Social science. Complete guide to prepare for the Unified State Exam Pyotr Baranov, Sergey Shevchenko, Alexander Vorontsov

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Title: Social studies. A complete guide to preparing for the Unified State Exam
Author: Petr Baranov, Sergey Shevchenko, Alexander Vorontsov
Year: 2009
Genre: References: other, Directories

About the book “Social Studies. A complete guide for preparing for the Unified State Exam" Petr Baranov, Sergey Shevchenko, Alexander Vorontsov

The reference book, addressed to graduates and applicants, provides the full material of the “Social Studies” course, which is tested on the unified state exam.

The structure of the book corresponds to the codifier of content elements in the subject, on the basis of which examination tasks are compiled - control and measuring Unified State Exam materials.

The reference book presents the following sections of the course: “Society”, “Spiritual Life of Society”, “Man”, “Cognition”, “Politics”, “Economics”, “Social Relations”, “Law”.

A brief and visual form of presentation – in the form of diagrams and tables – ensures maximum efficiency in preparing for the exam. Sample assignments and answers to them, completing each topic, will help to objectively assess the level of knowledge.

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P.A. Baranov A.V. Vorontsov S.V. Shevchenko

Social studies: a complete guide to preparing for the Unified State Exam

Preface

The reference book includes material from the school course “Social Studies”, which is tested on the Unified State Exam. The structure of the book corresponds to the Standard of Secondary (Complete) Education in the subject on the basis of which examination tasks are compiled - test and measuring materials (KIM) of the Unified State Exam.

The reference book presents the following sections of the course: “Society”, “Spiritual life of society”, “Man”, “Cognition”, “Politics”, “Economics”, “Social relations”, “Law”, which form the core of the content of public education tested within the framework of the Unified State Exam. This reinforces the practical focus of the book.

Compact and clear form of presentation, large number diagrams and tables contribute to better understanding and memorization of theoretical material.

In the process of preparing for an exam in social studies, it is very important not only to master the content of the course, but also to navigate the types of tasks on the basis of which the written work, which is a form of conducting the Unified State Exam, is based. Therefore, after each topic, assignment options with answers and comments are presented. These tasks are designed to form ideas about the form of testing and measuring materials in social studies, their level of complexity, the features of their implementation, and are aimed at developing skills tested within the framework of the Unified State Exam:

– recognize the signs of concepts, characteristic features social object, elements of its description;

– compare social objects, identifying them common features and differences;

– correlate social science knowledge with the social realities that reflect them;

– evaluate various judgments about social objects from the point of view of social sciences;

– analyze and classify social information presented in various sign systems(chart, table, diagram);

– recognize concepts and their components: correlate specific concepts with generic ones and eliminate unnecessary ones;

– establish correspondences between the essential features and characteristics of social phenomena and social science terms and concepts;

– apply knowledge about the characteristic features, signs of concepts and phenomena, social objects of a certain class, selecting the necessary items from the proposed list;

– distinguish between facts and opinions, arguments and conclusions in social information;

– name terms and concepts, social phenomena corresponding to the proposed context, and apply social scientific terms and concepts in the proposed context;

– list the signs of a phenomenon, objects of the same class, etc.;

– reveal, using examples, the most important theoretical positions and concepts of the social sciences and humanities; give examples of certain social phenomena, actions, situations;

– apply social and humanitarian knowledge in the process of solving cognitive and practical problems that reflect current problems human life and society;

– carry out a comprehensive search, systematization and interpretation of social information on a specific topic from original non-adapted texts (philosophical, scientific, legal, political, journalistic);

– formulate your own judgments and arguments on certain problems based on acquired social and humanitarian knowledge.

This will allow you to overcome a certain psychological barrier before the exam, associated with the ignorance of the majority of examinees how they should formalize the result of the completed task.

Section 1. Society

Topic 1. Society as a special part of the world. System structure of society

The complexity of defining the concept of “society” is associated primarily with its extreme generality, and in addition, with its enormous significance. This led to the presence of many definitions of this concept.

Concept "society" V in a broad sense words can be defined as a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which includes: ways of interaction between people; forms of unification of people.

Society in the narrow sense of the word is:

– a circle of people united by a common goal, interests, origin(for example, a society of numismatists, a noble assembly);

– individual specific society, country, state, region(for example, modern Russian society, French society);

– historical stage in the development of mankind(eg feudal society, capitalist society);

– humanity as a whole.

Society is the product of the combined activities of many people. Human activity is a way of existence or being of society. Society grows from itself life process, from the normal and daily activities of people. Not by chance Latin word socio means to unite, unite, undertake joint work. Society does not exist outside the direct and indirect interaction of people.

As a way of existence for people, society must fulfill a set of certain functions :

– production of material goods and services;

– distribution of labor products (activities);

– regulation and management of activities and behavior;

– human reproduction and socialization;

– spiritual production and regulation of people’s activity.

The essence of society lies not in people themselves, but in the relationships they enter into with each other in the course of their life. Consequently, society is the totality of social relations.

Society is characterized as dynamic self-developing system , i.e. a system that is capable of seriously changing and at the same time maintaining its essence and qualitative certainty.

At the same time system defined as complex of interacting elements. In turn, element called some further indecomposable component of the system that is directly involved in its creation.

Basic principles of the system : the whole is not reducible to the sum of its parts; the whole gives rise to traits, properties that go beyond the individual elements; the structure of the system is formed by the interrelation of its individual elements, subsystems; elements, in turn, can have a complex structure and act as systems; there is a relationship between the system and the environment.

Accordingly, society is complexly organized self-developing open system , which includes individuals and social communities, united by cooperative, coordinated connections and processes of self-regulation, self-structuring and self-reproduction.

To analyze complex systems similar to society, the concept of “subsystem” was developed. Subsystems called intermediate complexes, more complex than the elements, but less complex than the system itself.

Certain groups of social relations form subsystems. The main subsystems of society are considered to be the main spheres of public life spheres of public life .

The basis for delimiting spheres of public life are basic human needs.

The division into four spheres of public life is arbitrary. Other areas can be mentioned: science, artistic and creative activity, racial, ethnic, national relations. However, these four areas are traditionally identified as the most general and significant.

Society as a complex, self-developing system is characterized by the following specific features :

1. It is different variety of different social structures and subsystems. This is not a mechanical sum of individuals, but an integral system that has a highly complex and hierarchical character: various kinds of subsystems are connected by subordinate relationships.

2. Society is not reducible to the people who make it up; it is system of extra- and supra-individual forms, connections and relationships that a person creates with his own active work together with other people. These “invisible” social connections and relationships are given to people in their language, various actions, activity programs, communication, etc., without which people cannot exist together. Society is integrated in its essence and must be considered as a whole, in the totality of its individual components.

3. Society has self-sufficiency, i.e. the ability, through active joint activity, to create and reproduce necessary conditions own existence. Society is characterized in this case as an integral, unified organism in which various social groups and a wide variety of activities are closely intertwined, providing vital conditions for existence.

In the directory addressed to graduates high school and applicants are given the full material of the “Social Studies” course, which is tested on the unified state exam.
The structure of the book corresponds to the modern codifier of content elements in the subject, on the basis of which examination tasks are compiled - control measuring materials of the Unified State Examination (KIM).
The reference book presents the following content module blocks: “Man and Society”, “Economics”, “Social Relations”, “Politics”, “Law”.
A brief and visual form of presentation - in the form of diagrams and tables - ensures maximum efficiency in preparing for the exam. Sample assignments and answers to them, completing each topic, will help to objectively assess the level of knowledge, skills and abilities.

Features of thinking.
Social in nature, despite the fact that it is a process occurring in the human cerebral cortex. After all, to formulate and solve any problem, a person uses laws, rules, concepts that were discovered in human practice.

Inextricably linked with language. A person's thoughts are expressed in language. With its help, a person learns about the objective world. This happens because language in one way or another corresponds to the objects of reality, their properties and relationships. In other words, there are elements in the language that replace named objects. These elements play the role of representatives of objects of knowledge in thinking; they are signs of objects, properties or relationships.

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The following textbooks and books.

Social science. A new complete guide for preparing for the Unified State Exam. Ed. Baranova P.A.

4th ed., revised. and additional - M.: 2018. - 544 p.

The reference book, addressed to high school graduates and applicants, provides in full the material of the “Social Studies” course, which will be tested on the unified state exam. The structure of the book corresponds to the modern codifier of content elements in the subject, on the basis of which examination tasks are compiled - testing and measuring materials of the Unified State Examination (KIM). The directory presents block modules “Man and Society”, “Economics”, “Social Relations”, “Politics”, “Law”, which form the basis of the school course “Social Studies”. A brief and visual form of presentation - in the form of diagrams and tables - ensures maximum efficiency in preparing for the exam. Sample assignments and answers to them, completing each topic, will help to objectively assess the level of knowledge, skills and abilities.

Format: pdf

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CONTENT
Preface 6
BLOCK MODULE 1. PERSON AND SOCIETY
Topic 1.1. Natural and social in man. (Man as a result of biological and sociocultural evolution) 12
Topic 1.2. Worldview, its types and forms 17
Topic 1.3. Types of knowledge 20
Topic 1.4. The concept of truth, its criteria 26
Topic 1.5. Thinking and activity 30
Topic 1.6. Needs and interests 41
Topic 1.7. Freedom and the need for human activity. Freedom and responsibility 45
Topic 1.8. System structure of society: elements and subsystems 50
Topic 1.9. Basic institutions of society 55
Topic 1.10. The concept of culture. Forms and varieties of culture 58
Topic 1.11. Science. Main features of scientific thinking. Natural and social sciences and humanities 65
Topic 1.12. Education, its significance for the individual and society 78
Topic 1.13. Religion 81
Topic 1.14. Art 89
Topic 1.15. Morale 95
Topic 1.16. Concept of Social Progress 101
Topic 1.17. Multivariate social development(types of societies) 106
Topic 1.18. Threats of the 21st century ( global problems) 109
BLOCK MODULE 2. ECONOMY
Topic 2.1. Economics and economic science 116
Topic 2.2. Factors of production and factor income 122
Topic 2.3. Economic systems 126
Topic 2.4. Market and market mechanism. Supply and demand 134
Topic 2.5. Fixed and variable costs 145
Topic 2.6. Financial institutions. Banking system 147
Topic 2.7. Main sources of business financing 154
Topic 2.8. Securities 160
Topic 2.9. Labor market. Unemployment 163
Topic 2.10. Types, causes and consequences of inflation 173
Topic 2.11. Economic growth and development. Concept of GDP 177
Topic 2.12. The role of the state in the economy 184
Topic 2.13. Taxes 191
Topic 2.14. State budget 195
Topic 2.15. World Economy 202
Topic 2.16. Rational economic behavior of the owner, employee, consumer, family man, citizen 210
BLOCK MODULE 3. SOCIAL RELATIONS
Topic 3.1. Social stratification and mobility 216
Topic 3.2. Social groups 227
Topic 3.3. Youth like social group 232
Topic 3.4. Ethnic communities 235
Topic 3.5. Interethnic relations, ethnosocial conflicts, ways to resolve them 240
Topic 3.6. Constitutional principles (foundations) of national policy in the Russian Federation 249
Topic 3.7. Social conflict 252
Topic 3.8. Types of social norms 260
Topic 3.9. Social control 264
Topic 3.10. Family and marriage 267
Topic 3.11. Deviant behavior and its types 272
Topic 3.12. Social role 276
Topic 3.13. Socialization of the individual 280
BLOCK MODULE 4. POLITICS
Topic 4.1. The concept of power 283
Topic 4.2. The state, its functions 291
Topic 4.3. Political system 304
Topic 4.4. Typology of political regimes 307
Topic 4.5. Democracy, its basic values ​​and characteristics 310
Topic 4.6. Civil society and the state 314
Topic 4.7. Political elite 323
Topic 4.8. Political parties and movements 327
Topic 4.9. Means mass media in the political system 336
Topic 4.10. Election campaign in the Russian Federation 342
Topic 4.11. Political process 351
Topic 4.12. Political participation 355
Topic 4.13. Political Leadership 360
Topic 4.14. Government bodies of the Russian Federation 364
Topic 4.15. Federal structure of Russia 374
BLOCK MODULE 5. LAW
Topic 5.1. Law in the system of social norms 381
Topic 5.2. System Russian law. Legislative process in the Russian Federation 395
Topic 5.3. Concept and types of legal liability 401
Topic 5.4. Constitution Russian Federation. Fundamentals of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation 409
Topic 5.5. Legislation of the Russian Federation on elections 417
Topic 5.6. Subjects of civil law 421
Topic 5.7. Organizational and legal forms and legal regime of entrepreneurial activity 428
Topic 5.8. Property and non-property rights 433
Topic 5.9. Hiring procedure. The procedure for concluding and terminating an employment contract 440
Topic 5.10. Legal regulation of relations between spouses. Procedure and conditions for concluding and dissolving a marriage 448
Topic 5.11. Features of administrative jurisdiction 453
Topic 5.12. Right to favorable environment and ways to protect it 460
Topic 5.13. International law(international protection of human rights in peacetime and wartime) 468
Topic 5.14. Disputes, procedure for their consideration 473
Topic 5.15. Basic rules and principles of civil procedure 476
Topic 5.16. Features of the criminal process 484
Topic 5.17. Citizenship of the Russian Federation 495
Topic 5.18. Conscription, alternative civil service 501
Topic 5.19. Rights and obligations of the taxpayer 509
Topic 5.20. Law enforcement agencies. Judiciary 513
Training version of the examination paper in social studies 523
Evaluation system for examination work in social studies 536
Literature 540

The reference book includes material from the school course “Social Studies”, which is tested on the Unified State Exam (USE). The structure of the book corresponds to the Federal state standard secondary (complete) education in the subject on the basis of which examination tasks are developed - control measuring materials (CMMs), which make up the examination paper in social studies.
The directory presents the following content blocks-modules: “Man and Society”, “Economy”, “Social Relations”, “Politics”, “Law”, which form the core of the content of school social studies education and correspond to the codifier of social studies content elements tested within Unified State Exam.

This book is training manual for quick and effective preparation of secondary school graduates for the state (final) certification (GIA) in social studies, which in its content corresponds to the state standard of basic general education by subject. The manual is intended to assist in systematizing, deepening and generalizing knowledge on the content block of the social studies course “The Economic Sphere of Society.”

The express course presented in the first part of the manual, which reveals the content of this block, is adequate to the codifier of content elements in social studies, tested within the framework of the State Examination.

In the process of preparing for the State Examination in Social Studies, it is very important to transform the content of the material into something more accessible for perception, to identify the most significant features social facilities and phenomena, to reveal the essence of social science concepts, the most typical and significant features modern society, forms and directions of its development. The tools for accomplishing this task are structural and logical diagrams and tables that compactly reveal the most significant issues of the social science course of the basic school and contribute to the understanding and deep assimilation of the material.

The second part of the manual includes variable training tasks in preparation for the State Examination in Social Studies. These tasks correspond to the control measuring materials(KIMam), on the basis of which written work is built, which is a form of conducting the State Examination in Social Studies.

Structure of examination paper in social studies

The training tasks are aimed at developing the skills tested as part of the examination work in social studies:

– recognize the essential features of concepts, characteristic features of a social object, elements of its description;

– define a concept, a social phenomenon based on its essential feature, proposed characteristics;

– recognize concepts and their components: correlate specific concepts with generic ones and eliminate unnecessary ones;

– compare social objects, identifying their common features and differences;

– give relevant examples of social phenomena, objects, human activities, situations regulated by various social norms;

– search for social information in various sources;

– evaluate various judgments about social objects from the point of view of social sciences;

– analyze, classify, interpret existing social information, correlate it with the knowledge acquired while studying the course;

– apply social science terms and concepts in the proposed context;

– apply social and humanitarian knowledge in the process of solving cognitive and practical problems that reflect current problems of human life and society;

– formulate your own judgments and arguments on certain problems based on acquired social and humanitarian knowledge;

– evaluate people’s behavior from the point of view of social norms.

Completing training tasks will allow you to test your knowledge, skills, and abilities, which will make it possible to more objectively assess the level of your social science training in the content block “Economic sphere of society.”

At the end of the manual, answers to all proposed tasks are presented. Check your answer against the standard. If your answer does not match the answer given in the manual, refer back to the contents of the task and try to understand what your mistake is.

To satisfy all the diverse needs, a person is forced to enter into “business relationships” with other people. To satisfy his own needs, a person offers something of his own for others in exchange. In other words, everyone can satisfy their need only after they have satisfied someone else’s need.

Having received what he wants as a result of exchange on the market, a person carries out direct consumption, which temporarily satisfies him and gives rise to new needs. Satisfying one need leads to the formation of a new one. Human needs are limitless and growing all the time. Their growth constantly develops production. After all, it is only necessary to produce what a person needs. On the other hand, the development of production and technological changes in society not only expand the range of human desires and preferences, but also change the structure of his needs.