One of the most socially unprotected categories in a correctional institution (IU) are elderly convicts and the disabled. They have a complex set of intractable social problems, needs that pose a threat to their equal existence in penal institutions, which they cannot resolve on their own. These convicts need various types of constant assistance (material, moral-psychological, medical, legal, penitentiary-pedagogical and other), support, protection.

Social work with them is a priority and obligatory for a specialist, it acquires the character of support, comprehensive service involving doctors, psychologists, educators, representatives of social protection authorities.

Among elderly convicts, there are rarely people in whom aging is a natural physiological process of a gradual decrease in psychophysiological functions, withering of the body and personality changes, which is called normal old age. Naturally aging convicts are characterized by physical and mental activity, developed compensatory and adaptive mechanisms, and a high ability to work.

Often, convicts serving their sentences in a correctional institution show significant pathological deviations in the aging process associated with various diseases, violations of compensatory and adaptive mechanisms, disharmony of life processes and their manifestations. The restructuring of the mechanisms of higher nervous activity forms the basis of age-related changes in mental activity and human behavior. First of all, this concerns such a complex phenomenon as intelligence. In old age, the most important is the ability to solve problems associated with the use of already accumulated experience and information. In the emotional sphere, there is an uncontrollable tendency to hostility and aggressiveness towards others, the prediction of the consequences of one's actions and the actions of others is weakened. Among the psychological processes, which are most affected by age-related changes, is the weakening of memory. Age-related changes can significantly change the mental warehouse of a person, his personality. Among the characteristics that are considered typical for the elderly are conservatism, the desire for moralizing, touchiness, egocentrism, withdrawal into memories, self-absorption, which in our case is exacerbated by imprisonment.

Elderly convicts are heterogeneous in terms of the level of education, work experience, health status, marital status, the number of convictions and the total time spent in places of deprivation of liberty. Most of them do not have sufficient work experience, the right to receive an old-age pension. All this causes them to be insecure about their future, as well as fear of old age and hostile attitude towards it, which is especially aggravated in the lonely, as well as the sick, physically infirm.

The social worker must consider common features and features of elderly convicts and to carry out an individual approach to them in the implementation of various technologies and measures of psychological and pedagogical influence, taking into account the general patterns of aging and the individual identity of the elderly person.

Along with the elderly convicts, convicts who are disabled serve their sentences in correctional institutions. A large number of convicts with disabilities often fall ill or have chronic diseases, half of them experience difficulties in household services and cannot do without outside help. An impressive part of the category of convicts under consideration is not only socially maladjusted, but also deprived of social ties. At the same time, it should be taken into account that the main of all social problems of the personal level - disability for objective reasons - cannot be completely resolved, therefore, rehabilitation and educational activities should be supplemented with psychological help to change attitudes towards one's health and search for opportunities for self-compensation and self-realization in the current circumstances. .

In institutions for the execution of sentences, carrying out social work with convicted persons with disabilities to one degree or another makes it difficult for their social restrictions, which must be taken into account by a social worker:

• ? physical restriction, or isolation of the disabled person. This is due either to physical, or sensory, or intellectual-psychological deficiencies that prevent one from moving independently or orienting in space;
• ? labor segregation, or isolation. Because of their pathology, an individual with a disability has very little or no access to jobs;
• ? low income. These people are forced to exist either on a low salary or on a benefit that cannot be sufficient to ensure a decent standard of living for an individual;
• ? spatial-environmental barrier. The very organization of the living environment is not friendly to the disabled;
• ? information barrier. Disabled people have difficulty in obtaining information both of a general plan and of value directly to them;
• ? emotional barrier. Unproductive emotional reactions of others about the disabled person.

Disabled convicts serve their sentences in correctional institutions various kinds and modes. In most cases, these are persons who, before being convicted and entering places of deprivation of liberty, received an assessment of their working capacity and state of health from the state expert medical commissions at the place of residence. But there is also such a category of convicts who became disabled in the process of suppressing their criminal offenses and during the execution of criminal punishment. Examination of the latter is carried out in the process of serving a sentence by territorial expert medical commissions at the place of deployment of correctional institutions.

The medical and social examination of the convict is carried out upon his written application addressed to the head of the MSE public service institution.

The application of the convict, the referral to the ITU of a medical institution of the penitentiary system and other medical documents confirming the violation of health are sent by the administration of the institution where the convict is held to the territorial institutions of the ITU public service. To draw up an individual program for the rehabilitation of a disabled person, the examination of convicts in the institutions of the public service of the ITU is carried out in the presence of a representative of the administration of the correctional institution where convicts sent for examination are serving their sentences.

When a convicted person is declared disabled ITU reference the established form is sent to the penitentiary and kept in the personal file of the convict.

An extract from the certificate of examination of the MSE public service institution of a convicted person recognized as disabled, as well as the results of determining the degree of loss of professional ability to work, the need for additional types of assistance, is sent within three days from the date the disability was established to the body providing pensions, at the location of the correctional institution, for appointment , recalculation and organization of the payment of pensions. In case of release from the correctional institution of a convict whose disability has not expired, the ITU certificate is issued to him in his hands.

In his work with elderly and disabled prisoners, a social work specialist focuses on their inherent positive qualities (their experience, knowledge, general erudition, etc.) in order to neutralize the negative features of the aging process or chronic disease. This can be achieved by making their lives active. That's why Special attention should be devoted to organizing free time for this category of convicts (they will also need this skill in freedom, especially for those who will be sent to homes for the elderly and disabled). To maintain intelligence at a certain level, it is important to involve these convicts in self-education work. The preservation of psychophysical functions is achieved by feasible activity and occupational therapy, the development of intellectual interests, and the constant expansion of erudition.

A significant place in work with elderly and disabled convicts in a correctional institution is occupied by the organization and conduct of health-improving and preventive measures with them, which include, along with measures of a purely medical nature, also socio-psychological and socio-pedagogical measures.

Sanitary and educational work is carried out using various forms and methods: lectures, conversations, consultations, loud reading of literature and broadcasting, issuance of health bulletins, wall newspapers, memos, the use of posters, slogans, slides, filmstrips, photo exhibitions, film demonstrations, etc.

According to Art. 103 of the Criminal Executive Code of the Russian Federation, convicted men over 60 years of age and convicted women over 55 years of age, as well as convicts who are invalids of groups I and II, can be involved in labor only at their request in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on labor and social protection of disabled people. Therefore, when involving this category of convicts in productive work, it is necessary to take into account the physiological capabilities of an aging organism and general state psychophysical functions (memory, perception, thinking, imagination, attention). Working convicts - disabled persons of groups I and II, as well as elderly convicts, are provided by the penal legislation with certain benefits:

• ? increase in the duration of annual paid leave up to 18 working days;
• ? engaging in work without pay only at their request;
• ? an increase in the size of the guaranteed minimum to 50% of their wages, pensions and other incomes.

Particular attention should be paid to the psychological and practical preparation of elderly and disabled convicts for release from the penitentiary.

Preparation of convicts for release includes several stages:

• ? accounting for convicts released at the end of the term of serving a sentence;
• ? the main element of preparing elderly and disabled convicts for release from correctional facilities is documentation. This is the provision of convicts released from the penitentiary with all the necessary documents. The main one, without which it is impossible to resolve any issue related to the resocialization of the convict, is the passport of a citizen of the Russian Federation. Issues of obtaining passports are relevant for all categories of those who have lost it due to various reasons;
• ? restoration of socially useful connections of convicts (for this purpose, sending inquiries to the police department, correspondence with relatives, etc.). Of particular importance is the interaction of a social work specialist with the heads of detachments, as well as employees of other departments of the correctional institution;
• ? conducting individual conversations with each person who is released, during which life plans for the future are clarified. In addition, the order of employment, the rights and obligations of citizens during the search for work are explained, questions of household arrangements, etc. are clarified;
• ? design of social cards for each convict with the obligatory issuance of it upon release. Specialists of both the administration of the penitentiary institution and other services participate in the compilation of the social map. The cards are drawn up in order to ensure a complete record of persons released from the institution for submission to local governments, institutions for employment of the population, social protection of the population, health care and other institutions and organizations at the place of residence;
• ? payment for the travel of the convict to the place of destination upon release. If necessary, escort to the train and the purchase of travel documents are provided;
• ? development of methodological materials containing the information necessary for those exempted on issues social services, medical support, paperwork (passport, disability, registration at the place of residence), employment, social support. This methodological material allows a person released from an institution executing punishment to form certain knowledge about social reality;

It is also necessary to identify convicts who have the right to receive a pension, and take timely measures to provide them with pensions after their release. Pension legislation distinguishes two types of disability pensions: labor pensions, state pensions. After the release of a pensioner from places of deprivation of liberty, the pension file is sent to his place of residence or to the place of stay at the request of the body providing pensions, based on the application of the pensioner, a certificate of release from places of deprivation of liberty and a registration document issued by registration authorities.

The main documents that a social work specialist needs to prepare for the appointment of pensions:

• ? statement of the convict;
• ? convict's passport;
• ? certificates confirming the place of stay or actual residence of a citizen on the territory of the Russian Federation;
• ? insurance certificate of state pension insurance;
• ? documents on labor activity - work book; certificate of average monthly earnings for periods of activity for calculating the amount of pension provision;
• ? documents on the establishment of disability and the degree of limitation of the ability to work;
• ? information about disabled family members, death of the breadwinner; confirming family relations with the deceased breadwinner, that the deceased was a single mother; about the death of the other parent.

The social work specialist draws up the necessary documents and sends them to the bodies providing pensions, controls the timely transfer of pensions and takes measures to eliminate deficiencies. In the absence of a convict work book and other documents necessary for the appointment and recalculation of a pension, requests are sent to search for these documents. If it is not possible to confirm the work experience or there is no work experience, a state social pension is assigned upon reaching the age of 65 for men and 55 for women, or a state social disability pension.

Each convicted elderly, disabled person must clearly understand where he is going after his release, what awaits him, what conditions will be created for him and how he should behave in them. Infirm persons, invalids, who are unable to follow their own way to their place of residence after release, are accompanied by employees of the medical service. With persons who do not have families and relatives, preparatory work is being carried out to send them to nursing homes and disabled people after their release from the penitentiary. It is important not only to draw up the relevant documents, but also to tell the convicts what these institutions are, what is the order of life there. It is important to clarify that in institutions of this type there is constant monitoring of compliance with the order of movement of wards by the management, doctors, and a police officer on duty.

With regard to those who cannot be sent to nursing homes, in the absence of family and relatives, measures must be taken to provide them with a home or care after their release from the penitentiary.

An important formal element aimed at the successful re-socialization and social adaptation of convicts of retirement age, the disabled and the elderly who are released from the penitentiary is the preparation and issuance of the "Release Memo". It includes: advice from a psychologist; rights and obligations of released citizens; information about the release procedure, about the employment service, pension provision, about going to court; on the provision of possible medical care; useful information (about free canteens, overnight stays, social assistance services, dispensaries, helplines, passport services, etc.).

Thus, the provision of social assistance to convicts of retirement age, the disabled and the elderly in correctional institutions is a logically built system of measures. social character. At the same time, the practical preparedness of this category of those who have served their sentences for release is of great importance. Its effectiveness is essential in addressing issues of social, labor rehabilitation and social adaptation them to a life in freedom.

test questions

1. What main areas of social work with convicts in correctional institutions can you name?

• 2. What is the specificity of social work with juvenile convicts?
• 3. What are the main forms of social work with convicted women in correctional institutions?
• 4. What are the features of social work with elderly and disabled convicts in correctional institutions?

Literature

Criminal Executive Code of the Russian Federation.

Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

Order of the Ministry of Justice of Russia dated December 30, 2005 No. 262 “On Approval of the Regulations on the Social Protection Group for Convicts of the Correctional Institution of the Penitentiary System”.

Kuznetsov M.I., Ananiev O.G. Social work with convicts in penitentiary institutions: textbook, manual for beginners in social work of penitentiary institutions. Ryazan, 2006.

Social work in the penitentiary system: textbook, allowance / S.A. Luzgin [et al.J; under total ed. Yu.I. Kalinin. 2nd ed., rev. Ryazan, 2006.

Social work in penitentiary institutions: textbook, allowance / ed. prof. A.N. Sukhov. M., 2007.

• Kuznetsov M.I., Ananiev O.G. Social work with convicts in penitentiaries. Ryazan, 2006.S. 61-62.

<*>Kokurin A.V., Slavinskaya Yu.V. On the issue of psychological support of life convicts in conditions of reform of the criminal-executory system.

Kokurin A.V., Head of the Laboratory for the Study of Problems of Working with Convicts of the Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, Candidate psychological sciences, assistant professor, colonel of the internal service, head of the section "Problems of penitentiary psychology".

Slavinskaya Yu.V., Associate Professor of the Department of General Psychology of the Academy of Law and Management of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Lieutenant Colonel of Internal Service.

The materials of the article reflect the point of view of the authors on contemporary issues related to the psychological support of persons serving life imprisonment. The main direction of psychological support is the preservation of the mental health of a life-sentenced person, on the one hand, and the provision of professional assistance to employees who ensure the implementation of this type of deprivation of liberty. Relevance of development integrated approach to the psychological support of individual preventive work with convicts serving life imprisonment, is emphasized by the lack of such both domestic and foreign experience.

Key words: methodology and methodology of in-depth study of the personality, the personality of a person sentenced to life imprisonment, an integrated approach, psychological support.

The materials of the article manifest the viewpoint of the authors to contemporary problems related to psychological support of persons convicted to life sentence. The main direction of psychological support is preservation of psychological health of life convict on the one side and rendering professional assistance to workers providing for the realization of this type of deprivation of freedom. The topicality of working out of complex approach to psychological support of individual-prophylactics work with life convicts is stressed by the absence of both Russian and foreign experience in this sphere.

Key words: methods and methodology of deep study of personality, the personality of life convict, complex approach, psychological support.

The humanization of the criminal and penitentiary policy of Russia led to the development of the institution of life imprisonment (hereinafter referred to as PLS) as an alternative to the death penalty and predetermined the growth in the number of convicts serving this type of punishment<1>. The change in the number of persons sentenced to PLS (as well as those for whom the death penalty was replaced with this type of punishment) actually obeys the laws of linear dependence<2>. By 2015, the number of this category of special contingent may reach more than 1800 people<3>.

<1>Balamut A.N. Sentenced to life imprisonment and ways of providing them with psychological assistance: Monograph. Moscow: PRI, 2009.
<2>The number of those sentenced to life imprisonment in Russia as of January 1 was: 2005 - 1577, 2006 - 1591, 2007 - 1628, 2008 - 1714, 2009 - 1730 people.
<3>Slavinskaya Yu.V., Zharkikh A.A. On the optimization of psychological support for persons serving life imprisonment // Collection of articles based on the materials of the problematic seminar "Problems of psychological work with those sentenced to life imprisonment and ways to solve them." M., 2010.

Analysis of the materials of a special census of convicts and persons held in custody, conducted by a group of employees of the Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia under the guidance of Doctor of Law, Professor V.I. Seliverstov in 2009, allows us to obtain a generalized description of a modern prisoner sentenced to PLS.

This is a man from 30 to 50 years old (74.2% of all those sentenced to PLS); citizen of Russia (96.2%); having incomplete secondary or secondary education (75.4%); who had not worked anywhere (54.2%) or a worker (30.5%) before conviction; as a rule, serving the first (48.7%) conviction (the second - 27.2%, the third - 12.8%). In 52.4% of cases, he was initially sentenced to the PLS, in 47.6% of cases he was initially sentenced to death. 49.4% of convicts in this category committed the crime alone. Of those who committed a crime in complicity, 19.1% of persons were organizers, 3.9% - perpetrators and 1% - accomplices. In 94.7% of cases, such a convict was not prescribed compulsory treatment (but 3.1% of convicts sentenced to PLS were treated as patients with alcoholism, 1.7% - with tuberculosis, 0.4% - with drug addiction, 0.1% - with substance abuse and HIV -infection). In 92.2% of cases, a person sentenced to PLS does not suffer from a mental disorder that does not exclude sanity. As a rule, he was not assigned other measures of a criminal law nature (96.9%). 30.8% of those sentenced to PLS were ill or currently ill with tuberculosis, only 0.6% of them are ill with HIV infection. In 98.1% of cases, such a convict is not registered as a drug user. The majority have actually served more than 10 years - 62.3% (11.9% - from 8 to 10 years, 15.2% - from 5 to 8 years). In 5.8% of cases, he was convicted for committing a crime while serving a sentence. As a rule, able-bodied (85.3%). 61.3% do not work all the time because of the insufficient front of work (27.2% - they work, are constantly provided with work). The administration is characterized negatively (48.2%) or neutrally (42.2%). He is serving his sentence in a correctional colony of special regime (96.7%); in 68.6% of cases - under strict conditions of detention (19.7% - under normal conditions; 9.9% - under light conditions). As a rule, he is serving his sentence in another subject of the Russian Federation, not at the place of residence and not at the place of conviction (91.1%).

Given the high degree of public danger of this category of convicts, in order to ensure security during the period of serving the sentence, the legislator provided for their cell placement and maintenance. This predetermined the need to move from traditional collective to individual forms of work with convicts to PLS.

An analysis of sources on the topic under study shows insufficient coverage in domestic and foreign scientific literature of issues related to the development of a scientific and methodological base and an integrated approach to psychological support for this category of convicts.

Certain issues of life imprisonment were addressed in their works by such prominent scientists of our time as G.Z. Anashin, O.A. Antonov, A.I. Alekseev, V.I. Baranov, S.E. Vitsin, M.G. Detkov, S.I. Dementiev, S.V. Zhiltsov, I.Ya. Kozachenko, A.I. Dolgova, A.I. Zubkov, V.E. Kvashis, V.V. Luneev, M.P. Melentiev, S.F. Milyukov, G.L. Minakov, A.S. Mikhlin, V.S. Ovchinsky, E.F. Pobegailo, P.G. Ponomarev, V.A. Utkin, N.B. Khutorskaya, I.V. Shmarov, V.E. Yuzhanin and others. An analysis of the works of these scientists draws attention to the fact that most of them operate only with logical and theoretical arguments. At the same time, there are actually no concrete empirical results of research. As for the psychological aspects of ensuring life imprisonment, they are reflected only indirectly in the works of the above authors (mostly lawyers).<4>.

<4>Kazakova E.N. Life imprisonment in Russia (criminal-legal and penitentiary aspects): Proc. allowance. M.: PER SE, 2008.

Nevertheless, among the currently known works of "psychological orientation" there is a certain interest in the specifics of psychological support for persons in conditions of life imprisonment, and psychological features this category of convicts (Yu.V. Slavinskaya (2002), A.N. Balamut (2007)<5>, V.S. Mukhina (2009)<6>).

<5>Balamut A.N. Psychological assistance to convicts with life sentences: Dis. ... cand. crazy. Sciences. Ryazan, 2007.
<6>Mukhina V.S. Alienated: The Absolute of Alienation. Moscow: Prometheus, 2009.

It must be remembered that the psychological support and support of convicts serving life imprisonment is fundamentally different from work with other categories of convicts in a number of parameters.<7>, namely: the specifics of their socio-psychological and criminal-psychological status, maximum duration term of imprisonment, expressed by social deprivation, loss of skills of interpersonal contacts, violations of socialization and adaptation, significantly greater socio-psychological and intellectual degradation, loss of guilt for the committed act<8>etc. All this, of course, hinders the correction and resocialization of those sentenced to PLS as a whole.

<7>Kazakova E.N. Decree. op.
<8>Yalunin V.U. Imprisonment for a long term and for life: legislation and application // Proceedings of the 14th meeting of the Steering Group for reforming the penal system of Russia. St. Petersburg; Vologda, 2002.

So, the growth in the number of convicts serving life imprisonment, their high degree of criminalization, the presence of pathopsychological changes in their personality and behavior, as well as the need to introduce various forms of individual preventive work with them indicate the relevance of developing an integrated approach to the psychological support of the correctional process in cell-by-cell conditions. content. In turn, the use of life imprisonment in domestic conditions requires not only further comprehensive theoretical and applied research, taking into account modern trends in criminal and penitentiary policy, but also an in-depth study of the personality of the convict serving life imprisonment.

The need for such a study is also predetermined by the fact that the issue of the specifics of psychological support for persons serving life imprisonment has not yet been resolved.

The existing points of view on this account range from the inexpediency of applying methods of psychological correction to life-sentenced prisoners in principle to the tasks of their real correction and correction.<9>.

<9>See, for example: Slavinskaya Yu.V., Kokurin A.V. On the need to develop an integrated approach to the psychological support of persons serving life imprisonment // Applied legal psychology. 2009. N 3.

The relevance of the research topic is also emphasized by the unresolved issue of the role of a psychologist and his functions in the psychological support of life-sentenced prisoners. Until now, the practical activities of penitentiary psychologists working with this category of convicts are limited to such areas as identifying "risk groups", special registration, placement in cells, etc.

In our opinion, the main directions of psychological support for persons serving a PLS, formulated back in 2002<10>, are reduced to the provision on the need to preserve and maintain the mental health of this category of convicts, on the one hand, and to provide professional assistance to employees of the relevant penitentiary institutions, on the other.

<10>Slavinskaya Yu.V. Mental states of convicts serving life imprisonment: Dis. ... cand. crazy. Sciences. Ryazan, 2002.

In this way, goal of our research is the development of theoretical and psychological foundations of psychological support for individual preventive work with convicts serving the PLS.

We believe that the use of an integrated approach based on the results of an in-depth study of their personality in individual psychological work with convicts serving a prison sentence will help improve the effectiveness of corrective action in conditions of deprivation of liberty, social reintegration, and social adaptation to the conditions of serving a sentence.

Methodological approaches to the conduct of this study should organically combine both proven and confidently proven in practice, and new psychodiagnostic methods adapted specifically to the specifics of the studied population.

The study assumes the use of various psychological tools:

• analysis of personal files of convicts;
• analysis of the results of forensic psychiatric and psychological and psychiatric examinations;
• clinical interview;
• psychodiagnostic methods (verbal and projective);
• interviews and questionnaires.

Along with the traditional ones, original diagnostic procedures and psychotechniques will be used to collect empirical data. The above methods and techniques are planned to be implemented in stages.

Data collection will be carried out during business trips to the territorial bodies and institutions of the penal system containing persons serving life imprisonment.

It is planned to involve not only competent specialists from regional psychological departments working in institutions in which convicts sentenced to PLS are serving their sentences, but also specialists from other departments and services who own the information of interest to us in the methodological procedures for collecting significant information within the framework of the problem under study.

In the analysis of the results obtained and the establishment of the identified patterns, various mathematical and statistical methods and approaches will be used in the multifunctional psychodiagnostic shell "Psychometric Expert 7", developed by the staff of the Interregional Psychological Laboratory of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia in the Yaroslavl Region.

In conclusion, summing up the substantiation of the expediency, as well as the theoretical and practical significance of our research, I would like to turn to the immediate prospects for life imprisonment in the context of reforming the penitentiary system. So, in the speeches of the director of the Federal Penitentiary Service (FSIN) of Russia A.A. Reimer, his consistently negative position on the death penalty and, as a result, the inevitable development of the institution of life imprisonment sounded. Given the fact that as a result of the reform of the penitentiary system (UIS), according to the director of the Federal Penitentiary Service, it is planned to leave only two types of correctional institutions in Russia - prisons and colonies-settlements (with the exception of educational centers for juvenile convicts), it is in prisons that contain the vast majority of persons serving sentences for grave and especially grave crimes. Moreover, such convicts will differ quite seriously both in terms of terms of imprisonment, and in the severity of the offenses, the number of convictions. Consequently, the conditions of their detention in prisons, regime requirements and restrictions, daily routine and other conditions for serving sentences will also differ significantly.

At the same time, prisons will correspond to three types of detention regime: general regime prisons, strict regime prisons and those requiring the most stringent regime requirements - special regime prisons - including for persons serving life imprisonment<11>. Despite the fact that even now those sentenced to PLS are kept in cell, we cannot agree with the position of A.A. Reimer regarding one of the main proposed changes in the organization of their regime - the fundamental absence of employment for this category of convicts. In our opinion, the arguments with which he explains the expediency of such a decision: “lack of work is a factor that toughens the serving of a sentence”, “a convict sits in a cell for 24 hours, communicating at best with a cellmate. If he has one. If he doesn’t, then the walls”, “putting to work is still some kind of outlet”, work not “for”, but “against” the abolition of the employment of those sentenced to PLS.

For specialists who know firsthand this category of convicts, the devastating consequences of many years of isolation in conditions of cell detention in the absence of any permanent purposeful employment are obvious.

First, long-term isolation is a powerful component that provokes the degradation of both oral speech, and the psyche of life-sentenced prisoners. This position is confirmed, for example, by a noticeable improvement in written speech (due to intensive correspondence - as the only connection with the outside world) compared to oral speech (forced communication with a often "irritating" cellmate, episodic - with representatives of the administration). If we think about the social background that the majority of PLS ​​serving today come from (lack of education, underachievement during school years, being raised in single-parent families, lack of close contact with parents or other significant adults, lack of stable employment or frequent job changes when employed in low-skilled labor, etc.), then it will become clear that the situation is aggravated by the devastating impact on their personality of many years of idle time in places of deprivation of liberty.

Secondly, the lack of employment will mean unreimbursed material damage from the side of those sentenced to PLS to the victims of their crimes, even if it is at least partial compensation for such damage. In addition, the state also needs to reimburse the very tangible costs of maintaining this category of convicts.

Thirdly, as long as the question of the conditional early release of convicts sentenced to PLS remains open and theoretically possible, the organization of the conditions for their detention should be based on the possible return to society of a certain number of persons of this category. After 25 years of cell detention against the background of deprivation of communication and the absence of any employment, it will hardly be possible for those sentenced to PLS to return to normal life in society.<12>.

<12>See, for example: Lebedev V.I. Psychology and psychopathology of loneliness and group isolation: Proc. allowance for universities. M.: UNITI-DANA, 2002.

Moreover, in our opinion, it is constant, purposeful, compulsory employment that will allow:

• firstly, the persons serving the PLS, not only to acquire professional skills, but also to maintain (or instill) the habit of systematic employment (especially if the need for their positive evaluation for the possibility of parole becomes a significant motive for improving the quality of work performed);
• secondly, to emphasize the punitive component of deprivation of liberty through compulsory, permanent and normalized labor employment.

It is interesting that not only the employees of the penitentiary system working with this category of persons in penitentiary institutions, but also the convicts themselves, for the most part, believe that employment while serving their sentence vital necessary.

Summing up the above, I would like to once again focus on the fact that in the state in which this type of criminal punishment is implemented in domestic conditions, it cannot exist in principle: it is not effective, not humane, not thought out and senselessly cruel, before only in relation to the society to which this category of convicts may eventually return. Consequently, life imprisonment, of course, needs to be reformed, and perhaps more radically than other types of criminal punishment.

However, it is advisable to finally determine the ways of this reform only on the basis of the results of a serious analysis of the results of a comprehensive study of the personality of life-sentenced persons and the influence on it of the conditions for serving this type of criminal punishment.

Among those deprived of liberty, there are infrequently persons in whom aging is a natural physiological process of a gradual decrease in psychophysiological functions, withering of the body and personality changes, which is called normal old age. Normally aging convicts are characterized by high physical and mental activity, developed compensatory and adaptive mechanisms, and a high ability to work. The individual elements of senile pathology that they have are successfully compensated for by experience, developed logical thinking, a stock of knowledge, etc. Working with them, if they have positive aspirations, value orientations, broad interests, is not very difficult, although it requires taking into account their age characteristics.

Elderly convicts are very heterogeneous in terms of education, work experience, health status, marital status, the number of convictions and the total time spent in places of deprivation of liberty. Most of them have developed a low culture of a healthy lifestyle and an irresponsible attitude towards their health.

The elderly from among those repeatedly convicted, as a rule, have a low general educational level. Most often they were educated in the schools of the colonies under the influence of the administration and were not further engaged in self-education. Some of them have a significant work history and the right to receive a pension after their release from correctional facilities, which allows them to be confident in their future. The majority do not have sufficient work experience, the right to receive an old-age pension due to the fact that the time they spent at large in the intervals between arrests was insignificant.

All this makes them uncertain about their future, as well as a specific senile disease - gerontophobia (fear of old age and hostile attitude towards it), which is especially aggravated in lonely, as well as sick, physically weak people. They have a complete loss of prospects, experiencing a state of senile frustration, uselessness and confusion before the future. Aging, in this case, is characterized by the following patterns:

1) heterochrony, i.e., the unevenness and difference in time of changes occurring in certain processes and psychophysical functions;

2) a variety of changes that are difficult to account for;

3) specificity, i.e. individual originality of aging in each convict.

This obliges social workers: firstly, to take into account the common features and characteristics of elderly convicts and, secondly, to carry out a differentiated and individual approach to them when implementing various technologies and measures of psychological and pedagogical influence, taking into account the general patterns of aging and the individual identity of the old man's personality.

Main mental illness that the elderly suffer from are: senile psychosis, senile dementia, requiring certain prevention. Senile dementia (dementia) is an irreversible process, since the causes of this disorder are organic in nature, associated with a certain lesion syndrome. Functional senile psychosis is a phenomenon of a personal order, in which the main cause of the disease lies not in organic changes in the higher nervous system, but in changes social status personality associated with old age.

Old age in its development goes through a number of stages: retirement, old age, decrepitude, each individual has his own age limits and features of the flow, which you need to know in order to organize social work with them.

Along with elderly convicts, convicts who are disabled serve their sentences in correctional institutions. The total number of disabled convicts in Russian correctional facilities currently does not exceed 5% of the total number of convicts. In most cases, these are persons who, before being convicted and entering places of deprivation of liberty, received an assessment of their working capacity and state of health from the state expert medical commissions at their place of residence, but there is also such a category of convicts who became disabled in the process of serving a criminal sentence.

The reasons for the disability of convicts can be very different. Some of the main ones include:

1) hereditary conditioned forms;

2) associated with intrauterine damage to the fetus, damage to the fetus during childbirth and in the earliest stages of the child's life;

3) acquired in the process of development of the individual as a result of diseases, injuries, other events, including in places of deprivation of liberty, resulting in a permanent health disorder.

The social environment of the life of disabled convicts in correctional facilities is no different from the environment in which other convicts are found. In correctional institutions one can meet disabled convicts: by sight, hearing, with amputated limbs (without legs, without hands), as well as disabled by general and occupational diseases. This category of convicts in correctional institutions can be combined into separate units.

Disabled convicts have the opportunity to receive regular medical care in a correctional institution, they can be placed in a hospital in the medical unit of the colony, as well as in a special hospital or medical correctional institution. The content of this category of convicts in places of deprivation of liberty requires the creation of certain conditions, proper care for them, as well as significant material costs.

The organization of social work with elderly convicts and the disabled begins with the identification and registration of persons in this category. Studying them, it is necessary, first of all, to establish: the state of their health, the presence of work experience and the right to receive a pension after release, family ties, specialties, motivation and life goals, the most characteristic mental states, senile anomalies. In working with elderly convicts and disabled people, one should rely on their inherent positive qualities (their experience, knowledge, general erudition, etc.), and neutralize the negative age-related characteristics, the characteristics of diseases.

This can be achieved if we proceed from the basic principle of social work with this category of convicts - to make the life of these persons active. Elderly people are impressed by the fact that correctional officers consult with them, listen to their opinion, trust them to carry out responsible personal and collective assignments, etc.

According to the Criminal Code, convicted men over 60 years of age and convicted women over 55 years of age, as well as convicts who are disabled of the first and second groups, can be involved in labor only at their request in accordance with the legislation of Ukraine on labor and the legislation of Ukraine on the social protection of disabled people. Therefore, when involving this category of convicts in productive work, it is necessary to take into account the physiological capabilities of an aging organism and the general state of psychophysical functions (memory, perception, thinking, imagination, attention).

It is also necessary to take into account the motives of their labor activity, relying on the habit of labor activity (boring without work); a sense of public duty (the team, employees are asked to help); the desire to provide for oneself financially; a sense of interest in the success of the team. When choosing a job for elderly and disabled convicts, it should be borne in mind that over the years, when choosing a profession, the role of working conditions increases and the importance of its attractiveness somewhat decreases. Effective labor rehabilitation of elderly convicts and disabled people is achieved by maintaining a measured labor rhythm that does not allow emergency work, assaults, arrhythmias in production activities.

The penitentiary legislation provides for certain benefits for working convicts with disabilities of the first and second groups, as well as for elderly convicts:

1) increasing the duration of annual paid leave up to 18 working days;

2) involvement in work without pay only at their request;

3) an increase in the size of the guaranteed minimum to 50% of their accrued wages, pensions and other incomes.

Particular attention should be paid to the organization of free time and leisure of elderly and disabled convicts. The organization of leisure should pursue two goals: firstly, the creation best conditions to restore physical and mental energy; secondly, the maximum occupation of free time by activities that contribute to the development of their public interests. Employees are required to teach the elderly and disabled to organize their leisure time, which they will need in freedom, especially for those who will be sent to homes for the elderly and disabled.

Each convicted elderly and old age, a disabled person must clearly understand where he is going after his release, what awaits him, what conditions will be created for him and how he should behave in them. Persons infirm and decrepit, invalids who are not able to follow their own way to their place of residence after release, are accompanied by employees of the medical service.

Often, having returned to the place of his former residence from a correctional institution, a former convict finds new tenants in his apartment, unaware that in fact this housing has another owner, who, according to the law, retains living space. The mechanism for the loss of housing by those sentenced to deprivation of liberty is that after a certain time, the housing and communal office, applying to the court, seeks the eviction of the tenant who does not pay utility bills, although he is in places of deprivation of liberty. Thus, the imperfection of the legislation leads to the continuing practice of the loss by convicts of the legal right to housing, of which he is the tenant.

The consequence of this situation is that convicts of elderly and senile age, disabled people often find themselves in social shelters - institutions in which lonely old people live, who for one reason or another do not have the opportunity to live independently. In institutions of this type, constant control over the order and movement of wards is established by the management, doctors, and a police officer on duty. There are special rules and rules of conduct that must be followed.

The results of a study conducted by T. Volkova showed that among those living in such boarding schools there are those who have recently been released from places of deprivation of liberty, as well as those who currently have a criminal record. Thus, 42.8% had one conviction, 5% had two convictions, 14.3% had three, 4.8% had four, and 9.5% had five or more convictions. It is natural that some representatives of this contingent show their asociality in these institutions as well. Asocial and antisocial orientation of the personality, prolonged stay in places of deprivation of liberty, senile dementia, lack of qualified psychological and medical assistance, disorder of the social sphere in the aggregate serve as a source of asocial behavior of former convicts of elderly and senile age.

In conclusion, it should be noted that social work with elderly and disabled convicts in places of deprivation of liberty is carried out taking into account legal, individual psychological, socio-psychological, as well as psychological and pedagogical factors that create the necessary conditions for the rehabilitation and social adaptation of this category of convicts. At the same time, special attention is paid to their practical preparation for release from places of deprivation of liberty, as well as social and labor rehabilitation.

At the request of convicts who are invalids of the first or second group, as well as convicted men over 60 years of age and convicted women over 55 years of age, the administration of the institution executing the sentence sends a proposal to the social protection authority to place them in homes for the disabled and the elderly.

With the consent of the disabled person or the elderly, who did not have a permanent place of residence before the conviction, the administration of the correctional institution decides whether to send him to a home for the disabled and the elderly on the territory of Ukraine, where the colony is located. For this purpose, no later than two months before release, the necessary documents are submitted to the social protection authority (personal statement of the convict, extract from medical card according to the established form and passport, characteristics for the time of stay in the institution).

Improved interaction with the pension fund. With them, most issues that do not require a site visit are resolved by phone, without any difficulties, you can solve any problem that is within their competence.

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Introduction

1. Women released from places of deprivation of liberty as an object of social work

2. Social work with women released from places of deprivation of liberty

3. Features of social work with women released from places of deprivation of liberty

Conclusion

Bibliographic list

Annex A. Persons with whom exempted women of youth prefer to spend their leisure time

Appendix B. Liberation School Program

INTRODUCTION

Until now, imprisonment remains one of the most widely used types of punishment. In the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation there are a significant number of articles providing for this type of punishment. Criminal punishment, including in the form of imprisonment, as special form state coercion is designed to ensure the restoration of social justice, the correction of the convict, the prevention of the commission of new crimes.

Relevance: initially, criminal punishment does not aim to violate social ties. On the contrary, the goals of punishment are completely opposite and their achievement is impossible without strengthening the ties of the individual with society. The need to isolate the offender is determined by the goal of preventing the possibility of him committing new crimes, as well as creating conditions for targeted corrective action on him.

At the same time, no matter how humanized the deprivation of liberty, no matter how the "fetishism of bars" is mitigated, no matter how the specific prison elements of deprivation of liberty are reduced to a minimum, it still remains the measure that most affects the entire complex of life manifestations, the entire sphere of interests. personality, and the most sensitive, most severe intrusion into the identity of the offender. However, the original purpose of punishment is not to change the personality of the offender, but to establish social norms.

Penitentiary institutions for women today should be a civilized institution, and, therefore, embody the achieved level of spiritual culture, normative-value regulators in the system of material production, social life and social relations. The discrepancy between the material and living conditions of the organization of the execution of a criminal sentence in the form of deprivation of liberty and the anatomical, physiological, psychological, moral characteristics of young females is one of the reasons that contribute to the emergence and development of maladaptation of women who have served their sentences in isolation from society.

Problem: consultations of convicted women in order to prepare them for their release and prevent relapse, high-quality social protection and social security for women on release from places of deprivation of liberty, taking into account the high susceptibility of women to maladaptation and other women's problems.

Object: women released from places of deprivation of liberty.

Subject: essence, principles and methods of social work with women released from places of deprivation of liberty.

Purpose: to identify the main theoretical approaches to building the professional activity of a social worker, to determine its main directions, principles, methods and the role of social work with women released from places of deprivation of liberty.

Objectives: to identify the main theoretical approaches to building the activities of a social worker with women released from places of deprivation of liberty.

Analyze the main areas of activity and functionality of a social worker and social services with women released from places of deprivation of liberty.

To analyze the basic principles of social work with women released from places of deprivation of liberty.

Determine the most effective, humanistically oriented, methods of social work with convicted women released from places of deprivation of liberty.

1. WOMEN RELEASED FROM PLACES OF DEPOSIT OF FREEDOM AS AN OBJECT OF SOCIAL WORK

1.1 Socio-legal status of persons released from places of deprivation of liberty

Staying in social isolation has a strong impact on the personality of a woman, her future fate, since often the result of serving a sentence of imprisonment is maladjustment, which implies a decrease in the ability of women to adapt in the post-penitentiary period to the existing norms of law and morality, living conditions in freedom. As a result of maladjustment, the forms of interaction between a woman and the social environment are violated, which prevents her from forming an adequate response to life situations, self-realization.

The Penal Code of the Russian Federation says that the grounds for exemption from serving a sentence are: serving a sentence imposed by a court sentence; cancellation of the court verdict with the termination of the case by the proceedings; parole from serving a sentence; replacement of the unserved part of the punishment with a milder type of punishment; pardon or amnesty; severe illness or disability; other grounds provided for by the law of the Penal Code of the Russian Federation /17, Art. 172/. Persons who have served their sentences bear the obligations and enjoy the rights that are established for citizens of the Russian Federation, with the restrictions provided for by federal law for persons with a criminal record /17, art. 179/.

Also, in chapter 22 of the Penal Code of the Russian Federation, assistance to convicts from serving their sentences and control over them are indicated. The duties of the administration of institutions executing punishment to assist in the work and household arrangements of released convicts:

1) not later than two months before the expiration of the term of arrest or six months before the expiration of the term of restriction of liberty or deprivation of liberty, and in relation to those sentenced to deprivation of liberty for up to six months - after the entry into force of the sentence, the administration of the institution executing the punishment, notifies the local authorities and the federal employment service at the chosen place of residence of the convicted person about his upcoming release, the availability of housing, his ability to work and available specialties;

2) educational work is carried out with the convict in order to prepare him for release, his rights and obligations are explained to the convict;

3) convicts who are invalids of the first or second group, as well as convicted men over 60 years old and convicted women over 55 years old, at their request and on the proposal of the administration of the institution executing punishment, are sent by social protection bodies to homes for the disabled and the elderly / 17, art. 180/.

Providing assistance to convicts released from serving their sentences:

1) convicts released from restriction of liberty, arrest or imprisonment for a certain period are provided with free travel to their place of residence, they are provided with food or money for the duration of the journey in the manner established by the Government;

2) in the absence of clothing necessary for the season or funds for its purchase, convicts released from places of deprivation of liberty are provided with clothing at the expense of the state. They may be given a one-time cash benefit in the amount established by the Government of the Russian Federation;

3) the provision of food, clothing, the issuance of a one-time cash allowance, as well as payment for the travel of released convicts are carried out by the administration of the institution executing the sentence;

4) upon release from serving the restriction of liberty, arrest or deprivation of liberty of convicts in need of outside care for health reasons, convicted pregnant women and convicted women with young children, as well as juvenile convicts, the administration of the institution executing punishment shall notify in advance of their release of relatives or other persons;

5) the convicts referred to in paragraph 4 of this article, who are released from correctional facilities, as well as minor convicts under the age of 16, are sent to their place of residence accompanied by relatives or other persons or an employee of the correctional institution /17, art. 181/.

The rights of released convicts to work and household arrangements and other types of social assistance. Convicted persons released from restriction of liberty, arrest or deprivation of liberty shall have the right to work and domestic arrangements and receive other types of social assistance in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and regulatory legal acts/17, art.182/.

The legislation of the Russian Federation also provides for assistance in the labor and domestic arrangements, as well as the procedure for providing assistance to convicts released from serving sentences in the correctional facility of the penitentiary system.

The administration of the penitentiary interacts in resolving issues of labor and domestic arrangements for persons released from serving sentences with local governments, internal affairs, guardianship and guardianship, healthcare management, education, social protection of the population, the commission on juvenile affairs and the protection of their rights, formed by the local authority. self-government, and the federal employment service at their chosen place of residence.

The organization and implementation of measures to provide assistance in the employment and household arrangements of persons released from correctional facilities are assigned to employees of the social protection group of convicts with the participation of detachment leaders, psychologists, employees of departments (groups) of special accounting and other interested services, for consultations on the most topical issues if possible, specialists from territorial social services can be involved.

Preparing for the release of pregnant women from places of deprivation of liberty, as well as women with young children with them, is carried out by employees of the social protection group of convicts in contact with medical workers IU. The possibility of registration and employment of the released, as well as the placement of children in preschool children's institutions at the place of residence chosen by them, is being clarified.

In the event that the issue of labor and domestic arrangements for released pregnant women, as well as women with young children with them, cannot be resolved at the chosen place of residence, measures are taken to establish their family ties. It turns out the possibility of their registration, employment, as well as the placement of children in preschool children's institutions at the place of residence of relatives.

With regard to released women who have with them young children, patients with acute diseases or with exacerbation chronic diseases, employees of the social protection group of convicts, together with medical workers of the correctional institution, assist in the placement of such children in institutions of the state or municipal health care system at their chosen place of residence.

Convicts released from correctional facilities, in need of outside care for health reasons, pregnant women, women with young children, minors under the age of 16 are sent to their place of residence accompanied by relatives or other persons or an employee of the correctional institution /9, p. I / .

1.2 Social problems of women released from places of detention

Due to the fact that a convicted woman has to adapt to new conditions every time, her adaptive capabilities are significantly reduced and she is sometimes not able to properly neutralize the negative consequences of being isolated from society in conditions of freedom. As a result, most of the liberated women cannot adapt to either the micro or macro environment in freedom. That is, there is a disadaptation of these individuals.

It is also impossible to deny the fact that a negative consequence of serving a sentence of imprisonment by women is the lack of desire in a certain category of those released to adapt to the conditions of life in freedom, as well as the lack of desire to engage in socially useful activities. Crime forecasting experts include persons who have not embarked on the path of correction, neglected in social and moral terms, and have mental deviations to this category.

Those released from punishment in their personal qualities differ significantly from other citizens who were not punished, which leads to unlawful behavior on the part of the released. The impossibility of resolving the problems that have arisen with the help of real legal means, the desire to solve them by any means, the lack of faith in official institutions capable of resolving the difficulties that have arisen quickly and efficiently lead a person to re-committing a crime.

The way of life of liberated women often does not meet the requirements of a positive social environment, contradicts its attitudes, as a result, a psychological barrier arises between a female person and the social environment, which aggravates the social alienation of a liberated woman. In order to overcome this state, the specified person is looking for support and mutual understanding among his own kind. When released, the released person seeks connections with those whom he met in places of detention, whose influence he experienced long time, whose psychology and views he absorbed (see Appendix A)

The inability of a woman to overcome difficult, non-standard situations in a legitimate way leads to her focus on the problem of individual conflict with the environment, suppresses social, collective feelings. The final stage of personality disadaptation is the disorganization of personal behavior. Deprivation of liberty, with its restrictions on movement, weakening of social ties, lack of information, is one of the dominant factors that determine the course of the process of maladaptation. The maladjustment of women who have served a sentence of imprisonment is a change in their social attitudes and personal characteristics, which occurs as a result of serving a criminal sentence and prevents them from adapting to the conditions of the social environment.

Immorality. Mental maladjustment of women who have served a sentence of imprisonment is manifested in a violation of the perception of space and time, in the appearance of negative mental states. It is a consequence of an internal conflict of a person or a conflict with other people. During this period, the criteria and values ​​of the world around change in the persons of this category, and a psychological reorientation is carried out. In this state, a woman quite often has dreams, false judgments, overvalued ideas, anxiety, fear, emotional lability, instability and other unusual phenomena.

The actions of a former convict often conflict with the law, resulting in a lifestyle that is characterized by a negative attitude towards work and other civic obligations, the commission of offenses, the restriction or termination of social useful communication. As a result, about 40% of women, having once been in places of deprivation of liberty, then again commit criminal acts. Moreover, 21% of females have three or more convictions to imprisonment.

Alcoholism and drug addiction. main reason addiction to alcohol of freed women is a violation of their adaptive capabilities, arising from a bad reputation and associated with problems of their employment, establishing a full-fledged life. Individuals who, due to subjective reasons, are not able to cope with anxiety or tension, tend to drink alcohol. Availability certain traits nature (easy suggestibility, vulnerability, lack of ability to overcome life's difficulties, and others), a special contingent of the social environment largely predetermine the use of alcoholic beverages by women.

Prostitution and lesbianism. Prostitution contributes to deformation family relations, the degradation of the personality of women engaged in this "craft", the planting of cynicism, calculation in human relations. This anti-social phenomenon demoralizes not only prostitutes, but also those who come into contact with them.

Social services are not currently dealing with this problem, although there is already some experience of the "In Defense of Childhood" (DZD) movement, created in April 1994 and registered by the Russian Ministry of Justice. The main goal of this movement is to draw the attention of the authorities and the public to children's problems, to organize the prevention of prostitution.

Suicide and nihilism. It should be emphasized that the consequences of women's stay in prisons can manifest themselves not only in their criminal behavior, which is the most common, but also in other dangerous forms. Cases of suicide among released women were no exception. For women released from criminal punishment in the form of imprisonment, suicidal thoughts are characteristic, especially at first. This circumstance indicates that the personality of women who have served their sentences in isolation from society is heavily influenced by social stigma. For some women, the stigmatization is more painful and therefore more terrifying than the punishment itself.

Women who have been prosecuted for a long time remain distrustful. The increased demands placed on a woman by the social environment lead to a sharp rejection of her from her usual environment, which makes it especially difficult for those who have broken the law to return to society. Such an attitude of people towards a person who has committed a crime is quite natural until such time as he proves his correction.

Homeless people and employment. One of the indicators that determine the success of adaptation in the post-penitentiary period of women who have served a sentence of deprivation of liberty is the presence of a permanent place of residence. Women who have served their sentences in prisons and do not have a fixed place of residence are more likely to return to an illegal lifestyle. Such women, as a rule, lack the desire to create their own family, to establish a full-fledged life, which is unnatural for young people, but natural for many former female convicts. This fact is of great importance due to the fact that serving a sentence in isolation from society entails a weakening, and often a complete loss of socially useful ties of females. The recognition by the Constitutional Court of the right of convicts to living space had a positive effect on the preservation of housing for this category of persons.

According to the results of surveys, 45.3% of the heads of industrial enterprises in various sectors of the national economy believe that in the current economic situation there is no way to correct offenders. The enterprise immediately faces the risk of a decrease in labor productivity, a drop in the quality of products, the need to provide housing, and in some cases the possibility of a corrupting effect of previously convicted on the workforce. Negative social phenomena have intensified in labor collectives, which are expressed in the desire to expel from their midst people who are unstable, prone to delinquency, including persons released from places of deprivation of liberty. It should be noted that such trends have the most negative impact on the prevention of recidivism.

Article 13 of the Law "On Employment of the Population" of 19 April 1991 classifies those released as persons enjoying increased social and legal protection. According to the joint instructions of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Federal Employment Service, these persons have the right of priority employment through employment centers. By registering, in cases where there is no opportunity to find a job, they can acquire the status of unemployed. As a result, those released are entitled to receive unemployment benefits for 12 months, the amount of which depends on the salary during the serving of the sentence, but not less than the minimum wage.

From this point, it can be concluded that legal framework for social work as a whole is complex and effective. Following the requirements of the relevant laws is quite realistic quality help women released from prison. But despite the theoretical development of the socio-legal aspect of assistance to women released from places of deprivation of liberty, in real life there is an increase in social problems associated with this contingent of citizens. What are the inconsistencies between the theoretical analysis of problem solving and the actual implementation of theory into practice? Most likely, a large role in this is played both by instability in the political science and economic development of relations between the state and society, and by weak financial position social services.

2. SOCIAL WORK WITH WOMEN RELEASED FROM PRIVATE PLACES

2.1 Development of the institution of social work in the penitentiary system

Social work with persons released from places of deprivation of liberty directly provides for competent social work in the penitentiary system, in particular in preparing convicted women for release. Social work in the penitentiary system has recently begun to sound in a single context. In connection with changes in the penitentiary policy towards humanization, the ideas of respecting the rights of convicts, ensuring optimal conditions for serving sentences, and returning a full-fledged person to society have become relevant.

Today, the experience of social work in Russian correctional institutions that execute sentences in the form of deprivation of liberty is very, very small. And therefore, there is still a lot of work to be done to study aspects of activity, to introduce specialists so that social work brings desired results. To date, groups of social protection and records of the work experience of convicts have not been introduced everywhere, a member of which is a social work specialist, and convicts seek help from other employees of the institution. Being distracted by solving the social problems of convicts, on the one hand they are not able to provide qualified assistance, since they do not have proper education, and on the other hand, they will not be able to fully fulfill their duties. This means that the need to resolve problems is not satisfied, which causes internal tension among the convicts, increases the feeling of unhappiness, and complicates the correctional process.

After release, a person needs to find a job in order not to commit an offense again. However, practice shows that independent employment is almost impossible. What state, public structures can provide real assistance in finding employment to those released from places of deprivation of liberty? Are there any benefits from the state in relation to the organization that employed the former convict? Due to the long terms of serving sentences in places of deprivation of liberty from the residence of relatives, many convicts lose their former social ties. When released, they not only do not have a place of residence, but also do not know which settlement to go to live. When entering the penitentiary, the personal files of some convicts do not have passports. Restoring documents causes certain difficulties, since passport offices do not always respond to requests from an employee of the correctional institution, convicts distort information about themselves. In addition, the passport can simply be left at the place of residence.

The deep socio-political crisis in modern Russia has led to serious negative consequences, primarily in the social sphere, exposing a person’s insecurity from economic, social and political degradation due to the deterioration of his living conditions, the impossibility, for reasons beyond his control, to reveal and realize his labor, moral and intellectual potential.

Social work, as you know, is aimed primarily at activating the potential of one's own vitality and the capabilities of a person or group of people who find themselves in a difficult life situation. In this regard, individual social work acquires exceptional relevance, which is defined as the use of all opportunities that help a person to adapt to specific social conditions of life and help clients develop their own life program.

A special role in the implementation of social work with various categories of the population, in particular with women released from places of deprivation of liberty, is played by territorial social centers and social services. Experience testifies to the high efficiency of the work of many territorial centers. They manage to focus on such problems as organizing material assistance in various forms to especially needy groups of the population, promoting their self-sufficiency and achieving their material independence; provision of various types of psychological, socio-pedagogical, medical and social, legal, rehabilitation, preventive and other assistance, a wide range of services for family counseling of the family; implementation of a number of measures to protect the rights of children, transfer them for adoption, custody and guardianship; providing information to citizens about their socio-economic rights, etc.

The indisputable advantage of the centers is that they help to establish various forms of social work, taking into account the interests and needs of various categories of the population, in direct contact with them and at the most accessible territorial level for them. The principle of promoting self-help is of decisive importance, which means that by providing assistance and services to the client, social workers should stimulate him to realize the potential of his own strengths and capabilities, to restore his capacity and active social functioning, relying on his own strengths. This makes it possible not only to provide social services, but to provide high-quality, personally oriented customer service based on the concept of self-help, including the capabilities of the client's personality in social protection mechanisms.

2.2 Psychological and pedagogical features of social work with women released from places of deprivation of liberty

In the overwhelming majority of cases, women experience separation from the family and its disintegration much more strongly. The family most often plays the role of a deterrent to illegal behavior. Violation of family ties as a result of being in places of deprivation of liberty entails changes in the behavior of women in various life situations. The loss of a family has a negative impact on women, as feelings of confidence, self-esteem, and dignity are weakened. Such women are characterized by passivity in overcoming asocial aspirations and habits, which causes the greatest degree of degradation of their personality. In this regard, the marital status of women who have served their sentences in the form of deprivation of liberty is of particular concern.

In the orientation of the personality of convicted women, specific needs, motives, goals, perspectives, value orientations are manifested, reflecting their narrow, limited spiritual world. Limited interests lead some convicted women to the inability to critically assess their capabilities, which leads to overestimated or underestimated self-esteem.

The negative impact of places of deprivation of liberty on the personality of women is due to shortcomings in the organization of their work. The Penal Code of the Russian Federation names socially useful labor as one of the means of correcting convicts (Part 2, Article 9 of the Penal Code of the Russian Federation). The labor activity of convicts is also obligatory due to the need for self-sufficiency of women deprived of their liberty. However, at present, the duty of the OL to work is not always provided with a real opportunity.

Not every young woman, according to her individual psychological characteristics, is able to work as a seamstress, adjuster of sewing equipment. Many surveyed women have no desire to master these types of professions. The correct choice of a profession by young people largely determines the system of value orientations of the individual. Naturally, such forced labor hinders the achievement of the goals of criminal punishment in the form of deprivation of liberty, exacerbates the situation of young women who are isolated from society. At the same time, having been released from the MLS, females, as a rule, do not work in the specialties acquired in the colony. Since there is no other specialty, many of them begin to lead an antisocial lifestyle.

Isolation is a psychosocial stressor and sharply reducing the adaptive capacity of the body, leads not only to the development of many diseases of the neuropsychic and somatic spheres, but also in conditions of prolonged chronic stress reduces labor productivity, increases the frequency of interpersonal conflicts, their criminogenicity. A quick and radical disruption of life plans through social isolation gives rise to a complex of specific manifestations called the "syndrome of deprivation of liberty."

In women with a high degree of maladjustment, severity, increased resentment, and a low level of intelligence are quite pronounced. They are characterized by the manifestation of asthenic emotions and feelings, low social motivation. Material interest is the main motive of their behavior. The leading need is material. They almost completely lack resistance to post-penitentiary negative consequences.

Women with an average degree of maladjustment are distinguished by indifference in relations with others, irritability, envy, straightforwardness, rigidity of thinking. They have a predominance of asthenic emotions and feelings, self-expression is the leading motive of behavior. The main needs in life are the presence of a family, a sense of security and security. At the same time, people of this category have reduced resistance to the negative consequences of being in places of deprivation of liberty.

Women with a low degree of maladjustment are characterized by lack of sociability, conformity, unscrupulousness, irresponsibility; average level of intelligence, as well as emotional lability. Sthenic emotions and feelings are manifested to the greatest extent. The dominant needs are the creation of a family, self-improvement, and raising the educational level. The leading motives of their activity are cognitive and affiliation motives. These women are quite resistant to overcoming the negative consequences of social isolation, they are very active in solving various kinds of problems in freedom.

On this point of the work, it can be concluded that, despite the guarantees of the state in the social and legal aspect, it is very difficult for released women, i.e. It is almost impossible to find a job on your own. The reasons for this are problems in women related to the arrangement of marital status, childbearing, etc. Also, the attitude of employers towards former convicts leaves much to be desired.

The training system for social workers should provide training for specialists who are able to establish interpersonal relationships with a client, influencing both society, the conditions of a person’s life, and himself, stimulating him to realize his inner potential, to social activity. Only in this case, it is possible to create an effective system of social protection, skillfully restore interaction between people, and improve their quality of life.

Social workers should take into account the fact that being in places of deprivation of liberty causes a complex of mental states in women in the form of longing, frustration, despair, and hopelessness. Such mental states to a certain extent affect the physical state of the body, which in turn further suppresses their psyche. Lacking the possibility of real satisfaction of physiological needs, convicted women often live in a world of fiction, fantasy. At the same time, a feeling of distrust in the disinterested help from the authorities, and people in general, causes rejection from society and placing hopes on their own strength, which, when confronted with the social injustice of real life, even more suppresses any interest of the former convict in improvement as an intrapersonal one, family and public (Appendix B).

3. PECULIARITIES OF SOCIAL WORK WITH WOMEN RELEASED FROM PLACES OF DEPARTMENT OF FREEDOM

3.1 Prevention of maladaptation of women released from places of deprivation of liberty

Social work involves adapting the social protection system to changing socio-economic conditions, including networks of social service institutions, expanding the list of social services provided to women, supporting non-state forms of social assistance, and training social work personnel. Continuous improvement of the organization of social protection based on the formation of new social technologies; a differentiated approach, targeted social assistance directly related to the specific needs of the recipient - this is the task of modern society. All activities should be based on the legal framework. Laws are an important factor in effective social work.

Prevention of personality maladjustment reflects the general patterns of crime prevention. Prevention of maladaptation of women who have served a sentence of imprisonment is a set of interrelated measures of state bodies, social work institutions and the public aimed at reducing and neutralizing the negative phenomena associated with their isolation from society.

Correction of convicts is an important task of the state, public participation in its solution is an important criterion for the effectiveness of reforms in the penal system. Of no small importance in connection with the prevention of repeated crimes is the activity of the emerging patronage service, boards of trustees, parent committees, social work in the penitentiary system and with persons released from places of deprivation of liberty. One of their most important functions is to neutralize the negative consequences of serving a sentence, to ensure continuity in consolidating the results of correction in persons who have served a sentence of imprisonment. This interaction would also contribute to the expansion of horizons, the formation of an adequate self-esteem of women, and the development of their adaptive abilities.

In this regard, it is expedient to provide assistance by religious organizations not only to those women who are in social isolation, but also to those who have been released. In the first, most difficult period of life for the latter, religious organizations could take them under their control, provide them with shelter, food, and women, in turn, could serve in the church or engage in other religious activities. It should be noted that the Concept of reorganization of the penitentiary system provides for the development and strengthening of ties between convicts and public, religious and other organizations. The process of reorganization provides for the improvement of forms of participation public associations in the activities of institutions and bodies executing punishment.

3.2 Humane treatment and social and legal counseling for women released from places of detention

Women's knowledge of legal matters is very limited. They do not know the organization, the principles of the legal system, the norms of criminal, criminal procedure and penitentiary legislation. In order for the criminal law norms to have a deterrent effect, the population must know them or at least have some idea about them, therefore one of the functions of a social worker is educational work in the field of law with persons released from places of deprivation of liberty.

For women, the fact that Art. 1070 of the current Civil Code of the Russian Federation provides for liability for harm caused by illegal actions of bodies of inquiry, preliminary investigation, prosecutor's office and court. The basic principles of this responsibility declare that the harm caused to a citizen as a result of illegal conviction, illegal prosecution, illegal application of detention or undertaking not to leave as a preventive measure, illegal imposition of an administrative penalty in the form of arrest or corrective labor is compensated at the expense of the state in full, regardless of the fault of officials.

It is advisable to more actively cover these problems in the media. The population should also be made aware of the difficulties that convicted women experience when they are isolated from society, as well as after their release. Very few released females know that there is a law of the Russian Federation that allows you to appeal to the court an unreasonable refusal to hire.

The population needs to form a humane, tolerant attitude towards persons who have served their sentences in places of deprivation of liberty, and especially women. Considering the problem of preventing the maladjustment of women in the post-penitentiary period, it must be emphasized that an important direction is the organization of leisure for these persons. Aimless pastime is a strong criminogenic factor, since it contributes to the emergence and consolidation of antisocial views, attitudes, and deformation of the lifestyle of women released from places of deprivation of liberty. In this regard, it is important for underage girls to focus on a useful and socially significant pastime. This can be served by the creation of a cultural and sports complex at the place of residence, which would unite the efforts of cultural, educational and other institutions, educational institutions in organizing meaningful leisure.

Along with this, it is planned to involve persons who have served their sentences in various clubs, circles, and sports sections. At the same time, it is necessary that the worldview of the leaders of such clubs, circles, sections change in relation to convicted girls, which would contribute to the organization of useful pastime for more female minors.

In view of the fact that for adult youth who have served a criminal sentence, the most urgent problem is the creation of a family, it is advisable to involve them in dating clubs that are organized in the service of the family. Currently, such services operate in almost all cities of the Russian Federation. This will neutralize the criminogenic factor caused by the aimless pastime of this category of people.

The microenvironmental level of preventing the maladaptation of women who have served their sentence in isolation from society provides for the implementation of specific measures aimed at a specific social group- women, in order to reduce, neutralize the negative phenomena associated with serving a criminal sentence in the form of imprisonment. One of these measures is the implementation in a fuller scope of the principles of differentiation and individualization of the punishment of women.

Considering the prevention of maladaptation of women as a system, it should be emphasized that important role in it belongs to the subjects of warning, especially specialized ones. These are state, law-making and law enforcement agencies, social work institutions, public organizations whose activities, professionally or in the course of fulfilling public duties, are aimed directly at combating antisocial manifestations and crime.

It is necessary to increase attention to the problems of adaptation of women released from places of deprivation of liberty, subtle and highly qualified socio-psychological assistance in solving mental post-penitentiary traumas, reliable material support for this category of women, unceasing care, love and affection.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, we can say that the legal framework for social work as a whole is fully and effectively built, but the reality speaks of poor correspondence between theory and practice in social assistance and support for women released from prison. An important role in this is played both by instability in the political science and economic development of relations between the state and society, and by the weak financial situation of social services.

Social work with women released from places of deprivation of liberty contains the following groups of tasks: assistance in difficult life circumstances; maintaining women as full members of society in accordance with existing regulations; promoting the creation of conditions for the development of the individual, both material and moral, with the help of the state. But in modern society the stereotypes of the socialist regime towards this category of people still dominate, which is traumatic for the weak, maladjusted soul of a woman released from places of deprivation of liberty. Here it is necessary to educate the population in the need for humanity, care and all kinds of support for people who have stumbled, understanding the essence of their problems and trying to resolve them. Social work with women who find themselves in a difficult life situation that they cannot overcome on their own should be carried out by a system of social services and specialized social institutions. The nature, duration, types, volume of social assistance in these institutions should correspond to the individual situation, for example, material assistance, provision of temporary shelter, consultations, rehabilitation services, etc. Each case has its own special technology, methods and resources of social assistance to those in need. Support for women released from places of deprivation of liberty as full-fledged members of society can be provided by measures for socio-psychological rehabilitation, retraining and retraining of their more popular professions, information about available vacancies, social resources, about the nature and technology of family planning, legal and any other assistance in protecting their rights. A set of measures is needed to develop a scientifically based program with the involvement of social work specialists so that new requirements for increasing the role of self-sufficiency of the individual, its adaptation to the new system would be effective. Focus on independent solution their personal problems, corresponding legal education and the possibility of retraining is a necessary condition for the realization of oneself as an individual. In general, the following conclusion can be made. The current state of social assistance and support for women released from prison is very weak. The transitional conditions from the old to the new ideologies of the political regime, the instability of the economic aspect of Russia gives rise to selfish inclinations in people to take care of themselves and communicate only with those from whom they can expect help in the future, because now practically no one believes in stability.

This is associated with a large percentage of corruption in the echelons of power, which results only in formal social, legal and material support for the weak and unprotected segments of the population, including

Social work in penitentiary institutions of modern Russia is actively developing as a special type of activity to provide social assistance and support, the implementation of social protection of convicts. For this purpose, departments of social and psychological work, groups of social protection and accounting for the work experience of convicts have been created in correctional institutions for the persons held in them, whose employees, solving the tasks defined by them by regulatory acts, are primarily guided in their activities by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Disabled convicts have the state-guaranteed right to provide qualified medical and social assistance, to carry out various types of restorative and rehabilitation measures of a medical nature, including through medical and medical and social examination.

The purpose of the legislation on the social protection of persons with disabilities is to provide them with equal opportunities with other citizens in the exercise of civil, economic, political and other rights and freedoms provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, as well as in accordance with the generally recognized principles and norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation. The measures of social protection of persons with disabilities provided for in regulatory acts are the obligations of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities. The legislation on these measures and forms of support for the disabled applies to all categories of citizens, including convicts serving a criminal sentence of imprisonment. At the same time, the special nature of the execution of deprivation of liberty (that is, the organization of a special penitentiary process, including the stage of release and post-penitentiary resocialization) and preparation for release is determined by the sign of disability of an individual serving a criminal sentence.

Activities to provide convicts with social assistance, support, protection for the purpose of their correction and resocialization during the period of execution of a criminal sentence, as well as adaptation in society after release, is a priority of social work in a correctional institution, especially with such a category as convicts with disabilities

The Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, adopted in 1955, state that “the legislator should take measures to ensure that convicts, during and after serving their sentence, retain the maximum of rights in the field of social security, social benefits and other civil interests. Preservation of the maximum rights in the field of social security of convicted persons with disabilities, as recommended in fundamental international documents, is an expression of the principles of humanism and social justice in penitentiary law in terms of social security. (Social work in the penitentiary system: Textbook / S.A. Luzgin, M.I. Kuznetsov, V.N. Kazantsev and others; Under the general editorship of Yu.I. Kalinin. - 2nd ed., Rev. - Ryazan, 2006.)

Among the most important laws that are important for social work and the penitentiary system with convicted persons with disabilities, first of all, can be attributed the Penal Code of the Russian Federation (1996), which fixes as a task of the penitentiary legislation of the Russian Federation, along with others: “providing assistance to convicts in social adaptation”. This rule of law applies to the entire mass of convicts serving criminal sentences, including convicts with disabilities.

One cannot ignore such an aspect of social work as the medical and sanitary provision of convicts. In accordance with Article 101 of the Penal Code of the Russian Federation, in the penitentiary system for the medical care of convicts, medical institutions are organized, and the administration of the correctional institution is responsible for fulfilling the requirements that ensure their health protection.

In correctional institutions one can meet convicted invalids: by sight, hearing, with amputated limbs, by general and occupational diseases. They have the opportunity to receive regular medical care in a correctional institution, they can be placed in a hospital in the medical unit of the colony, as well as in a special hospital or medical correctional institution. The content of this category of convicts in places of deprivation of liberty requires the creation of certain conditions, proper care for them, as well as material costs.

Disabled people of groups I and II serving their sentences can additionally receive parcels (transfers), parcels, as well as purchase food and essentials at the expense of funds available in their personal accounts, in the amount of one established minimum wage from taking into account the allowances provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation. Individual convicts are involved in assisting the disabled in their care.

At present, convicted persons with disabilities (if desired) are employed in the production facilities of the correctional institution or enterprises of various forms of ownership that cooperate with the correctional institution, based on their employment opportunities and necessarily desire, taking into account the requirements of the Penal Code of the Russian Federation and Labor Code RF.

Working convicts with disabilities of groups I and II, as well as elderly convicts, the penal legislation provides for certain benefits:

1) increasing the duration of annual paid leave up to 18 working days;

2) involvement in work without pay only at their request;

3) an increase in the size of the guaranteed minimum to 50% of their accrued wages, pensions and other income.

Convicts who lost their ability to work while serving their sentence of deprivation of liberty are entitled to compensation for damages in the cases and in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Convicted disabled people, like all convicts, have the opportunity to communicate with each other and with other convicts, staff, attend all information and explanatory, social, cultural and sports events held by the administration of the penitentiary. They have the opportunity to visit the library, as well as to watch TV programs at the allotted time according to the daily routine.

In each correctional institution for all convicts, including those with disabilities, there is an opportunity to receive a basic general education, secondary education, vocational education, as well as opportunities are being created distance learning in colleges and universities.

Many positive examples from the activities of the penitentiary system can be cited when convicted persons with disabilities themselves actively participate in the conduct of leisure cultural and mass, physical culture and sports events, as well as in the activities of public amateur formations to assist the administration of the penitentiary in various areas of activity.

Meals for convicts - disabled people of groups I and II are provided free of charge according to the increased norms established by the Government of the Russian Federation (general, dietary) and are organized depending on the possibilities of their movement in the dining room of the correctional institution or in the allotted place in the living quarters. Clothes for convicts with disabilities of groups I and II are also provided free of charge. Convicted persons with disabilities can be cared for by persons specially appointed by the administration of the correctional institution for this purpose from among the convicts themselves. They help such convicts in all matters related to the need for personal hygiene and public sanitation. Convicted persons with disabilities are entitled on a general basis to state pensions. The payment of pensions to them is carried out by the bodies of social protection of the population at the location of the penitentiary institution by transferring pensions to the personal accounts of convicts.

When preparing for release, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of such categories of convicts as disabled people of groups I and II, the elderly, pregnant women with children, as well as foreign citizens.

Thus, in accordance with Article 180 of the Penal Code of the Russian Federation, at the request of convicts released from places of detention who are disabled of groups I and II, as well as convicted men over 60 years old who did not have a permanent place of residence before conviction, and convicted women over 55 years old, the administration of the penitentiary sent requests to the social protection authorities to place them in homes for the disabled and the elderly. Persons who do not have children and go to homes for the disabled or the elderly are provided with tickets to the location of the institution.

Thus, all of the above confirms the presence of legal norms in the Penal Code of the Russian Federation fixing the foundations of social work with convicted persons with disabilities in the penal system of the Ministry of Justice of Russia, which are reflected in: the Constitution of the Russian Federation; normative acts of the Ministry of Justice of Russia regulating issues of social work; normative acts of the Federal Penitentiary Service, its main departments and departments; local regulations adopted by the administration of correctional institutions of the penal system on issues of social work.

All social work with convicts with disabilities during their stay in correctional institutions is carried out by its employees (primarily social workers, medical workers, commanders of detachments and psychologists). In Russia, social work in the penitentiary sphere as an independent type of professional activity began to take shape in 2001. This is due to the transformation of the penitentiary policy towards humanization, i.e. observance of the rights of convicts, ensuring optimal conditions for serving their sentences, returning to society.

Representatives of public organizations and religious denominations that assist in this work of the penal system can be involved in this work. Practice shows that the leaders, as well as the social, educational and medical services of the penitentiary institution, on the basis of cooperation agreements concluded with various organizations, first of all create opportunities for receiving social assistance from them for precisely the weakly protected categories of convicts, which include convicts with disabilities.

The main tasks of social work in a correctional institution are:

Organization and provision of social protection for all categories of convicts, especially those in need of it (pensioners, disabled people who have lost family ties, transferred from educational colonies, the elderly, suffering from alcohol or drug addiction, do not have a fixed place of residence, patients with incurable or incurable diseases);

Assistance in ensuring acceptable social and living conditions for serving a sentence;

Help in social development convict, including increasing their social culture, developing social needs, changing normative-value orientations, increasing the level of social self-control;

Assistance to convicts in finding a socially acceptable environment for them, a point of social interest (work, family, religion, art, etc.).

Development and strengthening of socially useful ties between the convict and the outside world;

Assistance to the convict in obtaining the help of specialists.

The organization of social work with convicts with disabilities begins with the identification and registration of persons in this category. Studying them, it is necessary, first of all, to establish: the state of their health, the presence of work experience and the right to receive a pension after release, family ties, specialties, motivation and goals of life, the most characteristic mental states of behavioral anomalies.

Registration of disability pensions is carried out after the recognition of a convicted person as a disabled person, which is carried out in the manner prescribed by the Regulation on the recognition of a person as disabled, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 13, 1996 No. 965, and in accordance with the Classifications and temporary criteria used in the implementation of medical social expertise, approved by the Decree of the Ministry of Labor and Social Development and the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated January 20, 1997 No. 1/30.

The medical and social examination of the convict is carried out upon his written application addressed to the head of the public service institution that regulates these issues. The application, referral and other medical documents confirming the violation of his health are sent by the administration of the institution where the convicted person is kept to the territorial institutions of the state service of medical and social expertise. In order to draw up an individual program for the rehabilitation of a disabled person, the examination of convicts in institutions of the state service of medical and social expertise is carried out in the presence of a representative of the administration of the correctional institution where convicts sent for examination are serving their sentences.

When a convicted person is recognized as a disabled person, a certificate of the MSEC of the established form is sent to the correctional institution and is stored in the personal file of the convicted person. An extract from the certificate of examination in an institution of the state service of medical and social examination of a convict recognized as disabled is sent within three days from the date of establishment of disability to the body providing pensions at the location of the correctional institution for the appointment, recalculation and organization of the payment of a pension. And an extract from the examination report on the results of determining the degree of loss of professional ability to work, the need for additional types of assistance, is sent to the correctional institution and is kept in the personal file of the convict. In case of release from a correctional institution of a convict whose disability has not expired, a certificate of MSEC is issued to him in his hands.

The payment of pensions assigned to those sentenced to deprivation of liberty is made from the date of the verdict, but not earlier than July 1, 1997, and in all cases not earlier than the day from which the pension was assigned.

In order to organize the payment of pensions to convicts who received a pension before conviction, the administration of the correctional institution sends to the body providing pensions a list and a certificate for each convict about his stay in the correctional institution. The body providing pensions checks the information indicated in the list, if necessary, requests pension files and other documents required to open the payment.

After the disabled person is released from places of deprivation of liberty, the pension file is sent to his place of residence or to the place of stay at the request of the body providing pensions, based on the application of the pensioner, a certificate of release from places of deprivation of liberty and a registration document issued by registration authorities. And after all the necessary documents are collected and executed, he will again receive a pension.

In working with convicted disabled people, a social work specialist relies on their inherent positive qualities (their experience, knowledge, general erudition, etc.) in order to neutralize the negative features of diseases. This can be achieved if we proceed from the basic principle of social work with this category of convicts - to make their life active. Since disabled people pay special attention to the state of their health and try to find means to maintain it, it is important to organize a series of lectures and talks on medical and social topics. Corners or stands with special medical and educational literature, clippings from periodicals, health education posters designed for convicted invalids can be equipped in the club of the correctional institution, library, detachments: “How to maintain health”, “How to cope with serious illness”, “Society needs your experience and knowledge”, etc.

Health education is an integral and integral part of the activities of the medical service, carried out in close cooperation with educational, cultural, mass and social work. Since an important aspect of the entire work of the correctional institution is that a person must return to society who will be able to independently adapt to the conditions after release. Sanitary and educational work is carried out using various forms and methods: lectures, conversations, consultations, loud reading of literature and radio broadcasting, issuance of health bulletins, wall newspapers, memos, the use of posters, slogans, slides, filmstrips, photo exhibitions, film demonstrations, etc.

When choosing a job for convicted disabled people, it should be borne in mind that when choosing a profession, the role of working conditions increases, that disabled people of groups I and II are involved in work only at their request. Effective labor rehabilitation of convicted disabled people is achieved by maintaining a measured labor rhythm that does not allow emergency work, assaults, arrhythmias in production activities.

The organization of social and hygienic measures includes constant monitoring of the health of convicted disabled people, medical care, and the prevention of psychopathological deviations by engaging convicted disabled people in socially useful activities.

From the point of view of health prevention for this category of convicts, drastic changes in lifestyle due to the transition to another type of work activity or release from work due to illness are unacceptable. Such drastic changes cause states of stress that the body cannot always cope with. Involvement, taking into account the state of health, in any types of socially useful activities: instructions for participation in social useful work unpaid, part-time paid work. Involvement in the work of amateur organizations. Attachment to the implementation of one-time assignments. Appointment of responsible persons from among them for any specific area of ​​work on a voluntary basis.

It is effective to create self-help groups by social work specialists and ensure the activities of assigned convicts from the social assistance section to serve convicted disabled people who can participate in activities to ensure proper household, sanitary and hygienic and other necessary things for disabled people.

To maintain a certain level of functioning of the intellect, it is important to involve disabled convicts in the work of self-education. The preservation of psychophysical functions is achieved by feasible activity and occupational therapy, the development of intellectual interests, and the constant expansion of erudition.

Employees should teach disabled people how to organize their leisure time, which they will need in freedom, especially those who will be sent to homes for the elderly and disabled. The organization of free time and leisure of convicted disabled persons should pursue two goals: the creation of the best conditions for the restoration of physical and mental energy and the maximum occupation of free time by activities that contribute to the development of their public interests. To this end, convicts with disabilities are involved in mass cultural work, participation in amateur performances, design of visual agitation, work of the editorial board, propaganda of books, repair of the existing book fund, self-education. It is also advisable to involve the category in question in a feasible physical education and sports (competitions in chess, checkers, arm wrestling, etc.).

The organization and implementation of preventive measures with them, including, along with measures of a purely medical nature, also socio-psychological and socio-pedagogical measures, is also of no small importance for preparing this category of convicts for life in freedom.

Special attention should be paid to the psychological and practical preparation of convicted persons with disabilities for release from the penitentiary.

With persons who do not have families and relatives, preparatory work is being carried out to send them to nursing homes and disabled people after their release from the penitentiary. It is important not only to properly draw up the relevant documents, but also to tell the convicts what these institutions are, what is the order of life there. There are special rules and rules of conduct that must be followed. It is important to clarify that in institutions of this type there is constant control over compliance with the order of movement of wards by the management, doctors, and a police officer on duty.

It should be noted that in order to provide disabled people released from correctional facilities with appropriate clothing and footwear, measures are being taken to distribute and ensure the receipt of various types of assistance coming from various non-governmental organizations.

With regard to those who cannot be sent to nursing homes, in the absence of family and relatives, measures must be taken to provide them with a home or guardianship after their release from the penitentiary. Persons with disabilities who, after release, are not able to independently go to their place of residence, must be accompanied by employees of the medical service.

Of great importance in the organization of social work in general, in the correctional institution of the penal system of the Ministry of Justice of Russia for the preparation of convicts for release, is the legal consolidation of this activity. The preparation of convicts for release is legislatively enshrined in Chapter 22 of the Penitentiary Code, which is entitled “Assistance to convicts released from serving their sentences and control over them”, including convicted disabled people.

Preparation for the release of persons serving sentences in correctional institutions begins no later than 6 months before the end of the term of imprisonment.

The preparation of convicts for release includes several stages:

1. Accounting for convicts who are released at the end of their sentence;

2. The main element in the preparation of convicted persons with disabilities for release from the penitentiary is documentation. This is the provision of convicts released from the penitentiary with all the necessary documents. The main document, without which it is impossible to resolve any issue related to the resocialization of the convict, is the passport of a citizen of the Russian Federation. Issues of obtaining passports are relevant for all categories of those who have lost for various reasons.

3. Restoration of socially useful connections of convicts (for this purpose, sending inquiries to the police department, correspondence with relatives, etc.). Of particular importance is the interaction of a social work specialist with the heads of detachments, as well as employees of other departments of the correctional institution;

4. Drawing up individual conversations with each person who is released, during which life plans for the future are clarified. In addition, the order of employment, the rights and obligations of citizens during the search for work are explained, questions of household arrangements, etc. are clarified;

5. Registration of social cards for each convict with the obligatory issuance of it upon release. Both specialists of the administration of the penitentiary institution and other services participate in the compilation of the social map. The cards are drawn up in order to ensure a complete record of persons released from the institution for submission to local governments, institutions for employment of the population, social protection of the population, health care and other institutions and organizations at the place of residence;

6. Payment for the travel of the convict to the place of destination upon release. If necessary, escort to the train and the purchase of travel documents are provided;

7. Development of methodological materials containing the information necessary for those who are exempt on social services, medical care, paperwork (passport, disability, registration at the place of residence), employment, social support. This methodological material allows a person released from an institution executing punishment to form certain knowledge about social reality.

9. It is also necessary to identify convicts who have the right to receive a pension, and take timely measures to ensure their pension provision after release. Pension legislation distinguishes two types of disability pensions: labor pensions; state pensions.

The main documents that a social work specialist needs to prepare for the appointment of pensions:

The statement of the convict;

Passport of the convict;

Certificates confirming the place of residence or actual residence of a citizen on the territory of the Russian Federation;

Insurance certificate of state pension insurance;

Documents on labor activity - work book; certificate of average monthly earnings for periods of activity for calculating the amount of pension provision;

Documents on the establishment of disability and the degree of limitation of the ability to work;

Information about disabled family members, death of the breadwinner; confirming kinship with the deceased breadwinner; that the deceased was a single mother; about the death of the other parent;

Other documents (their submission is possible if necessary). The social work specialist draws up the necessary documents and sends them to the bodies providing pensions, exercises control over the timely transfer of pensions and takes measures to eliminate deficiencies. If the convicted person does not have a work book and other documents necessary for the appointment and recalculation of a pension, requests are sent to search for these documents. If it is not possible to confirm the work experience or there is no work experience, a state social pension is assigned upon reaching the age of 65 for men and 55 for women, or a state social disability pension.

An important formal element aimed at the successful resocialization and social adaptation of a convicted disabled person who is released from a penitentiary is the preparation and issuance of a "Memo to the Released". Its structure may include: advice from a psychologist; rights and obligations of released citizens; information about the release procedure; information about the employment service; on pension provision; about going to court; on the provision of possible medical assistance; useful information (about free canteens, overnight stays, social assistance services, dispensaries, helplines, passport services, etc.)

Thus, social work with convicted invalids in correctional facilities is a logically built system of social activities. At the same time, the practical preparedness of disabled people for release is of great importance. Its effectiveness is essential in addressing issues of social and labor rehabilitation and their social adaptation to life in freedom.

Questions for self-control

1. What are the main problems of convicted disabled people in correctional facilities?

2. Expand the legal norms of social work with convicted disabled people in the legislation of the Russian Federation.

3. Describe the main directions and forms of social work with convicts with disabilities in correctional institutions.

Kuznetsov M. I., Ananiev O. G. Social work with convicts in correctional institutions: textbook. manual for beginners in social work UIS-Ryazan, 2006.

Luzgin S.A. Centers for psychological, pedagogical and social work with convicts as a domestic model for organizing their correction and resocialization in correctional colonies: Textbook. - Ryazan, 2004.

On the social protection of disabled people in the Russian Federation: the federal law dated November 24, 1995 No. 181-FZ.

On social services for elderly and disabled citizens: Federal Law of August 2, 1995 No. 122-FZ.

On the basics of social services for the population in the Russian Federation: Federal Law of December 10, 1995 No. 195-FZ.

Social work in penitentiary institutions: Textbook / ed. AND I. Grishko, M.I. Kuznetsova, V.N. Kazantsev. - M., 2008.

Social work in the penitentiary system: Textbook / S.A. Luzgin, M.I. Kuznetsov, V.N. Kazantsev and others; Under total ed Yu.I. Kalinin. - 2nd ed., corrected. - Ryazan, 2006.

Social work with convicts: Textbook / ed. IN AND. Zhukova, M.A. Galaguzova. - M., 2002.

Criminal Executive Code of the Russian Federation (1997).

Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (1996).

All social work with convicts with disabilities during their stay in correctional institutions is carried out by employees of the correctional institution (primarily social workers, medical workers, heads of detachments and psychologists). In Russia, social work in the penitentiary sphere as an independent type of professional activity began to take shape in 2001. This is due to the transformation of penitentiary policy towards humanization, i.e. observance of the rights of convicts, ensuring optimal conditions for serving their sentences, returning to society.

Representatives of public organizations and religious denominations that assist in this work of the penal system can be involved in this work. Practice shows that the leaders, as well as the social, educational and medical services of the penitentiary institution, on the basis of cooperation agreements concluded with various organizations, first of all create opportunities for receiving social assistance from them for precisely the weakly protected categories of convicts, which include convicts with disabilities.

The main tasks of social work in a correctional institution are:

• ? organization and provision of social protection for all categories of convicts, especially those in need of it (pensioners, disabled people who have lost family ties, transferred from educational colonies, the elderly, suffering from alcohol or drug addiction, do not have a fixed place of residence, patients with incurable or incurable diseases);
• ? assistance in ensuring acceptable social and living conditions for serving a sentence;
• ? assistance in the social development of the convict, including improving their social culture, developing social needs, changing normative-value orientations, increasing the level of social self-control;
• ? assistance to convicts in finding a socially acceptable environment for them, points of social interest (work, family, religion, art, etc.);
• ? development and strengthening of socially useful ties between the convict and the outside world;
• ? assistance to the convict in obtaining the help of specialists.

The organization of social work with convicts with disabilities begins with the identification and registration of persons in this category. First of all, it is necessary to establish: the state of their health, the presence of work experience and the right to receive a pension after release, family ties, specialties, motivation and life goals, the most characteristic mental states, behavioral anomalies.

Registration of disability pensions is carried out after the recognition of a convicted person as a disabled person, which is carried out in the manner prescribed by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 20, 2006 No. 95 “On the procedure and conditions for recognizing a person as disabled”. The medical and social examination of the convict is carried out upon his written application addressed to the head of the public service institution that regulates these issues. The application, referral and other medical documents confirming the violation of his health are sent by the administration of the institution where the convicted person is kept to the territorial institutions of the state service of medical and social expertise. In order to draw up an individual program for the rehabilitation of a disabled person, the examination of convicts in institutions of the state service of medical and social expertise is carried out in the presence of a representative of the administration of the correctional institution where convicts sent for examination are serving their sentences.

When a convicted person is recognized as disabled, a certificate of the MSEK of the established form is sent to the correctional institution and stored in the personal file of the convicted person. An extract from the certificate of examination in an institution of the state service of medical and social examination of a convict recognized as disabled is sent within three days from the date of establishment of disability to the body providing pensions at the location of the correctional institution for assigning, recalculating and arranging the payment of a pension. And an extract from the examination report on the results of determining the degree of loss of professional ability to work, the need for additional types of assistance is sent to the correctional institution and is kept in the personal file of the convict. In case of release from a correctional facility of a convict whose disability period has not expired, the MSEC certificate is issued to him in his hands.

The payment of pensions assigned to those sentenced to deprivation of liberty is made from the day of the verdict, but not earlier than July 1, 1997, and in all cases not earlier than the day from which the pension was assigned. To organize the payment of pensions to convicts who received a pension before conviction, the administration of the penitentiary sends to the body providing pensions a list and a certificate for each convict about his stay in a correctional institution. The body providing pensions checks the information indicated in the list, if necessary, requests pension files and other documents required to open the payment.

After the disabled person is released from places of deprivation of liberty, the pension file is sent to his place of residence or to the place of stay at the request of the body providing pensions, based on the application of the pensioner, a certificate of release from places of deprivation of liberty and a registration document issued by registration authorities. And after all the necessary documents are collected and executed, he will again receive a pension.

In working with convicted disabled people, a social work specialist relies on their inherent positive qualities (their experience, knowledge, general erudition, etc.) in order to neutralize the negative features of diseases. This can be achieved if we proceed from the basic principle of social work with this category of convicts - to make their life active. Since disabled people pay special attention to the state of their health and try to find means to maintain it, it is important to organize a series of lectures and talks on medical and social topics. Corners or stands with special medical and educational literature, clippings from periodicals, health education posters designed for convicted disabled people can be equipped in the club of the correctional institution, the library, in the detachments: “How to maintain health”, “How to cope with a serious illness” , “The society needs your experience and knowledge”, etc.

Health education is an integral and integral part of the activities of the medical service, carried out in close cooperation with educational, cultural, mass and social work, since an important aspect of the entire work of a correctional institution is that a person who can independently adapt to conditions after liberation. Sanitary and educational work is carried out using various forms and methods: lectures, conversations, consultations, loud reading of literature and radio broadcasting; issue of sanitary bulletins, wall newspapers, memos; the use of posters, slogans, transparencies, filmstrips, photo exhibitions, film demonstrations, etc.

When choosing a job for convicted disabled people, it should be borne in mind that when choosing a profession, the role of working conditions increases, that disabled people of groups I and II are involved in work only at their request. Effective labor rehabilitation of convicted disabled people is achieved by maintaining a measured labor rhythm that does not allow emergency work, assaults in production activities.

The organization of social and hygienic measures includes: constant monitoring of the health of convicted disabled people, medical care, prevention of psychopathological deviations by engaging convicted disabled people in socially useful activities. From the point of view of health prevention for this category of convicts, drastic changes in lifestyle due to the transition to another type of work activity or release from work due to illness are unacceptable. Such drastic changes cause states of stress that the body cannot always cope with, involvement, taking into account the state of health, in any type of socially useful activity - assignments to participate in socially useful work without pay; provision of paid part-time work; involvement in the work of amateur organizations; involvement in the implementation of one-time assignments; appointment of responsible persons from among them for any specific area of ​​work on a voluntary basis.

It is effective to create self-help groups by social work specialists and ensure the activities of assigned convicts from the social assistance section to serve convicted disabled people who can participate in activities to ensure proper household, sanitary and hygienic and other necessary affairs for disabled people.

To maintain a certain level of functioning of the intellect, it is important to involve disabled convicts in the work of self-education. The preservation of psychophysical functions is achieved by feasible activity and occupational therapy, the development of intellectual interests, and the constant expansion of erudition.

Employees should teach disabled people how to organize their leisure time, which they will need in freedom, especially those who will be sent to homes for the elderly and disabled. The organization of free time and leisure of convicted disabled persons should pursue two goals: the creation of the best conditions for the restoration of physical and mental energy and the maximum occupation of free time by activities that contribute to the development of their public interests. To this end, convicts with disabilities are involved in mass cultural work, participation in amateur performances, design of visual agitation, the work of the editorial board, propaganda of books, repair of the existing book fund, and self-education. It is also advisable to involve the category in question in a feasible physical education and sports (competitions in chess, checkers, arm wrestling, etc.).

The organization and implementation of preventive measures with them, including, along with measures of a purely medical nature, also socio-psychological and socio-pedagogical measures, is also of no small importance for preparing this category of convicts for life in freedom. Special attention should be paid to the psychological and practical preparation of convicted persons with disabilities for release from the penitentiary.

With persons who do not have families and relatives, preparatory work is being carried out to send them to nursing homes and disabled people after their release from the penitentiary. It is important not only to properly draw up the relevant documents, but also to tell the convicts what these institutions are, what is the order of life there. There are special rules and rules of conduct that must be followed. It is important to clarify that in institutions of this type there is constant control over compliance with the order of movement of wards by the management, doctors, and a police officer on duty. It is advisable to read letters from convicts who were previously released and sent to these homes.

It should be noted that in order to provide persons with disabilities released from correctional facilities with appropriate clothing and footwear, measures are being taken to distribute and receive various types of assistance from various non-governmental organizations.

With regard to those who cannot be sent to nursing homes, in the absence of family and relatives, measures must be taken to provide them with a home or guardianship after their release from the penitentiary. Persons with disabilities who, after release, are unable to independently go to their place of residence must be accompanied by employees of the medical service.

Of great importance in the organization of social work in general in the correctional institution of the penal system of the Ministry of Justice of Russia for the preparation of convicts for release is the legal consolidation of this activity. The preparation of convicts for release is legislatively enshrined in Chapter 22 of the Penal Code of the Russian Federation, which is entitled “Assistance to convicts released from serving their sentences and control over them”, including convicted disabled people. Preparation for the release of persons serving sentences in correctional institutions begins no later than six months before the end of the term of imprisonment. The preparation of convicts for release includes several stages.

• 1st stage. Accounting for convicts released at the end of their sentence.
• 2nd stage. Documentation (providing convicts released from the penitentiary with all the necessary documents). This is the main element in the preparation of convicted persons with disabilities for release from the penitentiary. The main document, without which it is impossible to resolve any issue related to the resocialization of the convict, is the passport of a citizen of the Russian Federation. Issues of obtaining passports are relevant for all categories of those who have lost for various reasons.
• 3rd stage. Restoration of socially useful connections of convicts. For this purpose, requests are sent to the police department, correspondence is maintained with relatives, etc. In this case, the interaction of a social work specialist with the heads of detachments, as well as employees of other departments of the correctional institution, is of particular importance.
• 4th stage. Conducting individual conversations with each released person. During the conversation, life plans for the future are clarified. In addition, the procedure for employment, the rights and obligations of citizens during the search for work are explained, questions of household appliances, etc. are clarified.
• 5th stage. Registration of social cards for each convict. A social card must be issued upon release into the hands of a convict. Specialists of both the administration of the penitentiary institution and other services participate in the compilation of the social map. The cards are drawn up in order to ensure a complete record of persons released from the institution for submission to local governments, employment institutions, social protection of the population, health care and other institutions and organizations at the place of residence.
• 6th stage. Ensuring the travel of the convict to the place of destination upon release. Travel documents are purchased and, if necessary, an escort is provided for the person who is released to the vehicle.
• 7th stage. Development of methodological materials containing the information necessary for those released on social services, medical care, paperwork (passport, disability, registration at the place of residence), employment, social support. These methodological materials will allow a person released from an institution executing punishment to form certain knowledge about social reality.
• 8th stage. Identification of convicts who are entitled to receive a pension, and taking timely measures to ensure their pension provision after release. Pension legislation distinguishes two types of disability pensions: labor pensions; state pensions.

The main documents that a social work specialist needs to prepare for the appointment of pensions:

• ? statement of the convict;
• ? convict's passport;
• ? certificates confirming the place of residence or actual residence of a citizen on the territory of the Russian Federation;
• ? insurance certificate of state pension insurance;
• ? documents on labor activity: work book, certificate of average monthly earnings for periods of activity for calculating the amount of pension provision;
• ? documents on the establishment of disability and the degree of limitation of the ability to work and other documents required in a number of cases.

The social work specialist draws up the necessary documents and sends them to the bodies providing pensions, exercises control over the timely transfer of pensions and takes measures to eliminate deficiencies. If the convicted person does not have a work book and other documents necessary for the appointment and recalculation of a pension, requests are sent to search for these documents. If it is not possible to confirm the work experience or there is no work experience, a state social pension is assigned upon reaching the age of 65 for men and 55 for women, or a state social disability pension.

An important formal element aimed at the successful resocialization and social adaptation of a convicted disabled person who is released from a penitentiary is the preparation and issuance of a "Memo to the Released". It may include: advice from a psychologist; rights and obligations of released citizens; information about the release procedure; information about the employment service; on pension provision; about going to court; on the provision of possible medical assistance; useful information (about free canteens, overnight stays, social assistance services, dispensaries, helplines, passport services, etc.).

Thus, social work with convicted invalids in correctional facilities is a logically built system of social activities. At the same time, the practical preparedness of disabled people for release is of great importance. Its effectiveness is essential in addressing issues of social and labor rehabilitation and social adaptation of disabled people to life in freedom.