Combination of sounds in a word. Combination of several sounds
In the flow of speech, sounds interact with each other, influencing each other with certain phonetic changes. Consonants can be influenced by other consonants or vowels by vowels, i.e. articulatory sounds of the same type interact. But interaction between different types of sounds is also possible, when consonants influence vowels or, conversely, vowels influence consonants.
Among the changes are combinatorial e and positional changes.
Combinatorial are called changes in phonemes under the influence of neighboring (or non-neighboring) phonemes. Most of these changes can be explained by ease of pronunciation. In some cases, it is easier to pronounce two identical or two similar sounds, for example, two voiceless or two voiced consonants. In other cases, on the contrary, it is more difficult to pronounce two identical adjacent sounds, for example, two stops or two affricates. Therefore, depending on the properties of interacting sounds, either convergence in pronunciation or divergence can occur between them.
Another type of phonetic change is positional changes. In this case, the change in phonemes is determined by their relationship to stress, as well as their position at the absolute beginning or at the absolute end of the word, i.e. solely by their position and does not depend on the influence of other sounds.
The most common combinatorial changes include: assimilation, dissimilation, accommodation.
Let's look at them in more detail.
Assimilation- a phonetic process as a result of which interacting sounds come closer together in whole or in part. In other words, these sounds become more similar or identical. Assimilation is characterized by the following features:
1. Contact(from Latin contactus “contact”) - the interaction of two adjacent sounds and distant(from Latin dis “times” and tangere, tactum “touch”) - the interaction of non-adjacent sounds separated by other sounds. Example of contact assimilation Butresidential complex A [shk], an example of a distant bA dA .
2. Progressive(from Latin progressus “moving forward”) - the influence of the previous sound on the next one ( Vankya) And regressive(the Latin prefix indicates the opposite of the action) - the influence of the subsequent sound on the previous one, for example, cosb A[zb].
Variety progressive assimilation is synharmonism(from the Greek syn “together” and harmonia “connection”, “consonance”), vowel harmony in Turkic languages, when the root vowel determines the corresponding vowel in the subsequent morpheme: Turkish. oda- room, odalar– rooms; ev - house, evler- house A.
3. Full– two different sounds turn into two identical ones, which usually merge and are pronounced as one long sound (for example, Oetc. at[dd]. With complete assimilation, assimilation occurs according to all the characteristics characteristic of interacting sounds (dullness - sonority, hardness - softness, type of articulation, etc.).
N full assimilation - two different sounds remain different, but come closer to each other according to some characteristic, for example, a word sd both [building]. With incomplete assimilation, assimilation occurs in terms of some of the named characteristics. In a word baking the consonants become similar in voicing, but otherwise these sounds remain different.
Dissimilation– phonetic change, when two identical or two similar sounds form either different or less similar sounds. In its results, this is a process that is the opposite of assimilation. Therefore, dissimilation is characterized by the same concepts as assimilation. Progressive (February from February), regressive (secretary from secretary), contact (who, dohtor), distant (February from February).
There may be cases when the same sound is influenced by several factors, resulting in different phonetic changes. Thus, in the word easily (lehko) there is regressive assimilation due to deafness and dissimilation due to the method of formation.
Accommodation- a phonetic process in which different types of sounds interact - vowels and consonants. The influence of consonants on vowels is determined in two directions:
1. after soft consonants, the vowels a, o, u become more forward: small - crumpled, ox - led, bow - hatch. In this case, we observe progressive accommodation.
2. before soft consonants, the same vowels a, o, u become narrower, closed: gave - far, year - gol, string - jets. There is regressive accommodation here.
Vowels influence consonants only in one direction - regressively: before vowels and, uh, consonants also become more forward - soft: book - book, books.
In addition to phonetic changes in words, other phonetic processes can occur.
Progressive and regressive assimilation
Consonantal and vocal assimilation
Combinatorial phonetic processes.
Positional changes
Combinatorial
MODIFICATIONS OF SOUNDS IN THE SPEECH STREAM
INTONATION
Intonation refers to all prosodic phenomena in syntactic units - phrases and words. Intonation consists of the following 5 elements, the first two of which are the main components of intonation:
2. emphasis;
Speech sounds, when used as part of a word, beat and phrase, influence each other, undergoing changes. The modification of sounds in the speech chain is called phonetic processes. Phonetic processes can be combinatorial (from the Latin combinare - to connect, combine) and positional. Combinatorial processes are caused by the mutual influence of sounds located in immediate or close proximity. Positional processes are associated with the position of the sound in a word - in a stressed or unstressed syllable, at the end of a word, etc. .
Depending on the proximity of other sounds.
Associated with position in an unstressed syllable, at the end of a word, etc.
Assimilation (from Latin assimilatio - likening) is the articulatory likening of sounds to each other in the flow of speech within a word or phrase. For example, if the preceding sound is voiced and the subsequent one is voiceless, then the preceding one can become voiceless: tray
ASSIMILATION AND ITS TYPES.
Consonantal assimilation- likening a consonant
to a consonant, for example, in the word “boat” the voiced consonant “d” is replaced by a voiceless “t” - (“tray”);
Vocal assimilation- likening a vowel to a vowel, for example, instead of “it happens” in common parlance they often say “byvat”.
Progressive assimilation- the preceding sound influences the subsequent one. In Russian language progressive assimilation is very rare, for example, the dialect pronunciation of the word “Vanka” as “Vankya”. Progressive assimilation is often found in English. (cats, balls), French - subsister, German, bash. (at + lar = attar) and other languages.
Regressive assimilation- subsequent sound affects
previous It is most typical for the Russian language “boat [tray]”, vodka [votka], “got up at three [fstal f tri]”.
In eng. "newspaper" [z] under the influence of [p] turns into [s], in French. absolu[b] - in [p], German. Staub ends with [r].
In bash. "kitep bar" (leaves) turns into “kitebbara”.
With complete assimilation, both interacting sounds become completely identical, for example, be[sh\noisy, [f]burn. If after assimilation the sounds remain different, then the assimilation is incomplete or partial. For example, in the word shoot down[s] is similar to [b] only in terms of warmth and softness [z" ]bit, while remaining an anterior lingual dental sound;
An example of complete assimilation is the word “assimilation” itself [ad (to) + simil (similar, identical) + atio (suffix) = assimilatio)]. A similar example of assimilation is “agglutination” [ad + glutin (glue) + atio = agglutinatio].
Rus. sew [shshhyt], highest (highest), eng. cupboard "cabinet", "buffet" is pronounced ["klee". German Zimber became Zimmer "room", selbst "self" is pronounced .
With incomplete assimilation, the sound loses only part of its characteristics, for example, “where - where”, “sitting - here”, where consonants lose the sign of voicing.
Assimilation by deafness is called deafening: the subsequent deafness combinatorially affects the preceding voiced one, transforming it into a paired deafness. Boat - boat[tray]
Assimilation in voicing (voicing) is observed when a paired deaf is adjacent to a subsequent voiced one. This voiceless voice is replaced by its paired voiced one. Shoot down - shoot down[zb’it’].
Voiceless as shades of voiced and voiced as shades of voiceless can arise in sounds that are extrapaired in terms of voiceness-voicelessness: in extrapaired voiceless [ts], [ch], [x] and extrapaired sonorants.
Partial assimilation in voicing appears at the junction of non-pausingly read phonetic words, provided that the initial sound of the second word is a voiced noisy one. In place of the voiceless [ts], a sound appears that does not exist as an independent sound - the diphthong combination [d]: the end of the year[k/\n’e dzg odъ], in place of [h’] – diphthong combination [d’zh’]: help the patient[p/\mo jb/\l’nomu], in place of [x] – non-literary fricative [γ]: the rustling froze[shor γz am'r].
Partial assimilation by deafness occurs when a voiceless noisy consonant follows a sonorant word in a phonetic word. As a result, the sonorant loses part of its sonority: mercury [rt ut’], walrus[mo rsh].
4. Assimilation by softness.
Expressed in the softening of hard consonants before soft ones. In general, the phenomenon of assimilation in terms of softness is inconsistent. The general trend is a gradual loss of assimilative softening in the Russian language. The front-lingual [z], [s], [n] are more consistently assimilated in terms of softness in the position in front of the soft front-lingual [t’], [d’], [h’]. For example, wall [s’t’ and e na], Here [z'd' es’], bow[ba n't'ik], tip [ko LF' ik].
Combinatorial changes in consonants that occur in the combination [consonant] + [vowel]
Hard consonants, when placed in front of the front vowels [i], [e], soften: hundred [l] - on the table [нъ st/\ l'e], [one hundred l'i To]. But if the consonant is hard, then the front vowel cannot come after it: life [zhyz’n’], with Ira [s yrъi].
Thus, three types of soft consonants are distinguished: 1) genetically soft 2) assimilatively softened 3) combinatorially softened. For example, phonetic word steppe [s’t’ep’] includes three soft sounds: [s’], [t’], [p’].; of these, [n’] is genetically soft, [t’] is combinatorially softened, [s’] is assimilatively softened.
POSITIONAL MODIFICATIONS.
Positional changes in the area of consonants include deafening of a paired voiced consonant at the absolute end of a word: pipe - pipe [corpse], teeth - tooth [zup].
Note: there is a case of progressive assimilation in terms of deafness, which sonorant consonants undergo in the position of the absolute end of a word after a voiceless noisy one: [see tr], [in pl’]
ORTHOEPY. BASIC SPELLING RULES.
OPTIONS FOR ORTHOEPIC NORMAS
I. Introduction. Meaning of the term. The difference between orthoepy and phonetics. Object of orthoepy.
II. The formation of orthoepic norms.
III. Pronunciation options and styles.
1) Pronunciation of individual sounds;
2) Pronunciation of consonant combinations;
3) Pronunciation of sounds in individual grammatical forms;
4) Features of the pronunciation of foreign words.
Literature:
1. Avanesov R.I. Russian literary pronunciation. M., 1984 (6th ed.)
2. Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. M., 1967, part III, p. 294-349
3. Orthoepic dictionaries.
I. Orthoepy is a science that studies the norms of correct literary pronunciation (from the Greek orthos - correct, direct and epos - speech). Orthoepy is also called a set of rules that determine the norms of literary pronunciation (the object of science).
Orthoepy is based on phonetics, but also differs from it in certain characteristics and the object of study.
M.V. Panov noted the following features spelling:
1) orthoepy formulates not laws, but rules;
2) orthoepy is imperative, i.e. requires compliance with rules that are fixed in textbooks and dictionaries;
3) has a practical orientation;
4) orthoepic norms are much more flexible than phonetic laws
Orthoepy differs from phonetics in its object of study, which is narrower than that of phonetics.
Orthoepy studies the pronunciation of individual sounds, combinations of sounds in certain phonetic conditions, the pronunciation of sounds in individual grammatical forms and in certain words, in particular, in foreign words.
II. Spoken language population of Moscow, which developed by the 17th century, determined the basic norms of the Russian literary language, including pronunciation norms. The norms of the so-called Old Moscow literary pronunciation were finally formed in the 2nd half of the 19th century. In the 20th and 21st centuries. The orthoepic system is generally preserved, but orthoepic variants acceptable in literary pronunciation have appeared.
Old Moscow pronunciation in some cases began to be regarded as strictly stagelike, like high rate, For example: said[s], I dare[s]; strict[gy], soft[ky], in others – as colloquial, reduced: brown, young or simply deprecated: a[r’m’]iya, vve[r’h].
Changes in orthoepic norms occur most of all under the influence of writing and changes in the linguistic environment of capital cities.
III. Currently, the following spelling options exist:
1) Chronological, which are conceptualized as senior and junior norms: [z'v' er’ – sound' er’ / jе s'l' and – je sl' u/a r'm'йъ – а rm'йъ / в'в'е r'x- v'v'e px]
2) Territorial: Moscow and St. Petersburg norms. Petersburg differs from Moscow in the pronunciation ш as [sh'ch]: pike – [sh’ch]uk, cockroach – cockroach [sh’ch]b; hiccups instead of the hiccups characteristic of Muscovites: spring – [v’e]sleep; lack of positional softness in consonants, where it was obligatory among Muscovites of the older generation, for example, in the words army, from above.
3) stylistic options. From a stylistic point of view, there were 3 varieties of orthoepy:
A) high (stage, book)
B) neutral
B) colloquial
Styles in orthoepy differ not only in the presence of pronunciation variants: go away[n’ uh nn]y(high style) – secluded e ny(neutral), but also by the degree of reduction in words. IN colloquial speech it is possible to omit sounds and even syllables, which is not observed in other styles.
For example, a person says – [ch’ek gr’it], when – [kada], only – [tok], a thousand – [tysh’]
IV. Basic rules of orthoepy.
1. Pronunciation of individual sounds.
1) Vowel [A] in the first pre-stressed syllable.
According to the old Moscow norm, after hard hissing and ts in place of [a] in the first pre-stressed syllable the sound [ы е] is pronounced: [shy e moon], [shy e gi]. This pronunciation is outdated, but in certain words, before a soft consonant (the law of regressive accommodation applies here), the norm remains the pronunciation of [a] as [ы е]. This applies to words regret, pity, unfortunately, jacket, jacket, jasmine. The same pronunciation is characteristic of the phoneme a in indirect plural cases. part noun horse and in oblique cases of numerals twenty thirty.
2) Consonant G.
In a literary language, a consonant G It is stop-like in its method of formation, explosive and instantaneous in the nature of its pronunciation. According to the law of assimilation by deafness and the law of the end of a word, the sound [r] is pronounced as [k]: [nokti/pirok]
The fricative (frictional) sound [g] is pronounced in interjections: Wow[oγo], yeah, hon., as well as in indirect cases of the word God. In Im. p. words God at the end it sounds [x]. In words of Old Slavonic origin good, blessing Variability is allowed - their pronunciation with [g] plosive and fricative. The fricative [g] as an obsolete Old Church Slavonic variant is acceptable in adverbs in -where: when(pronominal adverb or conjunction), always, sometimes, then.
2. Pronunciation of consonant combinations.
1) Combination Thu pronounced as written ( reading, honor), however in the word What and its derivatives ( so that something) What sounds like [pcs]: [sto]. The exception is the word something(book), where the pronunciation [thu] is preserved.
2) Letter combinations gk And hh pronounced as [hk] and [hch] in words light, soft, in forms lighter, softer and derivative words lightness, passenger, softness.
3) Letter combination chn according to the norms of old Moscow pronunciation, the vast majority of words are pronounced as [shn]. It was necessary, for example, to pronounce toy[sh]y, fabulous[sh]ik, apple[sh]y. Currently mandatory pronunciation [shn] is in place chn stuck to a few words: of course, boring, on purpose, scrambled eggs, trifling, laundry, birdhouse and some etc. The sound combination [shn] must also be pronounced in female patronymics in – ichna: Ilyinichna, Kuzminichna, Nikitichna.
4) Letter combination szh And zzh pronounced as a long hissing sound [zh]. At the junction of prefix and root, preposition and significant word, this long [zh] is solid: fried, burned, squeezed, without fat. Inside the root, in the place zzh, as well as in the place zhzh, according to the traditional norm, a soft consonant [zh’] long is pronounced, for example, go[pyi e zh’zh’ay]. The pronunciation of a long hard w in this case is regarded as an acceptable option.
5) Combination of consonants sch And zch at the junction of the root and the suffix, according to the Moscow norm, it is pronounced as [sh’] long soft: peddler- different [sh’sh’]ik, subscriber– sign[sh’sh’]ik, arrogant– but [sh’sh’]ivy. At the junction of a clearly distinguishable prefix and root it is pronounced [sh’ch]: draw out- develop, clear out– ra[sh’ch]ist.
3. Pronunciation of sounds in individual grammatical forms.
1) Adjectives in the masculine singular form. h., as well as nouns (surnames) in –giy, -cue, -hiy have the following pronunciation options: a) according to the Old Moscow norm, hard [g], [k], [x] and endings with a reduced vowel are pronounced, as if after [g], [k], [x] there was an unstressed ending -Ouch: side[gy], gi[ky], Belins[ky]; currently this is the norm for stage speech; b) in a neutral style it is pronounced [giy], [ky], [hiy] according to the spelling.
2) Ending – wow, -him in genus singular case adjectives and participles husband. Wed kind is pronounced with the sound [v]: old[v]o, hot[v]o. The following words are also pronounced with the sound [v]: today, today, this[in]o.
3) Fluctuations are observed in the pronunciation of the postfix -sya, -sya. According to the stage norm, this postfix is pronounced with a hard [s]: [studied], [uteshs], [study]. The exception is gerunds with stress on the last syllable: taking [s’]. In a neutral style they usually pronounce [s’]: [uchus'].
4) Unstressed endings verbs 3rd person plural 2 conjugations –at,-yat, according to the Old Moscow norm, was pronounced as the endings of verbs of the 1st conjugation. The endings of verbs 1 and 2 conjugations sound the same, for example, in the proverb: Where they build, there they dig. In modern literary language this feature disappears. However, by analogy with verbs of 1st conjugation ( read, write) verbs of 2 conjugations with the stem in sibilant and й are often pronounced with the ending -ut, and this is an acceptable pronunciation option: glue– [kl’eyt] and [kl’eyut], trudge– [tash’ts] and [tash’uts].
4. Features of pronunciation of foreign words.
Foreign words can retain certain features of their language in pronunciation. There are two main features:
1) Many borrowed words do not have softening of the front language before e: atheism, atelier, aesthetics, adequate, neckline, container, requiem, highway, puree. Words of foreign origin, well mastered in Russian, are mostly pronounced with a soft consonant before e: topic, text, card index. Must be pronounced with a soft consonant before e the following words: museum, overcoat, pioneer, rail, beret, effect. Allowed pronunciation options in words: dean(add. de), dean's office(add. de), session(add. se), congress(add. re), decade(extra . de), pool(add. se)
2) In foreign words, unstressed words can sound clearly (without qualitative reduction) ABOUT And E (spelling E and E), and not only in the pre-stressed position, but also in the post-stressed position, for example, boa, bolero, bordeaux, necklace, poet, poetry, poetess, poem, sonnet, radio, floor, epaulets; Chopin, Maupassant, Brudershaft, decadence, andante. Most of these words allow for variability in pronunciation depending on speech style.
In conclusion, we emphasize that the main trend in the development of modern orthoepy is the convergence of pronunciation and writing. However, orthoepy cannot merge with writing, since it is based on phonetic laws and norms, and writing is based on other norms and its own specific principles.
ASSIMILATION in linguistics, articulatory assimilation to each other of sounds of the same kind (vowels to vowels and consonants to consonants) within a word or phrase. Assimilation can be regressive (the influence of the subsequent sound on the previous one) and progressive (the influence of the previous sound on the subsequent one); contact (affects a nearby sound) and distant (the influencing sound is separated by other sounds); complete, when a sound is completely likened to another sound, and partial, when the likening does not occur according to all characteristics (for example, for consonants - according to deafness-voicing, aspiration-unaspiracy, tension-non-tension, place and method of formation, or hardness-softness, but for vowels - by rise and row or by roundness).
The phenomenon of assimilation exists in all languages of the world. Thus, in the Russian language, consonants undergo assimilation in terms of hardness and softness; for example, in the words mo[s’]tik, e[z’]dit - regressive contact partial assimilation in softness, and in the words vos[m]sot, se[m]sot - regressive contact partial assimilation in hardness. In dialects of the Russian language, the softness of back-lingual consonants is known to be similar to the preceding soft ones; for example, ban[k’]ya, ol[x’]ya, day[g’]yam - progressive contact partial assimilation. In vowels, progressive contact assimilation along the rise is possible - for example, peri[u]d. Distant assimilation also occurs in consonants - for example, regressive in voicing in the Russian words [g] widow 'to the widow', o[d] widow 'from the widow', and in vowels - for example, regressive complete assimilation in the words m[u]kulatura , p[u]-Turkish and progressive complete assimilation in the colloquial pronunciation of the words mu[u]kant, puz[u]ryok.
IN Latin regressive assimilation of consonants due to deafness is known; scribo ‘I write’, but scriptus ‘written’; rego ‘I speak’, but rectus ‘said’; intellego ‘understand’, but intellectus ‘understood’. IN English language There is a progressive contact assimilation of consonants according to deafness: the pronunciation of a voiceless [s] instead of a voiced [z] after voiceless noisy ones (books, cats, shops), the pronunciation of voiceless sonants after voiceless noisy ones (for example, in the words cry 'shout', plight 'commitment', quite 'quite' are pronounced voiceless sonants , , ). The same type of assimilation is found in some North Russian dialects (k[r]asny, p[ḽ]yt, t[f]oy) and in the Polish language (s[f]uj, t[f]uj). In English, regressive contact assimilation is noted at the place of formation of sonants n, m before f: in the words nymph ‘nymph’, infant [îmfәnt] ‘baby’ the sonants become labiodental. IN Italian the posterior [k] was completely similar to the subsequent [t]: otto ‘eight’ from Latin octo, notte ‘night’ from Latin nocte(m) - complete regressive contact assimilation occurred.
About linguistic assimilation as part of ethnic assimilation, see the article Assimilation in ethnology.
Lit.: Reformatsky A. A. Introduction to linguistics. 5th ed. M., 2005.
1. Strong and weak positions of consonants in terms of voicedness and deafness.
The strong and weak positions of consonant sounds are varied. Distinguish between strong and weak positions of consonants
by sonority/dullness and hardness/softness.
The strong position of consonants in terms of voicedness-voicelessness is that position that does not deafen or voice sounds.- before vowels and sonorants, and the sounds [в], [в`], as well as for voiced ones before voiced ones, and for voiceless ones before voiceless ones: pick up [p'dbirat`], elephant [elephant].
Weak position on voicedness-voicelessness- at the absolute end of the word: oak - [dup], tooth - [zup], lov - [lof], as well as in deaf people before voiced ones (except for sonorants and in) and in voiced ones before deaf ones: snow [sn'ek].
Absolutely strong position occurs in consonants when there is a coincidence of positions that are strong in voicedness-voicelessness and hardness-softness.
Absolutely weak position occurs in consonants when positions that are weak in voicedness-voicelessness and hardness-softness coincide.
Weak positions in deafness/voicedness:
1) at the end of a word: ko[s] from goat and braid;
2) in front of a noisy deaf person: lo[t]ka, but lo[d]ochka;
3) before a noisy voiced: [h]give, but [s]verify.
Strong positions in deafness/voice:
1) before a vowel: [g]od, [k]ot;
2) before sonorant consonants: [c]loy, [z]loy;
3) before [v], [v]: [t]voy, [d]voe.
2. Positional change and changes in voiced and voiceless consonants.
Positional change for consonants is reflected in the following sound laws:
1. Phonetic law of the end of a word: a noisy voiced sound at the end of a word is deafened. This pronunciation leads to the formation of homophones: threshold[p/\ro´k] – vice[p/\ro´k]; hammer[mo´lt] – young[mo´lt]. In words with two consonants at the end of the word, both consonants are deafened: milk mushroom[gru´s´t´] – sadness[gru´s´t´], entrance[p/\дje´st] – will eat up[p/\дje´st].
2. The law of assimilation of consonants according to voicedness and deafness.Assimilation- this is the likening of one sound to another. In the modern Russian literary language, assimilation has a regressive character, that is, the previous sound is likened to the subsequent one: the voiceless pair before the voiced one becomes voiced: to the grandfather [gd´e´du], the voiced pair before the deaf one becomes voiceless: spoon[lo´shk]. Note that the voicing of a deaf person before a voiced one is less common than the voicing of a voiced person before a deaf person. As a result of assimilation, homophones are created: arc [dushk] - darling [d´shk], carry [v´ i e s´t´i´] – lead [v´ i e s´t´i´].
Assimilation occurs:
1. At the junction of morphemes: did[з´д´е´лъл],
2. At the junction of a preposition with a word: with business[з´д´е´лъм],
3. At the junction of a word with a particle (postfix): a year or so[go´tt],
4. At the junction of significant words spoken without pause: five times[ras´at´].
All paired ones are softened in softness: before the front vowels: [b´e´lyy], [x´i´triy], [v´i e sleep´].
Assimilation by place of education
The assimilation of dental ones before sibilants [zh], [sh], [ch´, [sh´] lies in the complete assimilation of dental [z] and [s]:
1.
At the junction of morphemes: sew[shy´t´], unclench[R/\ JA T], check[sho´t], with a ball[ SHA´ръм], no fever[b´ and e JA´ръ];
2.
Inside the root: Later[By ZH ],I'm driving ,
3.
Dental [d], [t], being before [ch], [ts], are likened to the latter: report .
4. Reduction of groups of identical consonants. When three identical consonants coincide at the junction of a preposition
or prefixes with the following word, at the junction of the root and the suffix are reduced to two: from the link[links´lk´i].
Assimilation of consonants according to softness and hardness. Before soft consonants, dental [z], [s], [n], [p], [d], [t] and labial [b], [p], [m], [v], [f] are usually softened : [v´i e z´d´e´], [s´n´e´ k], [gro´s´t´], [us´p´e´kh], [m´e´s´ T].
However, assimilation in terms of softness occurs inconsistently. Thus, dental [z], [s], [n], [d], [t] before soft dental ones and [h´], [sh´] are softened in the roots: [z´d´e´s´], [s´t´e´p´]; dental ones before soft labials can soften in the roots and at the junction of the prefix and the root: [s´v´e´t], [m´i e d´v´e´t´], [iz´m´a´t´] . However, sometimes in the same position a consonant can be pronounced both softly and firmly: [в/\з´н´и´к] - [в/\зн´и´к]. Back linguals and [l] do not soften before soft consonants.
Since assimilation by gentleness does not have the character of a law, we can speak not of positional exchange, but of positional changes of consonants according to softness.
Soft consonants paired in hardness can be assimilated in hardness. Positional changes in hardness are observed at the junction of a root and a suffix that begins with a hard consonant: [с´л´е´сър´], but [с´л´ и е са´рный]. Before the labial [b], assimilation does not occur: [pro´z´b].
It is not subject to assimilation in terms of hardness [l´]: [n/\po´l´ny].
3. Positional exchange of consonants with zero sound.
In other words, the neutralization of the phoneme represented by the consonant zero and the absence of the phoneme. There are several cases here.
1. The combination of phonemes (stn) and (zdn) is realized by the sound combination [sn], [zn]: honest - honest - che [sn] y, star - star [zn] y.
Let's compare: which [sn]y and those [sn]y; we hear [sn] in both cases, but in a strong position (not between [s...n]) there is a difference: honest, but cramped. This means that in the words honor(stn)y and those(sn)y the phonemic combinations (stn) and (sn) coincided in sound; the phoneme (t), realized in the position between [s...n] zero, coincided with the absence of a phoneme!
These alternations are well reflected by the rhymes (from the poems of N. A. Nekrasov; the poet’s rhyme is accurate): famous - wonderful, dispassionate - beautiful, honest - close, unhappy - voiceless, autocratic - beautiful, more charming - song, stormy - clear.
The word abyss requires remark. This is, in fact, not one, but two words. 1) Abyss - a lot. Word of everyday speech: I have an abyss of things to do. Pronounced: [b'ezn']. It can hardly be said that here the phoneme (d) is represented by a zero consonant, since this word abyss currently has no connection with the combination without a bottom.
Another similar alternation: the combination (ntk) is realized with the sound [nk]: student [nk]a, laboratory [nk]a. This alternation is positional (i.e., it is presented in all words with a phonemic combination (NTK)) only in some people who speak a literary language, mainly of the older generation.
Words such as construction, building, construction, under construction or tram, tram, tram; or yours, yours, yours... clearly have roots ending in a phoneme (j); it is realized by the non-syllabic vowel [and]. But in the words build, builder, build; trams; I can't hear any of my own. This is because the phoneme (j) in the position after the vowel before [i] is represented by a zero: own - [svay] = (cBojft).
Words can contain combinations of two identical phonemes, for example (nn): bath - [van:ъ] = (bath);
Such combinations are realized by long, “double” consonants (they are not necessarily twice as long as short, ordinary [n]). But long consonants are possible only between vowels, one of which (preceding or following) is stressed. When such a combination of two identical phonemes, for example (nn), comes adjacent to a consonant, then instead of a long one it sounds short: Finnish (with [n:]) - Finnish (with [n]); semolina- semolina, ton - two-ton, etc. Here are examples where alternation
reflected in the spelling, but it also exists where the spelling does not mark this alternation: a wind of two ba[l:]a - two-point (with the usual short [l’]). ;
Consequently, in the position “next to the consonant” there is a combination of phonemes like (nn), (ll), etc. represented by a short consonant; one of the phonemes is realized by zero.
Often, when talking about positional alternations, they use emphatically procedural verbs: “the stressed vowel [o] without stress turns into [a]”, “the sound [z] at the end of a word turns into [s]”, etc. In fact, it is obvious synchronous relationships, not processes. The correct formulations are as follows: [o] stressed in unstressed positions changes to vowel [a]; The voiced consonant [z] alternates with the voiceless consonant [s].