, it is logical that it creates the conditions for the accumulation of a sufficient amount of cholesterol in the body.

But, as we know, cholesterol, alas, is not all spent on muscle building. What is atherosclerosis, science is unclear - this disease has many unsolved mysteries so far. But the fact is that cholesterol, spent on many needs of the body, is also deposited on the walls of blood vessels. Which leads to the acceleration of atherosclerosis in men, as well as women who, for various reasons, have increased levels of testosterone in the blood. The female main background, on the contrary, blocks all attempts of cholesterol plaques to be deposited on the walls of the coronary arteries. And this protection is valid throughout the childbearing period.

With the onset of menopause, the situation changes in the body of both sexes, but this concerns not only the issue of atherosclerosis. In any case, in women from this moment on, the pressure becomes more stable, but also progressing towards hypertension. And in men, the probability of formidable complications of atherosclerosis, if they have not yet occurred, is somewhat reduced. However, the latter phenomenon is temporary, as the vessels age with us. So, their elasticity is still reduced. And as soon as the threat recedes due to the normalization of coagulability as the main background is suppressed, it soon begins to rise again due to the aging of blood vessels and the heart.

12.06.2017

One of the important organs in the human body is the thyroid gland. This body affects on human development, metabolic processes in the human body.

The hormones produced by the thyroid gland contain iodine. This element is involved in all metabolic processes that occur in the body.

Diseases of the endocrine system affect the functioning of the heart and the circulatory system of all organs. An increase or decrease in blood pressure is one of the symptoms of various thyroid problems. To clarify the issueCan thyroid gland affect blood pressure?, you need to know how the hormonal background of the body is associated with fluctuations in blood pressure. How is it connectedhypertension and thyroid.

It has always been believed that hypertension is a disease that is associated with problems of the heart and blood vessels. But a deeper study of hypertension showed that there is a type of hypertension in which hypertension connected with somatic diseases of various organs. Problems in the thyroid gland are one of the main signs of high blood pressure.

The relationship between blood pressure and hormones in the human body

The thyroid gland is an important organ in the endocrine system. Problems in the thyroid gland, create a failure in the hormonal background of the body.

The endocrine system consists of the following organs:

• hypothalamus;
• pituitary;
• pancreas;
• ovaries in women and testicles in men;
• adrenal glands;
• parathyroid gland;
• apudocytes.

Apudocytes are cells that are found in all organs of the body and regulate the hormonal balance of each organ. The thyroid gland synthesizes thyroid hormones, and when they enter the bloodstream, they disperse throughout the body. Their increased concentration in the blood leads to an imbalance in the blood pressure indicator, which exceeds the norm.

Changes in the amount of hormones that are carried around the body at lightning speed with the help of blood vessels. They trigger physiological processes that respond to these changes.

The thyroid gland synthesizes thyroxine and triiodothyronine. These chemicals produce protective actions of the body against the influence of our environment. First signs imbalance in the concentration of these substances, then in this case the entire human body will be unstable to various kinds of diseases. Without complex treatment of the thyroid gland and restoration of hormonal levels, a person may die.

The result in a malfunction of the thyroid gland, in addition to hypotension and hypertension thyrotoxic shock can occur, which can lead to coma with no chance of recovery.

Influence of hormonal background on hypertension

Hypertension, especially chronic, is the result of a malfunction of the thyroid gland and the synthesis of hormones. Such results can be caused by inflammatory processes in the body, neoplasms (tumors) and diseases of any components of the endocrine system.

The level of hormones can increase from a lot of physical activity, a stressful situation.

From their influence on the human body, such diseases occur:

• general malaise in the body;
• heart spasms and pain;
• hypertension;
• dizziness and fainting;
• headaches and migraines;
• increased body temperature;
• weakness in arms and legs.

When thyroid hormone is elevated in the body, it increases with it andblood pressure. If this is temporary, then it is not dangerous to health, because in this case the brain begins to work intensively, a surge of strength is felt in the body and all reactions of the body become aggravated.

If an excess of thyroid hormone occurs constantly, then the following failures occur in the nervous system:

• inappropriate behavior;
• feelings of restlessness and anxiety;
• irritable reaction in any situation;
• depression and panic.

Indigestion and intestinal problems, trimmer hands, cramps are also possible.Thyroxine and Calcitonin are responsible in the body for the factor that raises pressure. Improper functioning of the thyroid gland leads to hypertension.

If hypertension is not amenable to classical drug treatment, it is necessary to diagnose the endocrine system, and most importantly, check the condition of the thyroid gland.

The most dangerous with hypertension, which is caused by promotion hormones, this increased appetite. Uncontrolled food intake leads to overweight, which increases symptoms hypertension. But there may also be a reverse reaction, when, with increased appetite, food is not absorbed and is rejected by the body. There are frequent vomiting after each meal and constant nausea. This aggravates the course of the disease and is poorly treatable. In addition to hypertension, a person can develop heart failure, diabetes mellitus, and this affect the risk of stroke and myocardial infarction.

Only timely and comprehensive treatment of the thyroid gland can restore all important vital functions of the body.

Influence of hormonal background on hypotension

A decrease in hormonal levels is necessary to lower blood pressure. Chronic hypothyroidism slows down the contraction of the heart muscle, blood pressure drops below normal, and oxygen starvation occurs in the heart tissues. The influence of hypothyroidism causes cardiac arrhythmia, angina pectoris. Without treatment of the thyroid gland, a person is threatened with a disruption in the work of the cardiac system and may develop vegetovascular dystonia.

Signs of thyroid influenceon a decrease in hormones in the body: the patient feels severe weakness, working capacity is completely or partially reduced. On this basis, mental disorders develop, depression, which can lead to a state of panic fear and unwillingness to undergo diagnostics and treatment. This condition can lead the patient to death.

Low blood pressure is accompanied by headaches, weakness, fainting.

There is apathy to food intake, all vital processes in the body slow down. In the absence of appetite, vitamins and microelements do not enter the body, the fluid is retained in the body, which leads to swelling. Failures in the digestive function leads to nausea, stomach pain and uncontrolled vomiting. But at the same time it may rise body weight leading to overweight.

With hypothyroidism, the body temperature decreases, which leads to the inability of the body to deal with the influence of the environment on the patient.

With timely diagnosis of the disease, this problem can be solved. Treatment should be carried out only under the supervision of an endocrinologist and a cardiologist.

Thyroid treatment

If you have high blood pressure, which is associated with the pathology of the thyroid gland, then this is the first thing to be treated. In addition to medical treatment thyroid glands , it is necessary to balance the diet and introduce foods containing iodine into the patient's diet:

• seafood, sea fish and cabbage;
• walnuts;
• persimmon;
• bulgarian red pepper.

The daily dose of these products should not be higher than 200 grams.

Do not use iodine solution for self-treatment, its dosage cannot be calculated at home. You can oversaturate the body with this trace element, which is fraught with negative consequences.

Thyrostatic drugs are used for hyperthyroidism, which occurs in a mild form and indicatorshypertonicdisease is not higher than 160/100. The age of the patient is very important in this treatment. If you are over 50, then this technique will not be effective. At this age, radioactive iodine treatment should be used.

In the treatment of hyperthyroidism, it is necessary to strictly monitor the patient's body temperature. With increased sweating, the patient is constantly dressed easily, while you need to beware of drafts and temperature changes. You should also beware of infections and viruses that can raise the body temperature to a critical state.

With an underestimated metabolism that accompanies thyroid disease, the patient always freezes. In such cases, it is necessary to create a comfortable microclimate for the patient's body. Particular attention should be paid to monitoring blood pressure and the patient's skin, which becomes dehydrated. Apply moisturizing creams and ointments, if necessary, apply healing compresses and lotions.

The main psychological problem of this disease is apathy. For the treatment of apathy, in addition to drug treatment, it is necessary to create a positive microclimate in the family. Communication with friends and relatives can enhance the healing effect. A trip to the sea will have a good effect on the patient's health, where the sea air itself is saturated with iodine ions and a huge mass of positive emotions.

Prevention of thyroid diseases

The best preventive method of any disease, as well as disease thyroid glands , eat a proper balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle. Give up smoking and alcohol. Positive influence:

• only positive emotions;
• avoidance of a stressful situation;
• constant control of iodine in the body;
• daily intake of vitamins and foods containing iodine;
• the use of green tea, which removes toxins from the body;
• eat fruits, berries, vegetables and greens daily;
• give preference to vegetable and fruit juices and fruit drinks.

The thyroid gland is a small organ that all vital processes in the human body depend on for proper functioning.The main reason for the failure of the thyroid gland is a lack of iodine.

Regulatory influence of the central nervous system on the state of vascular tone is carried out by closely intertwined interactions of nervous and hormonal factors.
System blood circulation constantly adapts to the needs of individual organs and tissues by expanding or narrowing individual sections of blood vessels. This complex adaptive function of the circulatory system is carried out by the neurohormonal pathway, the influence of the hypothalamus on the pituitary gland, followed by the mobilization of adrenal hormones. The hypothalamus has a distinct direct effect on vascular tone. Experimental studies have shown that pressor points are located in the posterior nuclei of the hypothalamus, the destruction of which is accompanied by a persistent decrease in blood pressure, and irritation causes an increase in pressure.

Apart from direct influence, the hypothalamus also has an indirect effect on vascular tone by mobilizing pituitary hormones. The direct anatomical and functional connection with the neurohypophysis provides, when it is stimulated, the rapid release of vasopressin, and through the sympathetic nervous system it provokes an increased secretion of catecholamines. These hormonal shifts can have a direct effect on vascular tone. Simultaneously, the stimulation of the secretion of hormones of the adenohypophysis occurs with an increased release of ACTH, which provokes the secretion of corticosteroids.

Thus, the main endocrine the regulator of all vascular reactions and vascular tone is the pituitary-adrenal system, which carries out all adaptive reactions in the body. The highest department that controls the function of the pituitary-adrenal system, of course, is the cerebral cortex. Emotional arousal, stressful situations, overstrain of nervous processes have a stimulating effect on the functional state of the hypothalamic-pituitary system and provoke an increased release of ACTH and adrenal hormones (Euler et al., 1959). An increase in ACTH secretion under the influence of emotional arousal has been established by many researchers (N. V. Mikhailov, 1955; I. A. Eskin, 1956; Harris, 1955; Liebegott, 1957). Increased release of catecholamines in these situations has been proven by numerous works by Selye (1960), Rabb (1961) and many others.

In implementation adaptive vascular reactions, the leading role is played by both the hormones of the adrenal medulla (adrenaline and noradrenaline) and the cortical hormones (cortisol, aldosterone).

Both hormones adrenal medulla affect blood pressure in different ways. will increase blood pressure mainly due to increased work of the heart, minute volume, pulse rate. Norepinephrine, which is formed at the nerve endings, has a direct effect on vascular tone. The pressor effect of norepinephrine is much stronger than that of adrenaline (VV Zakusov, 1953). By acting directly on vasoconstrictors, norepinephrine increases both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. An increase in the secretion of catecholamines is almost always due to the influence of the central nervous system, which is influenced by environmental factors that cause emotional arousal or nervous strain, which entails a number of vascular reactions carried out through the hypothalamic-pituitary system. The transmission of pressor impulses to the periphery is realized through the release of norepinephrine at the nerve endings embedded in the walls of blood vessels.

Increased selection norepinephrine can cause very rapid vasoconstriction, up to a complete cessation of blood flow. Many studies have established that the norepinephrine formed at the nerve endings is very quickly subjected to enzymatic influences and inactivated. Under physiological conditions, this inactivation occurs almost instantly (after 4-6 seconds) after injection (Gitlov et al., 1961). In pathological conditions, not only secretion, but also inactivation of norepinephrine can be disturbed.

Impact hypothalamus on vascular tone is not limited only to the mobilization and increase in the secretion of catecholamines, there is also a stimulation of the secretion of hormones of the adrenal cortex. The influence of the hypothalamus on the release of cortical hormones occurs due to the increased release of ACTH, through increased release in nucl. supraopticus and para-vertebralis of a substance (neurohormone) called CRF.
CRF application point are basophilic cells of the adenohypophysis that produce ACTH, which in turn increases the production of glucocorticoids.

In a relationship effects on vascular tone hormones of the cortical and medulla of the adrenal glands function as a whole. According to Raab, the pressor effect of corticosteroids is carried out by increasing the sensitivity of the vascular wall to the effects of catecholamines. This position has been confirmed by many researchers.

Significantly more pronounced effect on vascular tone have mineralocorticoids, in particular aldosteroi, the secretion of which is partly stimulated by ACTH. The main stimulator of aldosterone production is a special hormone-like substance discovered by Farrell in 1960 in the hypothalamus and named by him, by analogy with tropic hormones, adrenoglomerulotropin. The introduction of this substance causes hyperplasia of the cells of the glomerular zone of the adrenal cortex and significantly enhances the secretion of aldosterone. The centrogenic mechanism is not the only regulator of the formation and release of aldosterone. Currently, a lot of data has been obtained indicating that renin and its derivative angiotensin II have a pronounced stimulating effect on aldosterone secretion. Sloper (1962) found that the introduction of renin or angiotensin II is accompanied by an increased formation of aldosterone and a simultaneous increase in blood pressure.

Action aldosterone for blood pressure It is carried out by increasing the reabsorption of sodium in the renal tubules and increasing its level in the blood. Sodium, apparently, also lingers in the walls of blood vessels, contributing to an increase in their tone and the development of hypertension (N. A. Ratner and E. N. Gerasimova, 1966). Violation of electrolyte metabolism, according to Selye (1960), makes the body especially sensitive to all hypertensive effects.

Certain influence Other mineralocorticoids also have an effect on vascular tone. Administration of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOXA) to animals causes persistent hypertension, which persists even after removal of the adrenal glands (Friedman, 1953). This is also evidenced by the data of Hudson (1965). Glucocorticoids also have some effect on vascular tone.

Based on literature data it can be concluded that adrenal hormones are directly involved in the regulation of vascular tone. The leading role of endocrine factors in this regard is proved by the existence of purely endocrine cases of hypertension, which are, as it were, a natural experiment proving that an increase in the secretion of certain hormones in hormonally active tumors of the adrenal glands can be achieved. cause marked and persistent hypertension. These “purely endocrine” hypertensions include hypertension in Itsenko-Kushipg syndrome, pheochromocytoma, and primary aldosteronism.