The use of the verb haber in Spanish. Use of the verb haber in Spanish Conjugation of the verb haber in Latin

Verb haber in Spanish.

Before moving on, let's talk a little about the logic of building tenses.
This is not an easy topic and you need to approach it thoughtfully, but if you understand it, some of the times we have not yet passed will no longer have to be taught, we will simply be able to understand them, and this will greatly speed up further learning Spanish.

So, all tenses in Spanish can be divided into two groups:

1. Simples (simple)

2. Compuestos (compound)

Simple tenses include:

simple tenses so called because they require just the verb , Nothing more. Here is the first form of the verb cantar in these tenses:

To compound times include those that consist of two parts (haber + participle), for example:

The verb is used to form them. haber .

Now let's remember what is Preterito Pluscuamperfecto .
We again took the verb haber and conjugated it this time in Imperfecto - había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían and added the past participle: At the same time, Pluscuamperfecto expresses the action preceding Imperfecto: For example: That is Pluscuamperfecto formed from Imperfecto and expresses the event what happened before Imperfecto.

As you can see, the verb haber works the same way in both tenses.
It allows you to step one step into the past.

to say about something earlier, than the present, we conjugate the verb haber in the present and add the participle.

To talk about action earlier than Imperfecto, we conjugate the verb haber into Imperfecto and add the sacrament.

Thus the verb haber works with all tenses.
In fact, for each simple time there is a compound one, that is, a time that means an action a little earlier: We can take any simple time . And if we want to say something, what happened before , we just need to put the verb haber at this tense and add the participle.

Hence another important conclusion:

Compound tenses used in combination with simple. Because they serve expressions of the action of an earlierthan another action (standing in simple tense) .
It works in the present, in the past and in the future.

Here are simple examples:

The present:
I read what you wrote.
Leo lo que has escrito.

Past:
I read/read what you wrote before.
Leia / leí lo que habías escrito.

Future:
I will read what you write before.
Leeré lo que habrás escrito (Futuro Compuesto).

In the future, we will have to go through more than one compound time, but now we can do it thoughtfully.

Even if you do not know any compound tense, now you can form it yourself and even without a textbook understand approximately when to use it.

Spanish is best understood, not memorized, and we will try to teach you that.

The form HAY comes from the verb haber (to have). Of course, English-speaking people cannot fail to notice the relationship of the Spanish verb haber with the English verb to have (also have). However, besides spelling, translation and an auxiliary function (as well as to have, haber is formed in Spanish in new tenses), these verbs have nothing more in common. Those. unlike the verb to have, which can be conjugated in different tenses and have a semantic load, haber cannot boast of this at all. The only forms that have some semblance of semantic load left are the HAY form in the present tense and the forms of the third person singular. hours in all other tenses, which are usually translated as " have, have, lie, hang, stand”, in general, they introduce some object into the context, talk about it existence. The HAY form is often referred to as the seventh present tense form of the verb, and the Spanish Royal Academy (RAE) lists it as another third person form when conjugating the verb in the present.
So, let's find out what features of the use of this form exist on the example of the present tense (learned at level A1).
I apologize in advance for such a sheet about a seemingly simple form, but I tried to synthesize all the answers to questions and errors that were found in my students during the study and subsequent use of this form.
I also hope that someday this post will settle down with examples of the use of hay in other times.

Case 1: HAY in declarative sentences

First what we need to learn when using HAY in such sentences is word order. Verb, i.e. our form hay comes before the noun we put in context. Only this way and nothing else!
→ Hay + n. (there is, there is, lies, stands, hangs something)
Second: this object can be followed by a) the indefinite article (un, una, unos, unas) or its omission; b) numeral; c) the words poco/a/os/as, bastante/s, mucho/a/os/as, demasiado/a/os/as; d) indefinite pronouns (algún/alguno/a/os/as, algo, alguien). Never do not invite the definite article or possessive pronoun to the light!
BUT:
→ Hay una mesa. (There is a table.)
→ Hay unarmario. (There is a closet.)

Omitting the article is necessary when it comes to an uncountable object:
→ Hay leche. (There is milk.)

The use of a noun in the plural h., accompanied by neodef. the article will have a connotation that there are not very many of these items - a couple, a few:
→ Hay unos chicos. (There are a few guys.)
→ Hay unas ideas. (There are several ideas.)
This case is very reminiscent of the use with indefinite pronouns (see item D).

But when the article is omitted from the noun. in many h. it will already be a kind of generalization:
→ Hay teatros, bares, restaurantes. (There are theaters, bars, restaurants.)

B:
Hay tres libros. (There are three books.)

AT:
Hay muchos problemas relevantes.
Hay bastantes supermercados.

Uncountable nouns, of course, will go in this case in the singular, but do not forget about gender agreement:
Hay mucha pobreza. (A lot of poverty.)

G:
→ Hay algunas cositas que tenemos que discutir. (There are some questions/several questions we need to discuss.)

Third: of course, we can easily spread the resulting sentences, adding colors to them with the help of additional information, say, about the location of this object, in this way we will kill two birds with one stone: we will introduce the listener to the existence of a certain object and immediately explain to him where this object is search.

En mi habitación hay una cama, cerca de la cama hay una mesilla de noche, debajo de la ventana hay un sofá muy cómodo con muchos cojines.
Pay special attention that we are orienting our listener relative to known objects: en mi habitación (my listener is aware that I have a room), cerca de la cama (he has already heard about the bed, for him it is already a familiar subject), debajo de la ventana (well, of course, I have a window in my room!), i.e. our nouns that talk about location always go with a definite article or a possessive pronoun. Judge for yourself, can it be like this: there is a bed in some hitherto unknown room? Hardly, although maybe that's how you decided to start the first chapter of your novel? I immediately recall a horror story from childhood: “In one black-black city there is a black-black house ....”

Fourth: in negative declarative sentences, the word order remains the same, but the indefinite article is completely omitted, variants with mucho / demasiado / etc. are also possible, and ningún (o), nadie, nada are used as indefinite pronouns.
→ Aqui no hay nadie. (Nobody's here.)
→ En esta ciudad no hay mucha vida nocturna. (This city doesn't have much of a nightlife.)
→ En el bolso no hay ningún monedero. (There is no wallet in the bag.)
And of course, the almost clichéd expression:
No hay (ningún) problema. (No problem.)

Case 2: HAY in interrogative sentences

The case of negative sentences is a kind of quintessence of the models described earlier: a noun can be accompanied by e) indefinite pronouns (most often it is still alguien/algo/etc.); g) adjectives like mucho/a/os/as; h) the indefinite article.

D:
→ ¿Hay alguien por ahí? (Is anyone there?)
→ ¿En su hotel hay piscina? (Does your hotel have a pool?)

F:
→ ¿En el aula hay mucha gente? (Are there many people in the audience?)

Z:
→ Perdona, ¿sabes si hay un banco por aquí cerca? (Sorry, do you know if there is a bank near here somewhere?)
Here it is worth discussing the difference between this question and the question using estar: when using the latter, you know for sure that the bank is somewhere here, you just get lost and cannot figure out where to go. In this case, the desired noun is formed by the definite article:
→ Perdona, ¿dónde está el banco?

Analogues of the question "how are you":
→ ¿Qué hay?
→ ¿Qué hay de nuevo?
→ ¿Qué hay de tu vida?

And questions about how many items exist in total?
¿Cuántas personas hay en tu class? (How many people are in your class (total)?)

A couple of words for those who know English

Probably, many who speak English at a basic level could not help but notice the similarity that the verb haber in this form reveals with the constructions there's / there're. I think you can easily find exactly the same patterns of using articles / pronouns / intensifiers when using these constructions in English. Although, of course, it is impossible not to notice the obvious plus of the Spanish counterpart - the lack of agreement on the number.

Los verbos estar, haber, encontrarse

In lesson 10, we met with the verb ESTAR, which indicated the location of a person or object.

Today we will talk about two more Spanish verbs that can be used to talk about the location or presence of something or someone.

verb haber

translated as ´ to be available, to be´. In this sense, it is used in the only form - hay.

en la mesa hay un libro. - There is a book on the table.
en la mesa hay libros. - There are books on the table.
en la mesa hay unos libros. - There are several books on the table.

Note that in phrases like this:

• in the first place, as a rule, will be the circumstance of the place, that is, the word or words that answer the question where. The structure of the phrase will be as follows:

where - there is - what;

• before a plural noun, the article is either not used at all, or we use the indefinite article uno, which acts, rather, as an indefinite pronoun and is translated by the word some;
• if we are talking about any single object, then the use of the indefinite article is necessary here un, una.

Remember: after the word hay the definite article is never used.

I know from experience that at the initial stage, students often confuse verbs haber y estar. In fact, everything is simple.

Word hay used when we mention something for the first time, or don't know if it's available or not:

¿Dónde hay una farmacia? - En la calle Arenales.

Using the same verb estar we ask about the location of a pharmacy, which we know is somewhere nearby:

¿Dónde está la farmacia? - En la calle Arenales.
Where is the pharmacy? - On Arenales Street.

Despite the fact that we translate phrases into Russian in exactly the same way, in Spanish they convey different information. In the first phrase, we ask if the pharmacy is available at all. And - attention - we use the indefinite article.

In the second phrase, we are sure that there is a pharmacy, but we do not know the exact address. And since we are asking about a specific pharmacy here, it makes sense to use the definite article.

If the question starts with a question word how many, then it uses the word hay:

¿Cuántos libros hay en la mesa? - En la mesa hay cinco libros.
How many books are on the table? - There are 5 books on the table.

The verb encontrarse is to be

Learn how this verb is conjugated. Pay attention to forms 1, 2, 3 and 6. Using the language of grammar, one should say - pay attention to the conjugation forms of the singular, as well as the third person plural. But, first, it is long; secondly - boring; and thirdly, this is the first, but by no means the last time that we will encounter such a change in verb forms, so it will be much easier to name the numbers 1, 2, 3 and 6.

Table notes:

• Vowel about the initial form of the verb in the named forms changes to ue.
• As a general rule, we will use the third person singular and plural forms:

La catedral se encuentra en la Plaza Mayor de la ciudad.
The cathedral is located on the main square of the city.

Por el lado izquierdo se encuentran las ruinas de la fortaleza antigua.
On the left side are the ruins of an old fortress.

• Although this is not typical, in conversation you can hear:

¿Dónde te encuentras?
Where are you?

The most common question is synonymous:
¿Donde estas?
Where are you?

Tasks for the lesson

1. (flor – flower) ¿Cuántas flores hay en este parque?
2. (mujer - flower) ¿Cuántas mujeres hay en este parque?
3. (niña – flower) ¿Cuántas niñas hay en este parque?
4. (abuelo - flower) ¿Cuántos abuelos hay en este parque?
5. (árbol - flower) ¿Cuántos árboles hay en este parque?
6. (lago – flower) ¿Cuántos lagos hay en este parque?
7. (perro – flower) ¿Cuántos perros hay en este parque?

1. ¿Cuántas universidades ………….. en tu ciudad?
2. ¿Dónde ………….. el consultorio dental de Elena?
3. ¿Dónde ………….. la panaderia de Don Alfredo?
4. ¿Dónde ………….. los chicos?
5. ¿Dónde ………….. mis lentes?
6. ¿Dónde ………….. un restaurante?
7. ¿Tienes telefono? – Si, ………….. en mi cartera.
8. ¿Y tú mama? – ………….. en el mercado.
9. Al lado de mi casa ………….. un circo.
10. El museo Hermitage ………….. en San Petersburgo.
11. En el parque ………….. muchos niños.
12. En este refrigerador no ………….. nada.
13. En mi ciudad ………….. mucho carros.
14. En mi facultad ………….. muchos extranjeros.
15. Jorge, ¿dónde ………….. mi libro?
16. La oficina de correos ………….. cerca de aquí.
17. Las flores………….. sobre la mesa.
18. Los niños ………….. en la playa.
19. Mira, allí ………….. un cajero para sacar dinero.
20. No ………….. agua caliente para ducharnos.

1. ¿Dónde se encuentra la capital de tu país?
2. ¿Dónde se encuentra el palacio del Gobierno?
3. ¿Dónde está la Plaza Mayor de tu ciudad?
4. ¿Dónde están las farmacias?
5. ¿Hay un hospital cerca de tu casa?
6. ¿Dónde hay una buena discoteca?
7. ¿Dónde está tu casa?
8. ¿Dónde está el paradero del autobús?
9. ¿Dónde se encuentran los museos más importantes de tu ciudad?
10. ¿Qué monumentos historicos hay en tu ciudad?

Task 4. Continue the list of questions. Imagine that you want to find out from your new friend what is in his city and where it is located.

Task 1. Look at the picture and answer the questions.

1. Hay muchas flores.
2. Hay dos mujeres.
3. Hay dos ninas.
4. Hay tres abuelos.
5. Hay cinco arboles.
6. Hay un lago.
7. Hay un perro.

Task 2. Complete the phrases with the verbs hay, está, están. Translate the phrases.

1. estan
2. estan
3. estan
4. estan

Task 3. Translate the questions about your country and your city. Answer them.

1. Where is the capital of your country? Moscú, la capital de mi país está en la parte europea de Rusia.
2. Where is the Government Palace located? El palacio de Gobierno está en la Plaza Roja.
3. Where is the main square of the city? La Plaza Roja está en el centro de la ciudad.
4. Where are the pharmacies located? Las farmacias están en la calle La Paz.
5. Is there any hospital near your house? Si, hay un hospital cerca de mi casa.
6. Where is a good disco? La buena discoteca está en el centro de la ciudad.
7. Where is your home? Mi casa está en un barrio nuevo.
8. Where is the bus stop? El paradero del autobús está a dos cuadras de mi casa.
9. Where are the most important museums in your city? Los museos más importantes están en el centro de la ciudad.
10. What historical monuments are there in your city? Hay muchos monumentos historicos en mi ciudad.

The verb haber is special in Spanish. It has almost completely lost its lexical meaning and is most often used as the main auxiliary verb. Its distinguishing characteristic is its use in impersonal forms, with which you can translate the Russian verb to be (is). In addition, it is necessary to create some frequently used grammatical constructions.

In addition, this is one of the irregular verbs, that is, it is conjugated differently than most Spanish verbs. So its forms will just have to be memorized. The multiplicity of meanings and the irregularity of conjugation are the main difficulties in its study.

The table shows the conjugation of haber in Presente:

In sentences, this form is almost never used on its own.

haber acts as an auxiliary verb for the formation of a compound tense. In this case haber is used according to the person doing the action and a conjugated verb is added to it:

For example:

He comprendido todo (I already understood everything)

Ya hemos hablado de esto (We already talked about this)

Ha de hablar con la familia (he needs to talk to his family)

The past imperfect (Pretérito imperfecto) is formed by adding the endings -ía, -ías, etc., without changing the stem of the verb:

había, habías, había - in the singular;

Quiso preguntar si podía ir con ellos pero el padre ya había permitido. - He wanted to ask to go with them, but dad had already allowed.

habíamos, habíais, habían - plural.

Derivatives of the verb haber in the Pretérito perfecto simple (past indefinite) change the root vowel a and e to u : h a ber, he etc. – h u be, hu bimos:

For example:

Hubiste de bailar con Margo (You should have danced with Margo).

Hubo de traducir este artículo (He was supposed to translate this article).

In the future tense, another change occurs, namely the loss of the vowel e, which was present at the end of the infinitive: hab e r - habr e, habr emos etc.:

habré, habrás, habrá - time in units. number,

habremos, habréis, habrán - in the plural. number.

For example: Los problemas habrán resoluto resol al final de mes. The problems will be solved by the end of the month.

The same changes occur in Conditional:

habría, habrías, habría - unit. number,

habríamos, habríais, habrían- plural. number.

For example:

Habrías de leer todo el libro (You should have read the whole book)

Habría de explicar todo (I should have explained everything)

The following table discusses the subjunctive or Subjuntivo. The verb haber is conjugated in the present, past imperfect (Pretérito imperfecto) and future tenses:

For example: Haya trabajado todo el día pero no tengo instrumentos - I would work all day, but I have no tools.

Additional examples with the verb haber in the subjunctive in Preterito Imperfecto y Futuro:

Preterito Imperfecto:

Nunca hubiera pensado que estabas enferma tan serio. “I would never have thought you were so seriously ill.

Si hubieras aparecido, yo no hubiera hecho ese trabajo. “If you had shown up, I wouldn’t have had to do this job.

Futuro:

Si Pedro no hubiere terminado su trabajo en tiempo, tendía muchas problemas. If Pedro does not finish his work on time, he will have many problems.

Si hubieren dicho la verdad esto habria decidido(decidiría) su destino. “If they tell the truth, it will seal his fate.

Here are 3 more important verb forms to remember:

• verb infinitive: haber
• gerund: habiendo
• participle: habido

With the help of the verb haber the form is formed compound infinitive in Spanish - Infinitivo Perfecto (Compuesto). It consists of the infinitive haber and the participle of the semantic verb. Denotes an action that precedes the action expressed by the personal form of the semantic verb, for example:

Estoy contento de haber visto esta pelicula. - I'm glad I saw this movie.

With the verb haber in Spanish, there is also another complex construction - past tense gerund. It is rarely used in colloquial speech, most often it can be found in fiction or official business correspondence. Denotes an additional action in the past and is formed using the gerund from the verb haber - habiendo and the participle, for example:

El no terminó los estudios en la Universidad, había estudiado sólo tres anos. He did not finish his studies at the university, having studied for only three years.

Haber as an auxiliary verb

In this part of the lesson, we will continue studying the conjugation of the verb haber. However, if in the 3 tables above its forms are given in simple tenses, now we will consider its use as an auxiliary verb.

Compound verb tenses are formed as follows: the participle of the semantic verb is added to the corresponding simple forms (this may also be the participle of the verb itself haber).

To form a complex future and conditional tenses, the participle is added to their simple forms, respectively, for example:

Subjuntivo compound forms:

Forms hubiera - hubiese, hubieramos - hubiesemos etc. interchangeable, just as in the imperfect past tense.

And here are the compound forms: the infinitive haber habido and the gerund participle habiendo habido.

Here are some examples of using the verb haber as an auxiliary:

Cuando llegué, tú ya te habías ido.- When I arrived, you had already left (left).

He visto tu hermana en la tienda.– I saw your sister in the store (recently, just now).

Si lo hubiera/hubiese sabido, te habria advertido. If I had known about this, I would have warned you.

The verb haber in impersonal sentences

The verb haber is often used in impersonal sentences. In this case, it translates as is, is, lies, is(about the subject).

In the present tense, it has a special form hay (3rd person singular). It is used in impersonal phrases in impersonal phrases and denotes the presence of something. When it is used in a sentence, the adverb of place usually comes first, then the hay form itself, and finally the noun, for example:

En el salon hay una mesa. - There is a table in the living room.

In such sentences, the noun-complement is used with the indefinite article (una mesa), and in the plural, as a rule, without the article.

A synonym for this impersonal turnover is the forms está, están. Está is used when answering a question. where? and specifies the location of the item, for example:

¿Dónde está la toalla? - Where is the towel?

La toalla está en la maleta. - Towel in the suitcase.

Hay is used when we want to know what located somewhere:

¿Qué hay en la cama? - What (lies, is) on the bed?

En el frigorífico hay mucha comida.- There is a lot of food in the fridge.

Past impersonal forms of the verb haber:

hubo, hubo habido, había, ha habido, había habido- It was.

And in the future: habrá, habrá habido - will be.

Here are some examples of such impersonal constructions in various tense forms:

hay una persona (muchas personas);

hubo una huelga (varias huelgas);

habrá algún acuerdo (algunos acuerdos).

As you can see, here the verb is used only in the singular, that is, one cannot say han muchas personas or hubieron varias huelgas.

Constructions using a verb haber

haber que + infinitive

Meaning: to be necessary, useful, appropriate.

Since this is an impersonal construction, it conjugates at all times only in the 3rd person singular. numbers:

¿ Habra que esperar mucho?– (We, her, me, etc., depending on the situation) will have to wait a long time?

Habia que hacerlo.- I had to (had to) do it.

Perdio el pasaporte y hubo que ir a la embajada. He lost his passport and had to go to the embassy.

Another turnover that is desirable to remember, since it is used quite often: hay que. Examples:

Hay que devolver este libro a la biblioteca. We must (should, must) return this book to the library.

No hay que precipitarse. - No need to rush.

Here are some additional uses for this construct:

No hay por qué tener miedo (preocuparse).- No need to be afraid (worry).

No hay un español que no coma jamon.- There is no (not a single) Spaniard who would not eat jamon.

haber de + infinitive

Meaning: to be obligated, appropriate, necessary.

This turnover is used in all persons and numbers and is almost identical in meaning to tener que + infinitive.

tengo que hacerlo. - I must do it.

He de hacerlo. I need (I have to) do it.

Los alumnos han de respetar a su maestro.- Pupils should respect their teacher.

Habeis de llegar a trabajo a las 9. You have to come to work at 9 o'clock.

Hube de entregar el informe al jefe. I had to report back to the boss.

haberselas con (alguien)

Meaning: to deal with someone, fight (with circumstances).

No quiero habermelas con el.“I don't want to mess with him.

Of course, this article does not list all the subtleties and variations of the use of the verb haber. There are many other features of its use. However, once you master the forms of conjugation and the basic phrases with it, you will understand Spanish much easier.

Lesson 10 Subjunctive in present tense

Topic 3. The use of the verb haber. Construction uno + ch. 3 l. units h. The use of the verbs estar, ser, impersonal forms of the verb haber. Conjugation of the verb produce

Verb haber used as an auxiliary verb to form compound tenses of other verbs. It is also used as an impersonal verb. There is a special impersonal form in the present tense hay, from which a number of revolutions are formed:

hay- is, there is
hay que- should, need + infinitive
no hay que- not necessary

Impersonal form of the verb haber:

hay- is, there is, is
habia- It was
habido- It was
hubo- It was
habia habido- It was
hubo habido- It was
habra- will
habra habido- will (probably)

The indefinite article uno, una + Ch. 3 l. units numbers in Spanish form the following constructions:

Uno se levanta temprano.- You get up early.
En la universidad uno tiene que estudiar.- At university it is necessary to study.
Cuando uno duerme poco está cansado mucho.- If you sleep a little, then you are tired later.

As can be seen from the examples, in Spanish, unlike Russian, you need to use a verb in the form of 3 l. units hours, and in Russian - in the second person. These are the so-called indefinite-personal revolutions.

Forms of the Russian verb to be (is) can be translated into Spanish using verbs estar, ser and haber, but we must not forget that in Spanish they are used in precisely defined cases.

Use of the verb ser:

the nominal part of the predicate is expressed by a noun or an infinitive verb:

Margarita es mi hija.- Margarita is my daughter.

the nominal part is expressed by an adjective that defines a constant feature:

Esta habitacion es roja.- This room is red.

the nominal part is expressed by the possessive pronoun:

Este boligrafo es tuyo.- Is this your pen.

the nominal part of the predicate is a combination of a noun with a preposition de, which indicates the origin of someone or something, the performer, the material from which the object is made:

Esta comida es de aqui.- This food is from here.
El motor es de hierro.- This engine is made of iron.

Use of the verb estar:

the nominal part of the predicate is an adjective expressing a temporary state or temporary quality:

El agua está caliente.- The water is hot.
Estas enfermo.- You are sick.

it matters to be, to be:

La mesa está en la cocina.- A table in the kitchen.

Some adjectives change their meaning depending on the verb they are used with, for example:

ser bueno- to be kind
estar bueno- to be healthy
ser malo- be bad
estar malo- to be sick

impersonal form hay translated in the same way as esta, estan in meaning there is, located, are; while it must be remembered that hay used when asking what is in a certain place, hay becomes before the subject:

¿Qué hay bajo la mesa?- What is under the table?
Bajo la mesa hay un gato.- There is a cat under the table.

producer produce