History of Rus' in dates. – The emergence of Azerbaijan

22.09.2019 -

965 - Defeat of the Khazar Khaganate by the army of the Kyiv prince Svyatoslav Igorevich.

988 - Baptism of Rus'. Kievan Rus accepts Orthodox Christianity.

1223 - Battle of Kalka- the first battle between the Russians and the Mughals.

1240 - Battle of Neva- military conflict between the Russians, led by Prince Alexander of Novgorod, and the Swedes.

1242 - Battle of Lake Peipsi- a battle between the Russians led by Alexander Nevsky and the knights of the Livonian Order. This battle went down in history as the “Battle of the Ice.”

1380 - Battle of Kulikovo- a battle between the united army of the Russian principalities led by Dmitry Donskoy and the army of the Golden Horde led by Mamai.

1466 - 1472 - travel of Afanasy Nikitin to Persia, India and Turkey.

1480 - The final deliverance of Rus' from the Mongol-Tatar yoke.

1552 - Capture of Kazan Russian troops of Ivan the Terrible, the termination of the existence of the Kazan Khanate and its inclusion in Muscovite Rus'.

1556 - Annexation of the Astrakhan Khanate to Muscovite Rus'.

1558 - 1583 - Livonian War. The war of the Russian Kingdom against the Livonian Order and the subsequent conflict of the Russian Kingdom with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Poland and Sweden.

1581 (or 1582) - 1585 - Ermak's campaigns in Siberia and battles with the Tatars.

1589 - Establishment of the Patriarchate in Russia.

1604 - Invasion of False Dmitry I into Russia. The beginning of the Time of Troubles.

1606 - 1607 - Bolotnikov's uprising.

1612 - Liberation of Moscow from the Poles people's militia Minin and Pozharsky The end of the Time of Troubles.

1613 - The rise to power of the Romanov dynasty in Russia.

1654 - Pereyaslav Rada decided to reunification of Ukraine with Russia.

1667 - Truce of Andrusovo between Russia and Poland. Left Bank Ukraine and Smolensk went to Russia.

1686 - "Eternal peace" with Poland. Russia's entry into the anti-Turkish coalition.

1700 - 1721 - Northern War - fighting between Russia and Sweden.

1783 - Annexation of Crimea to Russian Empire .

1803 - Decree on free cultivators. Peasants received the right to redeem themselves with the land.

1812 - Battle of Borodino- a battle between the Russian army led by Kutuzov and French troops under the command of Napoleon.

1814 - Capture of Paris by Russian and Allied forces.

1817 - 1864 - Caucasian War.

1825 - Decembrist uprising- armed anti-government mutiny of Russian army officers.

1825 - built first railway in Russia.

1853 - 1856 - Crimean War . In this military conflict, the Russian Empire was opposed by England, France and the Ottoman Empire.

1861 - Abolition of serfdom in Russia.

1877 - 1878 - Russo-Turkish War

1914 - Beginning of the First World War and the entry of the Russian Empire into it.

1917 - Revolution in Russia(February and October). In February, after the fall of the monarchy, power passed to the Provisional Government. In October, the Bolsheviks came to power through a coup.

1918 - 1922 - Russian Civil War. It ended with the victory of the Reds (Bolsheviks) and the creation of the Soviet state.
* Separate flashes civil war began already in the autumn of 1917.

1941 - 1945 - War between the USSR and Germany. This confrontation took place within the framework of the Second World War.

1949 - Creation and testing of the first atomic bomb in the USSR.

1961 - The first manned flight into space. It was Yuri Gagarin from the USSR.

1991 - The collapse of the USSR and the fall of socialism.

1993 - Adoption of the Constitution by the Russian Federation.

2008 - Armed conflict between Russia and Georgia.

2014 - Return of Crimea to Russia.

In the 11th grade, it is not necessary to know by heart all the dates from the textbook. It is enough to master the mandatory minimum, which, believe me, will be useful not only in the exam, but also in life.

So, your preparation for the OGE and Unified State Examination in History must necessarily include memorizing several of the most important dates in Russian history. Stay up to date with the most important events in national history– and to make it easier to master them, you can, for example, write the entire minimum on cards and divide them by century. This simple step will allow you to begin to navigate history by period, and when you write everything on pieces of paper, you will unconsciously remember everything. In a similar way Your parents and grandparents also used it when there was no trace of any Unified State Examination or State Examination.

We can also advise you to say the most important dates in the history of Russia out loud and record it on a voice recorder. Listen to the resulting recordings several times a day, and best of all, in the morning, when the brain has just woken up and has not yet absorbed the usual daily dose information.

But under no circumstances do we recommend that you try to memorize everything at once. Have pity on yourself, no one has ever managed to master the whole school curriculum on the history of Russia. The Unified State Examination and the State Examination Test are designed to test how well you know the full course of the subject. So don’t even think about somehow deceiving the system or hoping for the students’ favorite “night before the exam,” as well as various cheat sheets and “answers to the State Examination and Unified State Examination in History 2015,” of which there are so many on the Internet.

With leaflets, the last hope of careless schoolchildren, state exams have always been strict, and every year the situation becomes even more difficult. Exams in the 9th and 11th grades are held not only under the strict supervision of experienced teachers, but also under the supervision of video cameras, and you know, it is almost impossible to outsmart the technology.

So get enough sleep, don’t be nervous, develop your memory and memorize 35 most important dates in the history of Russia. Relying on yourself is the best thing that can help you in passing the Unified State Exam and GIA.

862 Beginning of the reign of Rurik
988 Baptism of Rus'
1147 First mention of Moscow
1237–1480 Mongol-Tatar yoke
1240 Battle of the Neva
1380 Battle of Kulikovo
1480 Standing on the Ugra River. Fall of the Mongol yoke
1547 Ivan the Terrible crowned king
1589 Establishment of the Patriarchate in Russia
1598-1613 Time of Troubles
1613 Election of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the kingdom
1654 Pereyaslav Rada.
1670–1671 Revolt of Stepan Razin
1682–1725 Reign of Peter I
1700–1721 Northern War
1703 Founding of St. Petersburg
1709 Battle of Poltava
1755 Foundation of Moscow University
1762– 1796 Reign of Catherine II
1773– 1775 Peasant War led by E. Pugachev
1812– 1813 Patriotic War
1812 Battle of Borodino
1825 Decembrist Revolt
1861 Abolition of serfdom
1905– 1907 First Russian Revolution
1914 Russia's entry into the First World War
1917 February Revolution. Overthrow of the autocracy
1917 October Revolution
1918– 1920 Civil War
1922 Formation of the USSR
1941– 1945 Great Patriotic War
1957 Launch of the first artificial Earth satellite
1961 Flight of Yu.A. Gagarin into space
1986 Chernobyl accident
1991 Collapse of the USSR

History is a science that collects, studies, systematizes facts and events that occur or have happened at any time in the past of human civilization. True, there is an opinion that this is far from the most serious branch of knowledge. Partly because information about many facts raises doubts about their reliability. In addition, everyone can interpret the phenomena occurring in society as they like. But still, there are the most important historical events that cannot be erased from the chronicles of civilization, because they represent a certain foundation, that is, the basis of the life of society and human relationships. Some of them are worth special mention.

Chronicles of centuries

What are they, historical events that everyone should know? Ancient chronicles are full of endless wars, struggles for power between the rulers of various states and conspiracies of their confidants. The chronicles of millennia are replete with uprisings of the poor against the dominance of the rich. Almighty kings are overthrown during periods of bloody revolutions. And then some tyrants are replaced by others, if not dictators, then often individuals who do not disdain deception and betrayal in their own interests. There are also enough bright leaders with a strong character, who, partly for good reason, are later called great leaders and heroes. The names of many of them have been preserved by history, although a good half of humanity sometimes does not remember what and against whom they fought.

World conquerors often occupy more than place of honor than the discoverers of new continents, philosophers, scientists and artists. However, on the scale of civilization, it is creative discoveries that truly contribute to progress. The most important historical events of ancient times, perhaps, are: the conquest of fire, the domestication of animals and the breeding of cultivated plants, the invention of the wheel, writing and numbers. But who remembers the authors of these discoveries and revolutionary innovations? History does not keep their names.

The most famous person

Nobody knows whether this person actually lived, or whether his biography from the first to the last word is pure water fiction. However, whether he was a real person or a myth, entire states rallied around his name and the most important historical events took place. Centuries-long wars and endless verbal battles were fought for and against his ideas, where supporters and opponents clashed in fierce battles. And even a chronicle new era counts down from the date of his birth.

Jesus Christ, as the lines of Holy Scripture testify, was just the son of a simple carpenter from an unremarkable city in Israel called Nazareth. He is considered the founder of idealistic philosophy, which formed the basis of many religious cults. He was executed in Jerusalem as a criminal, for which he was subsequently deified.

Europe

Every nation builds its own history. In some ways it is similar to the chronicles of other states. However, it is definitely endowed with its own unique features. The culture of a nation is part of the country's history. It is closely connected with the events that occur in the political, state, economic and spiritual fields. It expresses the essence of a nation and human relationships. And each nation has its own most important historical events.

In the ancient period, civilizations such as the Hellenic and Roman arose in Europe, which subsequently gave others a lot in terms of the development of politics, philosophy, science, music, theater and sports. In the first millennium AD, other peoples moved to this continent. Among them are the Huns, Bulgarians, Khazars, Turks and Vikings. They created many states and civilizations that laid the foundations of modern world culture.

Discovery of America

History preserves the name of this great Spanish navigator, although he did not end up where he wanted to go. Until the end of his life, Christopher Columbus did not understand that the four expeditions that were carried out under his command with the blessing of the Catholic kings did not visit India at all. He landed on the island of San Salvador, sailing with his crew on three ships across the Atlantic Ocean, and saw the outlines of an unknown continent on October 12, 1492. This date is celebrated as the day of the discovery of America and refers to the main historical events that influenced the course of development of civilization.

The states of the New World, especially the United States, have occupied key positions in politics and economics over the past centuries, each year continuing to increase their influence on the course of events on the planet.

Formation of Rus'

Our state took shape over a vast period of time, uniting from a huge number of disparate tribes of the Eastern Slavs. Experiencing the strong influence of Byzantium, a neighboring power, Rus' became Orthodox. This happened more than a thousand years ago. And the adoption of Christianity is rightfully considered a historical event that radically influenced the life of Russia. The new religion changed people's ideas, their views, cultural traditions, and aesthetic tastes. Before the times of the dominance of the Golden Horde, Rus' was considered an advanced, cultural, developed country and a significant state.

The Battle of Kulikovo - a battle that took place in September 1380, ended with the defeat of the troops of the Tatar Khan Mamai, although Russian losses were also significant. But the victory greatly strengthened the authority and influence of the Moscow princes among neighboring peoples and contributed to the final liberation of Rus' from the Mongol-Tatar yoke. This achievement, like military glory, is more later periods, including the defeat of Napoleon’s troops in 1812, contributed to the formation of the spirit of the nation. Russians in the world are known for their love of freedom, desire for independence and ability to repel enemies.

The era of scientific achievements

Classical science of the 19th century, paying tribute to its ancient roots, continued to remain largely metaphysical. However, the fundamental discoveries of the second half of the century revolutionized scientific minds. Here are some of them: cell theory in biology, the law of conservation of energy in physics, the theory of the development of the Earth in geology.

The idea of a gradual change in the numerous species of flora and fauna existing on planet Earth has been in the air for a long time, but it finally took shape only in the 19th century in the works of the traveler and naturalist from England Charles Darwin. He published his book on the origin of species in 1859. At first it aroused vehement criticism, especially from religious leaders who saw the theory of the emergence of life without divine intervention as an encroachment on centuries-old moral principles.

The discoveries of the 19th century not only influenced the minds and worldviews of people, but prepared the ground and became the impetus for subsequent grandiose, large-scale and at the same time tragic historical events of the 20th century.

A century of revolutions, wars and tyrants

The next century was marked by numerous technical innovations, the development of aviation, the discovery of the secrets of the structure of the atom and the conquest of its energy, deciphering the DNA code, and the creation of computers.

The rapid development of industry and the economic redistribution of the world in the first half of the century became the fundamental reason that pitted the strongest states in the most brutal and bloody world wars, the beginning of which dates back to 1914 and 1939. In this century, the world heard the names of such great titans as Lenin, Stalin, Hitler, who radically changed the course of the history of the planet.

The victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War, which put an end to the senseless bloodshed in 1945, marked the beginning of a new era in world history.

Conquest of space

The idea of human flights to other planets was expressed by progressive astronomers of the Middle Ages. The great scientist Isaac Newton developed theories that later formed the basis of astronautics. Jules Verne wrote science fiction novels about trips to the moon. Such dreams began to come true in April 1961, when manned space flight took place. And Yuri Gagarin became the first earthling to see the planet from a completely different angle.

The Cold War, which followed the bloody battles of the 20th century, gave rise not only to an arms race that was absurd in its madness, but also to competition between the leading powers for influence beyond the confines of the earth's atmosphere. Human space flight was complemented by the launches of interplanetary satellites and American landings on the Moon, the first of which took place in July 1969 as part of the Apollo program.

The advent of the Internet

The first signs of the imminent birth of the World Wide Web began to make themselves felt in the 50s of the turbulent last century. We can say that the impetus for its emergence was also cold war. Influential circles in the United States were very concerned about the appearance of intercontinental missiles in the USSR, so lightning-fast information transmission devices were urgently invented. For this purpose, computer network connections were used. The foundations of the Internet were laid by engineer Leonard Clayton. Later, the World Wide Web opened up tremendous opportunities for humanity to communicate and exchange information.

Here in summary a story about historical events that everyone should know. What will happen in the future to the inhabitants of the cozy but restless planet Earth, only the future will show.

2012 – Year Russian history

State Budgetary Institution of Moscow Central Banking Center "Kuntsevo"

Central Library named after. A. Akhmatova

Information and bibliographic department

Memorable dates in Russian history

Moscow

Memorable dates in Russian history: calendar / comp. Valentina Sheludko. – Moscow: GBUK TsBS “Kuntsevo”. – 2012. – 44 p.

The calendar “Memorable and significant dates of Russian history” has been prepared for the celebration of the 1150th anniversary of the birth of Russian statehood (Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of March 3, 2011 N 267 “On the celebration of the 1150th anniversary of the birth of Russian statehood”) and the Year of Russian history, the celebration of which is announced by the Decree Presidential No. 49 of January 9, 2012.

The calendar, in direct chronology, reflects dates, events and significant dates associated with the history of Rus', Russia, the USSR, Russian Federation. When compiling the calendar, we were guided by the memorable dates established Federal law No. 32-FZ dated March 13, 1995 “On the days of military glory and memorable dates in Russia.”

The days of military glory of Russia are the days of victories of Russian weapons, which played a decisive role in the history of Russia.

The calendar also reflects the memory of outstanding figures of Russia from the 9th to the 21st centuries, who left a big mark on our history: the rulers of the Russian state: grand dukes, tsars, emperors, military leaders, outstanding statesmen who left a mark on themselves in the history of the Fatherland.

The calendar of historical dates in Russia for 2012 is multifaceted; it can give Russians pride in their country as a power.

Compiled by: Valentina Sheludko – Chief bibliographer of the Central Bank named after. A. Akhmatova State Budgetary Institution of the City of Moscow Central Banking Center "Kuntsevo"

“History, in a sense, is the sacred book of peoples: the main, necessary; a mirror of their existence and activity; the tablet of revelations and rules; the covenant of ancestors to posterity; addition, explanation of the present and example of the future.”

Federal Law of 01.01.01 N 32-FZ "On days of military glory and memorable dates of Russia"

Article 1. Days of military glory of Russia

In the Russian Federation they are installed next days military glory of Russia:

Celebrating the Year of Russian History in 2012

In 2012 it will be

975 years ago (1037) was founded by Yaroslav the Wise at the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv the first library of Ancient Rus'.

865 years ago (1147)- first chronicle mention about Moscow.

770 years ago (1242) prince Alexander Nevsky in the Battle of the Ice on Lake Peipus near Pskov, he defeated the crusaders, knights of the Livonian Order.

555 years ago (1457) in the German city of Mainz a precisely dated printed book was published – Psalter.

400 years ago (1612), the soldiers of Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky liberated Moscow from Polish invaders (1612)

300 years ago (in 1712) Peter I transferred capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg

290 years ago(1722) Peter I issued a decree on creation of the prosecutor's office. “This rank is like our eye.”

290 years from the date of introduction (1722) by Peter I protection of historical and cultural monuments in Russia.

200 years ago (in 1812) the Battle of Borodino took place

150 years from the day of birth Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin(years), the largest statesman of his time, reformer, prime minister of Russia.

He went down in history as the first popularly elected head of state, one of the organizers of resistance to the actions of the State Emergency Committee, a radical reformer of the socio-political and economic structure of Russia.

February 2 – 70 years old from the day defeat of fascist troops in the Battle of Stalingrad(1942). The Battle of Stalingrad is a major battle between the troops of the USSR on the one hand, and the troops of the Third Reich, Romania, Italy, Hungary, on the other, during the Great Patriotic War from July 17, 1942 to February 2, 1943.

The battle is one of the most important events of the Second World War and, along with the Battle of Kursk, became a turning point in the course of hostilities, after which German troops finally lost the strategic initiative. The battle included the Wehrmacht's attempt to capture the left bank of the Volga in the area of Stalingrad (modern Volgograd) and the city itself, a standoff in the city, and a Red Army counteroffensive (Operation Uranus), which brought the Wehrmacht's 6th Army and other German allied forces inside and near the city they were surrounded and partly destroyed, and partly captured.

The Battle of Stalingrad is the bloodiest battle in human history; according to rough estimates, the total losses of both sides in this battle exceed two million people. The Axis powers lost large number men and weapons and were subsequently unable to fully recover from the defeat.

For Soviet Union, which also suffered heavy losses during the battle, the victory at Stalingrad marked the beginning of the liberation of the country, as well as the occupied territories of Europe, leading to the final defeat of the Third Reich in 1945.

February 2 – 310 years since its foundation (1702) Baltic Fleet PeterI.

February 3 – 295 years since the publication (1717) of a monument to the pedagogical thought of Russia in the 18th century “An honest mirror of youth”(full title “An Honest Mirror of Youth, or Indications for Everyday Life, Collected from Various Authors”), prepared on the instructions of Peter I.

The authors of the publication are unknown. The supposed compiler is Bishop Gabriel (Buzhinsky) of Ryazan and Murom. Peter’s associate, Jacob Bruce, took an active part in the creation of the book and supervised its publication. “Mirror” was published in accordance with the spirit of Peter the Great’s reforms, when the basis of all printed products was made up of various kinds of manuals and instructions.

The publication consists of two separate parts. The first part contained the alphabet, tables of syllables, numbers and numbers, as well as moral teachings from the Holy Scriptures. It can be considered one of the first teaching aids for teaching civil script and Arabic writing of numbers, introduced by decree of Peter I in 1708 instead of the previous Church Slavonic designation.

The second part is the “mirror” itself, that is rules of conduct for “young boys” and girls of the nobility. In fact, this is the first etiquette textbook in Russia. The young nobleman was recommended to study primarily foreign languages, horse riding, dancing and fencing. The girl's virtues were humility, respect for parents, hard work and silence. The essay regulated almost all aspects of social life: from rules of behavior at the table to civil service. The book formed a new stereotype of behavior for a socialite, avoiding bad company, extravagance, drunkenness, rudeness, and adhering to European social manners.

“An Honest Mirror of Youth” on for many years became a guide to the rules of good manners and behavior in society. The popularity of the publication among contemporaries was so great that in the same 1717 the book was published twice more. And in 1719, the book was published in its fourth edition, and was reprinted several times until the end of the 19th century.

February 8 – Day of Remembrance of the Young Anti-Fascist Hero. Celebrated since 1964 in honor of the fallen participants in anti-fascist demonstrations - French schoolboy Daniel Fery (1962) and Iraqi boy Fadil Jamal (1963).

February 10(new style) – 175 years ago(in 1837) the great poet of Russia died Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin(1799–1937).

February 23 – Defender of the Fatherland Day (Adopted by the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation in 1993).

February 25 – 56 years ago(in 1956) Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev read a report at the 20th Congress of the CPSU "On the cult of personality and its consequences."

724 years from the day of birth Ivan Daniilovich Kalita(1288-1341) - Prince of Moscow from 1325 (actually from 1322) to 1341, Grand Duke of Vladimir (label from the khan in 1331) to 1341, Prince of Novgorod from 1328 to 1337.

MARCH

March 1 – 250 years ago (in 1762) published " Manifesto on the granting of liberty and freedom to the Russian nobility"(February 18, old style). The manifesto completed the process of strengthening noble privileges. Beginning with the reign of Anna Ioannovna, the Russian nobility enjoyed the favor of the imperial power, manifested in the adoption of decrees and measures aimed at improving the position of the nobles and expanding their rights in relation to the land and peasants. The nobles already exempted from compulsory civil service by Elizabeth Petrovna are exempted by Peter III from compulsory military service, receive the right to freely travel to other countries and enter service there. They are allowed to receive education not only in educational institutions, but also at home. Nobles who did not want to serve could easily find reasons to obtain resignation. The main provisions of the Manifesto were confirmed by the government in the Charter of the Nobility of 1785.

March 1 is Orthodox Book Day. It has been celebrated by order of the Holy Synod since 2010 in honor of the publication of “The Apostle” - the first Orthodox book in Rus'.

March 2 – 60 years ago(in 1952) on the 100th anniversary of his death Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol(1809-1852) a new one was opened monument on Gogolevsky Boulevard(sculptor N. Tomsky, architect L. Golubovsky). A new monument was erected on the site of the old one, erected for the 100th anniversary of the writer’s birth in 1909 (sculptor N. Andreev, architect F. Shekhtel). In 1951, the old monument was moved to the Donskoy Monastery (currently located on Nikitsky Boulevard).

March 5 – 105 years ago(in 1907) opened IIState Duma, the so-called “Red”, or “Duma of the Extremes”. A right-wing cadet became the Chairman of the Duma. The main one was the agrarian question, on which each faction presented its own project. In addition, the Second Duma actively considered the food issue, discussed the state budget, the issue of conscripting recruits, the abolition of military courts, etc. When it became obvious that the new Duma did not live up to the government’s hopes, the apparatus of the Ministry of Internal Affairs prepared secretly from the Duma draft of a new electoral law. On June 1, 1907, he demanded the removal of 55 Social Democrats from participation in Duma meetings and the deprivation of 16 of them parliamentary immunity, accusing them of preparing for the “overthrow of the state system.” On June 3, 1907, the tsar's manifesto was published on the dissolution of the Second State Duma and changes in the election regulations.

March 6 – 20 years ago(in 1992) The Presidium of the Moscow Soviet makes a decision on returning historical names and renaming some streets in Moscow. In particular, Kuibyshevsky Proezd became Bogoyavlensky Lane, Sapunov Proezd - Vetoshny Lane, Kropotkinsky Gate Square - Prechistensky Gate Square. Dobryninskaya Square was named Serpukhovskaya, Oktyabrskaya Square - Kaluzhskaya, Leninskaya Square - Paveletskaya, Bauman Square - Yelokhovskaya, st. Dimitrova street became Bolshaya Yakimanka, Maurice Thorez embankment was renamed Sofia embankment.

March 8 – 100 years back in Moscow The Animal Theater opened. , or “Grandfather Durov’s Corner”- a theater in Moscow in which a variety of animals perform as actors. Its creator was the famous circus artist, satirical clown, trainer, writer, animal psychologist Vladimir Leonidovich Durov (1863-1934), who developed his own training method - he abandoned the whip and stick when working with animals. “Cruelty humiliates, only kindness can be beautiful,” said Durov, who in 1927 became the first honored circus artist of Russia.

To popularize scientific methods theory-based training conditioned reflexes and created his own “animal corner”, located in the house where he lived in 1908-1934. The “Kroshka” theater was opened here, on the stage of which animals and birds performed, an extensive natural science museum and an animal psychological laboratory, where the most famous scientists worked: academicians, professors, etc.

Until 1982 the theater was called Ugolok. Durov, in 1982 it was renamed the Animal Theater named after. , in 1992 transformed into the Moscow Theater Complex Center “Grandfather Durov’s Wonderland”. Today's name is the Theater "Grandfather Durov's Corner".

In 1934-1978, the theater was led by Sadovskaya (1900-1978), and from 1978 she headed it (1934-2007). Currently, the artistic director and chief director is People's Artist of the Russian Federation Yuri Yuryevich Durov.

In 1980, a new theater building was built (architects L. I. Gorbunova), which connected the old buildings of the late 19th - early 20th centuries into a single complex. with a modern theater space, a winter menagerie and open-air pavilions. The building is decorated with animal sculptures made from copper sheets.

Today, “Grandfather Durov’s Corner” includes the Big and Small stages, the Mouse Railway attraction, and a theater museum. The motto of the Corner has always been: “While entertaining, teach!” The theater's repertoire includes the following performances: “Visiting Grandfather Durov”, “The Book of Wanderings”, “Moscow Four-Legged Rescuers”, “ Scarlet flower", "Missing paints", etc.

March 10 –167 years from the day of birth AlexandraIII(1845–1894), Emperor of All Russia, Tsar of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from March 1 (13), 1881.

The foundations of the museum were laid by the Moscow Conservatory, where manuscripts, musical notations, scores, personal belongings of musicians, their musical instruments, and photographs were accumulated for many years. Gradually, an extensive fund accumulated that required special storage. These exhibits became the basis for the creation of a museum at the Moscow Conservatory, which was named in memory of the founder of the conservatory, pianist, conductor, public figure and its first director.

In 1943 the museum received the status of the Central Museum musical culture. In 1954 he was given a name. In 1964 the Museum named after. moved to another building, taking with him all the funds accumulated by that time, and left the Moscow Conservatory. In 1980, construction of a new museum building with a concert hall was completed, in which an organ was installed. Since 1985, permanent exhibitions began to open in the museum.

On February 1, 1992, the museum was restored within the structure of the Moscow State Conservatory. . In 1995, by decree of the President of the Russian Federation, the museum was included in the State Code of Especially Valuable Objects cultural heritage peoples of the Russian Federation. By decision of the MGK Council dated January 1, 2001, his name was returned. Nowadays the museum is a complex of the main premises and several branches that serve as a repository of valuable exhibits and a research and educational institution. In 1995, a Musical Lounge was opened at the museum, where musical meetings are held dedicated to memorable dates in the history of the Moscow Conservatory and the work of its outstanding figures.

LITERATURE:

1. Zorina, Angelina Petrovna. The Mighty Handful: A Brief Essay. - Moscow: Music,

2. Musicians of Russia: reference book / [comp. ]. - Moscow: New textbook: Moscow textbooks, 20 p.

3. Khoprova, A.G.: a brief sketch of life and creativity. - Leningrad: Muzgiz, 1963. – 116 p.

March 15 – 22 years ago(in 1990) elected President of the USSR Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev(March 2, 1931, Privolnoye, North Caucasus Territory, RSFSR, USSR) - Soviet and world political and public figure. Head of the CPSU and the Soviet Union. The first and last president of the USSR. Founder of the Gorbachev Foundation.

Gorbachev’s activities as head of the CPSU and the state are inextricably linked in the minds of his contemporaries:

A large-scale attempt to reform the USSR (“perestroika”), which ended with its collapse, the collapse of the world socialist system and the end of the Cold War.

Introduction of the policy of glasnost, freedom of speech and press into the USSR.

Withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan (1989).

Russian public opinion in assessing the activities of Mikhail Gorbachev is extremely polarized.

March 17 – 90 years ago(in 1922) the State Museum-Reserve was founded in the village. Mikhailovskoye, Pskov region. Nowadays it is the State Memorial Historical-Literary and Natural Landscape Museum-Reserve "Mikhailovskoye" (Pushkin Reserve).

March 19 – 90 years ago(1922) - put into operation Shukhov Tower- support for placing radio station antennas on the street. Shabolovka in Moscow. The radio station transmitted its call signs, which were received both on the outskirts of the republic and by many European radio stations. Built in 1919-1922 according to the design and under the leadership of Vladimir Georgievich Shukhov (1853-1939).

The Shukhov Tower is considered one of the most beautiful structures of this type, an outstanding achievement of engineering. The height of the tower is 148 m (with a flagpole - 160 m). According to the original project (1919), it was supposed to reach 350 m, but due to limited funds, the project was not fully implemented. The shape of the tower is a single-sheet hyperboloid of revolution. The steel mesh shell of the Shukhov Tower on Shabolovka, due to its “airiness,” experiences minimal wind load. The openwork steel structure combines strength and lightness: three times less metal was used per unit height of the Shukhov Tower than per unit height of the Eiffel Tower in Paris. It was erected without scaffolding, by telescopic lifting of sections. All metal parts of the tower are connected to each other by riveting, ensuring long-term operation of the structure.

LITERATURE:

1. . One hundred great Russian inventions. - Moscow: Veche, 20s. : ill. - (One hundred great ones).

The development of world history was not linear. At each stage there were events and periods that can be called “turning points.” They changed both geopolitics and people’s worldviews.

1. Neolithic revolution (10 thousand years BC - 2 thousand BC)

The term “Neolithic revolution” was introduced in 1949 by the English archaeologist Gordon Childe. Child called its main content the transition from an appropriating economy (hunting, gathering, fishing) to a producing economy (farming and cattle breeding). According to archaeology, the domestication of animals and plants occurred in different times independently in 7-8 regions. The earliest center of the Neolithic revolution is considered to be the Middle East, where domestication began no later than 10 thousand years BC.

2. Creation of the Mediterranean civilization (4 thousand BC)

The Mediterranean region was the birthplace of the first civilizations. The appearance of the Sumerian civilization in Mesopotamia dates back to the 4th millennium BC. e. In the same 4th millennium BC. e. egyptian pharaohs united the lands in the Nile Valley, and their civilization quickly expanded across the Fertile Crescent to the eastern coast of the Mediterranean and further throughout the Levant. This made Mediterranean countries such as Egypt, Syria and Lebanon part of the cradle of civilization.

3. Great Migration of Peoples (IV-VII centuries)

The Great Migration of Peoples became a turning point in history, defining the transition from antiquity to the Middle Ages. Scientists are still arguing about the causes of the Great Migration, but its consequences turned out to be global.

Numerous Germanic (Franks, Lombards, Saxons, Vandals, Goths) and Sarmatian (Alans) tribes moved to the territory of the weakening Roman Empire. The Slavs reached the Mediterranean and Baltic coasts and settled part of the Peloponnese and Asia Minor. The Turks reached Central Europe, the Arabs began their campaigns of conquest, during which they conquered the entire Middle East to the Indus, North Africa and Spain.

4. Fall of the Roman Empire (5th century)

Two powerful blows - in 410 by the Visigoths and in 476 by the Germans - crushed the seemingly eternal Roman Empire. This jeopardized the achievements of ancient European civilization. Crisis Ancient Rome didn't come suddenly, but for a long time matured from within. The military and political decline of the empire, which began in the 3rd century, gradually led to the weakening of centralized power: it could no longer manage the sprawling and multinational empire. The ancient state was replaced by feudal Europe with its new organizing center - the “Holy Roman Empire”. Europe plunged into the abyss of turmoil and discord for several centuries.

5. Schism of the church (1054)

In 1054, the final split of the Christian Church into Eastern and Western occurred. Its reason was the desire of Pope Leo IX to obtain territories that were subordinate to Patriarch Michael Cerullarius. The result of the dispute was mutual church curses (anathemas) and public accusations of heresy. The Western Church was called Roman Catholic (Roman Universal Church), and the Eastern Church was called Orthodox. The path to the Schism was long (almost six centuries) and began with the so-called Acacian schism of 484.

6. Little Ice Age (1312-1791)

The beginning of the Little Ice Age, which began in 1312, led to an entire environmental catastrophe. According to experts, during the period from 1315 to 1317, almost a quarter of the population died out in Europe due to the Great Famine. Hunger was a constant companion of people throughout the Little Ice Age. During the period from 1371 to 1791, there were 111 famine years in France alone. In 1601 alone, half a million people died in Russia from famine due to crop failures.

However, the Little Ice Age gave the world more than just famine and high mortality. It also became one of the reasons for the birth of capitalism. Coal became the source of energy. For its extraction and transportation, workshops with hired workers began to be organized, which became a harbinger of the scientific and technological revolution and the birth of a new formation public organization- capitalism. Some researchers (Margaret Anderson) also associate the settlement of America with the consequences of the Little Ice Age - people traveled for better life from “God-forsaken” Europe.

7. Age of Great Geographical Discoveries (XV-XVII centuries)

The Age of Great Geographical Discovery radically expanded the ecumene of humanity. In addition, it created the opportunity for the leading European powers to make maximum use of their overseas colonies, exploiting their human and natural resources and making fabulous profits from it. Some scholars also directly link the triumph of capitalism with transatlantic trade, which gave rise to commercial and financial capital.

8. Reformation (XVI-XVII centuries)

The beginning of the Reformation is considered to be the speech of Martin Luther, Doctor of Theology at the University of Wittenberg: on October 31, 1517, he nailed his “95 Theses” to the doors of the Wittenberg Castle Church. In them he spoke out against the existing abuses of the Catholic Church, in particular against the sale of indulgences.
The Reformation process gave rise to many so-called Protestant Wars, which seriously influenced the political structure of Europe. Historians consider the signing of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 to be the end of the Reformation.

9. The Great French Revolution (1789-1799)

The French Revolution, which broke out in 1789, not only transformed France from a monarchy into a republic, but also summed up the collapse of the old European order. Its slogan: “Freedom, equality, brotherhood” excited the minds of revolutionaries for a long time. The French Revolution not only laid the foundations for the democratization of European society - it appeared as a cruel machine of senseless terror, the victims of which were about 2 million people.

10. Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815)

Napoleon's irrepressible imperial ambitions plunged Europe into chaos for 15 years. It all started with an invasion French troops to Italy, and ended in an inglorious defeat in Russia. Being a talented commander, Napoleon, nevertheless, did not disdain the threats and intrigues with which he subjugated Spain and Holland to his influence, and also convinced Prussia to join the alliance, but then unceremoniously betrayed its interests.

During the Napoleonic Wars, the Kingdom of Italy, the Grand Duchy of Warsaw and a number of other small territorial entities appeared on the map. The commander's final plans included the division of Europe between two emperors - himself and Alexander I, as well as the overthrow of Britain. But the inconsistent Napoleon himself changed his plans. The defeat in 1812 by Russia led to the collapse of Napoleonic plans in the rest of Europe. The Treaty of Paris (1814) returned France to its former 1792 borders.

11. Industrial revolution (XVII-XIX centuries)

The Industrial Revolution in Europe and the USA made it possible to move from an agricultural society to an industrial one over the course of only 3-5 generations. The invention of the steam engine in England in the second half of the 17th century is considered to be the conventional beginning of this process. Over time, steam engines began to be used in manufacturing, and then as a propulsion mechanism for steam locomotives and steamships.
The main achievements of the era of the Industrial Revolution can be considered the mechanization of labor, the invention of the first conveyors, machine tools, and the telegraph. The advent of railways was a huge step.

Second world war took place on the territory of 40 countries, and 72 states took part in it. According to some estimates, 65 million people died in it. The war significantly weakened Europe's position in global politics and economics and led to the creation of a bipolar system in world geopolitics. Some countries were able to achieve independence during the war: Ethiopia, Iceland, Syria, Lebanon, Vietnam, Indonesia. In Eastern European countries, busy Soviet troops, socialist regimes were established. World War II also led to the creation of the UN.

14. Scientific and technological revolution (mid-20th century)

Scientific and technological revolution, the onset of which is usually attributed to the middle of the last century, made it possible to automate production, entrusting the control and management of production processes to electronics. The role of information has seriously increased, which also allows us to talk about an information revolution. With the advent of rocket and space technology, human exploration of near-Earth space began.