Basic information about the Voronezh region. Nature, plants and animals of the Voronezh region

Geography

The Voronezh region is located in the center of the European part of Russia.
In the north it borders with the Tambov and Lipetsk regions, in the west - with the Kursk and Belgorod regions, in the south - with Ukraine and Rostov region, in the east - with the Volgograd and Saratov regions. Its territory extends from north to south for 277.5 km. and from west to east for 352 km. and amounts to 52.4 thousand km².
On the territory of the Voronezh region there are 738 lakes and 2408 ponds, 1343 rivers flow more than 10 km long. The total length of rivers in the Voronezh region is 11,164 km. The main river is Don, 530 out of 1870 km. flows through the region, forming a basin with an area of ​​422,000 km². Tributaries - Voronezh (left tributary of the Don, 342 km), Bityug (left tributary of the Don, 379 km), Khoper (left tributary of the Don, 979 km). The region has significant reserves of mineral waters.
The highest altitude above sea level in the Voronezh region is in the Nizhnedevitsky district and is 268 m above sea level. The lowest altitude in the Voronezh region is located near the village. Belaya Gorka and is 55 m above sea level.

Climate

The climate of the region is moderate continental, the average temperature in January is -10.5°C in the north, -8.5°C in the south, and in July - +19.6°C and +21.8°C, respectively. The average annual precipitation is 550-560 mm in the northwest and 435-525 mm in the southeast.
Absolute minimum air temperatures can reach minus 36-40°C, maximums plus 38-40°C.
Stable snow cover in the region is usually established no earlier than December and remains for 122 days, in Boguchar - 103 days. Its height at the end of winter in the forest-steppe zone is 30-40 cm, in the steppe zone - 10-15 cm. In general, everywhere the annual amount of precipitation is significantly lower than the amount of evaporation.
The duration of the growing season (with temperatures above 5°C) is from 190 days in the north to 200 days in the south. The frost-free period is 138-148 days.
The highest wind speed in the region is observed in winter (January, February), and the lowest in summer (June, July, August). As for the distribution of wind directions by season, autumn and winter are characterized by a predominance of southern, southwestern and western winds. In spring, winds blowing from the south, southeast and east are common. In summer, north-west, west and south-west winds predominate.
The southern part of the region is subject to dry winds.

Administrative-territorial structure

The Voronezh region is divided into the following administratively - territorial units regional level: 2 cities - Voronezh, Novovoronezh; 1 city - district - Borisoglebsk; 31 districts: Anninsky, Bobrovsky, Bogucharsky, Buturlinovsky, Verkhnemamonsky, Verkhnekhavasky, Vorobievsky, Gribanovsky, Kalacheevsky, Kamensky, Kantemirovsky, Kashirsky, Liskinsky, Nizhnedevitsky, Novousmansky, Novokhopersky, Olkhovatsky, Ostrogozhsky, Pavlovsky, Paninsky, Petropavlovsky, Povorinsky, Ra Monsky , Repevsky, Rossoshansky, Semiluksky, Talovsky, Ternovsky, Khokholsky, Ertilsky; 29 urban settlements, 471 villages.

Population

The population of the Voronezh region as of January 1, 2008 was 2,280.4 thousand people. Including the urban population - 1,436.3 thousand people. (63%), rural population - 844.1 thousand people. (37%). The percentage of genders in the region is almost the same as the average for Russian Federation, namely: 46% are men and 54% are women. As for the age structure of the region’s population, it differs from the average Russian high proportion of people retirement age. The Voronezh region is one of the most densely populated regions, with a population density of 47.4 people. per sq. km. Distribution between urban and rural population reflects the level of urbanization of the region. It is significantly lower than the Russian average and amounted to 62% at the beginning of 2004 - the share of the urban population of the region in its entire population, while the Russian average is about 72%. Main population: Russians - 94.0%; Ukrainians - 4.4%.

Flora and fauna

The Voronezh region is located in the forest-steppe and steppe zones. Forests (main species - oak, pine, maple) are confined to river valleys and occupy 8% of the territory. 70% of the region's territory has been plowed. Voronezh land is rich in fertile black soil. On the territory of the Voronezh region there are the Voronezh and Khopersky nature reserves (they include the famous Shipov Forest, Tellerman Forest, Horseradish Forest, Usmansky Forest). Afforestation was introduced for the first time in the Voronezh region. The Research Institute of Agriculture of the Central Chernozem Strip named after A.I. was created here. V.V. Dokuchaeva. The region is inhabited by beaver, European deer, wild boar, elk, roe deer, muskrat, otter, ermine, mallard, gray crane, gray heron, imperial eagle, short-eared snake eagle, osprey, and tawny owl.

Economy

According to the structure of the economy, the Voronezh region is industrial-agrarian. The industry is dominated by mechanical engineering, electric power, the chemical industry and the processing of agricultural raw materials. They account for 4/5 of the total output. The region's industry of specialization is the food industry (27%), mechanical engineering and metalworking take second place (23%), and electric power industry takes third place (18%).
The region's industry specializes in the production of machine tools, excavators, metal bridge structures, forging and mining equipment, electronic equipment (including televisions), passenger aircraft, airbuses, synthetic rubber and tires, refractory products, granulated sugar, oil mills. fat and meat products.
A number of mining enterprises operate on the basis of explored mineral raw materials in the Voronezh region, the largest of which are Pavlovskgranit OJSC, Voronezh Mining Management OJSC, Semiluksky Voronezh Construction Materials Plant, Podgorensky Cementnik OJSC, Kopanishchensky Construction Materials Plant CJSC, Zhuravsky Okhrovy plant" and others. The region is developing mineral underground waters.
The Voronezh region is a large supplier of agricultural products: it produces grain (mainly wheat), sugar beets, sunflowers and other industrial crops, potatoes and vegetables. Overall profile agriculture- beet farming with sunflower and grain crops, dairy and beef cattle breeding, pig breeding and sheep breeding. The average per capita coefficient for the production of cereals is 2.4 (2002 data), granulated sugar is 4.2.
The mineral resource base of the Voronezh region is represented by deposits of nonmetallic raw materials, mainly building materials (sands, clays, chalk, granites, cement raw materials, ocher, limestone, sandstone), especially in the western and southern regions of the region. There are reserves of phosphorites in the Semiluksky, Khokholsky and Nizhnedevitsky districts of the region. The region has virtually unlimited chalk reserves.

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Brief description of the Voronezh region

1.Name - Voronezh region

2.Position on the mapVoronezh region borderswith Tambov, Saratov, Volgograd, Rostov, Belgorod, Kursk and Lipetsk regions, as well as with Ukraine. Area area is 52.4 thousand km². The population for 2013 is 2,330,377 people. Administrative center – city ​​of Voronezh.

3.Nature of the Voronezh regionThe Voronezh region is located in the central part of the East European Plain. In the west of the region there is the southern part of the Central Russian Upland, with heights of 220-260 m. The main river of the region is the Don. .Climate of the Voronezh region– temperate continental.Located in forest-steppe and steppe zones. The soils of the Voronezh region are mainly chernozems. Natural vegetation has been almost completely replaced by fields. Small portions of the steppes remain in protected areas. Forests occupy 8.3% of the region's territory. These are pine, oak, oak-pine forests, alder and aspen forests.In the Voronezh region they live: foxes, hares, wolves, beavers, ferrets, wild boars, roe deer, sika deer and other mammals. Rare birds: steppe eagle, bustard, golden eagle.
There are 172 protected areas in the region natural areas. The largest of them are the Khopersky and Voronezhsky reserves. Wildlife The Voronezh region needs universal care and careful treatment.

4. Features of the economy A The Voronezh region, with natural chernozems occupying 75% of its area, is a large producer of agricultural products and a food supplier for the industrial regions of Russia: the cultivation of grain (barley, wheat, rye) and industrial crops (sunflower, sugar beets). The industry is represented by mechanical engineering and mechanical processing enterprises (Machine Tool Plant; Voronezhselmash), radio electronics (Electronics Plant), production of airbuses, mining and processing equipment, bridge structures and much more.

5. Ecology of Voronezh and environmental problems of the Voronezh regionDirectly in Voronezh, the main contribution to air pollution comes from motor vehicles and enterprises of the fuel and energy complex. The main pollutants of the Don River are organic substances, phosphates, nitrogen, iron, copper compounds and petroleum products. The Voronezh reservoir remains the most polluted. Pollution atmospheric air exhaust gases from vehicles is the most important environmental problem for the Voronezh region. There are 42 enterprises that discharge wastewater into surface water bodies.The main problems in the region are waste storage issues, violations are allowed in the field of forest management. A big environmental problem has become the development of nickel rocks in the Novokhopersky region, which threatens an environmental disaster not only for our region, but also for other regions. The destruction of rare animals and plants is also a problem in our region.

6.Environmental protection. Measures are being taken to protect water bodies, reconstruction, major renovation and construction of new treatment facilities, repair and cleaning of filtration fields; construction of industrial storm sewerage; clearing river beds and reservoirs. Restoring the number of rare plants and animals, listing endangered species in the Red Book, restoring forests, rallies and protests to prevent the development of nickel deposits.

Every year, an increasing number of our compatriots come to the conclusion that visiting is good, but home is better. It's about on the development of the domestic tourism market in Russia. Indeed, why spend money on air travel and face the difficulties of a language barrier if there is something to see in our country? The nature of the Voronezh region is amazing, and the variety of natural landscapes will allow everyone to find a place to relax here to their liking.

General information

The Voronezh region is located in the central part of the East European Plain. This region is characterized by a temperate continental climate with a pronounced change of seasons. Voronezh and its surroundings are a forest-steppe zone, but a significant area of ​​it is occupied by cultivated fields. You can admire animals and plants in natural conditions in local nature reserves.

The nature of the Voronezh region is diverse and multifaceted. There are also forests here (no more than 10% of the total territory), mostly mixed. The largest river in the region is the Don; many of its tributaries also flow through the region.

Nature reserves of the Voronezh region

In the vicinity of Voronezh there is large number Here you can find rare plants and animals that are under protection. In total, there are currently 172 protected natural areas in the region, the most famous of which are the Voronezh and Khopersky reserves. In such areas, the natural landscape and vegetation are preserved as much as possible. Forests in protected areas are mostly natural plantations created by nature without human intervention.

Thanks to the proximity of forest, steppe and swampy areas, about a thousand species of plants, including very rare ones, are found in the reserves. The fauna is also diverse: scientists are most interested in the populations of muskrats and giant noctule, which live here in natural conditions. The nature of the Voronezh region in its original form is a peaceful neighborhood of the most various types birds, mammals and reptiles. Moose, roe deer, wolves, foxes, martens, hedgehogs and a huge number of birds coexist successfully in protected areas.

Flora and fauna

The Voronezh region can also be appreciated outside the boundaries of the reserve. Rare and incredibly beautiful bustards and steppe eagle are found throughout this region. In an ordinary forest or planting you can find a roe deer, a hare, a wolf or a fox. In some places there are wild boars and sika deer. Beavers live near ponds.

If we talk about the green world of the outskirts of Voronezh, the pine forests and oak groves are of the greatest interest. It is noteworthy that all forests are multi-tiered. The steppes also deserve attention; in this region they are divided into cereals and forbs. Today, in their pristine state, steppe areas have been preserved only in small pieces outside the reserves. The reason for this is the favorable climate of the Voronezh region, ideal for farming. There are also natural food meadows; their vegetation cover usually consists of a mixture of meadow, steppe, forest, weed and marsh plants.

Voronezh miracles

The nature of the Voronezh region boasts unique monuments erected without human help. If you move from the village of Kostenki along the Don riverbed to the south, you can see unusual chalk ledges with right side shores. The most interesting relief of these hills is in the place where the river widens. Fans of unusual landscapes should also visit Divnogorye. Here today you can see two groups of chalk pillars formed naturally under the influence of moisture and winds.

If you ever have to make a presentation-project “Nature of the Voronezh Region”, do not forget to tell about Krivoborye. This is a unique place where the Don takes a sharp turn. The picture is complemented by a steep sandy shore covered with forest. In the Voronezh region there is another similar place - Bald Mountain, this natural attraction is located near the village of Dukhovoe.

Voronezh region is a subject of the Russian Federation, a region in the center of the European part of Russia. Formed on June 13, 1934. Part of the Central federal district. The administrative center of the region is the city of Voronezh. The head of the administration of the Voronezh region is Alexey Vasilyevich Gordeev.

Territory - 52.6 thousand square kilometers. The operational length of railway tracks passing through the region is 1,060.1 km. The total length of highways in the region is 11,443.3 km, including: federal significance - 802.9 km; regional significance - 7418.4 km; - local significance - 1,960 km; departmental and private roads - 1,262 km. The population of the region is 2,335,789 people.

The Voronezh region is part of the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation and borders the Belgorod, Volgograd, Kursk, Lipetsk, Rostov, Saratov and Tambov regions of the Russian Federation, as well as the Lugansk region of Ukraine.

The Voronezh region is located in the central part of the Russian Plain. The average height of its surface above sea level is about 180 m. The relief of the region varies. It includes high and lowland areas.

The climate is temperate continental with well-defined seasons. Winters are quite cold, summers are warm. In general, western, northwestern and southeastern winds predominate in the region. The winds with the greatest frequency are those whose speed ranges from 1 to 3 m/sec. Atmospheric precipitation is distributed unevenly throughout the region.

The region is classified as forest-deficient, as evidenced by the average forest cover of the forested area, equal to 501.69 thousand hectares (9.62% of the region's territory). Mainly along the river banks, oak forests (oak, ash, maple, linden) and coniferous plantations dominate, occupying 103.395 thousand hectares (20.4% of the total forest area), which determine the fire danger of forests. Large forest areas (Shilov Forest along the Osered River, Tellerman Ship Grove along the Vorona River, Usmansky Bor along the Usman River, Khrenovsky Bor along the Bityug River) and preserved areas of indigenous steppes are protected areas. Reserves of federal significance have been created, total area of which there are 34,572 hectares in the region.

There are 738 lakes and 2,408 ponds in the region, and 1,343 rivers flow more than 10 km long. The main river is the Don, 530 of its 1870 km flows through the region, forming a basin with an area of ​​422,000 km².

Industries of specialization in the Voronezh region

The mineral resource base of the Voronezh region is represented by deposits of nonmetallic raw materials, mainly building materials (sands, clays, chalk, granites, cement raw materials, ocher, limestone, sandstone), especially in the western and southern regions of the region. There are reserves of phosphorites in the Semiluksky, Khokholsky and Nizhnedevitsky districts of the region. The region has virtually unlimited chalk reserves. The Voronezh region has significant reserves of nickel, copper and platinum.

The city of Voronezh is the administrative center of the Voronezh region.

Administratively, the region includes:

1) 3 urban districts - Voronezh, Novovoronezh, Borisoglebsk;

2) 31 municipal districts,

3) 29 urban and 462 rural settlements.

According to the structure of the economy, the Voronezh region is industrial-agrarian. The industry is dominated by mechanical engineering, electric power, the chemical industry and the processing of agricultural raw materials. They account for 4/5 of the total volume of industrial products. The region's industry of specialization is the food industry (27%), second place is occupied by mechanical engineering and metalworking (23%), and third place is power engineering (18%).

The region's industry specializes in the production of machine tools, excavators, metal bridge structures, forging and mining equipment, electronic equipment (including televisions), passenger aircraft, airbuses, synthetic rubber and tires, refractory products, granulated sugar, oil mills. fat and meat products.

The Voronezh region is a large supplier of agricultural products: it produces grain (mainly wheat), sugar beets, sunflowers and other industrial crops, potatoes and vegetables. In general, the profile of agriculture is beet farming with sunflower and grain crops, dairy and beef cattle breeding, pig breeding and sheep breeding. The average per capita coefficient for cereal production is 2.4.

Important competitive advantage region is the presence of powerful intellectual potential in the scientific and technical field. Scientific research lead 65 scientific organizations, research institute, design bureau, where more than 700 doctors and 3,500 candidates of science work.

In total, there are 107 economic facilities operating in the Voronezh region that have significant reserves of chemicals and fire-explosive substances. Largest quantity chemically hazardous facilities are located in the following cities: Voronezh (17 facilities), Rossosh (4 facilities). The population living in these cities is about 1 million people. Stocks of emergency chemically hazardous substances amount to over 6 thousand tons.

Voronezh region located in the southwest of the European part of Russia between 49°34" and 52°06" north latitude and 38°09" and 42°54" east longitude. The area of ​​the Voronezh region is 52,400 km 2 and exceeds the size of the territories of many European countries - Albania, Denmark, Macedonia, Slovakia, Slovenia, the Netherlands, Switzerland. But among the regions-subjects of the Russian Federation, the region is in 54th place in size and area, inferior to the territory Krasnoyarsk Territory 45 times, Tyumen region - 27 times, Arkhangelsk region- 11 times, Magadan region - 9 times. From north to south, the Voronezh region stretches for 278 kilometers, from west to east - for 354 kilometers. The region includes 32 administrative districts, 15 cities, 4 urban-type settlements, 15 workers' settlements, 471 rural settlements with total number 1,717 rural settlements. The total population is 2,333,477 people (01/01/2016). The administrative center of the region is the city of Voronezh.

Physiographic location. The Voronezh region is located in the central part of the Russian Plain. Its relief presents three main orographic elements. In the west - the Central Russian Upland, in the east - the Kalach Upland and the Oka-Don Plain. A feature of the modern relief is the many ravines. The climate is temperate continental. The main water artery is the Don River. All other rivers belong to its basin. Three quarters of the territory is covered with fertile chernozem soils. According to the natural zoning, the Voronezh region is a typical forest-steppe and steppe, the border between them conventionally runs along the Rossosh - Kalach line.

Economic and geographical location. The Voronezh region is part of the Central Black Earth economic region. In the north, its neighbors are the Tambov region and the Lipetsk region, in the west - the Kursk region and the Belgorod region. The neighboring position contributes to the formation of intense connections between them. Voronezh region is part of "Central Black Earth" associations for economic interaction. In the east, the Voronezh region borders on the Volgograd region and Saratov region, in the southeast - on the Rostov region. In the southwest there is the border with Ukraine (Lugansk region). The region's territory is crossed by the most important transit transport routes of meridional and latitudinal directions, including international ones. This is the shortest route from the industrial center to North Caucasus and Ukraine.

Geopolitical situation. The Voronezh region is one of 46 regions of the Russian Federation (including 83 subjects, in addition to the regions, 9 territories, 1 autonomous region, 21 republics, 4 autonomous okrugs, 2 cities). The Voronezh region occupies a border position and is the center of the Western Border District. A large military group is stationed on its territory. Customs and border posts appeared on the border with Ukraine, which complicated economic and cultural ties with this republic. The region also borders the politically unstable multi-ethnic North Caucasus region.

In general, the Voronezh region occupies a favorable economic and geographical position. However, its geopolitical position in lately became more complicated, as the common economic, political and cultural space with Ukraine and other republics of the former USSR was violated.