A course of lectures on general physics at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (15 video lectures). For students and schoolchildren - lectures on general physics

M.: 2010.- 752 p. M.: 1981.- T.1 - 336 p., T.2 - 288 p.

The book by the famous US physicist J. Orear is one of the most successful introductory courses in physics in world literature, covering the range from physics as a school subject to an accessible description of its latest achievements. This book takes place of honor on the bookshelf of several generations of Russian physicists, and for this edition the book has been significantly expanded and modernized. The author of the book is a student of an outstanding physicist of the 20th century, Nobel laureate E. Fermi - taught his course to students at Cornell University for many years. This course can serve as a useful practical introduction to the widely known Feynman Lectures on Physics and the Berkeley Course in Physics in Russia. In terms of its level and content, Orir’s book is already accessible to high school students, but may also be of interest to undergraduates, graduate students, teachers, as well as all those who want not only to systematize and expand their knowledge in the field of physics, but also to learn how to successfully solve a wide range of problems physical tasks.

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Volume 1.

Format: djvu (1981, 336 pp.)

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Volume 2.

Format: djvu (1981, 288 pp.)

Size: 5.3 MB

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface by the editor of the Russian edition 13
Preface 15
1. INTRODUCTION 19
§ 1. What is physics? 19
§ 2. Units of measurement 21
§ 3. Analysis of dimensions 24
§ 4. Accuracy in physics 26
§ 5. The role of mathematics in physics 28
§ 6. Science and society 30
Application. Correct answers that do not contain some common errors 31
Exercises 31
Problems 32
2. ONE-DIMENSIONAL MOTION 34
§ 1. Speed ​​34
§ 2. Average speed 36
§ 3. Acceleration 37
§ 4. Uniformly accelerated motion 39
Key findings 43
Exercises 43
Problems 44
3. TWO-DIMENSIONAL MOTION 46
§ 1. Trajectories of free fall 46
§ 2. Vectors 47
§ 3. Projectile motion 52
§ 4. Uniform movement circumference 24
§ 5. Artificial satellites of the Earth 55
Key findings 58
Exercises 58
Problems 59
4. DYNAMICS 61
§ 1. Introduction 61
§ 2. Definitions of basic concepts 62
§ 3. Newton's laws 63
§ 4. Units of force and mass 66
§ 5. Contact forces (reaction and friction forces) 67
§ 6. Solving problems 70
§ 7. Atwood machine 73
§ 8. Conical pendulum 74
§ 9. Law of conservation of momentum 75
Key findings 77
Exercises 78
Problems 79
5. GRAVITY 82
§ 1. Law of universal gravitation 82
§ 2. Cavendish experiment 85
§ 3. Kepler's laws for planetary motions 86
§ 4. Weight 88
§ 5. The principle of equivalence 91
§ 6. Gravitational field inside a sphere 92
Key findings 93
Exercises 94
Problems 95
6. WORK AND ENERGY 98
§ 1. Introduction 98
§ 2. Work 98
§ 3. Power 100
§ 4. Dot product 101
§ 5. Kinetic energy 103
§ 6. Potential energy 105
§ 7. Gravitational potential energy 107
§ 8. Potential energy of a spring 108
Key findings 109
Exercises 109
Problems 111
7. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY FROM
§ 1. Conservation of mechanical energy 114
§ 2. Collisions 117
§ 3. Conservation of gravitational energy 120
§ 4. Potential energy diagrams 122
§ 5. Conservation of total energy 123
§ 6. Energy in biology 126
§ 7. Energy and the car 128
Key findings 131
Application. Law of conservation of energy for a system of N particles 131
Exercises 132
Problems 132
8. RELATIVISTIC KINEMATICS 136
§ 1. Introduction 136
§ 2. Constancy of the speed of light 137
§ 3. Time dilation 142
§ 4. Lorentz transformations 145
§ 5. Simultaneity 148
§ 6. Optical Doppler effect 149
§ 7. The twin paradox 151
Key findings 154
Exercises 154
Problems 155
9. RELATIVISTIC DYNAMICS 159
§ 1. Relativistic addition of velocities 159
§ 2. Definition of relativistic momentum 161
§ 3. Law of conservation of momentum and energy 162
§ 4. Equivalence of mass and energy 164
§ 5. Kinetic energy 166
§ 6. Mass and force 167
§ 7. General theory relativity 168
Key findings 170
Application. Conversion of energy and momentum 170
Exercises 171
Problems 172
10. ROTATIONAL MOTION 175
§ 1. Kinematics of rotational motion 175
§ 2. Vector product 176
§ 3. Angular momentum 177
§ 4. Dynamics of rotational motion 179
§ 5. Center of mass 182
§ 6. Solids and moment of inertia 184
§ 7. Statics 187
§ 8. Flywheels 189
Key findings 191
Exercises 191
Problems 192
11. VIBRATIONAL MOTION 196
§ 1. Harmonic force 196
§ 2. Period of oscillation 198
§ 3. Pendulum 200
§ 4. Energy of simple harmonic motion 202
§ 5. Small oscillations 203
§ 6. Sound intensity 206
Key findings 206
Exercises 208
Problems 209
12. KINETIC THEORY 213
§ 1. Pressure and hydrostatics 213
§ 2. Equation of state of an ideal gas 217
§ 3. Temperature 219
§ 4. Uniform distribution of energy 222
§ 5. Kinetic theory heat 224
Key findings 226
Exercises 226
Problems 228
13. THERMODYNAMICS 230
§ 1. The first law of thermodynamics 230
§ 2. Avogadro's conjecture 231
§ 3. Specific heat 232
§ 4. Isothermal expansion 235
§ 5. Adiabatic expansion 236
§ 6. Gasoline engine 238
Key findings 240
Exercises 241
Problems 241
14. SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 244
§ 1. Carnot machine 244
§ 2. Thermal pollution environment 246
§ 3. Refrigerators and heat pumps 247
§ 4. Second law of thermodynamics 249
§ 5. Entropy 252
§ 6. Time reversal 256
Key findings 259
Exercises 259
Problems 260
15. ELECTROSTATIC FORCE 262
§ 1. Electric charge 262
§ 2. Coulomb's Law 263
§ 3. Electric field 266
§ 4. Electric power lines 268
§ 5. Gauss's theorem 270
Key findings 275
Exercises 275
Problems 276
16. ELECTROSTATICS 279
§ 1. Spherical charge distribution 279
§ 2. Linear charge distribution 282
§ 3. Plane charge distribution 283
§ 4. Electric potential 286
§ 5. Electric capacity 291
§ 6. Dielectrics 294
Key findings 296
Exercises 297
Problems 299
17. ELECTRIC CURRENT AND MAGNETIC FORCE 302
§ 1. Electricity 302
§ 2. Ohm's law 303
§ 3. DC circuits 306
§ 4. Empirical data on magnetic force 310
§ 5. Derivation of the formula for magnetic force 312
§ 6. Magnetic field 313
§ 7. Units of measurement magnetic field 316
§ 8. Relativistic transformation of quantities *8 and E 318
Key findings 320
Application. Relativistic transformations of current and charge 321
Exercises 322
Problems 323
18. MAGNETIC FIELDS 327
§ 1. Ampere's law 327
§ 2. Some current configurations 329
§ 3. Biot-Savart Law 333
§ 4. Magnetism 336
§ 5. Maxwell's equations for direct currents 339
Key findings 339
Exercises 340
Problems 341
19. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 344
§ 1. Engines and generators 344
§ 2. Faraday's Law 346
§ 3. Lenz's Law 348
§ 4. Inductance 350
§ 5. Magnetic field energy 352
§ 6. AC circuits 355
§ 7. Circuits RC and RL 359
Key findings 362
Application. Freeform contour 363
Exercises 364
Problems 366
20. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION AND WAVES 369
§ 1. Displacement current 369
§ 2. Maxwell's equations in general view 371
§ 3. Electromagnetic radiation 373
§ 4. Radiation of a plane sinusoidal current 374
§ 5. Non-sinusoidal current; Fourier expansion 377
§ 6. Traveling waves 379
§ 7. Energy transfer by waves 383
Key findings 384
Application. Derivation of the wave equation 385
Exercises 387
Problems 387
21. INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER 390
§ 1. Radiation energy 390
§ 2. Radiation pulse 393
§ 3. Reflection of radiation from a good conductor 394
§ 4. Interaction of radiation with a dielectric 395
§ 5. Refractive index 396
§ 6. Electromagnetic radiation in an ionized medium 400
§ 7. Radiation field of point charges 401
Key Findings 404
Appendix 1. Phase diagram method 405
Appendix 2. Wave packets and group velocity 406
Exercises 410
Problems 410
22. WAVE INTERFERENCE 414
§ 1. Standing waves 414
§ 2. Interference of waves emitted by two point sources 417
§3. Interference of waves from a large number of sources 419
§ 4. Diffraction grating 421
§ 5. Huygens' principle 423
§ 6. Diffraction by a single slit 425
§ 7. Coherence and non-coherence 427
Key findings 430
Exercises 431
Problems 432
23. OPTICS 434
§ 1. Holography 434
§ 2. Polarization of light 438
§ 3. Diffraction by a round hole 443
§ 4. Optical instruments and their resolution 444
§ 5. Diffraction scattering 448
§ 6. Geometric optics 451
Key findings 455
Application. Brewster's Law 455
Exercises 456
Problems 457
24. WAVE NATURE OF MATTER 460
§ 1. Classical and modern physics 460
§ 2. Photoelectric effect 461
§ 3. Compton effect 465
§ 4. Wave-particle duality 465
§ 5. The Great Paradox 466
§ 6. Electron diffraction 470
Key findings 472
Exercises 473
Problems 473
25. QUANTUM MECHANICS 475
§ 1. Wave packets 475
§ 2. The uncertainty principle 477
§ 3. Particle in a box 481
§ 4. Schrödinger equation 485
§ 5. Potential wells of finite depth 486
§ 6. Harmonic oscillator 489
Key findings 491
Exercises 491
Problems 492
26. HYDROGEN ATOM 495
§ 1. Approximate theory of the hydrogen atom 495
§ 2. Schrödinger’s equation in three dimensions 496
§ 3. Rigorous theory of the hydrogen atom 498
§ 4. Orbital angular momentum 500
§ 5. Emission of photons 504
§ 6. Stimulated emission 508
§ 7. Bohr model of the atom 509
Key findings 512
Exercises 513
Problems 514
27. ATOMIC PHYSICS 516
§ 1. Pauli's exclusion principle 516
§ 2. Multielectron atoms 517
§ 3. Periodic table of elements 521
§ 4. X-ray radiation 525
§ 5. Bonding in molecules 526
§ 6. Hybridization 528
Key findings 531
Exercises 531
Problems 532
28. CONDENSED MATTER 533
§ 1. Types of communication 533
§ 2. Theory of free electrons in metals 536
§ 3. Electrical conductivity 540
§ 4. Band theory of solids 544
§ 5. Physics of semiconductors 550
§ 6. Superfluidity 557
§ 7. Penetration through the barrier 558
Key findings 560
Application. Various applications/?-n-junction (in radio and television) 562
Exercises 564
Problems 566
29. NUCLEAR PHYSICS 568
§ 1. Dimensions of nuclei 568
§ 2. Fundamental forces acting between two nucleons 573
§ 3. Structure of heavy nuclei 576
§ 4. Alpha decay 583
§ 5. Gamma and beta decays 586
§ 6. Nuclear fission 588
§ 7. Synthesis of nuclei 592
Key findings 596
Exercises 597
Problems 597
30. ASTROPHYSICS 600
§ 1. Energy sources of stars 600
§ 2. Evolution of stars 603
§ 3. Quantum mechanical pressure of a degenerate Fermi gas 605
§ 4. White dwarfs 607
§ 6. Black holes 609
§ 7. Neutron stars 611
31. PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES 615
§ 1. Introduction 615
§ 2. Fundamental particles 620
§ 3. Fundamental interactions 622
§ 4. Interactions between fundamental particles as an exchange of quanta of the carrier field 623
§ 5. Symmetries in the world of particles and conservation laws 636
§ 6. Quantum electrodynamics as a local gauge theory 629
§ 7. Internal symmetries of hadrons 650
§ 8. Quark model of hadrons 636
§ 9. Color. Quantum Chromodynamics 641
§ 10. Are quarks and gluons “visible”? 650
§ 11. Weak interactions 653
§ 12. Non-conservation of parity 656
§ 13. Intermediate bosons and non-renormalizability of the theory 660
§ 14. Standard model 662
§ 15. New ideas: GUT, supersymmetry, superstrings 674
32. GRAVITY AND COSMOLOGY 678
§ 1. Introduction 678
§ 2. The principle of equivalence 679
§ 3. Metric theories of gravitation 680
§ 4. Structure of the general relativity equations. The simplest solutions 684
§ 5. Verification of the equivalence principle 685
§ 6. How to estimate the scale of effects of general relativity? 687
§ 7. Classical tests of general relativity 688
§ 8. Basic principles of modern cosmology 694
§ 9. Model of the hot Universe (“standard” cosmological model) 703
§ 10. Age of the Universe 705
§eleven. Critical density and Friedman evolution scenarios 705
§ 12. Density of matter in the Universe and hidden mass 708
§ 13. Scenario for the first three minutes of the evolution of the Universe 710
§ 14. Near the very beginning 718
§ 15. Inflation scenario 722
§ 16. The mystery of dark matter 726
APPENDIX A 730
Physical constants 730
Some astronomical information 730
APPENDIX B 731
Units of measurement of basic physical quantities 731
Units of measurement of electrical quantities 731
APPENDIX B 732
Geometry 732
Trigonometry 732
Quadratic Equation 732
Some derivatives 733
Some indefinite integrals (up to an arbitrary constant) 733
Products of vectors 733
Greek alphabet 733
ANSWERS TO EXERCISES AND PROBLEMS 734
INDEX 746

At present, there is practically no area of ​​natural science or technical knowledge where the achievements of physics are not used to one degree or another. Moreover, these achievements are increasingly penetrating the traditional humanities, which is reflected in the inclusion of the discipline “Concepts of modern natural science” in the curricula of all humanities majors at Russian universities.
The book brought to the attention of the Russian reader by J. Orear was first published in Russia (more precisely, in the USSR) more than a quarter of a century ago, but, as happens with really good books, has not yet lost interest and relevance. The secret of the vitality of Orir's book is that it successfully fills a niche that is invariably in demand by new generations of readers, mainly young ones.
Without being a textbook in the usual sense of the word - and without claims to replace it - Orir's book offers a fairly complete and consistent presentation of the entire course of physics in a completely elementary level. This level is not burdened with complex mathematics and, in principle, is accessible to every inquisitive and hardworking schoolchild, and especially to students.
Lightweight and free style presentation that does not sacrifice logic and does not avoid difficult issues, thoughtful selection of illustrations, diagrams and graphs, the use of a large number of examples and tasks that, as a rule, have practical significance and are relevant life experience students - all this makes Orir's book an indispensable tool for self-education or additional reading.
Of course, it can be successfully used as a useful addition to ordinary textbooks and manuals on physics, primarily in physics and mathematics classes, lyceums and colleges. Orir's book can also be recommended to junior students of higher education. educational institutions, in which physics is not a major discipline.

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution

higher professional education

"Rostov State Construction University"

Approved

Head Department of Physics

__________________/N.N. Kharabaev/

Educational and methodological manual

LECTURE NOTES in physics

(for all specialties)

Rostov-on-Don

Educational and methodological manual. Lecture notes in physics (for all specialties). – Rostov n/a: Rost. state builds. univ., 2012. – 103 p.

Contains lecture notes on physics based on textbook T.I. Trofimova “Physics Course” (Higher School Publishing House).

Consists of four parts:

I. Mechanics.

II. Molecular physics and thermodynamics.

III. Electricity and magnetism.

IV. Wave and quantum optics.

Intended for teachers and students as a theoretical accompaniment to lectures, practical and laboratory classes in order to achieve a deeper understanding of the basic concepts and laws of physics.

Compiled by: prof. N.N.Kharabaev

Assoc. E.V.Chebanova

prof. A.N. Pavlov

Editor N.E. Gladkikh

Templan 2012, pos. Signed for seal

Format 60x84 1/16. Writing paper. Risograph. Academician-ed.l. 4.0.

Circulation 100 copies. Order

_________________________________________________________

Editorial and Publishing Center

Rostov State University of Civil Engineering

334022, Rostov-on-Don, st. Socialist, 162

© Rostov State

Construction University, 2012

Part I. Mechanics

Topic 1. Kinematics of translational and rotational motion. Kinematics of translational motion

Position of the material point A in the Cartesian coordinate system at a given time is determined by three coordinates x, y And z or radius vector– a vector drawn from the origin of the coordinate system to a given point (Fig. 1).

The motion of a material point is determined in scalar form by kinematic equations: x = x(t),y = y(t),z = z(t),

or in vector form by the equation: .

Trajectory movement of a material point - a line described by this point as it moves in space. Depending on the shape of the trajectory, the movement can be rectilinear or curved.

A material point moving along an arbitrary trajectory in a short period of time D t move from position A to position IN, having passed the path D s, equal to length trajectory section AB(Fig. 2).

Rice. 1 Fig. 2

Vector drawn from the initial position of the moving point at the moment of time t to the final position of the point at the moment of time (t+ D t), called moving, that is .

Average speed vector is called the ratio of displacement to a period of time D t during which this movement occurred:

The direction of the average speed vector coincides with the direction of the displacement vector.

Instant speed(speed of movement at the moment of time t) is called the limit of the ratio of displacement to time interval D t, during which this movement occurred, with a tendency D t to zero: = ℓim Δt →0 Δ/Δt = d/dt =

The instantaneous velocity vector is directed along a tangent drawn at a given point to the trajectory in the direction of movement. As the time interval tends D t the magnitude of the displacement vector tends to zero as the path value D s, so the modulus of the vector v can be defined through the path D s: v = ℓim Δt →0 Δs/Δt = ds/dt =

If the speed of movement of a point changes over time, then the rate of change in the speed of movement of the point is characterized by acceleration.

Medium acceleration‹a› in the time interval from t before ( t+D t) is a vector quantity equal to the ratio of the change in speed () to the period of time D t, during which this change occurred: =Δ/Δt

Instant acceleration or acceleration motion of a point at a moment in time t is called the limit of the ratio of the change in speed to the period of time D t, during which this change occurred, with the tendency D t to zero:

,

where is the first derivative of the function with respect to time t,

We bring to your attention a course of lectures on general physics, given at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology ( State University). MIPT is one of the leading Russian universities, training specialists in the field of theoretical and applied physics and mathematics. MIPT is located in the city of Dolgoprudny (Moscow region), while some of the university buildings are geographically located in Moscow and Zhukovsky. One of 29 national research universities.

Distinctive feature educational process MIPT has the so-called “Phystech system”, aimed at training scientists and engineers to work in newest areas Sciences. Most students study in the direction of " Applied Mathematics and physics"

Lecture 1. Basic concepts of mechanics

This lecture will focus on the basic concepts of kinematics, as well as curvilinear motion.

Lecture 2. Newton's laws. Jet propulsion. Work and Energy

Newton's laws. Weight. Force. Pulse. Jet propulsion. Meshchersky equation. Tsiolkovsky equation. Work and energy. Force field.

Lecture 3. Movement in the field of central forces. Momentum

Force field (continuation of the previous lecture). Movement in the field of central forces. Movement in the field of potential forces. Potential. Potential energy. Finite and infinite movement. Solid body (beginning). Center of inertia. Moment of power. Moment of impulse.

Lecture 4. Koenig's theorem. Collisions. Basic concepts of special relativity

Koenig's theorem. Center of inertia. Reduced mass. Absolutely elastic impact. Inelastic impact. Threshold energy. Special theory of relativity (beginning). Fundamentals of the special theory of relativity. Event. Interval. Interval invariance.

Lecture 5. Relativistic effects. Relativistic mechanics

Special theory of relativity (continued). Lorentz transformations. Relativistic mechanics. Equation of motion in the relativistic case.

Lecture 6. Einstein's principle of relativity.

Special theory of relativity (continued). Principle. Rotational movement solid. Gravitational field (beginning). Gauss's theorem in a gravitational field.

Lecture 7. Kepler's laws. Moment of inertia about the axis

Gravitational field (continued). Centrally symmetrical field. Two body problem. Kepler's laws. Finite and infinite movement. Solid body (continued). Moment of inertia about the axis.

Lecture 8. Rigid body motion

Solid body (continued). Moment of inertia. Euler's theorem on the general motion of a rigid body. Huygens-Steiner theorem. Rotation of a rigid body about a fixed axis. Angular velocity. Rolling.

Lecture 9. Tensor and ellipsoid of inertia. Gyroscopes

Solid body (continued). Rolling up bodies. Inertia tensor. Ellipsoid of inertia. Main axes of inertia. Gyroscopes (beginning). Three-degree gyroscope. Top with a fixed point. Basic gyroscope ratio.

Lecture 10. Basic relation of gyroscopy. Physical pendulum

Gyroscope (continued). Nutation. Oscillations (beginning). Physical pendulum. Phase plane. Logarithmic damping decrement. Quality factor

Lecture 11. Oscillatory motion

Oscillations (continued). Damped oscillations. Dry friction. Forced vibrations. Oscillatory system. Resonance. Parametric oscillations.

Lecture 12. Damped and undamped oscillations. Non-inertial frames of reference

Oscillations (continued). Undamped oscillations. Damped oscillations. Phase portrait. Description of the wave. Non-inertial reference systems (origin). Inertia forces. Rotating frames of reference.

Lecture 13. Non-inertial reference systems. Elasticity theory

Non-inertial reference systems (continued). Expression for the absolute acceleration of an arbitrarily moving system. Foucault pendulum. Theory of elasticity (beginning). Hooke's law. Young's modulus. Energy of elastic deformation of a rod. Poisson's ratio.

Lecture 14. Theory of elasticity (continued). Hydrodynamics of an ideal fluid

Theory of elasticity (continued). All-round stretch. All-round compression. One-way compression. Speed ​​of sound propagation. Hydrodynamics (beginning). Bernoulli's equation for an ideal fluid. Viscosity.

Lecture 15. Movement of a viscous fluid. Magnus effect

Hydrodynamics (continued). Movement of a viscous fluid. Viscous friction force. Fluid flow in a round pipe. Flow power. Laminar flow criterion. Reynolds number. Stokes formula. Air flow around a wing. Magnus effect.

We hope you appreciated the lectures of Vladimir Aleksandrovich Ovchinkin, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of General Physics at MIPT.

For reference, in May 2016, MIPT entered the top 100 most prestigious universities planets of the British magazine Times Higher Education.