In what sector of the economy were scissors produced? Spheres, complexes and branches of the economy
Classifications of economic sectors are necessary for the distribution of enterprises or their parts (divisions).
Classifications of types of economic activity serve as the basis for the analysis of statistical data on production, factors of production, etc.
There are close links between industry classifications and product classifications. The International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC)* is a classification of economic activities with a hierarchical structure. It was developed at the UN; its 3rd edition was approved by the Statistical Commission and published in 1990. The UN classifications, as a rule, are the basis for the development of the European Union classifications, the use of which is prescribed to the EU member states by a relevant regulation. At the same time, a certain modification is possible to take into account national characteristics.
ISIC has 17 sections, indicated by capital letters of the Latin alphabet (Table 2.1). Some sections consist of one section, for example, construction, education, others - from several. In total, ISIC includes 159 groups, which form 290 classes.
Sections and groups are presented taking into account:
a) the nature of the goods and services produced (physical composition, stage of production);
b) destination of goods and services;
c) type of raw materials, processing and production technology.
Classes are established taking into account the main part of the production produced by the units included in this class.
Units of observation in ISIC are objects for which information is collected, homogeneous in economic activity and location. The type of activity unit can be an enterprise or a part of an enterprise (subdivision).
From Table. Figure 2.1 shows that, for example, industrial activities include mining and quarrying, manufacturing, and the supply of electricity, gas, steam, and hot water (Sections C, D, and E).
Due to the use of many classification terms, explanatory notes should be used to interpret ISIC headings.
Table 2 Structure of ISIC
(3rd edition, 1990 edition)
| Sections | Number of groupings | ||||
| Total | including by levels | ||||
| I (1st level of classification) | II (section) | III (group) | IV (class) | ||
| Total A Agriculture, hunting and forestry In Fishing C Mining and quarrying D Manufacturing industry E Electricity, gas and water supply F Construction G Wholesale and retail trade; repair of automobiles, motorcycles, household goods and personal items H Hotels and restaurants I Transport, storage and communications J Financial intermediation K Real estate transactions, rentals and commercial activities L Public administration and defense, compulsory social insurance M Education N Health and social services O Other community, social and personal services P Private households with employees Q Extraterritorial organizations and bodies |
18 | 12 | |||
The General Industry Classification of Economic Activities within the EU (NACE), or NACE (Russian version), corresponds to ISIC, but is more detailed and has 833 headings (ISIC - 526).
The All-Russian Classifier of Economic Activities, Products and Services (OKDP) was put into effect on January 1, 1994, its upper hierarchical levels coincide in terms of types and number of groups with ISIC, but it has 6 (and not 4, as in ISIC) classification levels : section, subsection, group, subgroup, class, subclass.
The OKDP includes 55 thousand types of products and services in all sectors of the economy. The OKDP code in the reporting of organizations is put down by the statistical authority based on the analysis of the submitted report. For example, financial intermediation as a type of economic activity is described in the All-Russian Classification of Economic Activities in Section J “Financial Intermediation” in three subsections: 65, 66, 67.
Subsection 65 "Financial intermediation" (except for insurance and pensions) includes activities related to the receipt and redistribution of financial resources of the Bank of Russia, commercial banks.
Subsection 66 "Insurance and pensions" (except for compulsory social insurance) combines activities related to life, health and accident insurance services, property and vehicle insurance services, etc.
Subdivision 67 "Activities ancillary to financial intermediation" includes financial advisory, insurance brokerage and agent services.
In the current first version of the OKDP, the full-scale classifications of industrial and agricultural products (ICP), construction products (OCSP) and services to the population (OKUN) were the initial basis for the classification of products and services.
As a result of working with the first version of OKDP, it was significantly improved. In 1996-1997 work was carried out to create the second version of OKDP, which was supposed to be developed in the form of two functionally related blocks that can be used separately:
OKDP. Types of economic activity (similar to ISIC and NACE);
OKDP. Classes, subclasses and types of products and services:
part I. Classes and subclasses of products and services (similar to the central classification of products (CPG) and classification of products and services by type of activity within the EU (CPA), part II. Types of products and services (similar to PRODCOM).
Of the 17 sections of the OKDP, 11 are dedicated to services.
Code designations: four-digit, digital, decimal code for types of economic activity; seven-digit, numeric, decimal code for grouping products and services. Thus, the structure of codes XX + X + X- for types of economic activity; XX + X + X+ XX + X- for types of products and services.
The set of production units that carry out predominantly the same or similar type of production activity forms a branch of the economy. Each organization belongs to the industry that corresponds to the main activity. According to the list of sectors of the economy, for example, industries that produce goods and industries that provide services can be grouped. The list of industries is presented in Table. 2.2.
Table 2. All-Russian classifier of branches of the national economy
(OKONH)
| The code | Industry name |
| 1 | 2 |
| Industries producing goods 10000 Industry 29000 Agriculture 30000 Forestry 60000 Construction 87000 Other activities in the field of material production Service Industries 22000 Agricultural service 51000 Transport 2000 Communication 70000 Trade and catering 80000 Logistics and sales 81000 Blanks 82000 Information and computing services 83000 Real estate transactions 84000 General commercial activities to ensure the functioning of the market 85000 Geology and exploration of subsoil, geodetic and hydrometeorological services 90100 Housing 90200 Utilities 90300 Non-production types of consumer services for the population 91000 Health, physical culture and social security 92000 Public education 93000 Culture and art 95000 Science and scientific service 96000 Finance, credit, insurance, pension provision 97000 Management 98000 Public associations |
|
An industry is defined as a set of establishments, i.e., enterprises or divisions of enterprises that are located in the same place, are engaged in one type of (not ancillary) production activity, or in which the main activity accounts for most of the value added. Enterprises engaged in several types of production activities at the same time are divided into establishments for inclusion in the relevant industries. In practice, such a division is carried out in those cases when it is possible to obtain information on the volume of production and costs, the number of employees, etc. If it is impossible to single out any division of the enterprise as an establishment, its activities are taken into account together with the main activity. At the same time, an industry brings together establishments engaged in the same type of production activity, regardless of whether they are market or non-market producers.
Industry
Industrial activity is a type of activity that is aimed at creating wealth in the form of products and energy, i.e., the extraction and processing of natural resources, the processing of agricultural and forestry products.
The industry includes the following consolidated branches: electric power industry, fuel industry, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical industry, mechanical engineering and metalworking, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries, building materials industry, glass and porcelain-faience industry, light, food, microbiological industry, flour and cereals and feed industry, medical and other industrial productions, such as: fishing, car repair, laundries, dry cleaning, processing of photographic products.
Industrial associations, trusts, combines and other economic management organizations that directly manage enterprises and organizations subordinate to them, the maintenance costs of which are included in the costs of enterprises and organizations managed by them, are included in the industry.
The industry does not include subdivisions that are part of industrial enterprises and perform non-industrial functions (first-aid posts, cultural and community service organizations, research subdivisions). The industry does not include the activities of government bodies (ministries, committees and departments, as well as their central offices, regardless of the sources of financing the costs of their maintenance).
In industry, branches are subdivided according to the purpose of products, the type of processed raw materials and the nature of technological processes.
Agriculture
The industry includes enterprises of all forms of ownership engaged in the production of agricultural products, peasant (farmer) farms, personal subsidiary plots of the population. Hunting, fur trade and game breeding are agriculture, not glued. Fish farming is also included in agriculture, while fishing and aerial fisheries are included in the fishing industry. Agricultural services with their previous code are separated from agriculture into a separate industry in accordance with the principles of the system of national accounts.
Forestry
The industry includes forestry, collection of wild and non-timber forest products, and forestry services. Logging organizations belong to the forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries, and not to the glued economy.
Construction
Construction as a type of activity implies the implementation of a contract and economic method of new construction, expansion, reconstruction, repair of buildings, structures and facilities for industrial and non-industrial purposes, technical re-equipment and support for the production capacities of existing enterprises.
In accordance with the classifier of sectors of the economy, construction covers general construction and specialized organizations of all forms of ownership that carry out construction, installation and other work in a contract and economic way, organizations that carry out major repairs of buildings and structures, repair and construction of dwellings on orders from the population, organizations that carry out production drilling , design, design and survey and survey organizations, economic management of construction.
Other activities in the sphere of material production The industry includes editorial offices, publishing houses, procurement offices for the collection of scrap metal and scrap, non-departmental security, etc., including the economic management of the listed activities.
Agricultural service
The industry includes organizations providing services for land improvement, soil chemicalization and other agrochemical works, zootechnical and veterinary services, operation of water management systems and facilities, regulation of fish catch, fish protection and fish supervision.
Transport
The industry includes:
rail transport, including tram and subway;
road transport, including automobile and highway facilities, trolleybus transport;
pipeline transport;
water transport, including sea, inland and timber rafting;
air transport;
other modes of transport.
The industry covers all types of activities related to the transportation of goods and passengers, carried out by independent transport enterprises of all forms of ownership, auxiliary units of enterprises classified in other industries, households in terms of paid services. The highway economy includes activities for the current repair and maintenance of highways (cleaning, marking, planting trees and shrubs). The construction and overhaul of roads belongs to the “Construction” sector.
Connection
The industry includes postal, courier, electrical and radio communications.
Trade and catering
The industry includes domestic and foreign trade and rental. Domestic trade is wholesale and retail trade (including vegetable stores, rental of cultural and household items and household items, intermediary services of stock exchanges, brokerage, brokerage, dealer offices, agencies, trading houses, commercial centers for the sale and purchase of folk goods). consumption and rental of cultural and household items and household items). It covers the activities of state and non-state enterprises, as well as private individuals (street trade, intermediary services for the sale and purchase of consumer goods).
Logistics and sales
The industry includes supply, marketing, economic management of supply and marketing, leasing (renting) equipment and machinery for industrial purposes by specialized enterprises, intermediary services of commodity, commodity and raw materials exchanges, brokerage, brokerage; dealer offices and agencies, trading houses, commercial centers for the purchase and sale and leasing of equipment, machinery and other products for industrial purposes.
Blanks
The industry includes activities for the procurement of agricultural products, which are carried out by procurement organizations, points and departments, sales and transshipment bases, elevators, seed cleaning and grain drying factories and points, offices for the procurement of crop and livestock products, commodity exchanges, brokerage houses and agencies , as well as individuals providing intermediary services for the sale and purchase of agricultural products.
Information and Computing Services
The industry includes services for processing and providing information, consulting on software, creating databases, etc. This activity is carried out by computer centers, machine counting stations, centralized accounting departments, as well as private individuals.
Operations with real estate
The industry includes the sale and lease by organizations (owners) of real estate for industrial, technical and non-production purposes (except for housing), intermediary services of stock exchanges, brokerage houses, agencies and individuals in the sale and lease of real estate.
General commercial activities to ensure the functioning of the market
The industry includes intermediary services of universal commodity and stock and other exchanges, brokerage houses and agencies in the sale and purchase of goods, securities, currency and leasing (for rent, rental) without a pronounced specialization; intermediary services for the acquisition of know-how, patents, licenses, and other copyrights; acquisition and assignment of copyright for the performance of works of literature and art; advertising, representation services (organization of exhibitions, meetings, etc.), auditing, marketing research, advice on commercial activities, financing and management.
Geology and exploration of subsoil, geodetic and hydrometeorological services
The industry includes geological exploration of the subsoil, survey of the geological content of the earth's surface and deep study of the earth's crust, except for those classified as scientific research; prospecting and exploration of mineral deposits and underground waters, services of the hydrometeorological service, economic management of geological exploration, geodetic and hydrometeorological organizations, as well as the activities of gold miners and other individuals in the exploration and production of Minerals.
Housing
The industry includes housing maintenance services, including dormitories. These services can be provided by house administrations, housing maintenance departments of enterprises and organizations, dacha and housing cooperatives, dormitories of educational institutions, housing departments of ministries and departments.
Utilities
The industry includes services for external improvement (sanitary cleaning, cleaning and gardening of cities and towns, operation of outdoor lighting, gas, water and heat supply); hotel services (excluding tourist), garages, special fleets (for cleaning areas); services for the operation of office buildings, fire protection, services for the economic management of public utilities.
Non-productive types of consumer services for the population
The industry includes the services of photo studios, bathhouses, shower pavilions, hairdressers, organizations for cleaning apartments, issuing certificates, running errands, pawnshops, funeral services.
Health care, physical culture, social security
The industry includes the activities of hospitals, polyclinics, sanatoriums, rest houses, tourist camps, stadiums, sports clubs, social welfare institutions, nursing homes for the elderly and disabled, and sanatoriums.
public education
The industry includes the activities of educational academies, universities, institutes, technical schools, colleges, schools and other educational institutions for the training of personnel with higher and secondary specialized education, training and advanced training courses, orphanages, preschool education, as well as services for individuals engaged in individual entrepreneurship. activities in this area.
Culture and art
The industry includes the activities of cinemas, theaters, clubs, libraries, museums, art galleries, broadcasting and television, circuses, zoos, botanical gardens, parks of culture and recreation. The “Culture and Art” industry includes, in accordance with the clarifications for OKONH, film studios, sound recording studios and film rentals.
Science and scientific service
The industry includes the activities of institutions conducting research work, design and engineering organizations, pilot plants (not releasing industrial products to the outside), innovative enterprises, and organizations servicing scientific institutions.
Finance, credit, insurance, pensions
The industry includes banking, insurance, pensions, financial intermediary activities. It has the code 96000 with further detailing up to 10 groups, combined into four sub-sectors:
The code
Banking activities 96Central banks 96Commercial banks 96Savings banks 96Other financial and credit institutions 96Insurance 96State insurance 96Non-state insurance 96Pension provision 96State pension provision 96Non-state pension provision 96Auxiliary financial intermediary activity 96Non-state management of financial markets 96Exchange operations with stock values 96Auxiliary financial intermediation (stock, currency, currency and stock exchanges), services for exchange operations with stock values of brokerage, brokerage, dealer firms and individuals engaged in operations with securities and currency.
Insurance includes life, property and other types of insurance services provided to organizations of various forms of ownership and organizational and legal forms, including non-governmental medical organizations.
Control.
The industry includes the activities of public authorities and administration, judicial and legal institutions, public security and defense bodies.
This industry also includes state off-budget funds, which are a special form of organization, redistribution and use of financial resources attracted by the state to finance certain social needs, social funds administered by state authorities (except for the state social insurance fund and pension fund), mandatory health insurance, as well as economic and special funds.
Public associations
The industry includes:
political associations;
associations of directors, entrepreneurs, cooperatives, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry;
trade unions, trade union confederations;
creative, scientific, technical, cultural and educational public associations;
social protection associations (societies for the disabled, water rescue societies, etc.);
public funds (children's, peace, etc.);
charitable foundations;
religious organizations.
Cultural, educational, sports institutions, rest houses, boarding houses, tourist bases owned by public associations are considered as their establishments and belong to the respective industries.
The considered structure of branches is called economic branches.
The quality of an industry classification depends on the extent to which it corresponds to the current state of the division of labor, so the problem of its improvement is always relevant. For the analysis of economic development, it is constantly required to make changes in the classifications, the differentiation of observation units and the detailing of the groupings of published data. The listed sectors of the economy can be distinguished on the basis of OKDP, so OK.ONX has lost its significance.
SECTORS OF THE ECONOMY, a set of enterprises, institutions, organizations that produce homogeneous products or services and satisfy the homogeneous needs of people. The grouping of production units by industry is a classification of types of economic activity that reflects the technical and economic aspects of reproduction.
The formation of modern industries is the result of a long historical process. From fishing, hunting, and other activities associated with the development of natural resources at the beginning of the historical path of mankind, to modern agriculture and diversified industry, from the initial stages of the exchange of labor products to developed forms of trade, etc. In the conditions of technological progress, everything appears. new areas of activity, which in the future can take shape in special industries (for example, computer science, biotechnology, etc.).
The classification of economic sectors used in the Russian Federation basically corresponds to the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) prepared by the UN. It was developed taking into account the current conditions of the country's transition to market relations and the need to achieve comparability of indicators in the context of the development of integration processes with the international community.
All sectors of the economy are combined into two large groups: industries that produce goods and industries that provide services. Industries that produce goods (material goods) include industry, agriculture, forestry, construction and other activities in the sphere of material production. Moreover, each of the listed industries has several more stages of division.
Industry is the most important branch of the economy. It is a type of economic activity aimed at the extraction and processing of natural resources, processing of agricultural and forestry products.
The industry includes more than 15 consolidated branches, including: electric power industry; fuel industry; ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy; chemical and petrochemical industry; mechanical engineering and metalworking; timber, woodworking and pulp and paper industries; building materials industry; glass and porcelain-faience industry; light industry; textile industry, etc.
Each of these industries is divided into smaller sub-sectors. The main classification feature is the homogeneity of the products produced, in some cases the homogeneity of the processed raw materials (for example, oil refineries belong to the oil refining industry) and the homogeneity of the technological process (for example, chemical industry enterprises).
The branches of industry do not include subdivisions that are part of industrial enterprises and perform non-industrial functions (first-aid posts, organizations of cultural and community services, etc.), as well as government bodies (ministries, their central offices, etc.).
Agriculture is an industry whose main function is the reproduction of plant products, the breeding and rearing of livestock, poultry, fish, bees, and the production of raw livestock products. The same industry includes hunting and fish farming. Agricultural services (organizations providing services for land improvement, zootechnical and veterinary services, etc.) have been singled out as an independent branch in the service sector.
Forestry - an industry that includes forestry, the collection of wild and non-timber forest products, forestry services (logging organizations belong to industry).
Construction includes organizations and enterprises that carry out construction and installation work by contract and economic methods, major repairs of buildings and structures, drilling and design and survey work, as well as economic management of construction.
The sectors providing services include the branches of public administration and servicing the public and personal needs of the population (housing and communal services, banking and pensions, scientific activities, public education, medical care, art, etc.). The service sector also includes transport, communications, logistics, procurement of agricultural products and a number of other industries.
Earlier, in statistical practice in the USSR, freight transport, communications serving production, as well as trade, material and technical supply and procurement belonged to the sphere of material production on the grounds that, although new material goods are not created in these sectors, the production of already developed ones is being completed. material goods through their storage, transportation, packaging, etc., and thereby increases the value of products produced in industry and agriculture. It was believed that in other sectors of the service sector, only the redistribution and final use of national income take place.
Now, in line with international practice, a broader definition of "economic production" (i.e., areas where GDP production and national income generation take place) is applied, which covers the production of almost all goods and services, with the exception of household cooking services. , keeping the home clean, etc. (due to the difficulties of accounting for them). Therefore, transport and other sectors noted above are fully related to the service sector. in. M. Bredova.
All professions can be attributed to certain types according to the subject and means of labor. Each has its own profile and code. Usually, by its name, you can easily determine which industry it belongs to and understand what means of labor it uses. Having considered the existing general professions of all branches of the national economy, any person can choose a preferred occupation for himself. In this article, we will give examples of professions from different industries, so that after reading them you can choose the most suitable one for yourself.
Professions of branches of the economy
There is an extensive list that includes both cross-cutting professions and positions in all sectors of the economy, as well as highly specialized jobs. The choice of activity is primarily influenced by the education of the applicant. Thus, specialists with a higher economic education can count on positions in micro- and macroeconomics, external finance and specialized industries. If we consider professions common to all sectors of the economy, then this is primarily an accountant. In recent years, the list of professions of bank employees has significantly expanded.
List of industries and professions
In industry, there are professions of different branches in which people of numerous specialties are employed. All vacancies can be divided into workers and engineering professions. The most popular working professions are:
- metallurgy - rolling, rolling and steelworkers;
- extractive industry - cutters, sinkers and miners;
- construction - concrete workers, masons, installers and slingers;
- food industry - bakers, dough mixers and confectioners;
- light industry - cutters, weavers and seamstresses;
There are service professions for workers common to all sectors of the economy. These are locksmiths, oilers, electricians and security guards.
Professions in the oil and gas industry
The petrochemical industry is a complex and responsible profession, but highly paid. You can give specific examples of professions related to different sectors of the economy in oil production. The list includes the main occupations in the oil industry:
- geologist;
- geophysicist;
- drilling engineer;
- OT specialist;
- manager.
Geologists and geophysicists are directly involved in geological and seismic exploration. Drilling engineers extract minerals. OT specialists supervise the work process to avoid accidents. Since the sphere is extremely expensive economically, managers are always needed to optimize costs.
Construction Industry Professions
When evaluating the industry of material production, the profession of a builder can be identified as the most relevant. There is a large list of vacancies employed at any construction site:
- masons and concrete workers;
- plasterers and tilers;
- glaziers;
- installers and crane operators;
- carpenters.
In addition to these specialists, each team has multidisciplinary specialists who perform a large number of duties. Therefore, the level of professional training of specialists in construction may go beyond their main duties.
Trade branch of economics profession
For the sector of the economy, examples of professions are few, since the main vacancy is the position of a cashier, to which any trade specialist can be attributed. However, currency and operational cashiers are necessary professions in various sectors of the economy, ensuring the conduct of any financial transactions.
Professions in the education industry
Professions in the field of education are directly related to scientific activities. In the branch of historical activity, anthropologists, paleontologists and archaeologists can be distinguished. The animal world is studied by bioengineers, ichthyologists and oceanologists. Romantic professions: speleology, hydrology, crystallography, meteorology and the position of a glacier.
Creative professions include sociology, philology, ethnography, genealogy, the positions of an art historian and restorer. Professions of the future: nanotechnology, genetic engineering and chemical specialties.
Health Care Professions
Health professionals are employed in the medical industry and can be grouped under the general name - doctors. Traditional general practitioners are internists, nurses and paramedics. Obstetricians and pediatricians work with children. Surgeons and anesthesiologists are involved in saving lives directly.
Dental medicine employs dentists, hygienists and dental technicians. Technical medical specialties include radiologists, laboratory technicians, technologists, ophthalmologists and optometrists. Virologists, nutritionists, biophysicists, biologists and gerontologists are employed in the scientific field. Pharmacists and pharmacists are engaged in the manufacture and sale of medicines.
Transport industry of the profession economy
If for the material production industry, examples of professions include a very extensive and diverse list, then the transport sector contains only a few sections:
- aviation;
- navigation;
- Railway;
- logistics;
- travel professions.
The essence of this work is the movement of goods, cargo or people between destinations, including outside the state.
Agricultural professions
The agricultural sector provides the population with food. The most demanded agricultural professions are agronomists and machine operators, veterinarians, livestock breeders and poultry farmers. All professions require specific knowledge and skills and always remain vacant.
Perhaps you will be interested.
Branches of the economy
Spheres of economy are subdivided into specialized branches. Industry - a group of qualitatively homogeneous economic units (enterprises, organizations, institutions) characterized by special conditions of production in the system of social division of labor, homogeneous products and performing a common (specific) function in the national economy.
For example, the sphere of material production includes industries in which the means of production and consumer goods necessary for the life and development of society are created. The rest of the activities in the process of which material goods are not created form in their totality a non-productive sphere of activity.
The sphere of material production includes 14 sectors of the national economy: industry, forestry, transport and communications, trade and public catering, information and computing services, agriculture, fisheries, construction, procurement, real estate operations, general commercial activities to ensure the functioning market, logistics and sales, geology and exploration of subsoil, geodetic and hydrometeorological services; other activities in the sphere of material production.
The non-production sphere includes 9 sectors of the national economy and types of activities: housing and communal services; healthcare; physical culture and social security; Culture and art; finance, credit, insurance, pension provision; public education; governing body; non-productive types of consumer services for the population; science and scientific service; public associations.
The sectoral division of the economy is the result of a historical process, the development of the social division of labor.
Each of the specialized industries, in turn, is subdivided into complex industries and types of industries. In the industry, for example, there are more than 15 such large industries as electric power, fuel industry, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical industries, mechanical engineering and metalworking, forestry, pulp and paper industry, building materials industry, light and food industries and others. industries.
Specialized industries are characterized by varying degrees of differentiation of production. The development of society and the economy, the further deepening of the specialization of production leads to the formation of new industries and types of production. Simultaneously with specialization and differentiation, there are processes of cooperation, integration of production, leading to the development of stable production relations between industries, to the creation of mixed industries and intersectoral complexes.
Agriculture.
Agriculture - a branch of the economy aimed at providing the population with food (food, food) and obtaining raw materials for a number of industries. The industry is one of the most important, represented in almost all countries. About 1.1 billion economically active population (EAP) is employed in global agriculture.
The problems of agriculture are directly or indirectly related to such sciences as agronomy, animal husbandry, land reclamation, plant growing, forestry, etc.
The role of agriculture in the economy.
The role of agriculture in the economy of a country or region shows its structure and level of development. As indicators of the role of agriculture, the share of those employed in agriculture among the economically active population, as well as the share of agriculture in the structure of GDP, is used. These figures are quite high in most developing countries, where more than half of EAN is employed in agriculture. Agriculture there follows an extensive path of development, that is, an increase in production is achieved by expanding the area under crops, increasing the number of livestock, and increasing the number of people employed in agriculture. In such countries, whose economies are of the agrarian type, the indicators of mechanization, chemicalization, melioration, etc. are low.
The agriculture of the developed countries of Europe and North America, which have entered the post-industrial stage, has reached the highest level. In agriculture, 2-6% of EAN are employed there. In these countries, the “green revolution” took place as early as the middle of the 20th century, agriculture is characterized by a scientifically based organization, increased productivity, the use of new technologies, agricultural machine systems, pesticides and mineral fertilizers, the use of genetic engineering and biotechnology, robotics and electronics, that is, develops in an intensive way.
Similar progressive changes are also taking place in industrial countries, but the level of intensification in them is still much lower, and the share of people employed in agriculture is higher than in post-industrial ones.
At the same time, in developed countries there is a crisis of food overproduction, and in agrarian countries, on the contrary, one of the most acute problems is the food problem (the problem of malnutrition and hunger).
Branch and regional features.
As a branch of agriculture, agriculture has the following main features:
The economic process of reproduction is intertwined with the natural process of growth and development of living organisms, developing on the basis of biological laws;
The cyclical process of natural growth and development of plants and animals determined the seasonality of agricultural labor.
Unlike industry, the technological process in agriculture is closely connected with nature, where land acts as the main means of production.
FAO experts note that 78% of the earth's surface is experiencing serious natural limitations for the development of agriculture, 13% of the area is characterized by low productivity, 6% medium and 3% high. Currently, about 11% of all land is plowed up, another 24% is used for pastures. Features of the agro-resource situation and the specialization of agriculture vary significantly by region. There are several thermal zones, each of which is characterized by a specific set of crop and livestock industries:
cold belt occupies vast areas in the north of Eurasia and North America. Agriculture here is limited by lack of heat and permafrost. Plant growing here is possible only in closed ground conditions, and reindeer husbandry is developing on low-productive pastures.
cool belt covers vast territories of Eurasia and North America, as well as a narrow strip in the south of the Andes in South America. Insignificant heat resources limit the range of crops that can be grown here (early crops - brown bread, vegetables, some root crops, early potatoes). Agriculture has a focal character.
Temperate zone in the southern hemisphere it is represented in Patagonia, on the coast of Chile, the islands of Tasmania and New Zealand, and in the northern hemisphere it occupies almost all of Europe (except for the southern peninsulas), southern Siberia and the Far East, Mongolia, Tibet, northeast China, south Canada, north eastern states of the USA. This is the belt of mass farming. Arable land occupies almost all the territories suitable for the relief, its specific area reaches 60-70%. There is a wide range of cultivated crops: wheat, barley, rye, oats, flax, potatoes, vegetables, root crops, forage grasses. Corn, sunflower, rice, grapes, fruit and fruit trees grow in the southern part of the belt. Pastures are limited in area, they dominate in the mountains and arid zones, where transhumance and camel breeding are developed.
warm belt corresponds to the subtropical geographical zone and is represented on all continents except Antarctica: it covers the Mediterranean, most of the United States, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, southern Africa and Australia, and southern China. Two crops are grown here a year: in winter - crops of the temperate zone (cereals, vegetables), in summer - tropical annuals (cotton) or perennials (olive tree, citrus fruits, tea, walnuts, figs, etc.). It is dominated by low-productive, highly degraded pastures from uncontrolled grazing.
hot belt occupies vast expanses of Africa, South America, northern and central Australia, the Malay Archipelago, the Arabian Peninsula, South Asia. Coffee and chocolate trees, date palm, sweet potato, cassava, etc. are grown. In the subarid zones there are vast pastures with poor vegetation.
The structure of agriculture.
Agriculture is part of the agro-industrial complex and includes the following main sectors:
-crop production. The industry is subdivided into sub-sectors according to the type of plants grown: grain crops (wheat, barley, rye, oats, etc.); legumes (peas, beans, etc.); fodder crops (forage grasses, silage crops, fodder root crops, fodder melons); industrial crops: a) food crops (sugar cane, sugar beets, hops, starch crops, medicinal plants); b) textile crops (cotton, flax, jute, hemp); c) rubber plants (hevea); vegetable and melon crops: a) potatoes, b) leafy crops (cabbage, lettuce, spinach, etc.); c) fruit crops (tomato, cucumber, pumpkin, zucchini, squash, eggplant, pepper); d) bulb crops (onion and garlic); e) root crops (carrots, table beets, parsnips, etc.); f) gourds (watermelon, melon, etc.); citrus crops (orange, grapefruit, tangerine, etc.); tonic crops (narcotic crops, tea, coffee, cocoa); oil and essential oil crops: a) oil crops (sunflower, castor oil, mustard, rapeseed, sesame, camelina (plant), hemp, flax, coconut palm, oil palm, olive tree); b) essential oil crops (coriander, anise, cumin, etc.); hop growing; viticulture; gardening; grassland - obtaining suitable pastures and fodder for livestock.
The manufacturing sector includes.
Industries that create wealth - industry, agriculture, construction;
Industries that deliver material benefits to the consumer - transport and communications;
Industries associated with the production process in the sphere of circulation - trade, catering, logistics, marketing, procurement.
Wealth Creation Industries are divided into the primary sector (mining, raw materials) and the secondary sector (processing).
Part primary sector includes coal, gas, oil, mining, timber harvesting, fishing, agriculture, mining and processing, etc.
Part secondary sector includes oil refining, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical, mechanical engineering and metalworking, production of industrial building materials, woodworking, pulp and paper, light and food industries.
Each of the branches structurally consists of enterprises, corporations, organizations.
Non-manufacturing sphere consists of the following branches:
Industries of services, these include: housing and communal services, consumer services, transport and communications related to servicing the population;
Branches of social service - education, health care, culture, art, science and scientific service;
Industries including lending, finance and insurance;
Branches of management and defense.
Directions for improving the sectoral structure:
Ensuring the socio-economic efficiency of production, the conformity of the structure of the manufactured product with the effective market demand;
Ensuring the economic security of the region and the country as a whole;
Changing the ratio between extractive and processing industries by reducing the share of fuel and energy complex industries;
Development of service industries;
Increasing the share of entrepreneurial activities associated with the pre-production stage of the process of social reproduction;
Development and strengthening of intra- and intersectoral relations based on the development of corporatization of the economy.
Industry includes more than 130 sub-sectors. In the existing classification of industry, 11 complex industries are distinguished.
Industry subdivided into mining and processing. Manufacturing industries form the backbone of heavy industry.
According to the economic purpose of products the whole industry is divided into two large groups:
production of means of production (group A). Group A can be divided into subgroups: A (1) - production of labor instruments and A (2) - production of labor objects, the ratio between which is approximately 1: 4
production of consumer goods (group B). Group B is divided into the production of goods for personal consumption B(1) and B(2) - the production of goods for collective consumption. Proportions and production relations between sectors form the sectoral structure of industry, which testifies to the degree of development of the social division of labor and, at the same time, to its cooperation.
Specialized industries on the basis of homogeneity, that is, similar to each other in terms of the purpose of their products (for example, the fuel industry), the commonality of the raw materials used (for example, the engineering industry) or the nature of the technology (for example, the chemical industry), are grouped into so-called complex industries (heavy industry: fuel, electric power, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering and metalworking, building materials, etc.; light industry: textile, clothing, leather, fur and footwear; processing industries of the agro-industrial complex: food processing, meat and dairy, fish).
Fuel and energy complex includes fuel industries (coal, oil, gas, shale, peat, oil refining and gas processing) and electric power industry. The fuel and energy complex is closely connected with all sectors of the national economy as consumers of fuel and energy, and technologically - with power engineering, electrical engineering, and the chemical industry.
Metallurgical complex, including ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, is a set of interconnected industries and stages of the production process from the extraction of raw materials to the production of finished products (ferrous and non-ferrous metals and their alloys). The integrity of this intersectoral complex is due to the similarity of the industries that form it in terms of the nature of mining and processing technology of ore raw materials, as well as the use of finished products as structural materials.
Machine building complex includes two groups of industries:
mechanical engineering;
Metalworking.
The main groups of the machine-building complex(according to the features of the products):
Heavy engineering, producing metal-intensive products of relatively low labor intensity. This includes the production of metallurgical, mining, oil and gas and power equipment;
General mechanical engineering produces equipment and machines of medium metal consumption and labor intensity, technically relatively simple and, as a rule, of considerable dimensions. It includes transport engineering (excluding automotive and aircraft building), agricultural engineering (excluding tractor building), production of chemical, oil refining, forestry, pulp and paper and construction equipment;
Medium mechanical engineering includes production facilities that produce products of medium metal consumption and increased labor intensity. These include automotive, aircraft, tractor, machine tool, equipment for the food and light industries;
Precision engineering of low metal consumption, but high labor intensity and science intensity. It includes such industries as electronics, electrical engineering, instrument making, etc.;
Manufacture of metal products, including the production of tools, some simple household goods and agricultural implements;
Repair of machines and equipment.
Chemical industry includes five industry groups:
- mining industry, including the extraction of primary chemical raw materials: apatite, phosphorites, sulfur, potassium salts, boron, chalk, limestone, etc. Some types of primary chemical raw materials can be developed outside the scope of this industry (for example, table salt is mined by the food industry);
- basic chemistry, specializing in the production of mineral fertilizers (phosphorus, nitrogen, potash), sulfuric acid, gases, alkalis, elemental phosphorus, soda ash and a number of products that are raw materials for other sectors of the economy;
- production of polymeric substances: hydrocarbons and their derivatives, alcohols, aldehydes, ethers, etc. We are talking about the main organic synthesis, the products of which are used in the production of synthetic rubbers and fibers, plastics, dyes. The raw material base of this group of industries is oil, gas, coal and wood-chemical raw materials;
- processing of polymeric materials, uniting industries for the production of chemical fibers, plastics, synthetic rubber and resins, aniline dyes and pigments, varnishes, paints, etc.
Forest complex includes the production of harvesting, mechanical and chemical processing of wood. The common thing in the forest industry is raw materials, but the technological processes differ significantly. In accordance with the latter, the industry is divided into logging, woodworking, furniture, pulp and paper and hydrolysis industries.
Light industry includes a set of industries that produce consumer goods from various types of raw materials. The main branches of light industry are textile, clothing, leather, fur and footwear. The products of these industries, in addition to being consumed by the population, are also used in furniture, aviation, automotive, food and other industries, agriculture, transport and healthcare.
Agro-industrial complex includes industries with close economic and production relationships, specializing in the production of agricultural products, their processing and storage, as well as providing agriculture and the processing industry with the means of production. The main groups of branches of the agro-industrial complex are:
Industries that produce means of production for agriculture: tractor and agricultural machine building, machine building for animal husbandry and fodder production, the production of land reclamation equipment, mineral fertilizers, rural industrial construction, the feed and microbiological industries, industries serving agriculture, etc .;
Agriculture (agriculture and animal husbandry) and forestry;
Industries processing agricultural raw materials: food, light industries associated with the primary processing of flax, wool, etc.;
Industries that provide procurement, storage, transportation and sale of agricultural products.
Building complex The country is a developed system of construction industries, differentiated by industry and individual enterprises. The main sectors of the complex: the cement industry, the industry of asbestos-cement products, the industry of soft roofing and waterproofing materials, the industry of prefabricated reinforced concrete and concrete structures and products, the wall materials industry, the production of building bricks and ceramic tiles, the building ceramics industry, the industry of non-metallic building materials (crushed stone, gravel , building sand), the industry of heat-insulating materials, the asbestos industry. Building complex is based on the integration of construction and industry. Includes three groups of industries:
Construction industry;
Building materials industry;
Construction and road engineering, production of machinery and equipment for the building materials industry.
Transport complex provides links between individual industries and regions of the country, timely and complete satisfaction of the needs of the national economy and the population in transportation. When locating production, the need for transportation, the mass of raw materials for finished products, their transportability, availability of transport routes, their throughput, etc. are taken into account. There are the following main types of transport: - railway, - road, - aviation, - pipeline, - sea, - inland water. Interacting with each other, they form the transport system of Russia.
Transport system- this is a set of all modes of transport, interconnected by transport hubs, that is, points at which several modes of transport converge and goods are exchanged between them.
13 THE ESSENCE OF SPECIALIZATION AND
INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT