What breeds are service. Types of dogs
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Service dogs this is a separate group of domestic breeds of various origins, used for shepherd, driving (draft), guard, search and other types of service. These dogs have a well-developed instinct to protect the owner, his things, at home. The vast majority of service dogs are vicious, distrustful of strangers, and well trained.
Shepherd dogs were mainly used in livestock farms for grazing and protecting herds of sheep, cattle, pigs, reindeer and spotted deer from predators. Sled dogs, of which teams are made up, serve as one of the vehicles in the regions of the Far North (the average load per dog is 40-50 kg, the speed of the team run is up to 15 km / h). Guard and search dogs are used to protect state borders, military, industrial and economic facilities, search for criminals, search for minerals (as part of geological exploration expeditions), as well as for special (sanitary, communications, mine detection, etc.) services in the army.
Service dogs are excellent guides and helpers for blind people. We all know perfectly well that the dog has played an important role in space exploration. These animals were the first to fly into space. Everyone knows such dog names as Belka and Strelka. And the dog-cosmonaut Zvezdochka even has a monument in the city of Izhevsk. Service dogs are often involved in all sorts of scientific experiments. It was thanks to dogs that conditioned and unconditioned reflexes were discovered. The famous scientist I.P. Pavlov, who studied reflexes, even initiated a monument to the dog in the academic town of Koltushi.
History of service dog breeding
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Service dog breeding appeared in our country many decades ago. However, before the revolution, animals of this type performed rather primitive functions and their training was poorly organized. Dogs in the northern regions helped to move and transport loads, and also guarded herds of tamed deer. Service dog breeding began to develop rapidly only after when in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. breeds such as German and Scottish Shepherds were imported. After that, this type of dog began to be used for medical service and communications in the army, as well as in the search for criminals.
After the October Revolution, service dogs were involved in many areas. A large number of kennels arose, where dogs were raised, as well as schools in which animals were prepared and trained. This became the foundation for further development service dog breeding on a scientific basis. A significant role in the dissemination and development of this useful undertaking was played by defense society clubs, as well as amateur dog breeders.
Service dog owner should be aware of all responsibility for the animal. Any big dog, and without exception, all representatives of these breeds are such, especially living in the city, should be well educated. Otherwise, its owner is constantly exposed to various troubles, and the lives of others are in danger. Almost all such animals need some work, which is increasingly being replaced by general, and then service training. In addition, every owner should be aware that a service dog cannot receive a breeding class without having passed at least one training course diploma.
To maintain good physical shape, a large and strong dog needs regular long walks, the opportunity to frolic without a leash in an open space. A very important role in the cultivation and maintenance is played by a properly balanced high-grade feeding, which requires significant material costs. Precisely because it needs the most labor-intensive care, a service dog is the least suitable for the role of a fashionable toy.
Service dog breeds
Sheepdog
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Sheepdogs (photo on the left) are a fairly large group of dogs. Let's briefly consider some of them. German Shepherd- a breed of dog, originally used as a shepherd and service-search dog. The German Shepherd was obtained as a result of selection and crossing of some varieties of herd dogs of Central and Southern Germany. There are smooth-haired and long-haired varieties. This is a working dog with a balanced, agile type of behavior, exceptional clever, capable of a variety of training.
The German Shepherd is most successful if it has one owner, but at the same time its strength (as a service dog) is that it changes owners very easily and works with new ones with interest. For example, a Rottweiler or a Giant Schnauzer does not perceive the change of owners well, they refuse to obey the new ones, they yearn for the old ones, but this does not apply to the "Germans". When patrolling, dogs often, sometimes daily, change companions, and here the German Shepherd is out of competition. She is able to unquestioningly carry out the commands of any policeman with whom she goes on patrol today.
It is curious that this forte"Germans" who are in the service, turns out to be weak when it comes to home pupils. Many owners of German shepherds perceive very painfully the fact that their pets willingly play with the owners of other dogs on the dog playground, perform fetching and are even ready to leave their owner without any problems and leave the playground with anyone who will regularly throw them sticks or balls.
australian shepherd bred not in the hills of Australia or New Zealand, but in America. The Pyrenean Shepherds brought here were crossed with various types shepherd collies, as a result, a service breed was created, called the Australian Shepherd. Among the most likely ancestors of the Australian Shepherd are the Border Collie, Collie and Smithfield Collie. The Australian Shepherd has become a common working dog on the farms and ranches of America. Despite its relatively small size, the long-haired Australian Shepherd is able to manage a huge flock of sheep or a herd of bulls, biting naughty animals on the hind legs.
Scottish Shepherd, Collie- also used as a shepherd dog. It originated in the south of England. She has a wonderful disposition - light, cheerful, affectionate. This is a service dog with a very fine mental organization: you can’t shout at her, she is easily offended by the injustice of the owner, she is well versed in all the nuances of relationships between family members.
The collie requires attention not only during feeding and walking, but also just talking to her and caressing her. This is a long-haired breed and in order for the luxurious coat to have a rich and attractive appearance, it needs to be brushed regularly. Collie is an excellent watchman, a kind nanny for children, an intelligent guide of the blind, that is, she can learn almost any canine specialty, which is helped by her rare quick wit and versatile natural talent.
boxer dog(top photo) is often loved for her character, intelligence, and devotion. They are quite affectionate and will gladly join you if you lay down on the sofa, preferring to be near their owners at any opportunity. They are often distrustful of strangers unless socialized in early childhood. Otherwise, boxers will bark very loudly at visitors to your home.
Boxers remain emotionally immature for a long time, although their physical development usually stops at 18 months. This means that early training can feel like talking to the deaf, when it really isn't. At one point, your service dog suddenly understands everything that you have been trying to teach him for a long time. Even though they get along well with other animals in the house that they have been raised with, they tend to chase cats and other small animals that are not part of their family.
German dog- a breed of service dogs of gigantic size. The breed is recognized by FCI, CKC, AKC, ANKC, NKC, NZKC, APRI, UKC, ACR. This is one of the largest dog breeds in terms of size. Types of coat colors of this breed are different: fawn, brindle, marble, mantle, black, blue. The coat of the Great Dane is short and dense, smooth and shiny. The shedding is moderate. Growth of Great Danes at the withers: males at least 80 cm, females at least 72 cm, and weight can be up to 90 kg. The nature of the Great Dane can be called calm, as a rule, there are no problems in communicating with people. The only thing worth remembering is that these dogs, not realizing their physical size relative to a person, can easily knock him to the ground while playing with him, you should not consider this as aggression on the part of the animal.
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(photo on the left) - an excellent service dog. Harmonious, balanced and powerful. Everything about this dog speaks of determination and courage. The perfect rottweiler middle or large size, strong and powerful dog. His compact, strong build indicates great strength and endurance. Calm, balanced, self-confident, courageous dog. He is independent and aloof, distrustful of strangers. The dog is smart, stern, but manageable. She is aggressive, belligerent towards other dogs. Type of higher nervous activity - strong, balanced, calm.
The coat is straight, hard, dense, of medium length, close fitting. On the head, ears, legs - the hair is shorter. It does not form long fringes on the hips. The undercoat is soft and short. Particularly pronounced on the neck and hips. Color gray, red or black. Black and tan, sharply defined, with pronounced red-brown markings. Tan occupies up to 10% of the body surface. Placement of the tan: above the eyes, on the cheeks, in stripes on both sides of the muzzle, but not on the back of the nose. On the underside of the neck, in the form of two triangles on the chest, on the front legs to the wrist, on inside legs to the knee joint, under the tail, there are black stripes on the fingers.
The dog has accompanied man for thousands of years. During this time, a huge number of very different breeds have been bred - from miniature ones that are not higher than 13 centimeters at the withers, to real giants more than 1 meter high. Cynologists and breeders today continue their work aimed at ensuring that new types of dogs appear.
Descendants of wolves
It is known that the dog is a direct descendant of the wolf. Their DNA is almost identical and, when mated, they can produce quite fertile offspring. Man began to use the dog primarily for its hunting qualities - the ability to track down and catch up with prey.
This was her main purpose, laid down by nature. The dog is one of those animals that must work. This applies to all breeds without exception. Even the types of small dogs that spend their entire lives in a city apartment love to wander around exploring new territories, looking for some kind of food or water. They have a natural need for it.
Therefore, wanting to see a happy dog in your home, you must remember why it was created from the very beginning. Then you will not have to face the problems that arise because the animal does not have the opportunity to express itself. Whatever the name of the dog breeds living in the apartment, it is necessary to walk the animals for a long time every day and in any weather. To some extent, this will allow them to realize themselves as hunters.
Dog breeds
Cynological Association has more than 400 breeds. Their number is increasing every year. A breed is a group of dogs that have a common origin, similar external features, behavioral characteristics and working qualities that are persistently inherited.
Each breed appeared as a result of the breeding work done in accordance with the social and cultural needs of man. In order to improve the breed, it is necessary to observe a number of conditions in breeding, keeping, feeding and raising a dog. Modern methods, such as DNA analysis, allow us to breed new types of dogs.
For convenience, all breeds are divided into groups: hunting dogs, service, decorative and fighting dogs. Each of them has its own characteristics, depending on the purpose of the animal.
hunting dogs
There are many breeds bred specifically to participate in hunting together with a person. This type of activity requires special skills from dogs, much more than other species. Depending on what kind of prey you have to hunt, the appropriate breed is selected. But all these dogs have common features.
They are united by absolute fearlessness and ferocity towards prey. Hunting dogs have stamina, the desire to fight to the last. They are characterized by intelligence, quick reaction, the ability to navigate well in space. These dogs are not considered pets and are raised without socializing with people and other animals. They develop endurance, ability a long period during the hunt to be without food and endure any bad weather. Hunting breeds of dogs are also distinguished by unquestioning obedience, precise execution of commands and instructions.
hunting breeds
Laika is considered to be a universal dog for hunting. With it, you can walk on a capercaillie, and on a wild boar, and even on a bear. It is important not to use a dog that is trained to hunt a small animal in hunting a large animal, and vice versa. There are many types of huskies, and each is good for certain purposes. The Karelian-Finnish Laika has the ability to hunt upland game, the Russian-European Laika is suitable for fur-bearing animals, the West Siberian Laika is suitable for waterfowl, and with the East European Laika you can safely go in search of ungulates.
Hound breeds are tireless pursuers. Their task is to drive the beast until the hunter shoots it. Persistence, tirelessness in pursuit, the ability not to lose the animal trail under any circumstances - these are the main features of this breed.
Greyhounds are the most ancient hunting dog breeds. They have long been used for gunless hunting for hare and fox. With the help of their excellent vision and instinct, these dogs find the beast, after which, having developed tremendous speed, they catch up with it and strangle it.
When it is necessary to expel an animal from a hole (a fox, a badger, a raccoon), burrow dogs will become excellent helpers. The most common of these are wire-haired fox terriers and dachshunds. They, due to their small growth, easily penetrate into the hole behind the beast. Dachshund can also work both on a hare and on a black grouse.
Pointers are the most suitable types of dogs for hunting marsh, field and waterfowl. Their developed instinct allows them to detect hidden game, raise it on the wing and find the dead bird after the owner's shot. Setters, spaniels, pointers also easily cope with similar tasks.
Service dogs
These include a number of breeds that a person uses for work. The use of service dogs is widespread throughout the world. They help solve a wide variety of problems. But they are all united general qualities- this is a complete distrust of strangers, aggressiveness, high ability to train and devotion to his master.
This group includes guide dogs accompanying blind people. They are characterized by a complete disregard for extraneous stimuli and the possession of a number of special qualities.
Service dogs do their job at the border, in the police, participating in the search and detention of criminals who have lost their way in the forest of mushroom pickers. They graze cattle, serve as a means of transportation in the Far North, and rescue people in the snowy mountains. These dogs are often used to protect military and national economic facilities.
Service dog breeds have been created for more than one year. Each of them has its own individual qualities. For example, a feature of shepherd dogs is the lack of a hunter's instinct. This does not allow them to be distracted from the protection of the herd, rushing in the wake of any animal, and there is no temptation to feast on domestic animals.
Service breeds are also bred for sporting purposes. To do this, the dog is trained, participate with it in various competitions, competitions, etc.
Service dog breeds
One of the best guards is the Giant Schnauzer. In military and civil service, the Airedale Terrier does an excellent job. This dog gets along great with children and is able to become a true friend of the family.
The most balanced, docile and trainable dogs are Labradors. Due to their good-natured disposition, these dogs are almost never used for protection. They successfully cope with the work of searching for explosives, drugs, people trapped under the ruins.
The Rottweiler is the epitome of a working dog. Fearless, courageous, with a strong, powerful physique, he has both strength and intelligence. The owner must be able to handle such a dog.
An excellent watchman can become a pinscher. The largest of the dogs of this breed is the most famous Doberman in our country. It is distinguished by a harmonious structure of a muscular body, excellent flair and service qualities.
Boxer is the name of dog breeds that have a loyal character and are very attached to their owners. They can get along well with other pets and are very inhospitable to strangers.
The German Shepherd is considered a classic example of a working dog.
Her appearance, expressing readiness to rush at the enemy at any moment, independence and self-confidence cause fear among others. But in fact, this dog has the ability to make friends to perfection. With members of his family, the shepherd dog behaves like an affectionate cat, always remaining a small puppy for its owners.
Fighting dogs
The American Pit Bull Terrier belongs to this species. In the eyes of the public, this is perhaps the most dangerous dog. But in fact, it is difficult to find a more affectionate, devoted and cheerful breed, which also has a huge supply of energy and an innate desire to please its owner. Pete is one of the few breeds of dogs that love people so much that they are happy with anyone they meet.
Participation in the battles for him is completely optional. If its energy is directed to right direction, Pete is fine without fighting. Previously, these dogs were involved in hunting rats and foxes that penetrated the farm, to the cattle drive. Today, pit bull terriers successfully compete in dog sports with representatives of other breeds.
One of the largest dog breeds is the English Mastiff. These are fighting dogs that have been involved in various fights since the reign of Alexander the Great. They were used as gladiators in battles against bears, lions and tigers. Mastiffs' thirst for battle has long been erased by breeders. Today, more often these are domestic dogs, striking with great affection for the owner, kindness and tolerance towards children.
The ancestors of the Dogue de Bordeaux were participants in gladiator fights. Thanks to the hot blood inherited from them, today these dogs are used in illegal dog fights.
All fighting breeds of dogs have a higher threshold of pain sensitivity, an instant reaction. Their jaws are strongly developed. These dogs are fearless, smart and temperamental.
Decorative rocks
Despite the fact that such dogs most often serve as home decoration or even an accessory, it is of great importance for them to be able to lead a full life, characteristic of any dog. It is very important that they do not become a "soft toy" and be able to realize their animal instincts.
Decorative breeds of dogs were bred by miniaturization of ordinary breeds. The ancestors of the poodle, greyhound, toy terrier were once large hunting dogs.
Breeds such as the Pekingese, Japanese Chin, Chihuahua, appeared as a result of selection work as an ornament to human life.
Despite the fact that the size and funny appearance of these dogs make them look like toys, they need upbringing and training no less than a German shepherd or a huge mastiff. Otherwise, these domestic dogs are able to torture their owners with their whims.
The most numerous and popular decorative breed is the poodle. They are believed to be especially amenable to training and education. Perhaps that is why these dogs are most often found in the circus.
The French Bulldog is distinguished by a cheerful and good-natured character. But if necessary, he is quite ready to stand up for himself. The decorative breeds of dogs that are popular today are the Yorkshire Terrier, the owner of a chic coat, the Maltese, Shar Pei, Dalmatian, pug and others.
Sled dogs
Living for centuries in the harsh climatic conditions of the Far North, these dog breeds have a special appearance. Their strong physique has at the same time light bones, long legs and a slightly elongated body. This constitution allows them to feel free in deep snow. These unpretentious animals are able to work in the most difficult conditions. They are protected from frost and strong wind by a dense, hard coat, the undercoat of which is very warm and thick.
Sled dogs are used to transport goods and people. They unquestioningly obey a person, but they are also capable of making independent decisions. These very friendly, funny and smartest animals have won the hearts of the inhabitants of the North forever, who can no longer imagine their life without dogs. As vehicle they are far superior to deer in their endurance and reliability. In addition, the dog always strives towards the house, which is very important when moving in a strong snowstorm and snowstorm. More than once, dog teams rescued people caught in an avalanche by digging up the snow.
Breeds of sled dogs
Types of dogs adapted for transportation are quite few. The most famous are Malamute, Siberian Husky and Samoyed. They almost completely retained the qualities of their ancestors - the northern driving aborigines.
Malamute is a breed bred by the Eskimos in Alaska. These dogs do not know how to bark at all, instead they make sounds similar to grunts. They are very mobile, good-natured, but often show stubbornness, trying to claim the role of leader.
The Siberian Husky was bred by the Chukchi when a hardy dog was needed to transport goods. Even with a heavy load in the harness, these dogs are able to run non-stop all day long. Physical activity is necessary for them, therefore, when kept in an apartment, it is very lacking. Huskies, like Malamutes, do not bark, but when they are alone, they can howl. The dogs are very kind, the Chukchi even used them to warm their children in tents.
Sled dogs of the Samoyed breed look like cubs. In addition to the ability to carry heavy luggage, the weight of which can exceed their own one and a half times, these animals are excellent guards. They are sociable, reliable, do not require special attention. The breed was bred by the nomadic Samoyed tribes as sled dogs, as well as to guard herds of deer.
Compared to the above breeds, the Chukchi sled dog has some advantages. She has a metabolism of a protein-fat type, a huge working capacity and endurance. These dogs have high driving qualities, are easy to train and absolutely adapted to the harsh conditions of Chukotka. Today they are successfully used not only as a vehicle among the local population, but also in various sports.
Large or small dog
Knowing what types of dogs there are, and wanting to buy a dog for the home, you should first decide on the breed. And for this, it is worth estimating what size the future pet should be, whether there will be enough space in the apartment for him and whether the owner will be able to provide the dog with good nutrition, whether the budget of the new family member will withstand.
Pets of impressive size will undoubtedly become good guards and protectors. All types of large dogs, as a rule, are distinguished by a balanced and calm character. As such a four-legged friend, a Newfoundland, Mastiff, St. Bernard and, of course, a German Shepherd are suitable.
For a cramped city apartment, a small dog is a good option. She is unlikely to provide reliable protection rather, it is an animal for the soul. Most often these are spaniels, pugs, chihuahuas, pinschers. If there are children in the family, then the dog, of course, should be distinguished by friendliness and not have even the slightest signs of aggression. In this case, it is better to have a breed such as a Labrador, Cocker Spaniel or Collie. These dogs can endure the molestation of a child and will happily play with him without causing harm.
The history of mankind knows many examples of use in order to help people. Dogs grazed herds, hunted down criminals, were smart and intelligent companions, guarded property and their owners. Regardless, they faithfully served and continue to serve for the benefit of mankind. Over time, people noticed that certain dogs have hallmarks, which can be used with a narrow specialization. This is how guard, sled, service, search dogs and rescue dogs arose. Each of them has its own mission, its own purpose, which, thanks to their outstanding character traits, they perfectly fulfill. Let's learn more about the most disciplined and most trained dog breeds - service dogs, delve into the history of their origin, the main principles of keeping and using these breeds.
Service dogs
Initially, service breeds were considered to be any dogs capable of serving people. Only at the beginning of the last century there was a more precise differentiation of them into subgroups according to the purpose of use.
Description
When it became necessary to divide the dogs according to their working qualities, there appeared sports dogs, sled dogs, shepherds and those suitable for police service. There were no particularly strict requirements for the breeds of the latter, since outbred dogs, but capable of working with humans, could conduct search and investigation work and help disarm the criminal. 
They had to be large, strong, healthy and have an angry but not aggressive temperament in order to succumb to training. Controlled the use of dogs, their division into groups and the emergence of new professions related to the maintenance of these animals, the science of cynology.
The history of the development of service dog breeding
In fact, service dogs as a species have appeared since they were accustomed to man, because from the very beginning they were considered as additional draft, search and in general labor, and not as companions. Great benefit in everyday life and the high sociality of these animals led to the fact that the popularity of canines increased rapidly. They were revered in society, at the beginning of our era there were bans on killing dogs, which from modern Egypt dispersed to other countries.
Herding herds and helping in the hunt, the dogs proved to be excellent guards, so the role of the dog was further expanded to search for criminals and spy on places of detention. With the advent of large-scale wars service dogs took part in these actions along with the owners in ancient Greece, Rome and Mesopotamia. Ancestors of the current caucasian shepherd dogs were used to protect government palaces and chariots, and during the hunt they demonstrated unprecedented strength with which they defeated wild horses and wild boars. 
The first cynological works date back to the III-II century BC. The historian Arrian, who was born in ancient Greece, has prepared a complete atlas of dogs that exist and are used in the service of people. Full-fledged cynology did not exist until the 19th century, when a few Englishmen interested in dog breeding founded the most prestigious and oldest by today's standards, the Kennel Club. Most of the world-class exhibitions and presentations are held under his leadership. As for the Slavic countries, here service dogs were used by the police in the 10s of the last century, guided by the work of the Austrian cynologist Hans Gross. Hans strongly urged police officials to train and use dogs in search work, since their sense organs are much more perfect than human ones.
Did you know? At the Victory Parade in 1945, all types of troops marched, including dog service. Ahead of all the dogs and guides was the leading dog handler with the sapper dog Dzhulbars in his arms. Dzhulbars had not yet recovered from a military wound. On his account there were more than 460 found mines and one and a half hundred shells. Another one was added to his cynological medals.- "For military merit."
The first dog kennels were opened around the same time. In 1911, there were over six hundred Sheepdogs and Doberman Pinschers trained as orderlies, bloodhounds, and signalers. Civil and world war almost ruined this achievement, but before the Second World War, service dogs were again remembered, and already in 1942 they began to pull the wounded from the fields, find explosives and carry important messages. Dogs served in the border troops and camps, guarding the border and preventing the escape of prisoners. Today, the use of dogs for security and investigative purposes continues - they recognize prohibited substances and explosives at airports and border points, identify criminals and work on a par with human security. 
There are enclosures in which these animals are kept freely, without muzzles, collars and leashes. In hot weather, tents are installed over them, in cold weather, booths are brought into the enclosures, insulated from the inside so that the animals do not freeze. Be sure to use straw (not fabric) bedding, which is often changed and cleaned. The premises and the surrounding area are disinfected as they get dirty, the animals themselves are also subjected to regular treatment and preventive vaccination to prevent outbreaks of infectious diseases. By the way, all the personal equipment of a dog that died from a viral or bacterial disease is destroyed in order to prevent infection of a pet that could be put on an infected harness.
Important! In the event of the death or escape of a service animal, the booth and ammunition that belonged to him are transferred to the next novice dog. If the animal has fallen victim to an infectious disease, the dog's body, booth, ammunition, bedding are destroyed, andin the nurseryextraordinary preventive vaccination is carried out.
Aviaries, nurseries, corrals are built in areas remote from industrial complexes and residential buildings. They must be clean, warm (but without heating), dry, so the use of marshy land in the construction of premises for service dogs is not allowed. Medium dog kennels are two meters in size and cube-shaped so that adult animals are spacious in them, but not cold. The floor is preferably concrete, the fences and the ceiling are wooden. A paddock is necessarily attached to each nursery - a place where animals can warm up and frolic in their free time from sleep and work. 
The isolation room and feed kitchen are two other important service areas. Sick and injured animals, females in heat and whelping bitches, who are not allowed to work, are placed in the isolation ward. The kitchen is placed a little further away so that the smell of cooking food does not tease the animals at unspecified times. In the kitchen, they take food, prepare food, share it among pets and wash used dishes. Also, each feed kitchen keeps a daily supply of feed so that in case of delays in supplies, the animals do not experience hunger.
Stocks of bulk products, drinking water, as well as uniforms, clothing and equipment used in work and training are stored in warehouses and dressing rooms. Everything must be kept immaculately clean, because in places with a large concentration of animals there is a high risk of a surge in bacterial diseases. Shower cabins on the territory of the nursery are equipped for the hygiene of personnel who come into close contact with animals.
The training ground operates at any time of the year. Training equipment is placed on it - bars, ladders, walls, barriers, on which service dogs work out their physical skills and obedience to the instructor. Determining the amount and types of equipment on the training grounds falls on the shoulders of the chief instructor. As service nurseries from time to time they take training camps, classes of theoretical training and separate enclosures for different types service dogs, which are used to train cadets who have entered the kennel. 
Training methods
For service purposes, dogs are trained in a very different way than for rescue work or companionship, as they will perform special functions. Firstly, not all people are admitted to training, but only those who are capable of this work. When choosing a person who will train dogs, they pay attention to his confidence, willpower, patience and desire to convey important information to animals in an accessible form.
Did you know? At the end of the last century, during archaeological excavations in Altai, the remains of an ancient dog were discovered. Laboratory analysis showed that the age of the remains is at least thirty thousand years, and the genotype is significantly different from the genotype of the ancient wolf. Based on these data, it can be argued that dogs were tamed by humans long before goats, sheep and other meat and dairy animals.
The successful result of training also depends on the selection of dogs, so they pay attention not only to the breed, but also to physical parameters, learning ability and the desire to contact a person. Dogs are selected according to the requirements that each individual service imposes on them, and they are trained mechanically or contrast method. For example, a guard or border dog must have a keen sense of smell, a developed ear and a fearless readiness to defend itself and its owner from possible resistance. Training such dogs in a rewarding way using petting is not the best solution. 
Training methods are applied after contact is established during the first meeting of the trainer with the service dog. In the first days after meeting, the animal looks especially closely at the habits of a new person, follows his facial expressions, movements, and captures the mood. During this period, it is very important not to show the dog your discontent, irritation and rudeness. It is not allowed to yell at the animal, hit it, show aggression or impatience in any other way, as the original possibility of trust will be lost forever. The mechanical method of training for the first weeks of education is not suitable. A dog disappointed in a new caregiver cannot be bought with any kindness and goodies - at a crucial moment, he will definitely avenge the rudeness applied earlier, putting at risk the entire success of the service operation.
incentive method training lies in the food or voice motivation of the animal. This method becomes especially effective three to four hours after the last feeding or contact with the trainer. In service training, it is considered the most unreliable method, because the dog's trust and obedience must be based on respect, and not on the desire to get delicious food. 
mechanical method used only on adult dogs whose trust has already been formed. It allows physical influence on the animal - stroking, patting, jerking the leash, pressing on the chest and croup. This is an effective method available to trainers whose pets are not capable of aggression against their owner. The skills and reflexes acquired in this way are retained with frequent repetition until the end of life. It is similar to the pushing method and differs from it in the rigidity of the influence. The pushing method is applicable in the first weeks of educational work.
Important! Each of the training methods is good in its own way, but not all skills are developed using any one method. To achieve high results, you need to apply different techniques depending on the mood of the animal and its abilities.
imitative method learning is good for large groups dogs. Since this animal belongs to the pack, it imitates its fellow tribesmen and focuses on their actions. Therefore, it is convenient to include incompetent beginners in the group of the best service animals - they are more likely to begin to respond to commands and correlate them with the necessary actions.
contrast method is considered the most effective in training adults and has a fast action. A dog trained in this way will not associate obedience skills with food or physical pressure, but will perceive them as occasional rewards. Such a pet will obey the commands of the owner, even without waiting for handouts or praise. As for the young, they practice the game method. This is the most gentle way to subdue a dog, and it is used only on puppies who will be spoiled by food motivation, and the physical impact may be misunderstood.
breeds
As mentioned earlier, to official work even outbred animals are allowed that have physical and physical conditions suitable for this occupation. intellectual indicators. Nevertheless, there are several breeds of dogs that are especially capable and suitable according to the cynological description for the performance of official duties.
It was first presented in 1882 at an exhibition in Germany. It was intended for protection and grazing, but its excellent physical and mental qualities were noticed by police officers, therefore, starting in 1901, they began to train it and use it as a police dog. This is a balanced, mobile and very capable animal. She quickly gets used to new trainers, so she is highly valued in any troops and farms. 
Belongs to the group of molossians - shepherd dogs. As a breed that has existed since the 18th century, it was bred in Germany. It has a complex temperament, as it is difficult to get used to new owners. Hardy and aggressive dog, which is used in security business and rarely - at border points.
Did you know? In ancient Egypt, dogs were so revered that they named a city after them.- Kinopolis. The dogs of this city were considered inviolable, and the city army was forced to go to war against a neighboring settlement, in which a dog from Kinopolis was killed.
It has existed since the end of the 19th century, has German origin. A powerful and elegant dog, which was immediately taken out for security purposes. Dobermans are friendly and moderately excitable, so they are rarely used as guards, but for a good sense of smell and flair they are often taken to the army and border troops. 
The largest representative of the Schnauzer group comes from Bavaria. Used as a hunting and herding dog. He is not inferior to the German Shepherd in his incorruptibility and diligence. Self-confidence and intelligence made him an excellent sports companion dog. 
Appeared in Russia in the middle of the XX century. A descendant of the Giant Schnauzer, a city dog, which is widely used in the guard, especially the border service. Manageable, subject to training and very contact, therefore it is used as a rescuer. 
In the middle of the 17th century, this breed was bred in the Swiss Alps. A born rescue dog that can perform watchdog functions. Compliant, smart and independent. It is difficult to imagine a less aggressive dog - it will never harm a person, therefore it is not used in military and guard service. 
A pure herding breed of the late 19th century, created in Belgium. There are four types - Laekenois, Malinois, Grunedal and Tervueren, which differ only in the quality of wool. Dogs are smart and unpretentious, but nervous, in some cases difficult to train and can become aggressive. They are unsuitable for guard duty, good companions, get along in urban areas.
Important! A service dog is an animal that must be trained by professionals. Even if you are confident in yourself, do not take on this business, because you can grow an uncontrolled dangerous predator or, conversely, an infantile creature that will be unhappy without a purpose.
Italian Molossian, the breed has a very ancient origin. Several times it was on the verge of extinction, but each time it was revived by the efforts of several enthusiasts. From time immemorial, they guarded cattle and master's property, incredibly brave and understanding. Completely obey the owner, do not attack without a command. They easily distinguish the real threat and react to it, therefore they are widely used in guard business. 
Appeared in Germany in 1850 as a mixture of English Bulldog and Bullenbeisser breeds. Calm, loyal dogs that easily obey the commands of the owner. Thanks to the strength, endurance and poise, German boxers are used to work for the police, border services. The playful temperament makes them pleasant companions, and the desire to care helps boxers in rescue and social service- they make good guides. 
This is an intelligent Molossian dog of Canadian origin. Bred as a shepherd dog with the makings of a rescuer, it continues to be used for this purpose. Kind, active, resolute, widely distributed as a companion animal, has a need for significant physical activity. It is not suitable for protection, it is indispensable in rescue search work. It is necessary to take into account the independence of this dog and its ability to make decisions that differ from the will of the owner. Completely devoid of aggression, not capable of hunting, as it patronizes small animals and children. 
Did you know? The first cynological organization was the Kennel Club, founded in 1873. Thus, the prestigious dog breeding, which now sets the world-class standards for breeds, began with the hard work of a few British enthusiasts.
Dogs are important companions and helpers of man, they perform work that many people are not capable of. As a result of many years of selection, special breeds of dogs were bred, which differ from their relatives in the qualities necessary for guarding, hunting or saving dying people. Their unique sense of smell helps to detect explosives and harmful substances, and their amazing flair saves extreme situations. These animals are able to make independent decisions that differ from the opinion of the owner, and often turn out to be right. Applying correct methods training, keeping these dogs in comfortable conditions for them, you can become an authority for them and enlist the support and trust of very valuable and intelligent friends.
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As the name implies, service dogs are designed to serve people, to perform certain work.
Such official activity is very multifaceted: service dogs are used as watchmen, bodyguards, shepherds, guides for the blind, rescuers, search officers in the border and customs services. Now the sport with dogs is gaining popularity.
The tasks before such dogs, apparently, are serious, and hence the requirements for service dogs are high.
Basically, these are large, bold, active, hardy, well-adapted animals.
It is also generally accepted that all service dogs should have innate guarding qualities or even aggression towards strangers. But these qualities are not entirely appropriate for rescue dogs or sniffer dogs, so a certain viciousness is characteristic of only a part of service dog breeds.
What breeds of dogs are service dogs?
The most common is, perhaps, shepherd dogs. German, Eastern European, Caucasian, Central Asian (Alabai), These are the most popular breeds in our country. Sometimes you can meet Belgian Shepherd Dogs (Malinois, Groenendael, Tervuren), French Shepherd Dogs (Briar,), Old English Sheepdog (Bobtail). Much less often we meet representatives of other breeds that are more popular in their homeland - Leonberger, Maremma, Slovak Kuvach, and other breeds.
Sheepdogs are completely different in their purpose. Some of them perform excellent guard duty (Alabay, Caucasian Shepherd), others are still able to cope with the task of a shepherd (South Russian Shepherd, some representatives of the Scottish Shepherd and Bobtail). Belgian Shepherds have proven themselves to be excellent athletes and guards. Well, German and East European Shepherds are considered truly universal, with proper upbringing and training capable of being both a reliable watchman and successfully coping with the role of a rescuer.
Many representatives of service breeds and among molossians (great dogs).
The most popular today among amateur dog breeders and, although the livestock of the latter in recent times decreased significantly. The Rottweiler and Boxer are excellent working dogs for a wide range of applications. Now rare, Newfoundlands and St. Bernards are the most famous rescue dogs in the history of mankind, friendly and calm animals.
Other representatives of the Molossians - mastiffs, bullmastiffs, German and Bordeaux dogs can hardly be called service dogs. Now these are mostly large decorative breeds that are practically not used in work.
Worthy representatives of service dogs are schnauzers. In total, the group of schnauzers has 3 breeds: Giant Schnauzer (large), Standard Schnauzer (medium) and Miniature Schnauzer (small schnauzer). Schnauzers are active and intelligent. energetic dogs with an innate distrust of strangers. Even their smallest representative, the miniature schnauzer, is able to protect your children or property from an intruder. Their coat requires special care (trimming), but when kept in an apartment, you will forget what shedding is like in a dog.
Among terriers the Airedale Terrier and the Black Terrier (or the Great Black Russian Terrier - abbreviated BRT) are considered service breeds. – breed English origin, the largest of all terriers. Fans of the breed consider the Airedales to be universal dogs, devoid of any flaws: they are moderately large, but not huge, moderately mobile, but not choleric, moderately vicious, but not aggressive without a reason. An excellent dog for a family with children and sports.
One of the achievements of Soviet dog breeding. Now the Blackies are mostly more like large beautiful decorative dogs, and more recently this dog was a thunderstorm for all prisoners in the notorious concentration camps. For their reliable protection, large, vicious, unpretentious dogs were needed. The result of selection was the emergence of this domestic breed.
Another success of dog breeding on the territory of the USSR is considered to be a breed obtained mainly as a result of crossing Caucasian shepherd dogs with St. Bernards. The result was a very large dog, vicious, with excellent watchdog qualities.
Speaking of service breeds, it is impossible not to mention doberman pinscher, a relatively young breed, obtained from the mixing of the bloodlines of the Old German Pinscher, Rottweiler, Great Dane and possibly Greyhound and Pointers. Modern - active, energetic, moderately vicious. Dobermans are categorically not suitable for calm people who cannot pay much attention to the dog.
Gained great popularity now Labradors and Golden Retrievers- companion dogs, affable, friendly, wonderful family dogs. With proper training, these dogs make excellent rescuers and sensitive guides to the blind. They are also great for sports.
The world of service dogs is vast and varied. Before making your choice on any breed, think about what you would like to see in your future dog the most. An incredulous security guard, an athlete, or maybe a friend or a nanny for your children?
Please also consider the terms and conditions. You should not start a Caucasian or Central Asian Shepherd Dog for people living in an apartment. In cramped conditions, these breeds do not feel well. Do not choose a Doberman or Boxer to guard the yard - their coat is not enough to live outside in the cold season.
Measure your lifestyle and availability of free time with the temperament of the breed you like.
Service dog breeding has a long history, both in our country and around the world. The impetus for its development was the immediate need for animals that could take on certain work functions.
They not only had to help a person in carrying out a difficult task. physical work, but also to carry out more complex activities that require endurance, strength, innate courage and devotion, as well as quick wits, that is, qualities that are inherent in dogs in abundance. This is how service dogs were born.
In ancient times, large dogs were even used as fighting animals or, but today their service is usually peaceful. The need for “specialists” of traditional professions is not decreasing, but on the contrary, growing: shepherds, watchmen, guide dogs. Dogs work on the smell trail, help in the search for ore and gas. Dying canine specialties are being replaced by new ones, such as detecting drugs or searching for earthquake victims under the rubble of buildings.
And although the work of service dogs is sometimes simply invaluable in many areas human activity, they are increasingly being brought home as companions, bearing in mind that the main canine "profession" is a friend of man.
The owner of such a dog must be aware of all responsibility for the maintenance of the animal. Any large dog (and all representatives of service breeds without exception are such), especially those living in the city, must be well educated. Otherwise, its owner is constantly exposed to various troubles, and the lives of others are in danger. Almost all service dogs need a certain job, which is increasingly being replaced by a general one, and then
In addition, every owner should be aware that a service dog cannot receive a breeding class without having passed at least one training course diploma. To maintain good physical shape, a large and strong dog needs regular long walks, the opportunity to frolic without a leash in an open space. A properly balanced nutritious diet (read), which requires significant material costs, plays a very important role in growing and maintaining. Precisely because it needs the most labor-intensive care, a service dog is the least suitable for the role of a fashionable toy.
Now in domestic cynology they have become fashionable, collies have long been popular. Before buying such a dog, think about what you were guided by when choosing, whether you weighed everything. After all, bringing a puppy to a small-sized apartment, the owners often do not think that in just a few months it will grow so much that it will be difficult to find a corner at home where the dog does not interfere, taking up too much space.
And a young healthy animal, mobile and inquisitive, will not lie on its bedding for a long time. To form close contact with the dog, the owner must choose a friend of a suitable temperament, otherwise mutual understanding will not be achieved. A calm, dignified St. Bernard or Newfoundland will annoy an overly energetic person, and it is difficult for a phlegmatic person to spend even several hours in a row in the company of an agile and cheerful collie or a cheerful Airedale Terrier.
So, the choice is made. You need a dog with whom you can safely take late walks, calmly entrust him with a child and be sure of the safety of household goods. But what breed is yours?
In Russia, ten breeds are used directly for work. These are five shepherd dogs - German, Scottish, Caucasian, Central Asian and South Russian - Black Terrier, Moscow Watchdog, Airedale Terrier, Giant Schnauzer and Rottweiler. The rest, whose service with us is impossible due to climatic conditions or simply due to the lack of appropriate traditions, are used in European countries. In Russia, they are usually called sports-service and they are usually bred by amateurs.
The most famous service dogs are sheepdogs.
They are bred to herd sheep, which is reflected in the name. However, these dogs have long successfully mastered many other specialties. The breed is universal and most popular all over the world. She lends herself to any special training and can carry out any service.
These are beautiful dogs of classic appearance: black and tan, with a large, proudly planted head, erect ears and a long saber-shaped tail. Thick, short, close-fitting coat makes the dog suitable for open keeping.
Undoubtedly, the external resemblance to the wolf gave rise to the widely held opinion that the breed descended directly from these forest predators. The height of the German Shepherd at the withers is 56-66 cm. For a long time, only one type of breed was bred for us - the Eastern European, whose representatives are somewhat larger and lighter colored. This dog can be safely recommended for any application, it will always meet your expectations.
Recently, three domestic shepherd dogs have become especially popular - Caucasian, South Russian and Central Asian. These dogs are also of great interest abroad, and therefore are actively exported from Russia as a rare living souvenir. The most widely known is the Caucasian Shepherd Dog. This dog, bred in the mountains of Georgia as a shepherd, turned out to be indispensable for guard duty.
In cities, a huge, unusually strong, fluffy shepherd dog is brought up as a reliable watchman. If she let uninvited guests into the apartment, she would never let her back. But in no case should a Caucasian be taken to a person who has never had dogs before. By nature, this animal is quite vicious, with a very closed character, and you need to be able to achieve its obedience. If you have managed to establish the right relationship, and your pet has forever understood who is indisputable authority for him, you will never have to complain about this faithful and reliable companion.
The South Russian Shepherd Dog is not just a ball of white shaggy wool, but a strict and independent creature. Appearance, promising a good-natured phlegmatic, in this case is deceptive. The dog is distrustful of strangers, very attentive and vigilant, it was not for nothing that the flocks of the Crimean khans trusted her. This is a great watchdog and a good friend.
There are two types of Central Asian Shepherd Dogs - smooth-haired and long-haired. These sedentary dogs tolerate heat well, but when kept outdoors, it is still necessary to provide them with protection from direct sunlight. Two or three of these dogs can guard a huge herd, one can guard several rooms, so it only seems at first glance that the dog is lazy and does not pay attention to anything. The path to the heart of this breed is not easy, she recognizes the owner and will submit only to those who truly love her, which, however, does not exclude reasonable coercion.
Also a shepherd dog. It originated in the south of England. She has a wonderful disposition - light, cheerful, affectionate. This is a dog with a very fine mental organization: you can’t shout at her, she is easily offended by the owner’s injustice, she is well versed in all the nuances of the relationship between family members.
The collie requires attention not only during feeding and walking, but also just talking to her and caressing her. In order for the luxurious coat to have a rich and attractive appearance, it needs to be combed regularly. Collie is an excellent watchman, a kind nanny for children, an intelligent guide of the blind, that is, she can learn almost any canine specialty, which is helped by her rare quick wit and versatile natural talent.
Among the approximately four hundred breeds currently known to cynologists, two were bred in the Soviet Union and received breed status not so long ago. This is a black terrier and a Moscow watchdog.
The Black Terrier is a large dog with a thick, slightly curly coat. This hardy, physically strong dog obtained by crossing the Airedale Terrier, Giant Schnauzer and Rottweiler. The breed combines such qualities as courage, reasonable viciousness, and an extraordinary mind. The owner of the black terrier should be an experienced cynologist who does not allow the dog to take over and is able to provide it with proper training. Unsurpassed as a guard, the black terrier is also suitable for other jobs that require subtle flair, strength and courage.
The Moscow watchdog is a successful result of crossing St. Bernards and Caucasian Shepherd Dogs. The dog inherited its appearance from good-natured rescuers, and its stern and adamant character from Caucasians, which allows it to successfully carry out the service declared by the name of the breed.
Doberman and Giant Schnauzer are breeds descended from ancient jackal-like dogs and have a common ancestor - the German Pinscher, practically unknown outside its homeland and reminiscent of a Doberman in miniature.
— an excellent service dog with well-developed muscles; can, with appropriate training, which is allowed to begin only in adulthood, take rather high obstacles. Character - swift and quick-tempered, but not aggressive. This is a slender or chocolate beautiful streamlined shape. The Doberman is not particularly peaceful towards his own kind, and dog fights often occur precisely from his “feed”. As a guard, he knows no equal, but he can successfully master other areas of activity.
- a dog for the whole family. He will willingly carry a light bag with purchases, it will be fun to mess with the children, and in the absence of the owners he will work as a watchman, so that later he will meet them with joyful barking - “report” that everything is in order. This sociable, friendly dog loves to play ball on a green lawn, willingly takes part in your out-of-town walks, and usually learns to ride in a car without much trouble.
The hard coat of the dog does not need any other care, except for the trimming carried out every six months - plucking out the dead outer hair. A dog is obedient by nature, but still it is not a toy, and the issue of education should be approached accordingly, only then the rizen will become a worthy companion of your family.
Among terriers, there are only two service dogs that are unconditionally classified as service dogs. This is a black terrier and an Airedale terrier. The Airedale Terrier is close in origin to the Giant Schnauzer and the Doberman, in his later ancestors is the English Terrier, which is the common progenitor of all terriers in general. The ideal dog for keeping in an apartment.
Relatively small size, fervent "terrier" disposition, complaisant character, innate ingenuity - the combination of these qualities make the Airedale a great friend. A person who once had a dog of this breed becomes attached to it for life. The coat of the Airedale Terrier and the Riesen require the same care. This English-bred terrier is characterized by a purely British prudence and famous English humour. A reliable watchman, a search dog, a guide for the blind, a nanny - this is far from complete list possible Airedale professions.
Modern Great Danes are descended directly from fighting dogs that took part in the legendary battles of ancient times. Each of the six breeds described below is completely individual, and it is sometimes difficult to believe that, for example, a boxer and a Newfoundland have a common ancestor.
- one of the largest dogs in the world. Smooth wool can be dyed in different ways: the standard allows for several options. These proud and majestic animals are very sensitive to the climate, they catch cold easily, they need to be protected from drafts and sudden changes in temperature. Dog selflessly devoted to the owners. He takes good care of the apartment. Light, non-capricious (although there are no rules without exception) character makes a slender handsome man an ideal friend for every person who loves animals. Dog independently establishes contact with each member of the family and builds relationships on an honest, uncompromising basis, as he cannot stand lies and falsehood.
- the dog is quite vicious, phlegmatic, but with a good reaction. At home, in Germany, at one time it was used as a powerful heavy truck. But a remarkable mind, reckless courage and a rare flair soon predetermined another use of the Rottweiler. Now it is mainly a search or guard dog, which, due to its brilliant qualities, deserves a wider distribution. The prejudice against Rottweilers is completely unfounded - they just do not like familiarity and unconditionally obey only the owner.
It is full of special charm peculiar to him alone. An expressive muzzle can depict all shades of mood, and the movements of a short docked tail also help it, which always looks especially touching. The Boxer retains its puppy character longer than any other breed, but already in early childhood. This red-haired dog with a white chest in a black velvet "mask" - reliable defender and the most devoted friend one could wish for.
- a charming giant who will suit everyone who is not looking for an ardent temperament in a dog. This massive red and white dog will follow its owner through fire and water and, of course, for any walk, although long hikes tire him. A well-known profession of St. Bernard is a lifeguard in the snowy mountains. In this service, it is successfully used to this day. The furry "fur coat" reliably protects the dog from the cold, and the love for people and an almost fantastic instinct allow you to find those in trouble even under a deep layer of snow.
Newfoundland is also a lifeguard, only water. This giant is an excellent swimmer and diver. Luxurious coat, all black or white with black spots (landseer), and good disposition make this breed one of the most attractive. Not without reason, even in places far from natural reservoirs, newfs are brought up more and more often. One should never forget about the natural inclinations of the animal, and therefore it is advisable for the Newf to seek the opportunity to swim at least several times a year. These dogs are very fond of children, passive in nature, but optimistic.
- a breed that is becoming more and more popular in Russia every day. Labradors are closely related to Newfoundlands. Previously, they helped fishermen pull nets ashore, but now they have mastered a whole range of professions. This is a beautiful black dog with a semi-long, close coat. The “intelligent”, even nature of the Labrador makes him capable of carrying out the most diverse service, and most importantly, turns him into a pleasant and self-respecting companion.