American cicada. Cicada insect: where does it live, what do cicadas eat? Life cycle and reproduction
Class - Insects
Detachment - Proboscis
Suborder - cycads
Family - Jassidae
Basic data:
DIMENSIONS
Length: some up to 15 mm, on average 2-10 mm.
Wings: Two pairs.
Eyes: complex.
Coloring: green, this masks the cicadas (see photo of the insect) on the leaves; some are very brightly colored.
BREEDING
Mating period: The end of the summer.
Eggs: set aside in small piles, attach them to plants.
Incubation period: depends on temperature, sometimes development occurs in winter.
LIFE STYLE
Habits: kept in groups.
What does it eat: plant juices.
Lifespan: up to a year.
RELATED SPECIES
More than 5,000 species belong to the cicada family. About 300 species of this family live in Central Europe.
Cicadas are one of the most common insects. They are found almost all over the world. They stay in huge groups. A large number of these insects can devastate an entire field. Like bedbugs, cicadas belong to the order of homoptera.
PECULIARITIES
There are less than five thousand species of leafhoppers in the world. All of them, like other representatives of the order of the Homoptera, go through an incomplete cycle of transformation in their development. Most species of cicadas have a small, elongated body and green coloration, but there are also quite brightly colored species.
Cicadas are very agile and extremely mobile insects. They can immediately quickly run away to the side or jump a considerable distance. Thanks to their long wings, cicadas are also pretty good at flying. Cicadas do not look like their distant relatives - aphids. Rather, these insects are united by the way in which they consume plant juices. In regions especially rich in food, there are entire swarms of insects of this species. Different species of true cicadas have a preference for different plants.
LIFE CYCLE
Cicadas are relatives of song cicadas, which are known for their loud "singing" heard at night in the crowns of trees in tropical and subtropical forests. Only 50 years ago, zoologists established that ordinary cicadas can "sing", but their "voices" are not perceived by the human ear unless special equipment is used.
With the help of the chirping of cicadas, they attract a partner. Individuals of both sexes during the mating season meet precisely because of "singing". Moreover, the "singing" female tries not to move, since the male is just going to her call. After mating, the female lays eggs on plants.
First, she makes an incision on the plant with the help of the ovipositor, and then places the eggs in it. Here the eggs spend the whole winter. Their development begins only next spring.
Cicadas are insects with an incomplete transformation cycle, that is, their larvae do not make cocoons. The eggs hatch into larvae - wingless miniature copies of adult insects. They start eating right away. In the process of growth, the larva molts five or six times and only after that develops into an adult insect (imago). Adult insects go in search of a partner, and the cycle of development repeats again. Cicadas usually live a little less than a year.
WHAT DOES IT FEED
Cicadas feed on the juices of plants such as cereals, potatoes, apple trees, sugar beets or roses. These insects have a developed mouth apparatus of a piercing-sucking type. Inside the proboscis are long and sharp bristles.
The proboscis of insects are modified lips, and the bristles are modified jaws. The bristles are contained in a proboscis tube, as in a case. The bristle moves freely in the case, but cannot bend. Therefore, it easily pierces the skin of plants. The leafhopper, piercing the peel, simultaneously releases a small amount of saliva. The pressure of the liquid in the plant is so high that the juice itself flows through the proboscis and esophagus into her stomach. Due to the peculiarities of leafhopper saliva, the juice of the plant does not thicken, and, in addition, saliva facilitates the process of digestion.
Viruses that cause various diseases in plants can live in the saliva of leafhoppers for a long time. Many leafhoppers carry dangerous viral plant diseases. The banded leafhopper is a vector for oat disease, and the ribbed leafhopper is a known vector for nightshade trunk disease. Numerous colonies of leafhoppers are serious enemies for agriculture.
LOOKING FOR THE CICCADES
Cicadas are plentiful in summer, when most plants bloom and prepare for fruiting, so they can become food for these insects. Shortly after the appearance of the first leaves, leafhoppers also appear. You can watch them walk, jump and fly from one plant to another. One has only to shake the plant, so that the frightened leafhoppers first fall to the ground, and then jump or fly away. In summer, on grass stalks, you can often see white lumps resembling small piles of foam. If you carefully unfold such a pile, then inside you can see the larva of the common pennitsa. The foam is the house that the larva managed to build with "its own feet".
- The little pink leafhopper, which lives in Europe and North America, dissolves cellulose with saliva and then sucks out the juice. In addition to roses, she feeds on fruit trees and currants.
- Leafhoppers "sing" during the mating season with the help of an organ resembling a cymbal. A special muscle contracts and pulls the membrane into the cymbal. When the muscle returns to its original position, the membrane straightens, its change leads to the formation of sound. This can be repeated from 170 to 480 times per second .
- The cicadas fly into the light. In India, people catch rice cicadas that fly to the light of street lamps and sell them as bird food.
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES
Wings: pair. At rest, they are stacked on top of each other so that they form a “roof”. The first pair is denser at the base, at the ends it turns into a thin membrane, the second pair is thin.
Coloring: varies by species and gender. Some species are quite brightly colored.
Mouth apparatus: the proboscis is of a piercing-sucking type, located on the bottom of the head. The upper and lower jaws have turned into thin piercing bristles that serve to pierce the skin of the plant. The grooved proboscis is hidden in a depression at the bottom of the mouth opening.
WHERE Dwells
Cicadas are found in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions. They live almost all over the world, in places where they find a sufficient amount of plant food.
PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION
Many species of true leafhoppers are considered pests. Despite attempts at extermination, leafhoppers are still quite numerous.
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Cicada is an insect belonging to the family hemiptera. This is the longest-lived insect on Earth and once upon a time cicadas personified immortality in pagan rites. More than 1500 species of cicadas are known to date.
Description
What does a cicada look like? In appearance, it most closely resembles night butterfly with transparent membranous wings(as seen in the photo), of which one pair is longer than the other. The head of an adult cicada is short, the eyes are faceted, convex.
Cicada - photo of an insect:
After the adult insect has passed the first molt, it will have three additional simple eyes forming a triangle. On the head of the cicada are located and sense organs- small jointed antennae. The oral apparatus is presented proboscis.
Depending on the species of cicada (there are 2500 species on the globe), the color of her wings may be more or less saturated. The cicada has three pairs of legs, different in structure. The front pair is equipped with wide "hips" and spikes, the middle pair is less massive, and the third, the longest pair of legs, is designed for jumping.
insect size
Not the largest live on the territory of Russia. The length of our common leafhopper(Lyristes plebeja), together with elytra, is 5 cm, and the wingspan is 10 cm. Representatives of other species of cicadas from our places reach a length 2 - 4.5 cm.
Size tropical cicadas much more. For example, the wingspan of the Indonesian regal cicada 18 cm!
Life cycle
How do they reproduce? Cicadas reproduce by eggs. After the male cicada fertilizes the female, he dies. The females must lay eggs. At the end of their abdomen is a serrated ovipositor. Im an insect pierces or cuts the plant and lays eggs in the hole. At one time, the female can lay up to 400-600 eggs. Favorite places for oviposition:
- soft tissue of stems and leaves;
- root parts of plants (including winter cereals);
- carrion.
After 30-40 days, the mature larvae will fall out of the eggs on the ground and burrow into the soil. And enough deep and long. Under the ground, cicada larvae often climb to a depth of 1 m.
Cicada larva - photo:
Development Features
In the bowels of the earth, cicada larvae go through a further cycle of life and development. On adult insects, they are still a little similar. The body length of the larvae is only 3-5 mm, but they have very powerful forelimbs with spikes. With their help, they dig the earth.
The larvae feed basal part of stems and roots of plants, to which they are firmly attached by the oral apparatus. Depending on the species and age, the color of the larvae varies, but in most cases their body is of a light shade.
Adult cicada larvae preparing to develop into adult insects are called nymphs.
Once the soil is enough warm up, nymphs make their way up to its surface. There they arrange a mink and wait for their transformation into a cicada. If the weather is rainy and the mink can be flooded, the larva builds a diversion knee from the ground in order to protect yourself from the flood.
Nymphs of cicadas come to the surface at the same time. Here they are waiting numerous predators: foxes, lizards, hedgehogs. The mass exit of nymphs allows you to save the lives of a large number of them. The number of larvae crawling up sometimes reaches about 370 individuals per 1 m².
Moult
After his transformation into a cicada (usually this is the month of May), the young insect is not yet able to fly. Therefore, a newborn cicada climbs onto some plant and waits for the old cover to fall off it.
You can find out how the cicada molts by watching this short video:
As a result, the light appears adult cicada with rudiments of wings. Immediately after molting, the insect has a soft white body. After a few hours, the cicada will darken, but the body will become coarse only for 5-6 days.
How many and where do you live?
Total lifespan of adult cicadas 2-3 months. However, the larval stage of development lasts several years, depending on the species. from 2 to 17.
Where do they live? The habitat of adult cicadas is trees and shrubs. Moreover, excellent disguise allows these insects to go unnoticed even at a fairly close distance.
Where are cicadas found in Russia? Within the territory of Russia cicadas are found in the steppe and lowland forests, the middle lane, in the southern and northern parts of the country, in the Caucasus.
What does it eat?
What does the cicada eat, and what do its larvae eat?
Both larvae and adult cicadas feed on tree sap. Larvae drink juice with the help of a jointed proboscis, and adult cicadas use a special mouth organ.
In addition to trees and shrubs, food for cicadas serving juice:
- cereals and oilseeds;
- legumes;
- sugar and starch crops;
- gourds;
- colors.
Due to the power of their mouth apparatus, cicadas can extract juice even from deeply located plant tissues. The yield of areas favored by the cicada is falling, and in this regard, it is necessary to correctly accept.
hibernation period
How long do cicadas sleep? The length of stay of cicada larvae in the ground is not the same. Yes, at mountain cicada this period is 2 years common cicada- 4, and cicadas from North America- 17 years.
What sounds does it make?
How do cicadas make sound? The sound that cicadas make is called chirring. Why do cicadas scream? We hear "singing" males publish, which have special convex membranes on the front of the abdomen - cymbals. Strong muscles attached to the membranes periodically strengthen or relax the tension of the convex part.
As a result of such vibrations, a loud chirp is formed, comparable in volume to the whistle of a locomotive.
Females can also make similar sounds, but they are inaudible to the human ear.. The joint chirping of cicadas sometimes reaches about 100 decibels.
When do cicadas chirp? To make a chirping, cicadas need thermal energy. Therefore, insects are the most active "sing" on hot summer days. Although some species can give voice at dusk and at night. This helps cicadas to protect themselves from diurnal predators.
Why do cicadas sing? With the help of chirping males attract females for mating. The tonality of the “melody” is individual for each species, and females respond only to the roulades of “their” males.
You can find out how and why cicadas crackle by watching this scientific video:
cicada sting
Do cicadas bite or not? Are cicadas dangerous to humans?
Cicadas are completely harmless to humans. They are don't bite and do not pose any danger.
In wildlife, cicadas are an important food link for many living beings. At the same time they are dangerous pests agricultural land and household plots. And therefore, timely and correct with them will help save the future harvest.
Description
Adult cicada on a cherry leaf
Head
Wings and legs
Nutrition
Cicada during molting
Life cycle
Cicadas lay their eggs under the bark or skin of plants. The larvae are distinguished by a thick, clumsy body, a smooth and hard cuticle, and thick legs with one-segmented tarsi; forelegs with wide femora and shins covered with spikes (digging limb type). Young larvae first suck the stems of plants, and at later stages of development they lead an underground lifestyle and suck the roots of plants. Larvae live for several years (sometimes up to 17 years), although for most species the length of larval life is unknown. After numerous molts, the larvae develop wing rudiments; the last molt is usually done on trees.
Systematics
3 subfamilies. Previously distinguished family Tibicinidae(type genus Tibicina Amyot, 1847), now (Moulds, 2005) is considered within the family Cicadidae, while the subfamily Tibiceninae Van Duzee, 1916 (type genus Tibicen Latreille, 1825) is synonymous with the tribe Cryptotympanini. The confusion in taxonomy arose because both genera were based on the same type species ( Cicada haematodes Scopoli), which led to the synonymization and disbandment of the tribes and subfamilies based on them.
- Cicadidae Latreille, 1802
- Cicadettinae Buckton, 1889 (= Tibicinidae, part)
- Tribes: Carinetini distance, Chlorocystini distance, Cicadettini buckton, Dazini Kato, Hemidictyini distance, Huechysini distance, Lamotialnini boulard, Parnisini distance, Prasiini matsumura, Sinoseni boulard, Taphurini distance, Tettigomyiini distance, Ydiellini Boulard.
- Cicadinae Latreille, 1802
- Tribes: Burbungini moulds, Cicadini latreille, Cryptotympanini handlirsch, Cyclochilini distance, Distantadini orian, Dundubiini atkinson, fidicinini distance, Gaeanini distance, Hamzini distance, Hyantiini distance, Jassopsaltriini n.tribe, Lahugadini distance, Moganniini distance, Oncotympanini ishihara, Platypleurini Schmidt, Plautillini distance, Polyneurini Amyot & Serville, Psithyristriini distance, Tacuini distance, Talaingini distance, Tamasini moulds, Thophini distance, Zammarini Distant.
- Tettigadinae Distant, 1905 (= Tibicinidae, part)
- Tribes: Platypediini Kato, Tettigadini distance, Tibicini Distant.
- Cicadettinae Buckton, 1889 (= Tibicinidae, part)
Some species
Up to 1500 species of cicadas are known.
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In culture
There is a mention of cicadas in the oldest surviving monument of Greek literature in the Iliad by Homer (~ XI-IX centuries BC). The ancient Greeks greatly appreciated their singing and, as you know, Anacreon wrote an ode in honor of the cicadas. Cicadas are actually mentioned in Aesop's fable "The Grasshopper and the Ant" and Lafontaine's fable "The Cicada and the Ant" written on its motives, which, in turn, is Krylov's fable "The Dragonfly and the Ant".
300 jewels believed to be in the shape of cicadas (called "golden bees") were found in the tomb of the first Frankish king, Childeric I (died 482 AD).
US folk and pop singer Linda Ronstadt celebrates the life of the cicada in the song "La Cigarra" and alludes to their short life as well.
There is also a ballet by the French composer Jules Massenet "Cicada" (Le Cigale). The ballet was staged by E. Hartle, The London Voices, National Philharmonic Orchestra, Richard Bonynge.
There is also an animated series "When the cicadas cry", where in each episode the actions are accompanied by a long song of cicadas.
An interesting fact: in many anime series, frames with cicadas are used.
see also
Notes
Literature
- Moulds, M.S. : An appraisal of the higher classification of cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with special reference to the Australian fauna. Records of the Australian Museum, 57: 375-446.
- African cicadas warm up before singing, Science News, 28 June 2003: 408.
Links
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .
See what "Cicadas" are in other dictionaries:
cicadas- Cicadas: 1 common cicada; 2 red-spotted leafhopper; 3 green leafhopper. Cicadas, jumping insects (order Homoptera). Length 3 65 mm. About 17 thousand species are widely distributed. Large cicadas are more common on trees and shrubs, ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
Cicadas are small insects whose distinctive feature is melodic, beautiful singing. However, despite the seeming harmlessness, these insects are capable of destroying entire gardens, orchards and vineyards.
Video description, origin and how to sing:
There are several varieties of cicadas that cause significant damage to crops and are the worst enemies of gardeners, gardeners and farmers.
Type of cicada: white
The white cicada appeared in Russia recently - they started talking about it in 2009 after a massive pest invasion of agricultural land and farms took place in the Krasnodar Territory. The insect is known as metalcafa or citrus leafhopper.
The homeland of the white cicada is South America, from where it was brought along with infected seedlings of fruit plants and fruits.
In South America, metalcafa feeds on citrus fruits, but in new conditions it has fully adapted to eating a variety of fruits.
How the cicada chirps:
The white cicada is a small insect that is off-white or light gray in color. The length of the body of the insect is about 7-9 mm. Citrus leafhopper is shaped like a drop due to oval wings. In appearance, metalcafu is easily confused with an ordinary moth.
At the end of spring, larvae (nymphs) of the white cicada begin to appear.
REFERENCE: A fluffy white coating appears on the leaves and stems of plants, similar in appearance to cotton wool - this is the accumulation of citrus cicada larvae.
It is the nymphs that are the most dangerous pests. Metalcafa larvae:
- They suck out nutrients and juice from leaves and stems, which leads to a weakening of plant immunity;
- Slow down the process of photosynthesis;
- They act as carriers of dangerous viral diseases.
The white cicada feeds on a variety of plants, from cereal crops to fruit trees and shrubs. Insects are capable of destroying more than 300 plant species.
buffalo
Another type of cicada, the buffalo-shaped insect or humpback cicada, causes great harm to fruit trees and gardens.
The pest is native to North America. The buffalo-shaped cicada is capable of destroying entire vineyards.
The humpback leafhopper is a miniature green-colored insect. The length of her body reaches up to 10 mm in males and 7-8 mm in females.
Above the head of the cicada is a kind of protruding growth, because of which the insect got its name.
An adult humpback leafhopper lays eggs on a young vine. With the help of a sharp ovipositor, the insect cuts the bark of a grape shoot and lays several eggs in the cuts. The damaged shoot gradually dries out, and the larvae fall to the ground and begin to suck the juice from nearby vines.
IMPORTANT: The buffalo-shaped cicada cannot stand the smell of garlic, so it is recommended to plant this plant next to the vineyard.
Mountain
The mountain cicada lives in various countries - it can be found in China, Turkey, America, Russia, Turkey, Palestine. The insect has adapted to the cold: it lives in the south of Siberia and the Far East.
The mountain cicada is a large insect whose body length, including wings, is about 25 mm. The body of the insect is predominantly black in color, with a fuzzy orange pattern on the back. The wings of the mountain cicada are transparent and fold in the form of a house.
The insect lives on trees and bushes, loves the warm hills of meadows and fields. The larvae of the mountain cicada feed on the juice of herbaceous plants. The insect is not a pest because it does not harm fruit trees or agricultural land.
The mountain cicada is a rare insect, therefore, in some countries and regions, measures are being taken to conserve this species.
Green
The green cicada is widespread in Western Europe, throughout Russia, in the USA and China. In nature, the insect lives in swampy areas or in moist meadows and fields.
The green cicada is one of the most voracious insect pests that causes damage to vegetable and berry crops, fruit trees and, in particular, cereals.
The body of the insect has an orange-yellow color. The belly of the cicada is colored black and blue. On the back of the insect are green wings with a turquoise tint, thanks to which it can move to different places.
The length of the female green cicada is about 8-9 mm. Males are slightly smaller - their sizes vary from 5 to 6 mm.
In addition to agricultural crops and cereals, young fruit trees are very affected by the green leafhopper. The insect makes small incisions in the bark, into which they lay eggs in autumn. In the spring, voracious larvae emerge from the eggs, sucking the juice from the plant.
ordinary
The common cicada lives on the Black Sea coast, the Mediterranean, and also in the Caucasus. The insect lives in bushes and thickets of trees, so it is almost impossible to meet it in fields, meadows and steppes.
The common cicada is a fairly large individual - its body length reaches 3.5 cm. Taking into account the wings, the size of adult insects is about 5-6 cm.
Appearance of the common cicada:
- The body is black-gray;
- A wide head, on the sides of which there are two bulging eyes, and in the center - three small eyes;
- On the back of the insect is a fuzzy pattern of orange or yellow.
The common cicada feeds on the sap of trees, bushes and herbaceous plants. Insect females pierce the bark of young trees and lay eggs in the incisions. The eggs hatch into larvae that feed on the sap of the plant. When the larvae grow up, they fall to the ground, dig deeper and destroy the roots of plants.
Most often you can see the common cicada in the vineyards.
singing
Singing cicadas live all over the world - in North America, Italy, Mexico, USA, Russia, Kazakhstan. These insects cannot stand the cold and prefer warm places to live.
Singing cicadas are large insects whose bodies are dark in color. On a wide head are bulging eyes. On the body of the singing cicada are transparent wings.
Insects feed on plant sap. Females lay their eggs under the bark of young trees. A few cicadas will not be able to do much harm to the plant, however, with a significant accumulation of them, the tree may die.
You can recognize the song cicada by its beautiful, melodic trill.
Rosanna
The pink leafhopper lives in North America, Central Asia, on the territory of Western and Eastern Europe.
The cicada of this species is a very small individual - no more than 3 mm in length. The body of the insect is colored yellowish or pale green with a pearly sheen. Insects blend into the stem of the plant and are not easy to see. The back of the leafhopper's body is narrowed, and the head and breast are the same size.
Rose leafhopper harms plants such as:
- Lilac;
- Apple tree;
- The Rose;
- Rose hip;
- Cherry;
- Pear;
- Apple tree.
Rose leafhoppers reproduce very quickly, so during the summer they can destroy many plants in any garden plot.
Females lay eggs at the ends of shoots and branches. Pink leafhopper larvae are very voracious. They feed on plant sap.
Butterfly Japanese leafhopper
The homeland of the insect is Japan. Subsequently, the insect was brought from Japan to Sukhumi, and then it spread throughout Georgia. The Japanese butterfly cicada loves warmth, therefore it lives in a warm subtropical climate.
In appearance, the Japanese cicada looks like a moth. The insect has gray-brown wings, on which there are two silvery horizontal stripes. The body length of an adult insect is 10-11 mm.
Cicada larvae are distinguished by their special jumping ability due to the presence of a white fluffy tail.
Japanese cicada damages fruit trees and berry bushes. Insects especially love to eat blackberry juice.
Japanese leafhopper females are particularly prolific and reproduce very quickly.
Plants and trees damaged by insects stop growing and become susceptible to fungal and viral diseases.
bouncy
In Europe and North America, another species of insect lives - the jumping leafhopper. It has a high speed of movement: when danger appears, the cicada jumps very quickly.
About a hundred different species of cicadas live on the planet, most of which are harmless to crops, fruit trees and shrubs. However, some cicadas pose a great danger to gardens, orchards and fields.
REFERENCE: It is not an adult insect that jumps, but a grown larva.
There are many ways to control pests, ranging from folk to the use of chemicals. The most important thing is to take timely measures to rid the site of cicadas.
What is a cicada insect, it will be interesting to know for everyone who cares about the rich world of nature. Such a creature has long been a symbol of immortality, so he was credited with special mystical properties. This is due to the fact that the cicada has a significant lifespan and unusual external characteristics.
For a long time, the cicada has been a symbol of immortality.
Legends of cicadas
Even in ancient Greece, there were many legends about such insects. It was believed that they have no blood and diet consists solely of dew. For this reason, the ancient Greeks placed the cicada in the mouth of a dead person. People thought that in this way immortality could be ensured. There were many interesting legends. For example, one of the Greek goddesses turned her lover into this fly, because she did not want his death, but could not exclude the aging process.
The Chinese also appreciate this singing insect. It symbolizes their rebirth, prosperity and youth. Dried flies are worn as a talisman that protects against everything unfavorable. The singing of the insect reminds Asians of their homeland. They are very fond of cicadas and revere them.
What does an insect look like (video)
Description of the cicada
The singing insect is quite large, its chirping has an amazing sound. The volume can vary by the representative of this species. The common cicada lives in warm countries where there is a forest zone. A fly can be found almost anywhere on the planet, with the exception of the Arctic Circle.
There are many varieties of insect. They differ in color and size. In Indonesia, there is an unusual species that reaches 7 cm. The chirping and external characteristics will amaze everyone who has ever encountered an insect. Many call it a beetle, and someone - a giant fly.
The mountain cicada, unlike its relatives, lives mainly in the northern regions, where the air temperature does not fall below a critical point, unacceptable for this species. This fly is the smallest of all. Mountain cicada reaches only 2 cm, which is the minimum for other similar varieties.