Human roundworms have dioecious reproductive organs. Human roundworms are dioecious Human roundworms are dioecious female reproductive organs

Figure: Human roundworm (male below)

Skin-muscle sac of human roundworm

The body of the roundworm is dressed on the outside with thick multilayer shell, under which there is a layer of muscles fused with it. These muscles are only longitudinal, so the roundworm can bend its body, but is not able to extend or shorten it.

Body cavity of a human roundworm

Figure: dissected human roundworm

Under skin-muscle bag there is a body cavity. It does not have its own walls, that is, it is simply a space filled with liquid in which the digestive and reproductive organs are located. The fluid in the body cavity is under pressure, so the body of the roundworm is dense, constantly maintaining its shape. In addition, this liquid serves as an intermediary in the distribution of nutrients and in the removal of unnecessary processed substances.

Digestive organs of the human roundworm.

At the front end of the roundworm's body there is a mouth surrounded by three lips. From the mouth, through a muscular pharynx, which sucks food, food passes into the intestines - a thin straight tube. Undigested leftovers food is removed through anal, or anus, located at the posterior end of the roundworm's body.

Reproduction and development of the human roundworm

Roundworms are dioecious. The female has two ovaries, the males have one testis in the form of long thin convoluted tubes. The roundworm is extremely prolific: the female lays hundreds of thousands (up to 200,000) eggs every day, covered with a very dense shell. Eggs from the human intestine fall into the soil, where sufficient moisture and air access contribute to their development. After 2-3 weeks, larvae develop inside the eggs.
Eggs with larvae, together with poorly washed vegetables or with insufficiently clean hands, can get into a person’s mouth, and from there into the intestines. Here the larvae emerge from the eggs and burrow into the intestinal walls, and from there they enter the blood vessels. Together with the blood flow, they are carried into the lungs. Here the larvae penetrate through the walls of the alveoli (pulmonary vesicles) into the bronchi, trachea and oral cavity. Then, with phlegm or saliva, they return to the intestines, where they grow into adult worms. This journey of larvae through the human body lasts 1-2 weeks.

Harm of human roundworm

Although roundworms do not feed on human blood or intestinal cells, they poison the body with toxic secretions, causing intestinal disorders and headaches. When larvae burrow through the walls of the lung, they can cause pulmonary diseases. The main control measures are prevention and compliance with hygiene rules. If you become ill, you should consult a doctor.

This type of animal combines spindle-shaped worms: their body is round in cross-section, pointed at both ends and is not divided into segments. Their length is usually a few millimeters, rarely reaching a meter. They all look alike. This is one of the types that have achieved the greatest success in the animal kingdom!

Roundworms are a group of worms that have an elongated, non-segmented body, round in cross section, a primary cavity filled with liquid (in which there are internal organs) and not related to the external environment. In their body they have a through intestinal tube that ends in the anus.

External structure

The body of roundworms is gradually narrowed towards the anterior and posterior ends, almost round in cross section, non-segmented. The outside of the body is covered with a cuticle; underneath it lies a layer of epithelial cells. Below are the muscles - four longitudinal single-layer ribbons. This structure allows roundworms crawl, bending the body. The cuticle, epithelial cells and muscles form the skin-muscle sac (body wall). Between it and the intestine is the primary body cavity. It is filled with liquid, which, due to pressure, maintains a constant body shape, promotes the distribution of nutrients throughout the animal’s body, and the movement of decay products to the excretory organs.

These animals were the first to learn to burrow into soil or other substrate rich in food, such as plant tissue. Thus, they found not only a new habitat with its food supplies, but also shelter from predators - large eyelash worms.

With such a life, the mouth of roundworms is located strictly at the front end of the body. Pressure inside the hydroskeleton makes it difficult to swallow food. Therefore, their muscular pharynx acts like a pump with valves: it sucks in food and then forcefully pushes it into the intestine.

The external similarity of roundworms is due to the fact that, despite their widespread distribution, they all live in a similar environment - in a nutrient substrate. In bottom silt and soil, this “soup” is made up of the remains of organisms, along with bacteria and protozoa, and in plants and animals - the nutrients of their bodies. The main difficulty in these conditions is caustic chemical substances. But the cuticle reliably protects against them. Some species can even survive in vinegar.

Internal structure of the body of a roundworm

Digestive system

The mouth opening is located at the anterior end of the body and is surrounded by lips. The anterior part of the intestine, the pharynx, has dense muscular walls. Free-living nematodes feed on bacteria, algae, and organic debris - detritus. Some have cuticle outgrowths in the throat - peculiar teeth. With their help, nematodes pierce the integument of animals and plants.

Body cavity

Previously, nutrients were distributed throughout the body by a branched intestine. Now that the intestine has turned into a straight tube, this function has been taken over by the body cavity - the fluid-filled space between the skin-muscular sac and the intestine.

The liquid is not cells; it would leak out if it were not packaged in an impenetrable elastic cover. This cover is formed by a layer of ectoderm cells and covered with cuticle - a durable film. The cuticle not only protects against mechanical damage and toxic substances, but also restrains the pressure of the cavity fluid.

As a result, the body cavity, surrounded by a cuticle and filled with liquid, acquires the elasticity of an inflated ball and forms a hydroskeleton. It is the hydroskeleton that gives roundworms their characteristic shape and serves as a support for muscles. Their muscles are only longitudinal. They are located inside the cavity, along the walls of the body. By contracting alternately the dorsal and abdominal muscles, the worm bends and moves forward, lying on one side.

Gas exchange and metabolism

Excretory system

The excretory system consists of two lateral blindly closed channels. They open outward with an excretory opening on the ventral side of the front of the body. The walls of the canals are formed by one or several very long cells (their length can reach 40 cm). Harmful substances formed in the body enter the cavity fluid, then into the channels of the excretory system and are eliminated.

Nervous system

The nervous system of nematodes is represented by longitudinal nerve trunks connected by annular bridges. Nerves extend from them to the muscles and sensory organs.

Sense organs

Reproduction

Nematodes are dioecious animals. The genital organs have the shape of tubes: in females they are paired, in males they are unpaired. Females have paired ovaries and oviducts, one uterus and a genital opening that opens on the ventral side of the body.

The male has one filamentous testis, gradually turning into a larger vas deferens. It flows into the hindgut just before the anus. The male has retractable cuticular needles, with the help of which he introduces sperm into the female’s genital opening.

Every day, one female human roundworm is capable of producing 200,000 eggs. The eggs are covered with a dense shell that protects them from the effects of unfavorable factors (drying, etc.). The crushing of the egg and the development of the larva lasts about a month and can only occur in a humid environment with a sufficient amount of oxygen.

Developmental cycle of the human roundworm

Human infection occurs when eggs containing larvae are ingested in contaminated water or food. Eggs can be found on poorly washed berries (especially strawberries) or vegetables from areas where human excrement is used to fertilize.

In the human intestine, the shell of eggs is destroyed, the emerging larvae drill through the intestinal wall, enter the bloodstream and reach the heart, and then through pulmonary artery- into the lungs. In the lungs, the larvae molt twice, penetrate the alveoli, move along the trachea into the pharynx, and from here, together with sputum and saliva, enter the intestine for the second time. Only after such migration the larvae reach small intestines sexually mature form. The entire development cycle occurs in one host.

Kinds

Routes of infection

By adhering to basic hygiene, you can reduce the risk of infection with worms.

They usually become infected when basic rules of personal hygiene are not followed. Invasion is also possible when drinking unboiled water from contaminated sources. Flies and other insects carry eggs on their legs. When they land on food or a table, they transmit helminth eggs. Often the carriers are domestic animals - cats, dogs. The route of transmission of roundworm eggs to humans is oral.

The structure of the roundworm's body

A female roundworm can lay more than 200 thousand eggs in just one day.

The reproductive organs are very well adapted for maximum reproduction of offspring. Helminths have a special type of relationship, thanks to which one individual reproduces once a day, laying several hundred thousand eggs. The female has 2 ovaries and 2 uteri, and the male is endowed with a long testis. Eggs laid by females are released along with feces and a new one begins. life cycle human roundworm. The reproduction of roundworms depends on the characteristics of the human body.

Development life cycle

The life of roundworms does not have a typical cycle.

Once in the intestine, the roundworm egg shell dissolves and the immature larval form of the worm enters the intestine. Then, by boring through the intestinal walls, the roundworm larva penetrates the blood and migrates along with the bloodstream. In the intestines, roundworm worms reach sexual maturity and begin producing eggs. Eggs are excreted along with feces external environment and the life cycle begins all over again.

Migration and localization

Symptoms of ascariasis in humans

In most cases, ascariasis first causes a feeling of chronic fatigue.

Blood test for antibodies When starting a diagnosis, one must take into account that it is much more difficult to detect larvae in the migration stage. Differential analysis will be very important in such cases. After the research, the difference between ascariasis and other helminth infections will be obvious. Several types of research are carried out:

• hematological;
• immunological;
• X-ray.

Treatment of infestation

Drug therapy is carried out under the supervision of a doctor.

About 24 hours after taking these drugs, you need to take a laxative so that the dead biohelminths leave the body and do not lead to general intoxication with decomposition products. Herbal medicine has been successfully used to combat worms. An excellent anthelmintic herbal tea, from which a decoction is made. It includes the following plants:

• St. John's wort;
• wild rosemary;
• strawberry leaves;
• lovage stems;
• common elecampane.

Mix equal parts of herbs, pour 1 tablespoon of the mixture with boiling water (250 grams). Cook for 15 minutes. Leave for several hours. Take 100 grams in the morning and evening, for children - 50 grams. During and after treatment, it is very important in recovery. good nutrition. The patient should adhere to a light and nutritious diet.

Prevention

To avoid infection, follow the rules of personal hygiene: wash your hands with soap after visiting the street, playing with animals and before eating. It is not recommended to drink raw, unboiled water. Children should not put their fingers in their mouth. Fingernails are cut short, since helminth eggs trapped under them are difficult to wash out. Vegetables and fruits should be thoroughly washed and doused with boiling water before consumption. Food should not be left open, especially in areas where flies have access. Since roundworm initially lives in the soil, after contact with the soil you must thoroughly wash your hands and treat them with an antiseptic.

Types of trematodes, symptoms and treatment of infestation

These worms can reach a length of 2 millimeters to 1.5 meters. Worms can grow to large sizes in the bodies of livestock, fish, and humans. They are mostly leaf-shaped or round in shape. Schistosomes differ in their shape, which are characterized by an oval or elongated body.

The class of trematodes includes more than 7300 various types flukes, of which human body can affect about 40 species.

Based on their habitat, they are conventionally divided into 4 groups:

• affecting the liver;
• localized in the lungs;
• blood;
• leading their life activities in the small intestine.

All flukes have a similar development cycle.

The life cycle of trematodes is as follows:

Only 12 species of trematodes are dangerous to humans, as they are pathogenic agents varying degrees. Trematodes in humans are divided into 2 groups.

Schistosomes

Can affect the human body the following types schistosome:

• Mansoni;
• hematobium;
• Japanese;
• intercalatum.

Schistosoma Mansoni can be infected in the Middle East, the African continent, South America, and the Caribbean. Hematobium is common in Africa and the Middle East. The Japanese schistosome lives in China, East Asia, and the Philippines. Intercalatum is localized exclusively on the African continent.

Other trematodes

Paragonimus Westermani, a pulmonary fluke, is capable of spreading eggs along with human saliva.

Among the main flukes that are not related to schistosomes are:

• Fasciolopsis Buski, the source of which is plants contaminated with helminth eggs. This worm mainly spreads in Asia and India;
• heterophyosis - can be infected in Asia, Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and also in Egypt. The carriers are fish;
• Metagonimus Yokogawa - common in Siberia, its carriers are trout and carp;
• gastrodiscoidosis Hominus - can be contracted in India, Vietnam, and the Philippines through consumption of contaminated plants;

• development allergic reactions in the form of hives and itching sensations;
• development of dyskinesia bile ducts;
• appearance pain in the abdominal region;

• increased volume of the liver and spleen;
• regular occurrence of headaches and migraines;
• development of blood eosinophilia.

Typically, primary symptoms appear 3-4 months later - after incubation period. During this time, the helminth reaches a sexually mature state and begins to actively reproduce. It is worth considering that adult worms are capable of mechanical damage soft fabrics, as well as internal organs.

In some cases, trematodes in the human body cause:

• blockage of the choleretic ducts;
• development of microabscesses;

• the appearance of organ micronecrosis.

Pathology in advanced cases is accompanied by thickening of the walls of the bile ducts and adenomatous proliferation of epithelial tissue. Such processes can lead to angiocholitis and atopic cholecystitis.

Treatment

Treatment for fluke depends on its type. General principles therapy consists of:

• pathogenetic treatment;
• anthelmintic treatment;
• therapy that improves immunity.

Symptoms of intoxication are eliminated with the help of pathogenetic therapy. Also, as part of such measures, it is necessary to take antihistamines. If you were hit digestive system, then during this period a diet, hepatoprotectors, and choleretic medications are prescribed.

The most commonly used anthelmintic medications are:

• Praziquantel - for the treatment of schistosomiasis, clonorchiasis, paragonimiasis, opisthorchiasis;
• Triclabendazole, Albendazole – for the treatment of liver fluke, giant fluke;
• intestinal schistosomiasis is treated with Oxamniquine;
• genitourinary schistosomiasis – Metrifonate.

If a person develops symptoms of trematodosis, he should consult a doctor as soon as possible, and then begin the prescribed treatment. This is because this pathology treated faster and more effectively at the initial stage.

Have you even read anything about medicines designed to defeat the infection? And this is not surprising, because worms are deadly to humans - they can reproduce very quickly and live for a long time, and the diseases they cause are difficult, with frequent relapses.

Bad mood, lack of appetite, insomnia, dysfunction immune system, intestinal dysbiosis and abdominal pain... Surely you know these symptoms firsthand.

Task 1. Fill out the table.

Characteristics of the type Roundworms
Representatives of the type	General features of the structure	Specific structural features	Habitat and lifestyle
roundworm Task 2. Fill in the gaps in the text. Human roundworms are dioecious. The reproductive organs of the female are paired ovaries, and the reproductive organs of the male are filamentous testes. Every day the female lays about 100-200 thousand eggs. The large roundworm ensures the preservation of eggs in nature, since most of them do not enter the body and die. The eggs are covered with a strong and dense shell. From the human intestines they enter the bloodstream and the lungs. After two to three weeks the larva develops. Required condition development from roundworm eggs is due to the presence of a damp environment. If eggs with larvae enter the human body, ascariasis infection will occur. Task 3. Fill out the table. Comparative characteristics of the bovine tapeworm and the human roundworm Comparable characteristic View Human roundworm Bull tapeworm Type roundworms flatworms Coverings of the body dense and elastic cuticle dense cuticle and epithelium Body cavity primary body cavity primary body cavity Nutrition and Digestion has a mouth, esophagus, stomach and anus there are no nutritional organs, food is absorbed through all the integuments of the body Breath through all integuments of the body do not use oxygen for breathing Selection through the excretory opening food remains are eliminated through the mouth Nervous system longitudinal nerve trunks poorly developed, no sense organs Reproduction and development dioecious reproduction hermaphrodites Task 4. Write down the numbers of signs characteristic of the human roundworm. Signs of animals. 1. Free-living worm. 2. Body with bilateral symmetry. 3. Hermaphrodite. 4. The larva develops in the intermediate host. 5. The intestine ends with the anus. 6. The larva develops in the lungs, but enters the heart and liver with the blood. 7. Has a circulatory system. 8. Dioecious animal. 9. Reproduces in the human intestines. 10. Intermediate host - cattle. 11. The body is covered with a dense cuticle that protects the worm from the digestive juices of the host. 12. Body ribbon-shaped, segmented. 13. The female is larger than the male. 14. There is no mouth opening, food is absorbed throughout the body. 15. There is a digestive and nervous system. Signs of roundworm: 4, 3, 8, 9, 13, 15. Task 5. Fill out the table.