Military schools in the 19th century. List of military educational institutions of the Russian Empire

Junker schools of the Russian Empire (not to be confused with military schools).

Junker of the Elisavetgrad School with his mother.
This is so atypicaltypicalthe cadet - a cadet of the Junkers School - is not a boy, from those who have already served in the troops ...



Junkers of the Kazan Junkers Infantry School (until 1909).

Junker schools were intended for military education by junkers ( junker - not onlya student of the Military or Junker School of the Russian Empire, but also rank / rankin the Russian imp. armies- M.K.) and non-commissioned officers from volunteers before they are promoted to officers. Initially, such schools were created at the corps headquarters, they did not have a single organization. By the beginning of 1863, there were schools at the 4th Army Corps in Voronezh, at the 2nd Army Corps (School of the Troops of the Kingdom of Poland) and in Finland (School of Troops located in Finland). Schools at the 1st and 3rd army corps were closed in July 1863 in connection with the relocation of the headquarters of the corps from Voronezh to Kursk, the school at the 4th corps was also closed.
As a new type of military educational institution, cadet schools appeared in 1864. According to the project, approved on July 14, their staff is defined as 200 people (company). Junker schools were created at the district headquarters. They were called infantry or cavalry and according to the city of location. At the end of 1864, the Vilna and Moscow cadet schools were opened. In 1865, the Helsingfors (for 100 cadets), Warsaw, Kiev, Odessa, Chuguev, Riga schools (for 200 cadets each), as well as the Tver and Elisavetgrad cavalry (for 60 and 90 cadets, respectively), and in 1866 - Kazan and Tiflis (for 200 junkers each). In 1867, the Orenburg School was formed for 200 people (including 120 Cossack officers of the Orenburg, Ural, Siberian and Semirechensk Cossack troops).
In 1868, the staff of the Tver School was increased to 90 cadets, the Elisavetgrad School was increased to 150, and the Helsingfors School was reduced to 90. In 1869, the staff of the Warsaw, Moscow, Kazan, Kiev and Chuguev Schools was increased to 300 people, and two new schools were opened: Petersburg infantry for 200 cadets and Novocherkassk Cossack police officers for 120 officers of the Don and Astrakhan Cossack troops. In 1870, the Stavropol School for 30 cadets and 90 officers of the Kuban and Terek Cossack troops was added to them.

Thus, the network of cadet schools was created very quickly. If by the end of 1868 there were 13 schools for 2130 people, then by the beginning of 1871 there were 16 schools for 2670 infantry, 270 cavalry and 405 Cossack places (11 infantry for 2590 people, 2 cavalry for 240, 2 mixed for 320.1 Cossack for 120, as well as 2 Cossack departments for 75 people at the Warsaw and Vilna schools). In 1872, the Irkutsk cadet school was opened for 60 officers and 30 infantry cadets. In 1878, the Stavropol and Orenburg schools were transformed into Cossack schools (since 1876, the Cossack department was also in the Elisavetgrad school); the Cossack troops now had a total of 655 vacancies in the cadet schools instead of 330 in 1871. The Helsingfors school was closed in 1879, and by 1880 there were 16 schools left with a total staff of 4,500 people, of which:
3,380 places fell on the infantry (Moscow, Chuguev, Kiev, Odessa and Kazan schools - 400 people each, Warsaw - 350, Vilna and Tiflis - 300 each, Petersburg and Riga - 200 each and a department in the Irkutsk school for 30 cadets);
450 places - for cavalry (Tverskoye - for 150 and Elisavetgrad - for 300) and
670 places - for the Cossack troops (Novocherkassk and Stavropol - 120 each, Orenburg - 250, a department in the Irkutsk school - 60 and departments in the Warsaw, Vilna and Elisavetgrad schools - a total of 120 officers).
The cadet schools accepted those who graduated from military gymnasiums or the corresponding civilian educational institutions, as well as volunteers; since 1869, non-commissioned officers called up by recruitment could also enter. Volunteers, in principle, were not required to enter the school, but they could become officers only after the final exam for the school or the end of the course. Otherwise, they were equated in term of service with non-commissioned officers called up for recruitment. To enter the school, they had to serve as a non-commissioned officer for 3 months, get the approval of their superiors and pass an entrance exam in five general subjects (those who graduated from six grades of the gymnasium took the exam only in Russian and should have received at least 7 points).
The course consisted of two classes: junior general and senior special. The volume and content of special education were dictated by the knowledge and skills necessary to command a battalion. At the end of the course, the cadets returned to their regiment and were promoted to officers to honor their superiors. At the same time, those released in the 1st category were made after the camp collection on the proposal of the authorities, regardless of the presence of vacancies in the regiment, and those released in the 2nd category - only for vacancies. The program of cadet schools in the early 80s. changed, but only slightly. Their release in 1866-1879. ranged from 270 to 2836 people and totaled 16,731 people.
Junker schools by the 80s. 19th century basically satisfied the army's need for officer cadres, and it became possible to increase the requirements for their educational training. With the development of a network of cadet schools, the production of officers who did not complete the course was discontinued, but it was cadet schools that gave most of the officers. Now the task was to educate as many officers as possible at the level of military schools. With Simultaneously in 1886-1888. departments with a military school course (for graduates of civilian secondary educational institutions) were opened at the cadet schools. Since 1888, a military school course has been introduced at the Moscow cadet school and at the departments of the Kiev and Elisavetgrad schools. In 1887-1894. these courses of cadet schools gave 1680 officers, and in 1895-1900. - another 1800. As a result, since the 90s. graduates of military schools and military school courses of cadet schools began to predominate in the total number of graduates.
In total, cadet schools (including those with a military school course) produced 17,538 officers from 1865 to 1880, and 25,766 officers from 1881 to 1900.
The recruitment of cadet schools was carried out at the expense of persons who received an incomplete secondary education (progymnasium, city schools, etc.) or graduated from the 6th grade of gymnasiums and educational institutions equal to them (i.e., having the rights of volunteers of the 1st category in education). The latter entered out of competition, having received a score of at least 7 points in the only exam - the Russian language. Most of those who studied at the cadet schools completed the course in the 2nd category. For example, in 1888, 8 people graduated from the Kazan School in the 1st category, and 22 people in the 2nd category, Tver - 12 and 40, respectively, Kiev - 12 and 119, Irkutsk - 4 and 32, Petersburg - 24 and 70 , Odessa - 23 and 88, Vilna - 11 and 68, Tiflis - 18 and 76, Elisavetgrad - 20 and 75.
With the transfer of cadet schools to the military school course, they began to gradually transform into military schools. At the beginning of the XX century. after such a transformation of the Moscow, Kiev and Elisavetgrad cavalry schools, 10 cadet schools remained: 7 infantry (Petersburg, Vilna, Kazan, Odessa, Chuguev, Irkutsk and Tiflis), 1 cavalry (Tver) and 2 Cossack (Novocherkassk and Orenburg). But even these schools, since 1903, switched to a 3-year term of study with a significant increase in the volume of programs in both general education and military subjects (the former were now assigned 36 hours a week, the latter 45). The graduation rules have also changed: now graduates were divided into three categories. To graduate in the 1st category, it was necessary to have an average score of at least 10, in military subjects - at least 7, and in military service - at least 9; for the 2nd category - a total score of at least 7 and indicators equal to the 1st category in military subjects and military service; in the 3rd category all the rest graduated, but they received a positive assessment in the exams (at least 6 points). Graduates of the 1st and 2nd categories were awarded the rank of second lieutenant, and the 3rd (as well as from military schools) - non-commissioned officer with the right to be promoted to officers for vacancies, but not earlier than a year of service.
The class composition of the cadet schools was very different from the composition of military schools, and even more so of the cadet corps: due to the difference in the sources of recruitment of hereditary nobles, these schools had less than 20%. Even together with the children of personal nobles, officers and officials, there were slightly more than half of them in the 80s. and less than 40% at the beginning of the 20th century, while peasants, philistines and Cossacks accounted for a quarter in the 80s. to almost half at the beginning of the 20th century.
In 1911, all cadet schools were transformed into military ones and ceased to exist as a type of military educational institutions.

Pavlovsk military school (1894−6 November 1917) - infantry military school of the Russian Empire, in St. Petersburg. The temple holiday of the school is May 21, the day of memory of Saints Equal-to-the-Apostles Constantine and Helena. School holiday - December 23. Created in August 1863 by decree of Emperor Alexander II from the special classes of the Pavlovsk Cadet Corps, who transferred their banner to the school. The future Minister of War, Major General Pyotr Semyonovich Vannovsky, was appointed head of the school.

Cadet of the 1st Cadet Corps. 1914

Chamber-page in court uniform. 1900s

Junkers of the Pavlovsk School in the portrait hall. 1908.


Pupils of the 1st Cadet Corps in ballroom dancing classes. 1910s


Head of the Nikolaev Military Academy D.G. Shcherbachev with his son. 1909


Lieutenant General A.N. Kuropatkin with his son. 1910


Members of the British delegation on the occasion of the accession to the throne of King George V and the persons accompanying them in the park in front of the side facade of the Winter Palace. 1910


V.D. Butovsky - adjutant wing, chairman of the examination committee, member of the Pedagogical Committee of the Main Directorate of Military Educational Institutions. 1913

Celebration of the 50th anniversary of the Pavlovsk military school on August 25, 1913. Pole vaulting


Celebration of the 50th anniversary of the Pavlovsk military school on August 25, 1913. Demonstration of bayonet fighting skills.


Celebration of the 50th anniversary of the Pavlovsk military school August 25, 1913 Overcoming wire obstacles.


Junkers of the Mikhailovsky Artillery School during field exercises. Red Village. 1913

Officers' Court of Honor of the Life Guards of the 1st Artillery Brigade. 1913


Band of the Naval Guards crew on the parade ground before going to the parade. May 1912


A group of officers of the Life Guards of the Jaeger Regiment on the day of the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Kulm. 1913


Marine guard crew. Officers in a car on Palace Square. 1914


Reception hall of the Smolny Institute. Among the visitors are pupils of military educational institutions. 1913.


Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna, chief of the 3rd Elisavetgrad Hussar Regiment, with the wives of the regiment's officers. Peterhof. August 5, 1913.


Speech by the orchestra of the 4th rifle imperial family of the battalion on the stage of the Lower Park in Peterhof. 1913.


Minister of the Imperial Court and Destinies Count V.B. Frederiks in the uniform of the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment. 1913

A group of officers of the 8th Ulan Voznesensky Grand Duchess Tatyana Nikolaevna Regiment in front of the large Peterhof Palace. August 5, 1913


Before departure. Gatchina Aviation School. 1913.


Military aircraft competition. Aviators I.I. Sikorsky (right), Lieutenant General N.V. Kaultbars (center) in the world's first multi-engine airplane "Russian Knight". 1913


Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich and the commander of the Life Guards Cossack Regiment, Major General S.V. Evreinov. 1914

Sergeant of the Siberian fifty of the third hundred of the Life Guards of the Consolidated Cossack Regiment in full dress uniform. 1914


Fanfarists of the Life Guards Horse Regiment. 1914


Monument to the commander-in-chief of the Russian army on the Danube, Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich (senior) on Manezhnaya Square in St. Petersburg on the day of its opening on January 13, 1914


Baron P.N. Wrangel. 1914

Naval Minister Admiral, Adjutant General I.K. Grigorovich (center) with the engineers of the Baltic Shipyard. 1914


Major General, commander of his own e.i.v. convoy, Prince Yu.I. Trubetskoy. 1914


General of Infantry A.A. Brusilov. 1914

A platoon of palace grenadiers on Palace Square. 1914


A platoon of mounted officers and a cadet of the Nikolaev Cavalry School during a riding exercise. 1914


Head of the Academy Major General D.G. Shcherbakov with a group of professors and teachers. 1914


Emperor Nicholas II and King Friedrich-August III of Saxony bypass the guard of honor of the Life Guards of the Cuirassier Regiment at the Tsarskoselsky railway station. June 7, 1914


A group of officers and soldiers with relatives before being sent to the active army. 1916


Home of the Army and Navy. A group of officers on the stairs. March 1916

1) Military Department - see Military educational institutions and.

2) Junkers - see Military educational institutions.

3) Military - see Military educational institutions, Konstantinovsky military school,.

The Alexander Military School was established in 1863, consisting of 300 cadets; was staffed by pupils of the following classes of cadet corps.

From 1864 to 1894 it was called the third.

In combat terms, it was a battalion.

The composition of the school at the end of the XIX century. - 400 junkers. (orders for the Military Department: 1863 No. 330, 67 No. 243, 94 No. 188; St. V. P. 1869, Book XV; St. State, 1893, Book IV, No. 37 ; Military Literature No. 1088).

Significant development at the end of the XIX century. artillery required enhanced staffing with its officers; but the Mikhailovsky Artillery School could not satisfy this need, and the lack of artillery officers had to be replenished by graduating them from infantry military schools. To eliminate this and in order to train artillery officers who are thoroughly familiar with their specialty, in 1894 the Mikhailovsky artillery was expanded (from 190 to 450 pupils), and the 2nd Konstantinovsky infantry was converted into artillery; in the latter there were 425 junkers, who made up 2 batteries (order of the Military Department of 1894 No. 140).

4) Marine. - These schools appeared in Russia under Alexei Mikhailovich, when Ordyn-Nashchokin, being the governor of Livonia, was engaged in the formation of the fleet; but where exactly there was such a School is unknown.

Under Feodor Alekseevich, navigation was taught at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy.

In 1700, on January 14, the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences was established in Moscow, in the Sukharev Tower. From here, in addition to sailors, engineers, gunners, teachers, surveyors, architects and others graduated.

The set of pupils was 500 people, and it was ordered to receive children of the nobility, clerks, clerks, boyars and raznochintsy; the latter, having learned to read and write, entered various positions: assistant architects, pharmacists, clerks ..., and most of the nobles who completed the full course were assigned to the fleet, then to engineers, artillerymen, Preobrazhensky ...; the most capable and wealthy were sent abroad, for improvement in the sciences, under the name of navigators, who, upon their return, were examined and received ranks: the best - non-commissioned lieutenant, mediocre - midshipman (at that time not an officer).

Together with the nobles, the children of commoners and petty nobles also went abroad to study the art of navigation, and upon returning to Russia they entered the navigator. With the acquisition of the Gulf of Finland and the Baltic Sea, when all naval forces were needed in these seas, it was founded on October 1, 1715, in St. Petersburg, the 2nd Naval School, called the Naval Academy, for 300 people, called the Naval Guard. This new academy was attended mostly by children of noble families and sufficient nobles. After graduating from the course of sciences, they also transferred to the midshipman company, which existed separately from the academy. For a long time this company did not have a permanent residence, several times it was transferred from St. Petersburg to Kronstadt and back, and only on December 15, 1752, by the decree of Elizabeth, the Naval Academy and the midshipman company were united under the general name of the Naval Gentry Cadet Corps, with a set of pupils of 360 people .

With the establishment of the corps, the Moscow school (in the Sukharev Tower) was abolished, and only noble children were taken from it into the corps, and the raznochintsy were assigned to the workshops of the school at the admiralties and to the navigation company. The entire staff of students of the corps was divided into 3 companies in combat terms, and in training - into 3 classes.

Midshipmen of the 1st class graduated from higher maritime sciences; cadets of the 2nd class passed navigation and started other sciences; cadets of the 3rd grade studied trigonometry and other lower sciences. They were transferred from one class to another according to the exam, and only to open vacancies. To place the building, on the corner of the Neva Embankment and the 12th line of Vasilyevsky Island, a stone 2-storey house (former) was granted, and it was ordered to arrange the building in everything according to the model of the land. But in 1762, Peter III, wanting to give one general direction to all military educational institutions, ordered to combine the Land and Engineering School under the main directorate of gr. Ivan Ivanovich Shuvalov. However, with the accession to the throne of Catherine II, this decree was canceled, by August 8, 1762, she ordered the Naval Corps to be organized separately, on the basis of the former state. On May 23, 1771, during a severe fire on Vasilyevsky Island, the buildings of the Naval Corps also burned down, as a result of which it was transferred to Kronstadt, to the premises of the Italian Palace (later the Technical School), where it remained until 1796. The transfer of the corps from the capital was It is also very unprofitable for the institution, since not a single excellent professor or teacher who did not serve in the corps wanted to go to Kronstadt to teach, and finally, the maintenance of the corps itself was not comparatively more expensive. In 1783, on the occasion of the increase in our naval forces, it was ordered to create a new staff for the corps, for 600 people, and at the same time additional sciences were introduced into the teaching course: maritime practice, moral philosophy, law, foreign languages.

In 1796, upon accession to the throne, the Naval Corps was transferred to St. Petersburg, to the building in which he was located later.

On December 30, 1826, a new staff was approved for the corps, and the set was set to 505 pupils, and in 1835 another 100 boarders were added, with a tuition fee of 850 rubles. designation in year; all pupils were divided into 5 companies, of which 1 was a midshipman.

Over the following years, there was no definite set of pupils, and it depended on the number of admissions to the corps, but in general the figure fluctuated around 300 people.

Then the reception was limited to 35 people; Of these, 25 went to the state account, 7 - with their own money, with a fee of 530 rubles. per year, and 3 - fellows, with the same fee.

In combat terms, the corps was divided into 5 companies, in training - into 6 classes, with the 6th and 5th being minors. 4th, 3rd and 2nd - general, 1st - midshipman.

Children accepted:

a) naval officers (former and present).

b) hereditary nobles.

Entering the preparatory class should have 12-14 liters. from birth.

Course of Sciences - 6 years; at the same time, in addition to general sciences and 3 foreign languages, all subjects related practically and theoretically to maritime art were taught.

The educational side left nothing to be desired. In terms of the richness and variety of educational aids, the building is one of the best European educational institutions of its time.

In the summer, cadets go sailing on ships belonging to the corps, and there young sailors see and practice in practice what they learned in classes in the winter (see Training ships). Moreover, the cadets were also trained in front-line service, that is, each of them, having completed the course, can be not only a skilled sailor, but also a good land officer.

Those who completed the course were annually released into the fleet as midshipmen. (In the last years of the 19th century, there were about 70 issues).

Those who were brought up in the corps and later transferred to the civil service enjoyed the rights and advantages of pupils of higher educational institutions.

Under the Naval Corps, the Naval Nikolaev Academy was established (see Military Academies); it teaches higher subjects in hydrography, ship art) and mechanical art.

Course - 2 years: number of students: in the hydrographic department - 10 (the best in the exam), shipbuilding - 5, mechanical - 5. (F. Veselago - "Essay on history for 100 years").

In addition, in the naval department there was also a technical school, in Kronstadt, which had the purpose of graduating officers specially trained in mechanical and shipbuilding parts into the fleet.

This School dates back to 1734, when the President of the State Admiralty College, gr. Golovin, founded a navigational company, where navigational sciences were taught.

In 1793, during the general transformation of the fleet, the position and staffs of the newly established 2 navigational schools were developed, one for the Baltic Fleet, the other for the Black Sea.

For the Navigator School in Kronstadt, a house was assigned, which previously housed the Naval Cadet Corps. In this building, although later rebuilt, the Technical School was located later.

The Navigator School taught: spelling, arithmetic, geometry, drawing and drawing plans, trigonometry (flat and spherical), navigation (flat and Mercator), astronomy and English; moreover, evolution, geodesy, and the use of maps and instruments.

The school was divided into 3 classes. Navigational students of the first 2 cells. sent, for practice, every summer to the sea.

Those who completed the course were issued in the officer rank navigator.

In 1801, with the transformation of the maritime department, the organization of the navigational unit was developed and a new regulation and staffing of the navigational school were drawn up.

The main reform was to reduce the number of students and increase the teaching program; the economic part of the Schools has also been improved.

Newly introduced into teaching: the Law of God, grammar, rhetoric, logic, geography, history, German and Swedish.

The school was divided into 2 companies. It also prepared 20 commercial students for admission as skippers and navigators to the commercial fleet.

Since 1808, a meteorological journal has been established at the School, the students were on duty at the observatory and went to the authorities with reports.

In 1827, instead of the Navigator's School, the 1st Navigator's School was formed? crew, from 3 companies.

The 1st supplied the fleet with conductors, the 2nd completed the 1st, the 3rd was a reserve and completed the 2nd.

All students identified in crew, initially entered the reserve company, and then successively transferred to the rest.

The training consisted of classroom lessons, practical and front-line exercises.

In 1851, a conductor company was established in the crew to supply the fleet with navigational officers. Finally, in 1856, the ?-crew was renamed the Navigator School, at which an artillery department was also opened to train artillery officers for the fleet. Soon it was necessary to produce pupils, at the end of the course, instead of ensigns, into conductors, and the companies were named: conductor - first, 1st - second, 2nd - third, 3rd - reserve.

With minor changes, the School existed until 1873, when it was renamed the Technical School, with the establishment of 4 specialties in it: navigational, mechanical, artillery and shipbuilding.

Around the same time, officers graduating from this School received the right to enter the Naval Academy.

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Military academies

military schools

Cadet corps

Schools and training units

Ensign schools

During the WWI years, in addition to the transfer of military and special schools to an accelerated course of study (3-4 months for infantry and 6 months for cavalry, artillery and engineering troops) with the production of those who graduated from the course to the rank of ensign, the following ensign training schools were additionally opened:

• 1st Petrograd School of Ensigns(temporary)
• 2nd Petrograd School of Ensigns(temporary)
• 3rd Petrograd School of Ensigns(temporary)
• 4th Petrograd School of Ensigns(temporary)

• / / , from the summer of 1915 4th Tiflis School of Ensigns

• Petrograd (Ust-Izhora) school of ensigns of engineering troops

Story

In Russia, the beginning of specialized military educational institutions (HEIs) was laid by Peter the Great, who in 1698 founded in Moscow the “School of Numbers and Surveying”, the Pushkar Order, then in 1701 the “School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences” to prepare young people for service in artillery, engineers and in the navy. In 1712, an "engineering school" for 100-150 pupils was opened there. In 1719, two schools were established in St. Petersburg: an artillery school and an engineering school, and then the Moscow engineering school was closed. Garrison schools were also established by the Decree of 1721. In 1732, at the suggestion of Minich, an “Officer School” was opened in St. Petersburg, which, when the naval cadet corps was established in 1743, was renamed the “land cadet corps”; in 1766, the size of this corps was expanded to 800 pupils and it was given the name "Imperial Corps", and in 1800 it was named the 1st Cadet Corps. The artillery and engineering schools, united in 1758 and transformed in 1762, were also renamed the artillery and engineering cadet corps, and in 1800 - the 2nd cadet corps. Even before his accession to the throne, Emperor Paul I founded a military school in Gatchina in 1795, which was transformed three years later into the Imperial Military Orphanage, and in 1829 into the Pavlovsk Cadet Corps (in St. Petersburg). In 1802, the page corps was reorganized into a military educational institution. In 1807, a corps of volunteers was founded, first from one battalion, and then from two, later called the “noble regiment”. In 1812, the Finnish topographic corps was established in the area of ​​Gapaniemi (Kuopios province), transferred in 1819 to the city of Friedrichsgam with the transformation into the Finnish cadet corps. In 1819, the engineering school founded in 1804 was renamed the Main Engineering School, as it became a higher engineering educational institution as a result of the addition of officer classes in 1810, and an artillery school was founded in 1820. In 1823, a school of guards ensigns was established under the guards corps, consisting of one company, and in 1826 a squadron of junkers of the guards cavalry was formed with it. In addition, cadet corps gradually arose in different provinces, arranged at the expense of the treasury or the local nobility, as well as donations from individuals (Arakcheev, Bakhtin, Neplyuev), so that in 1855, in addition to the eight military educational institutions mentioned above, there were 11 more cadet corps of the 1st class and 5 corps of the 2nd class. The first were divided into 3 courses: preparatory, general and special; the latter had only junior classes, and their pupils were transferred to the corps of the 1st class to complete their education. In 1855, there were up to 6,700 pupils in all these institutions, and the average annual graduation of officers was about 520 people. After the Eastern War of 1853-1866. it was recognized as necessary to reorganize military educational institutions in order to raise general educational requirements and place senior pupils in conditions as close as possible to military life, so that when they graduate as officers, they would be fully prepared for all the requirements of the service. To do this, special classes were separated from the general ones with education from the first military schools with a purely military organization, and from the second - military gymnasiums, general education. Then, in view of the fact that military educational institutions were not able to provide the army with all the number of officers it needed, cadet schools were also established, and military pro-gymnasiums were established to prepare for admission to them. In addition, special schools of the military department are arranged (see Pyrotechnic School, Technical School, Weapons School, Topographers, Paramedics and Veterinary Paramedics). In order to unite all orders for military educational institutions and establish a uniform direction in them, already in 1805 a special council was established under the chairmanship of Tsarevich Konstantin Pavlovich. After his death (1831), Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich was appointed chief of the page and cadet corps. In 1842, the "Regulations on the management of the chief head of V.-educational institutions" were published. In 1849, the heir Tsarevich Alexander Nikolaevich, the future Tsar Alexander II, was appointed chief commander. During his accession, the main department was turned into the main headquarters of H. I. V. for V. educational institutions, and the chief of staff was assigned the rights of the chief head of these institutions. In 1860, the title of chief head of V. educational institutions was restored, and until 1863 it was occupied by Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolaevich. In 1863, the main directorate of the Military Educational Institutions was incorporated into the Ministry of War.

By the end of 1881, a plan for new transformations had been worked out. It was decided, among other things: 1) to restore the name of military gymnasiums as cadet corps, since it more accurately defines their direct purpose; 2) preserving the general educational curriculum and the general foundations of education established in these institutions, equalizing them in the means of maintenance and giving the entire structure of their internal life a character that would more fully meet the goal of establishing preparatory military educational institutions; 3) henceforth to replace the positions of educators exclusively by military officers; and 4) leaving as before the division of pupils into groups according to age and class, assign the names of companies to these groups with the establishment of the position of company commanders again. Military progymnasiums are supposed to be abolished, retaining only two of them (renamed "military schools") for the actual upbringing and elementary education of minors who are removed from the buildings due to incapacity or moral depravity.

In 1892, Russian military educational institutions were divided into: 1) those under the jurisdiction of a special main department and 2) subordinate to other departments. The 1st group includes: a) the page of His Imperial Military and the Finnish cadet corps with general and military school courses; b) military schools, infantry: 1) Pavlovsky, 2) Konstantinovsky, 8) Alexander and cavalry Nikolaevsky (under which a special Cossack hundred was formed in 1890), c) cadet corps 1st, 2nd, Alexandrovsky, Nikolaevsky ( in St. Petersburg), 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Moscow, Orlovsky Bakhtin, Petrovsky Poltava, Vladimir, Kyiv, Mikhailovsky and Voronezh, Polotsk, Pskov, Nizhny Novgorod Count Arakcheev, Simbirsk, Orenburg Neplyuevsky , 2nd Orenburg, Siberian, Tiflis, Sumy and Don; d) two military schools, in Yaroslavl and Volsk.

The 2nd group included: a) 4th military academies and 1st military medical academy (see Military academies); also schools: Mikhailovsky artillery and Nikolaev engineering, which are under the jurisdiction of the respective main departments of the military ministry; b) cadet schools: 8 infantry - in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Vilna, Kyiv, Kazan, Chuguev, Odessa, Tiflis, and 2 cavalry - in Tver and Elisavetgrad; 1st for foot and horse junkers - in Irkutsk and 3rd Cossack - in Novocherkassk, Stavropol and Orenburg. These schools are under the jurisdiction of the main headquarters, and the Cossack schools are under the control of the Main Directorate of the Cossack troops; but in terms of education, all cadet schools are subordinate to the Main Directorate of Military Educational Institutions; c) the military topographic school - under the jurisdiction of the General Staff; d) special schools of the artillery department: technical, pyrotechnic and 2 weapons (Tula and Izhevsk) - run by the Main Artillery Directorate; e) artillery schools: Don (Novocherkassk) and Kuban (Maikop) - run by the main department of the Cossack troops; f) military paramedic schools in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kyiv, Novocherkassk and Irkutsk and 8 paramedic schools at the Orenburg, Omsk and Tiflis military hospitals, as well as schools for veterinary paramedics at military veterinary infirmaries run by the main medical department; g) 17 schools for soldiers' children of the guard troops (with 8 infantry and 6 cavalry regiments and 3 rifle battalions) - run by the guards. Finally, in 1888, 2 preparatory schools were established in Irkutsk and Khabarovsk, from where the pupils, upon successful completion of the course, are transferred to the Siberian Cadet Corps. These schools are subordinate to the local commanders of the troops.

During the First World War of 1914-1918, numerous schools for accelerated training and retraining of officers and military specialists were organized.