Speech styles and their main features. Functional speech styles

DIRECTORY

"TEXT. SPEECH STYLES. SPEECH TYPES»

Compiled by: Zhdanova Oksana Valerievna,

teacher of Russian language and literature

OGBOU NPO "PU No. 15"

Strezhevoy

TEXT AND ITS FEATURES

Text – these are several sentences or paragraphs connected into a whole by a topic and a main idea. The text can consist of one paragraph, or it can be an article, a book.

The main features of the text:

thematic and compositional unity of all its parts;

the presence of a grammatical connection between the parts (chain, parallel);

semantic integrity, relative completeness.

Relationship of sentences in the text

Chain connection - this is a connection in which sentences are connected to each other sequentially, in a chain (the second sentence is connected with the first, the third - with the second, the fourth - with the third, etc.).

The peculiarity of this type of connection is the repetition of a keyword, its replacement with a synonym, synonymous turnover, pronoun, repetition of one or another part of the sentence.

For example:

The cherished goal, which Nikolka thought about all these three days, when events fell into the family like stones, the goal associated with the mysterious last words of the prone in the snow, Nikolka achieved this goal. But for this, he had to run around the city all day before the parade and visit at least nine addresses. And many times in this running around, Nikolka lost his presence of mind, and fell, and rose again, and yet he achieved it.

(M.A. Bulgakov)

2. Parallel communication - this is a connection in which sentences are not linked to one another, but are compared, subject to the first sentence. With such a connection, all sentences complement, clarify the meaning of the first one.

The peculiarity of this type of connection is the same word order, the members of the sentence are expressed in the same grammatical forms, sometimes by repeating the first word of the sentences. Parallel connections are very often used in poetry.

For example:

How many excellent words exist in the Russian language for the so-called celestial phenomena!

Summer thunderstorms pass over the earth and fall over the horizon. People like to say that the cloud did not pass, but fell.

Lightning now strikes the ground with a direct blow, then blazes on black clouds, like branched golden trees uprooted.

(K. Paustovsky)

Theme of the text - this is the general thing that unites the sentences in the text, this is what or who the text is talking about.

Text idea - this is what this text calls for, what it teaches, for the sake of which it was written.

SPEECH STYLES

Literary language serves different aspects of people's lives, so it is divided into functional styles. The choice of style depends on the purpose of speech and the speech situation, which, in turn, is related to the conditions in which communication takes place. Depending on the tasks of speech, styles are divided into two groups: colloquial and book(scientific, artistic, journalistic, official business). Each of the styles has its own characteristics.

CONVERSATIONAL STYLE OF SPEECH

The conversational style is presented both orally and in writing - notes, private letters. The sphere of colloquial style of speech is the sphere of domestic relations.

Target: communication, exchange of ideas.

General signs: informality, ease of communication; unprepared speech, its automatism; the predominant oral form of communication.

The colloquial style is widely used in fiction for the figurative display of certain events, as well as for the speech characterization of characters.

in vocabulary and phraseology - words that have a colloquial coloring; specific vocabulary; many words and phraseological units with expressive emotional coloring; common and neutral words;



widely used suffixes of subjective assessment with the meaning of evasiveness, disapproval, magnification, with the coloring of colloquialism (noodles, chills, overnight stay, dohlyatina, doctor's wife); the formation of adjectives of estimated value, verbs (big-eyed, thin, lose weight, talk); to enhance expression, doubling words is used (big-large, big-eyed-big-eyed);



in morphology - there is no predominance of a noun over a verb, verbs are more common, pronouns and particles are used more often, very common possessive adjectives; participles are rare, gerunds are almost never found, short adjectives are rarely used;
the tense meanings of the verb are varied (past and future in the meaning of the present), verbal interjections are widely used (jump, lope, bang);



syntax - incomplete sentences; interrogative and incentive sentences; word order in a sentence is free; impersonal proposals are widespread.

The phone rang in the Golikovs' apartment:

- Ale! Mishka, is that you? Not? Call me Mishka. Faster!

- What's wrong?

- I want to know: did his problem agree with the answer?

- And who says it?

- Sanka.

“Tell me, Sanya,” the grandmother of the Golikovs asked in a whisper, “this problem does not ask whether it is convenient to get out of bed at one in the morning with a phone call?

- No, - Sanya was taken aback, but immediately found: - What's wrong with that?

(A. Sukontsev)

…Fedor pulled out a canvas on a stretcher, a box ...

Savva Ilyich raised his head:

- Fedyushka, what are you doing?

- Sleep, sleep, Ilyich.

- Where there. I sleep like a bird of God. What are you?

- I want to prime the canvas.

- Time something, like, not working - night?

- Need it in the morning.

- That guy is careless, I see. By the morning it is necessary, but not ready.

Savva Ilyich began to rise.

- Go to sleep!

- I'll help ... careless, upset me. You don't take things seriously.

(V. Tendryakov)

SCIENTIFIC SPEECH

Scientific style - variety of book styles of the literary language. It is used in speech and writing.

The main function is a conclusive presentation of scientific information. Scientific speech is monologue speech. The scientific style is characterized by accuracy, strict logic, clarity of presentation.

The main type of speech: reasoning and description.

The most characteristic language means:

in vocabulary - terms, uniqueness of the word, frequent repetition of keywords, lack of figurative means;



word-formation features - suffixes that give an abstract meaning; international roots, prefixes, suffixes;



in morphology - the predominance of nouns, the frequent use of abstract verbal nouns; deprecation of pronouns I, you and verbs of the 1st and 2nd person singular; uncommon exclamatory particles and interjections;



syntax - direct word order; the widespread use of the phrases "noun. + n. in rp"; the predominance of indefinitely personal and impersonal sentences; rare use of incomplete sentences; an abundance of complex sentences; frequent use of participial and adverbial phrases.

An important means of logical organization of a coherent text is its division into paragraphs.

A paragraph is a piece of written text from one red line to another. In terms of content, a paragraph serves as an expression of the completeness of a part of the whole, a separate link in the general dynamics of thought and a transition to the next part, to the next link of thought. Properly organized paragraphs help a lot to follow the logic of the author's thought. The inability to divide the text into paragraphs leads to a decrease in the logic of speech, significantly complicates its perception.

(B. N. Golovin)

Autumn is the season that lasts in the northern hemisphere of the Earth from the day of the autumnal equinox (September 23) to the day winter solstice(December 21 or 22). In everyday life, autumn is usually called the months of September, October and November.

(Encyclopedia article)

PUBLICISTIC STYLE OF SPEECH

Journalistic style - it is a style of newspapers, magazines, public speaking, which is used for propaganda purposes. The main function is the function of influence (agitation, propaganda).

Target: impact on listeners or readers.

Publicistic style is characterized by a strict logic of presentation, accuracy of facts, as well as emotionality, imagery, appraisal, appeal.

Genres of journalism - an article in a newspaper, magazine, essay, reportage, interview, feuilleton, oratorical speech, judicial speech, speech on radio, television, at a meeting, report.

The most characteristic language means:

in vocabulary - widespread use of socio-political vocabulary, vocabulary denoting the concepts of morality, ethics, medicine, economics, culture, words from the field of psychology, words denoting the internal state, human experiences; much attention is paid to evaluative vocabulary; the use of figurative means, figurative meaning words;



word-formation features - use of foreign words (time out, consensus, know-how);



syntax - frequent use of nouns in the genitive case as an inconsistent definition; verbs in the form of imperative mood, reflexive verbs often act as a predicate; frequent use of interrogative and exclamatory sentences, rhetorical questions, appeals; the use of homogeneous members of the sentence, introductory words and sentences, participial and adverbial phrases, complex syntactic constructions.

The greatest value of a people is its language. The language in which he writes, speaks, thinks. Thinks! This must be understood thoroughly, in all the ambiguity and significance of this fact. After all, this means that the entire conscious life of a person flows through his native language. Emotions, sensations only color what we think about, or push the thought in some way, but our thoughts are all formulated in language.

(D.S. Likhachev)

Why don't you raise your voice with authority against the madness that threatens to envelop the world in a cloud of poison? Every moment a man falls somewhere under the scythe of death, and every moment in some other corner of the earth a woman, triumphing over the elements of destruction, gives the world a new man ... Thousands and thousands of your sons have covered themselves with brilliance and glory over the centuries. They enriched our lives with great discoveries, their work, the work of your sons, created man from the beast - the best of everything that has been seen on earth. How can you allow the person you have born to descend again into a beast, into a predator, into a murderer.

(M. Gorky)

FORMAL-BUSINESS STYLE OF SPEECH

Official business style of speech used in the field of legal relations, service, production. Its main function is the accurate transmission of business information. It is used for writing various official documents, business papers.

The official business style is characterized by accuracy, brevity of presentation, standardization and stereotyping of text construction. All documents are devoid of emotionality, expressiveness.

Most character traits:

in vocabulary- lack of vocabulary of limited use (dialecticisms, colloquial words, etc.); lack of emotionally colored vocabulary; widespread use of standard turns of speech, special terminology, stable phrases of an unemotional nature;



in morphology- the use of imperfective verbs (in statutes, codes, laws); perfect form (in more specific documents - protocols, orders, acts); short adjectives; a large number of denominative prepositions and conjunctions; verbal nouns in the form genitive; masculine nouns to refer to females by their profession;



syntax- complicated simple sentences; strict word order in a sentence; impersonal and infinitive constructions predominate, complex sentences.

Business letter

Exchange members are banks that have received a license to carry out transactions with securities and have assumed all obligations arising from the operation of the Law on Securities and the Charter of the Stock Exchange.

Banks are required to approve and submit a list individuals authorized by them to carry out transactions with securities, which must also obtain a license for the right to carry out transactions with securities.

ARTISTIC STYLE OF SPEECH

Style fiction is a style works of art: stories, novellas, novels, plays, etc. The main function is to influence the reader, as well as to inform him about something.

The artistic style is distinguished by figurativeness, expressiveness, emotionality.

Target: impact on listeners or readers of works.

The most characteristic features:

in vocabulary - use of vocabulary and phraseology of other styles;



the use of figurative and expressive means (metaphor, hyperbole, aphorism, epithet, comparison, personification, etc.);



the use of rhetorical questions, sentences of various syntactic constructions;



manifestation of the creative individuality of the author.

The sun was already descending behind the forest; it threw several slightly warm rays ... Then the rays went out one after another; the last ray remained long; he, like a thin needle, pierced into a thicket of branches, but even that went out.

(I. S. Turgenev)

wavy cloud

Dust rises in the distance;

Equestrian or on foot

Can't be seen in the dust!

I see someone jumping

On a dashing horse.

My friend, distant friend,

Remember me!

(A. Fet)

SPEECH TYPES

The objects of our statements are the surrounding objects, phenomena, animals, people; various concepts; life situations. Depending on this, texts are divided into three semantic types: narrative, description, reasoning.

NARRATORY

Narration - a semantic type of text that describes events in a certain sequence.

Narrative text comes in the form of colloquial and artistic styles.

An artistic narrative text is built according to the following compositional scheme: exposition, plot, development of the action, climax, denouement. Narrative-type works can begin right away with the plot and even with the denouement of the action, i.e. an event can be transmitted in direct, chronological order and in reverse, when we first learn about the denouement, and only then about the action itself.

The expressive and pictorial power of the narrative lies primarily in the visual representation of the action, the movement of people and phenomena in time and space.

Since the narrative reports on events, incidents, actions, a special role here belongs to verbs, especially the forms of the past tense of the perfect form. They, denoting successive events, help to unfold the narrative.

So it took about an hour. The moon shone through the window, and its beam played on the earthen floor of the hut. Suddenly, a shadow flickered across the bright strip that crossed the floor. I got up and looked out the window, someone ran past him a second time and disappeared God knows where. I could not believe that this creature had escaped along the steep bank; however, he had nowhere else to go. I got up, put on my beshmet, girded my dagger, and quietly left the hut; towards me a blind boy. I hid near the fence, and he walked past me with a sure but cautious step. Under his arms he carried some kind of bundle and, turning towards the pier, began to descend along a narrow and steep path.

(M. Yu. Lermontov)

DESCRIPTION

Description - the semantic type of the text, which describes the signs of objects, phenomena, animals, people.

Descriptive text can be in any style.

The composition of the description, its most characteristic elements:

general idea about the subject;

description of details, parts, individual features of the subject;

In the description, words denoting qualities, properties of objects are widely used.

Verbs are more often used in the form of the imperfect form of the past tense, and for special clarity, figurativeness - in the form of the present tense; important role play in concert and inconsistent definitions, nominative and incomplete sentences.

The sea hummed menacingly under them, standing out from all the noises of this anxious and sleepy night. Huge, lost in space, it lay deep below, far whitening through the dusk with manes of foam running towards the ground. The erratic rumble of the old poplars behind the fence of the garden, which grew like a gloomy island on a rocky shore, was also terrible. It was felt that in this deserted place now the night of late autumn reigned imperiously, and the old large garden, the house packed for the winter and the opening of the gazebo at the corners of the fence were terrifying in their abandonment. One sea hummed evenly, victoriously, and seemed to grow more and more majestic in the consciousness of its strength. A damp wind was blowing down on the cliff, and for a long time we were not able to get enough of its soft, penetrating freshness to the depths of the soul.

(I. Bunin)

REASONING

Reasoning - a semantic type of text in which some phenomenon, fact, concept is affirmed or denied.

Reasoning differs from narrative and description in more complex sentences and vocabulary.

Text-reasoning is in the form of a scientific style and its varieties. Reasoning can appear in different genre forms: in the form of a letter, an article, a review, a report, a student essay, a polemical presentation in a discussion, a polemical dialogue.

The discussion proceeds according to the following plan:

thesis (an idea is expressed);

arguments proving it;

conclusion or conclusion.

The thesis must be provable and clearly formulated.

The arguments must be convincing and sufficient to support your thesis.

This book is strange. There is in it, it seems to me, something mysterious, almost mystical. Here comes the next new edition - and immediately somewhere in the statistics it already appears. But in fact, although the book is, but it is not! Not until at least one reader reads it.

Yes, a strange thing is a book. It stands on the shelf quietly, calmly, like many other items in your room. But now you take it in your hands, open it, read it, close it, put it on the shelf and ... that's it? Hasn't something changed in you? Let's listen to ourselves: didn't some new string sound in our soul after reading the book, didn't some new thought settle in our head? Didn't you want to reconsider something in your character, in your relationships with people, with nature?

Book …. After all, this is a piece of the spiritual experience of mankind. Reading, we voluntarily or involuntarily process this experience, compare our life's gains and losses with it. In general, with the help of the book we improve ourselves.

(N. Morozova)

Literature

A.I. Vlasenkov, L.M. Rybchenkova “Russian language. Grammar. Text. Speech styles” textbook for grades 10-11 of educational institutions. M.: "Enlightenment", 2006

M.T. Baranov, T.A. Kostyaeva, A.V. Prudnikova "Russian language" reference materials. Tutorial for students. M.: "Enlightenment", 1993

Lessons in the development of speech 5, 6, 7 cells. Toolkit for teachers. Under the editorship of G.I.Kanakina, G.V.Prantsova. M.: Vlados, 2000

T.M.Voiteleva, K.A.Voilova, N.A.Gerasimenko and others. "Russian language" is a great reference book for schoolchildren and university applicants. Moscow: Bustard, 1999

Scientific style - the style of scientific messages. The scope of this style is science and scientific journals, the recipients of text messages can be scientists, future specialists, students, just any person who is interested in a particular scientific field; the authors of the texts of this style are scientists, experts in their field. The purpose of the style can be called the description of laws, the identification of patterns, the description of discoveries, learning, etc.

Its main function is the communication of information, as well as the proof of its truth. It is characterized by the presence of small terms, general scientific words, abstract vocabulary, it is dominated by a noun, a lot of abstract and real nouns.

Scientific style exists mainly in written monologue speech. His genres are Research Article, educational literature, monograph, school essay etc. The stylistic features of this style are emphasized logic, evidence, accuracy (uniqueness).

Formal business style

Business style is used for communication, informing in an official setting (legislation, office work, administrative and legal activities). This style is used to decorate documents: laws, orders, resolutions, characteristics, protocols, receipts and certificates. The scope of the official business style is law, the author is a lawyer, jurist, diplomat and just a citizen. Works in this style are addressed to the state, citizens of the state, institutions, employees, etc., in order to establish administrative and legal relations.

This style exists more often in the written form of speech, the type of speech is predominantly reasoning. The type of speech is most often a monologue, the type of communication is public.

Style features - imperative (dutiful character), accuracy that does not allow two interpretations, standardization (strict composition of the text, accurate selection of facts and ways of presenting them), lack of emotionality.

The main function of the official business style is information (transfer of information). It is characterized by the presence of speech clichés, the generally accepted form of presentation, the standard presentation of the material, the widespread use of terminology and nomenclature names, the presence of complex unabbreviated words, abbreviations, verbal nouns, the predominance of direct word order.

Journalistic style

Publicistic style serves to influence people through means mass media. It occurs in genres article, essay, reportage, feuilleton, interview, oratory and is characterized by the presence of socio-political vocabulary, logic, emotionality.

This style is used in the spheres of political-ideological, social and cultural relations. The information is intended not for a narrow circle of specialists, but for the general public, and the impact is directed not only to the mind, but also to the feelings of the addressee.

It is characterized by abstract words with a socio-political meaning (humanity, progress, nationality, publicity, peace-loving).

The task is to provide information about the life of the country, to influence the masses, to form a certain attitude towards public affairs.

Style features - logic, figurativeness, emotionality, appraisal, appeal.

Conversational style

The colloquial style serves for direct communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting. It often uses colloquial and colloquial vocabulary. Differs in great semantic capacity and colorfulness, gives speech liveliness and expressiveness.

The usual form of implementation of conversational style is dialogue, this style is more often used in oral speech. There is no pre-selection of language material in it. In this style of speech, extralinguistic factors play an important role: facial expressions, gestures, and the environment.

Language means of conversational style: emotionality, expressiveness of colloquial vocabulary, words with subjective evaluation suffixes; the use of incomplete sentences, introductory words, address words, interjections, modal particles, repetitions. Genres - dialogue, personal letters, personal notes, telephone.

Art style

Artistic style is used in fiction. It affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality of speech.

The emotionality of the artistic style differs from the emotionality of the colloquial and journalistic styles. The emotionality of artistic speech performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style requires pre-selection language tools; all language means are used to create images.

Genres - epic, lyric, drama, epic, novel, story, story, fairy tale, fable, ode, anthem, song, elegy, sonnet, epigram, message, poem, ballad, tragedy, comedy.

Language styles are its varieties that serve one or another side of social life. They all have a few parameters in common: the purpose or situation of use, the forms in which they exist, and the set

The concept itself comes from the Greek word "stilos", which meant a stick for writing. how scientific discipline style finally took shape in the twenties of the twentieth century. Among those who studied the problems of stylistics in detail were M. V. Lomonosov, F. I. Buslaev, G. O. Vinokur, E. D. Polivanov. D. E. Rosenthal, V. V. Vinogradov, M. N. Kozhina and others paid serious attention to individual functional styles.

Five in Russian

functional styles language is certain traits speech itself or its social variety, specific vocabulary and grammar that correspond to the field of activity and way of thinking.

In Russian, they are traditionally divided into five varieties:

• colloquial;
• official business;
• scientific;
• journalistic;
• art.

The norms and concepts of each depend on the historical era and change over time. Until the 17th century, colloquial and book lexicons differed greatly. The Russian language became literary only in the 18th century, largely thanks to the efforts of M. V. Lomonosov. Modern styles of language began to take shape at the same time.

Birth of styles

In the Old Russian period there were church literature, business documents and annals. Spoken everyday language differed from them quite strongly. At the same time, household and business documents had much in common. M. V. Lomonosov made quite a lot of efforts to change the situation.

He laid the basis for the ancient theory, highlighting the high, low and middle styles. According to her, the literary Russian language was formed as a result of the joint development of book and colloquial variants. She took as a basis stylistically neutral forms and turns from one and the other, allowed the use of folk expressions and limited the use of little-known and specific Slavic words. Thanks to M. V. Lomonosov, the styles of the language that existed at that time were replenished with scientific ones.

Subsequently, A. S. Pushkin gave impetus to further development stylistics. His work laid the foundations of the artistic style.

Moscow orders and Peter's reforms served as the origins of the official business language. Ancient chronicles, sermons and teachings formed the basis of the journalistic style. In the literary version, it began to take shape only in the XVIII century. To date, all 5 styles of the language are well-defined and have their own subspecies.

Conversational and household

As the name implies, this style of speech is used in everyday communication. Unlike jargon and dialects, it is based on literary vocabulary. His sphere is situations where there is no clear official relationship between the participants. AT Everyday life use mostly neutral words and expressions (for example, "blue", "horse", "left"). But you can use words with colloquial coloring (“locker room”, “lack of time”).

Within the colloquial, there are three subspecies: everyday-everyday, everyday-business, and epistolary. The latter includes private correspondence. Colloquial and business - a variant of communication in a formal setting. The colloquial and official-business styles of the language (a lesson or a lecture can serve as another example) in a certain sense divide this subspecies among themselves, since it can be attributed both there and there.

Allows familiar, affectionate and reduced expressions, as well as words with evaluative suffixes (for example, "house", "bunny", "boast"). The colloquial and everyday style can be very bright and figurative due to the use of phraseological units and words with an emotionally expressive connotation (“beat the bucks”, “near”, “child”, “blessed”, “skirt”).

Various abbreviations are widely used - “bad”, “ambulance”, “condensed milk”. Spoken language is simpler than bookish - the use of participles and gerunds, complex multi-part sentences is inappropriate. In general, this style corresponds to the literary one, but at the same time it has its own characteristics.

scientific style

He, like the official business one, is very strict in the choice of words and expressions, sharply narrows the boundaries of what is permissible. The Russian language does not allow dialectisms, jargon, colloquial expressions, words with emotional overtones. Serves the spheres of science and production.

Since the purpose of scientific texts is to present research data, objective facts, this puts forward requirements for their composition and the words used. As a rule, the sequence of presentation is as follows:

• introduction - setting the task, goal, question;
• the main part is the search and enumeration of answer options, drawing up a hypothesis, evidence;
• conclusion - the answer to the question, the achievement of the goal.

A work in this genre is built consistently and logically, it presents two types of information: facts, and how the author organizes them.

The scientific style of the language makes extensive use of terms, prefixes anti-, bi-, quasi-, super-, suffixes -ost, -ism, -ni-e (antibodies, bipolar, supernova, sedentary, symbolism, cloning). Moreover, the terms do not exist by themselves - they form a complex network of relationships and systems: from the general to the particular, from the whole to the part, genus/species, identity/opposites, and so on.

Mandatory criteria for such a text are objectivity and accuracy. Objectivity excludes emotionally colored vocabulary, exclamations, artistic turns of speech, here it is inappropriate to tell a story in the first person. Precision is often associated with terms. An excerpt from Anatoly Fomenko's book "Methods of Mathematical Analysis of Historical Texts" can be cited as an illustration.

At the same time, the degree of “complexity” of a scientific text depends primarily on target audience and on the purpose - who exactly the work is intended for, how much knowledge these people supposedly have, whether they can understand what in question. It is clear that at such an event as a school lesson of the Russian language, simple styles of speech and expression are needed, and complex scientific terminology is also suitable for a lecture for senior students of a university.

Of course, other factors also play an important role - the topic (in the technical sciences, the language is stricter and more regulated than in the humanities), genre.

Within this style, there are strict requirements for the design of written works: candidate and doctoral dissertations, monographs, abstracts, term papers.

Substyles and nuances of scientific speech

In addition to the actual scientific, there are also scientific and educational and popular science substyles. Each is used with specific purpose and for specific audiences. These styles of language are examples of different, but at the same time similar outwardly communicative streams.

The scientific and educational sub-style is a kind of lightweight version of the main style in which literature is written for those who have just begun to study new area. Representatives - textbooks for universities, colleges, schools (high school), part of the tutorials, other literature created for beginners (below is an excerpt from a psychology textbook for universities: authors V. Slastenin, Isaev I. et al., “Pedagogy. Study Guide ").

The non-fiction substyle is easier to understand than the other two. Its purpose is to explain complex facts and processes to the audience in a simple and understandable language. A variety of encyclopedias "101 facts about ..." were written by him.

Official business

Of the 5 styles of the Russian language, this one is the most formalized. It is used to communicate between states, and institutions with each other and with citizens. It is a means of communication between citizens in production, in organizations, in the service sector, within the limits of their performance of their official duties.

The official business style is classified as bookish and written, it is used in the texts of laws, orders, orders, contracts, acts, powers of attorney and similar documents. The oral form is used in speeches, reports, communication within the framework of working relationships.

Components of the official business style

• Legislative. It is used orally and in writing, in laws, regulations, resolutions, instructions, explanatory letters, recommendations, as well as in instructions, article-by-article and operational comments. It is spoken orally during parliamentary debates and appeals.
• Jurisdictional- exists in oral and written forms, is used for indictments, sentences, arrest warrants, court decisions, cassation complaints, procedural acts. In addition, it can be heard during judicial debates, conversations at the reception of citizens, etc.
• Administrative- is implemented in writing in orders, charters, decisions, contracts, labor and insurance contracts, official letters, various petitions, telegrams, wills, memos, autobiographies, reports, receipts, shipping documentation. The oral form of the administrative substyle - orders, auctions, commercial negotiations, speeches at receptions, auctions, meetings, etc.
• Diplomatic. This genre in writing can be found in the form of treaties, conventions, agreements, pacts, protocols, personal notes. Oral form - communiques, memorandums, joint statements.

In the official business style, stable phrases, complex conjunctions and verbal nouns are actively used:

• based…
• in accordance with…
• based…
• due to…
• by virtue of…
• due to...

Only the scientific and official business styles of the language have clear forms and structure. In this case, this is a statement, resume, identity card, marriage certificate and others.

The style is characterized by a neutral tone of narration, direct word order, complex sentences, conciseness, brevity, lack of individuality. Special terminology, abbreviations, special vocabulary and phraseology are widely used. Another striking feature is the cliché.

journalistic

The functional styles of the language are very peculiar. Journalism is no exception. It is he who is used in the media, in social periodicals, during political, judicial speeches. Most often, its samples can be found in radio and television programs, in newspaper publications, in magazines, booklets, and at rallies.

Publicism is designed for a wide audience, so special terms are rarely found here, and if they are, they are sought to be explained in the same text. It exists not only in oral and written speech - it is also found in photography, cinema, graphic and visual, theatrical and dramatic and verbal and musical forms.

The language has two main functions: informational and influencing. The task of the first is to convey facts to people. The second is to form the right impression, to influence the opinion about the events. The information function requires the reporting of reliable and accurate data that are of interest not only to the author, but also to the reader. The influence is realized through the personal opinion of the author, his calls to action, as well as the way the material is presented.

In addition to those specific to this particular style, there are also common features for the language as a whole: communicative, expressive and aesthetic.

Communicative function

Communication is the main and general task of the language, which manifests itself in all its forms and styles. Absolutely all styles of language and styles of speech have a communicative function. In journalism, texts and speeches are intended for a wide audience, feedback is realized through letters and calls from readers, public discussions, and polls. This requires that the text be readable and readable.

expressive function

Expression should not go beyond reasonable limits - it is necessary to observe the norms of speech culture, and the expression of emotions cannot be the only task.

aesthetic function

Of all the 5 styles of Russian speech, this function is present in only two. In literary texts, aesthetics plays an important role; in journalism, its role is much less. However, reading or listening to a well-designed, thoughtful, harmonious text is much more pleasant. Therefore, it is desirable to pay attention to aesthetic qualities in any of the genres.

Genres of journalism

Within the main style, there are quite a few actively used genres:

• oratory;
• pamphlet;
• feature article;
• reportage;
• feuilleton;
• interview;
• article and others.

Each of them is used in certain situations: a pamphlet as a kind of artistic and journalistic work is usually directed against a particular party, social phenomenon or the political system as a whole, a reportage is a prompt and impartial report from the scene, an article is a genre with which the author analyzes certain phenomena, facts and gives them his own assessment and interpretation.

Art style

All styles of language and styles of speech find their expression through the artistic. It conveys the feelings and thoughts of the author, affects the reader's imagination. He uses all the means of other styles, all the diversity and richness of the language, is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality, and concreteness of speech. Used in fiction.

An important feature of this style is aesthetics - here, unlike journalism, it is an indispensable element.

There are four types of artistic style:

• epic;
• lyrical;
• dramatic;
• combined.

Each of these genera has its own approach to displaying events. If we talk about the epic, then the main thing here will be a detailed story about the subject or event, when the author himself or one of the characters will act as a narrator.

In lyrical narration, the emphasis is on the impression that the events left on the author. Here the main thing will be experiences, what happens in the inner world.

The dramatic approach depicts an object in action, shows it surrounded by other objects and events. The theory of these three genera belongs to V. G. Belinsky. In the "pure" form, each of the above is rare. AT recent times some authors distinguish another genus - combined.

In turn, epic, lyrical, dramatic approaches to describing events and objects are divided into genres: fairy tale, story, short story, novel, ode, drama, poem, comedy and others.

The artistic style of the language has its own characteristics:

• a combination of language tools of other styles is used;
• the form, structure, language tools are chosen in accordance with the intention and idea of ​​the author;
• the use of special figures of speech that give the text color and figurativeness;
• aesthetic function is of great importance.

Tropes (allegory, metaphor, comparison, synecdoche) and (default, epithet, epiphora, hyperbole, metonymy) are widely used here.

Artistic image - style - language

The author of any work, not only literary, needs the means to contact the viewer or reader. Each art form has its own means of communication. This is where the trilogy appears - an artistic image, style, language.

The image is a generalized attitude to the world and life, expressed by the artist using the language he has chosen. This is a kind of universal category of creativity, a form of interpretation of the world through the creation of aesthetically active objects.

An artistic image is also called any phenomenon recreated by the author in a work. Its meaning is revealed only in interaction with the reader or viewer: what exactly a person will understand, see, depends on his goals, personality, emotional state, culture and values ​​in which he was brought up.

The second element of the triad "image - style - language" is related to a special handwriting, characteristic only for this author or era of the totality of methods and techniques. In art, three different concepts are distinguished - the style of the era (covers the historical period of time for which common features, for example, the Victorian era), national (under it are understood the features common to a particular people, nation, for example, and individual (we are talking about an artist whose works have special qualities that are not inherent in others, for example, Picasso).

Language in any kind of art is a system of visual means designed to serve the goals of the author when creating works, a tool for creating an artistic image. It enables communication between the creator and the audience, allows you to "draw" an image with those very unique style features.

Each type of creativity uses its own means for this: painting - color, sculpture - volume, music - intonation, sound. Together they form a trinity of categories - artistic image, style, language, help to get closer to the author and better understand what he created.

It must be understood that, despite the differences between them, styles do not form separate, purely closed systems. They are capable of and constantly interpenetrate each other: not only the artistic one uses the language means of other styles, but also the official business one has many mutual points with the scientific one (jurisdictional and legislative subspecies are close in their terminology to similar scientific disciplines).

Business vocabulary infiltrates and vice versa. The journalistic type of speech in oral and written form is closely intertwined with the sphere of colloquial and popular science styles.

Furthermore, state of the art language is by no means stable. It would be more accurate to say that it is in dynamic equilibrium. New concepts are constantly emerging, the Russian dictionary is replenished with expressions that come from other languages.

New ones are created with the help of existing ones. The rapid development of science and technology also actively contributes to the enrichment of the scientific style of speech. Many concepts from the field of artistic science fiction have migrated to the category of quite official terms that name certain processes and phenomena. BUT scientific concepts entered into common speech.

Moscow State Open University.

Faculty of Chemistry and Technology.

in the Russian language and culture of speech

on the topic: "Functional styles of speech."

Completed by: 4th year student

specialties 060800

Komarova L.A.

Checked by: Gorskaya E.A.

Moscow. 2004

1.general characteristics styles ................................................. ...................3

2.Scientific style.............................................. ................................................4

3.Formal - business style .............................................. .........................6

4. Newspaper-journalistic style .............................................. ................7

5.Artistic style.................................................... ...............................…nine

6. Colloquial - everyday style .............................................. ......................ten

Conclusion................................................. ................................................. ..12

References……………………………………………………………14

1. General characteristics of styles.

Each functional style of the modern Russian literary language is such a subsystem of it that the conditions and goals of communication in some area social activities and has a certain set of stylistically significant linguistic means. Functional styles are heterogeneous, each of them is represented by a number of genre varieties, for example, in the scientific style - scientific monographs and educational texts, in the official style - laws, references, business letters, in the newspaper - journalistic style - an article, a report, etc. genre varieties is created by the diversity of the content of speech and its different communicative orientation, that is, the goals of communication. It is the goals of communication that dictate the choice of stylistic devices, the compositional structure of speech for each specific case.

Functional styles can be divided into two groups associated with specific types of speech.

In accordance with the spheres of social activity in the modern Russian language, the following functional styles are distinguished: scientific, official - business, newspaper - journalistic, artistic and colloquial - everyday.

Each functional style of speech has its own typical features, its own range of vocabulary and syntactic structures, which are realized to one degree or another in each genre of this style.

2. Scientific style.

The sphere of social activity in which the scientific style functions is science. The leading position in the scientific style is occupied by monologue speech. This style has a wide variety of speech genres; among them, the main ones are a scientific monograph and a scientific article, dissertations, scientific and educational prose (textbooks, educational and methodological manuals), scientific and technical works (various instructions, safety rules), annotations, abstracts, scientific reports, lectures, scientific discussions, as well as genres of popular science literature.

One of the most important genres of scientific style is a scientific article, which can convey information of various nature and purpose, and is most often used as the main source of scientific and technical information: it is here that everything new that appears in a certain branch of science is recorded.

The scientific style is realized mainly in the written form of speech. However, with the development of mass media, with the growing importance of science in modern society, an increase in various kinds of scientific contacts, such as conferences, symposiums, scientific seminars, the role of oral scientific speech is increasing.

The main features of the scientific style in both written and oral form are accuracy, abstractness, logicality and objectivity of presentation. It is they who organize into a system all the linguistic means that form this functional style, and determine the choice of vocabulary in the works of the scientific style.

This style is characterized by the use of special scientific and terminological vocabulary, and recently international terminology (manager, quoting, realtor, etc.) has occupied more and more space here.

A feature of the use of vocabulary in a scientific style is that polysemantic lexically neutral words are used not in all their meanings, but only in one. For example, the verb think, which has four values, here implements predominantly the values: to make a conclusion, to admit, to believe. The use in one, becoming terminological meaning is typical for both nouns and adjectives, for example: body, strength, movement, sour, heavy etc.

The lexical composition of the scientific style is characterized by relative homogeneity and isolation, which is expressed, in particular, in less use of synonyms. The volume of the text in the scientific style increases not so much due to the use of different words, but due to the repetition of the same ones. An example is the passage:

“Transport inter-shop communications for the main types of raw materials and finished products, as well as the transfer of goods between production shops and storage and transport facilities, for the most part, are provided by continuous transport (...) Finished products are delivered by road to consumers located nearby, they also perform auxiliary loading and unloading work".

In the scientific style, there is no vocabulary with colloquial and colloquial coloring. This style, to a lesser extent than journalistic or artistic, is characterized by evaluativeness. Estimates are used to express the author's point of view, to make it more understandable, accessible, to clarify the idea.

Scientific speech is distinguished by the accuracy and logic of thought, its consistent presentation and objectivity of presentation.

In the syntactic structures in the scientific style of speech, the detachment of the author is maximally demonstrated. This is expressed in the use of generalized personal and impersonal constructions instead of the 1st person: there is reason to believe, it is considered, it is known, presumably etc.

The desire for a logical presentation of the material leads to the active use of complex allied sentences, introductory words, participial and adverbial phrases, and so on. The most typical example is sentences with subordinate clauses of cause and condition, for example: “If an enterprise or some of its divisions does not work well, then this means that not everything is in order with management.”

Almost any scientific text can contain graphic information; this is one of the features of the scientific style of speech.

Formal business style.

The main area in which it functions officially - business style is administrative and legal activity. This style satisfies the need of society for documenting various acts of state social, political, economic life, business relations between the state and organizations, as well as between members of society in the official sphere of their communication.

The texts of this style represent a huge variety of genres: charter, law, order, orders, contract, complaint, instruction, etc. Style genres perform informational, prescriptive, ascertaining functions in various fields of activity. Therefore, the main form of implementation of this style is written.

Despite the differences in the content of individual genres, there are common features: the accuracy of presentation, which does not allow for the possibility of differences in interpretation; detailed presentation; stereotype; standardization of presentation; obligatory-prescriptive nature of the presentation. In addition - formality, strictness of expression of thought, objectivity, logic.

The lexical composition of the texts of this style has its own characteristics. First of all, these texts use words and phrases of the literary language, for example, plaintiff, defendant, protocol, job description, detention, researcher etc. Many verbs contain the theme of prescription: forbid, decree, oblige, order etc.

Typical for the business language are compound words formed from two or more: tenant, employer, maintenance, named below.

Official business speech reflects not individual, but social experience, as a result of which its vocabulary is extremely generalized in a semantic sense, that is, everything sharply peculiar, specific, unique is eliminated, and the typical is brought to the fore. For an official document, the legal essence is important, so generic concepts are preferred, for example arrive (arrive, fly in, come), vehicle (bus, plane, train), locality (village, city, village) etc. When naming a person, nouns are used, denoting a person on the basis of some kind of relationship or action ( teacher Sergeeva T.N., witness Molotkov T.P.)

Business speech, as already mentioned, is characterized by impersonality of presentation and lack of evaluativeness. Here there is an impartial statement, a presentation of facts in a logical sequence. Therefore, the 1st person is permissible only in a limited number of situations when legal relations are established between an individual and an organization or state, for example, when issuing various powers of attorney, when concluding an employment agreement. So the power of attorney looks like:

Power of attorney

I, Alekseeva Anna Ivanovna, living at the address: Moscow, st. Prazhskaya, d.35, apt. 127, passport 5799 No. 166703, issued by the 20th department. Police of Moscow January 26, 1998, I trust Khitrova Olga Alexandrovna, residing at the address: Moscow, st. Shipbuilders, d. 65, apt. 98, conclusion of an agreement with the publishing house "Jurist" on my behalf.

05/29/01 Alekseeva

4. Newspaper-journalistic style.

The newspaper and journalistic style functions in the socio-political sphere and is used in oratory, in various newspaper genres (for example, editorial, reportage), in journalistic articles in the periodical press. It is implemented both in written and oral form.

One of the main characteristic features of the style is the combination of two trends - the tendency to expressiveness and the tendency to the standard. This is due to the functions that journalism performs: information-content function and the function of persuasion, emotional impact. They have a special character in a journalistic style. Information in this area of ​​public activity is addressed to a huge circle of people, all native speakers and members of this society (and not just specialists, as in the scientific field). For the relevance of information, the time factor is significant - information must be transmitted and become generally known as soon as possible.

In the newspaper-journalistic style, persuasion is carried out through an emotional impact on the reader or listener, therefore the author always expresses his attitude to the information being reported, but, as a rule, it is not only his personal attitude, but expresses the opinion of a certain social group of people (for example, a party) .

The trend towards the standard means the desire of journalism to be rigorous and informative, which are characteristic of scientific and official business styles. For example, among the standard for newspaper-journalistic style are the words: steady growth, temporary support, official visit, wide scope. The tendency towards expressiveness is expressed in the desire for accessibility and figurativeness of the form of expression, which is typical for the artistic style and colloquial speech.

Newspaper-journalistic style has both conservatism and mobility. On the one hand, there are a large number of clichés, socio-political and other terms in speech, and on the other hand, the desire to convince readers requires more and more new linguistic means.

The vocabulary of the newspaper-journalistic style has a pronounced emotional and expressive coloring, includes colloquial, colloquial and even slang elements.

Newspaper and journalistic speech actively uses foreign words and elements of words, in particular the prefixes a-, anti-, pro-, neo-, ultra-.

Syntax also has its own characteristics associated with the active use of emotionally colored constructions: exclamatory sentences of various meanings, interrogative sentences, sentences with appeal, rhetorical questions, repetitions, dissected constructions, etc. The desire for expression determines the use of constructions with colloquial coloring: constructions with particles, interjections, inversions, non-union sentences, ellipses, etc.

5. Artistic style.

The artistic style of speech is used in fiction, which performs a figurative-cognitive and ideological-aesthetic function.

For the artistic style of speech, attention to the particular and the accidental is typical, followed by the typical and the general (for example, Dead Souls by N.V. Gogol, where each of the shown landowners personifies certain specific human qualities, and all together they are the “face” of modern Russian author).

The world of fiction is a “recreated” world, the depicted reality is, to a certain extent, the author’s fiction, which means that in the artistic style of speech leading role plays a subjective moment.

As a means of communication, artistic speech has its own language - a system of figurative forms expressed by linguistic means. The basis of the artistic style of speech is the literary Russian language.

The lexical composition and functioning of words in the artistic style of speech have their own characteristics. The words that form the basis of the style primarily include figurative means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic authenticity.

The speech ambiguity of the word is very widely used, which opens up additional meanings and semantic shades, as well as synonymy at all language levels. Many words that in scientific speech act as well-defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech - as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech carry specific sensory representations (for example, the adjective lead in scientific speech realizes its direct meaning, - lead ore, lead bullet, and in fiction forms a metaphor, - leaden clouds, leaden night).

Artistic speech is characterized by inversion.

The syntactic structure reflects the flow of figurative-emotional impressions of the author, so here you can find the whole variety of syntactic structures. But a deviation from structural norms is also possible, due to artistic actualization, i.e. the author highlighting some thought, idea, feature that is important for the meaning of the work. They can be expressed in violation of phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms.

Conversational style.

Colloquial-everyday style functions in the sphere of everyday communication. This style is realized in the form of unconstrained, unprepared monologue or dialogic speech on everyday topics, as well as in the form of private, informal correspondence.

The ease of communication is understood as the absence of an attitude towards a message that is of an official nature (lecture, speech, answer to an exam, etc.), informal relations between speakers and the absence of facts that violate the informality of communication, for example, strangers.

Conversational speech functions only in the sphere of communication, in everyday life, friendship, family, etc. In the field of mass communication, colloquial speech is not applicable. However, this does not mean that the colloquial style is limited to everyday topics. Colloquial speech can also touch on other topics: for example, a conversation in the family circle or a conversation of people in informal relationships about art, science, politics, sports, etc., a conversation of friends at work related to the profession of speakers, conversations about public institutions, e.g. clinics, schools, etc.

The colloquial and everyday style is opposed to book styles, as they function in various areas of social activity. However, colloquial speech includes not only specific language means, but also neutral ones, which are the basis of the literary language. Therefore, this style is associated with other styles that also use neutral language means.

Within the literary language, colloquial speech is opposed to the codified language as a whole (codified speech is called because it is in relation to it that work is being done to preserve its norms, for its purity)

The main features of the everyday conversational style are the relaxed and informal nature of communication, as well as the emotionally expressive coloring of speech. Therefore, in colloquial speech, all the wealth of intonation, facial expressions, and gestures are used. One of its most important features is the reliance on an extralinguistic situation, that is, the immediate environment of speech in which communication takes place. For example, (A woman before leaving home) What should I wear? (About a coat) Is this what? Or that? (about the jacket) Won't I freeze? Listening to these statements, and not knowing the specific situation, it is impossible to guess what is at stake. Thus, in colloquial speech, the extralinguistic situation becomes an integral part of the act of communication.

Everyday colloquial style has its own lexical and grammatical features. A characteristic feature of colloquial speech is its lexical heterogeneity. There are the most diverse thematically and stylistic groups of vocabulary here: common book vocabulary, terms, foreign borrowings, words of high stylistic coloring, and even some facts of vernacular, dialects and jargons. This is explained, firstly, by the thematic diversity of colloquial speech, which is not limited to everyday topics, everyday remarks, and secondly, by the implementation of colloquial speech in two tonalities - serious and playful.

Syntactic constructions also have their own characteristics. For colloquial speech, constructions with particles, interjections, constructions of a phraseological nature are typical: “They tell you, they say, and all to no avail!”, “Yes, where are you! It's dirty in there!" and so on.

Emotional and expressive assessments of a subjective nature are characteristic of colloquial speech, since the speaker acts as a private person and expresses his personal opinion and attitude. Very often this or that situation is evaluated exaggeratedly: “Wow the price! You can go crazy!”, “Flowers in the garden - the sea!”, “I want to drink! I'll die! The use of words in a figurative sense is typical, for example, "You've got porridge in your head!"

Word order in spoken language is different from that used in writing. Here the main information is concentrated at the beginning of the statement. The speaker begins his speech with the main, essential element of the message. To focus the attention of the listeners on the main information, they use intonational emphasis. In general, word order in colloquial speech is highly variable.

Conclusion.

Thus, each functional style of speech is characterized by its own characteristics. The scientific style is characterized by the use of special and terminological vocabulary, graphic information, a clear definition of concepts and phenomena, strict logic and consistency of presentation, and complicated syntax. Business style is characterized by professional terminology, the accuracy of the definition of the expressions and words used, the clichéd language means. The main property of the newspaper-journalistic style is its informativeness and expressiveness. Artistic speech uses all the diversity and all the richness of the national language to create a vivid, memorable image. Understanding the features of the artistic style of speech helps a deeper reading of literary works, enriches our practical speech. The main feature of colloquial speech is its ease, unpreparedness. It is characterized by lexical heterogeneity, the use of colloquial and colloquial words, simplified syntax, emotionally expressive appraisal, facial expressions, and gestures.

Bibliography

Grekov V.F. and other Handbook for classes in the Russian language. M., Enlightenment, 1968 - 201 p.

Kostomarov V.G. Russian language on a newspaper page. M., 1971 – 291 p.

Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook / Ed. Prof. IN AND. Maksimov. -M.: Gardariki, 2003. - 413 p.

Russian language and culture of speech: Proc. for universities / A.I. Dunaev, M.Ya. Dymarsky, A.Yu. Kozhevnikov et al., ed. V.D. Chernyak. - M .: Higher. School; S.-Pb.: Publishing house of the Russian State Pedagogical University im. A.I. Herzen, 2003. - 509 p.

Speech style	Language features
Colloquial	Everyday-everyday, emotionally-expressive, evaluative vocabulary and phraseology.
	Simplified syntax, lack of participles, participles.
	Incomplete sentences of various types.
	Invocations, introductory and plug-in constructions
book:
Scientific 1. Academic 2. Popular science 3. Educational and scientific	1. Terminology. 3. The absence of figurative, emotional and evaluative means (with the exception of the popular science style). 4. The predominance of abstract vocabulary. 5. Dominance of nouns, incl. verbal. 6. A small number of verbs, mostly copulas. 7. Complexity of syntax: isolation different types and complex sentences. 8. Significant amount means of communication
Official business	1. Cliches, stamps, clerical vocabulary. 2. The use of words in direct meanings. 3. Compound words, abbreviations. 4. Lack of figurative, emotional and evaluative means. 5. The predominance of nouns, incl. verbal. 6. Complexity of syntax: homogeneous rows and isolations of different types
journalistic	1. Socio-political vocabulary and terminology. 2. Characteristic cliches, speech stereotypes. 3. Expressive-evaluative vocabulary and phraseology. 4. Conversational language means. 5. Figurative means of language (tropes). 6. Expressive syntax (rhetorical questions, exclamations, inversions, ellipsis, parcelling, etc.)
Art (fiction style)	Use of all expressive means of phonetics, vocabulary, word formation, morphology and syntax

11.2 Outline of the lesson in the Russian language on the topic: "Linguistic features of conversational style"

Three conditions are necessary for the realization of truly colloquial speech. First of all, lack of official relations between the participants of communication. It's one thing to talk with a friend, another thing - with a teacher, director, in general with an unfamiliar person. Let's compare two replicas:

Hello, Yurka, are you awake?

Hello Yuri. Sorry for calling so early. Did I wake you up?

Genuine colloquial speech is possible if there are informal relations between the speakers.

The second condition is immediacy of communication. The speaker directly and directly addresses the interlocutor. There are no intermediaries between them. Each responds directly to the other's remarks.

The third condition is that natural colloquial speech is always unprepared, improvised. It is characterized by repeated questions, interruptions, incompleteness, (inserts like Are you… this is the most… mathematics going to do?), filling the gaps and allowing you to choose the right word. With the unpreparedness of speech, a large role in it is also associated with facial expressions, gestures, and intonation.

Thus, colloquial speech can be defined as informal speech in conditions of direct communication, not prepared in advance, dialogic, oral.

Main installation of colloquial speech- installation on easy, natural, unprepared communication. This setting, together with the conditions for the implementation of colloquial speech, determines its linguistic form.

Pronunciation. Often, words and forms in a colloquial everyday style have an accent that does not coincide with the accent in more strict styles of speech: agreement (cf .: normative agreement).

Vocabulary. Colloquial vocabulary, being part of the vocabulary of oral speech, is used in casual conversation and is characterized by various shades of expressive coloring. For example, nouns: lies, bore, nonsense, nonsense, etc.; adjectives: meticulous, hard-working, lax, etc.; verbs: to be greedy, to be secretive, to bother, etc.; adverbs: that's it, quietly, instantly, etc.

It occupies a significant place phraseology. For example: There is no smoke without fire. Murder will out. Leopard change his spots.

Word formation. In discharge nouns the following suffixes are used with a greater or lesser degree of productivity, giving the words a colloquial everyday character:

- ak (- yak)- good-natured, healthy, simpleton;

- an (- yang)- rude, old man;

- Ah- bearded man;

- ash- merchant;

- ak-a (- yak-a) for words of a general gender - a reveler, a bully, onlookers;

- day- minion;

- l-a- tycoons, crammed;

- Thai- lazy, drooling;

- un- talker, screamer;

- wow- dirty, fat woman;

- ysh- baby, silly, etc.

For adjectives, which are colloquial in nature, the use of the suffix - ast-: big-eyed, toothy, tongued, etc .; prefixes pre-: kind, amiable, etc.

Verbs on-nothing: to roam, to wander, to swindle.

Syntactic features of colloquial speech:

Predominant use of the dialogue form;

predominance simple sentences; of the complex, compound and unionless are most often used;

Widespread use of interrogative and exclamatory sentences;

The use of sentence words (affirmative, negative, incentive, etc.);

Widespread use of incomplete sentences;

Breaks in speech caused by various reasons (excitement of the speaker, an unexpected transition from one thought to another, etc.);

The use of introductory words and phrases of different meanings;

Extensive use of emotional interjections;

Lexical repetitions: - Yes, yes, yes.

Exercise: determine which styles these texts belong to.

1. Thunderstorm is an atmospheric phenomenon consisting in electrical discharges between clouds (lightning and thunder), accompanied by rain, hail and stormy gusts of wind.

2. - Well, a thunderstorm! It's scary to go to the window.

“Yes, there hasn’t been such a storm for a long time.

- Can you imagine, in such a thunderstorm, to find yourself in a field ...

3. A strong wind suddenly hummed in the sky, the trees raged, large drops of rain sharply caught, splashed on the leaves, lightning flashed, and a thunderstorm broke out (I. Turgenev).

The usual form of conversational style implementation- dialogue, this style is more often used in oral speech. There is no pre-selection of language material in it. In this style of speech, extralinguistic factors play an important role: facial expressions, gestures, and the environment.

Language means of conversational style: emotionality, expressiveness of colloquial vocabulary, words with subjective evaluation suffixes; the use of incomplete sentences, introductory words, address words, interjections, modal particles, repetitions, inversion, etc.

General signs:	1) informality; ease; 2) unpreparedness, automatism; 3) the predominant oral form of communication; 4) emotionality; 5) accompaniment by gestures, facial expressions, body movements; 6) simplicity and economy of language means;
Lexical:	1) words with colloquial coloring, including everyday content; 2) specific vocabulary; 3) phraseological units with emotionally expressive coloring; 4) situational synonymy;
word-building	1) suffixes of subjective assessment with the meaning of petting, magnifying, disapproval; 2) colloquial suffixes: -k- (candle); -yag (a) (dealaga); -sh(a) (doctor's wife); 3) derivative adjectives, verbs with an estimated value (losing weight, losing weight). 4) doubling words (big-eyed-big-eyed).
Morphological:	1) the predominance of nouns compared to verbs; 2) personal and possessive pronouns; particles; 3) verbal interjections (jumping gallop);
Syntactic:	1) incomplete sentences; 2) interrogative and incentive sentences; 3) impersonal offers; 4) free order of the members of the proposal;
Types of text by participants in communication:	1) dialogue usually; 2) monologue rarely;
Genres of the monologue text:	1) private letters; 2) notes.

Exercise 1. Form colloquial nouns from these words using suffixes –in, -et, -from, -rel, -ram, -sh, -them.

cramped, poor, old, high, wide, poor:

push, chat, run, get dirty;

secretary, doctor, doctor, painter, accountant.

Exercise 2. Match the words eyes, eyes, eyes. Which of them can be used in business paper; in a scientific article; during conversation; in a literary text?

Exercise 3. Match words with neutral style think, funny, come colloquial style synonyms think, funny, roll. Find words in the dictionary that have different stylistic marks (8 words).

EMOTIONAL EVALUATION VOCABULARY- words whose lexical meaning includes a stable emotive coloring or evaluation. In explanatory dictionaries, such words are marked with special marks:

Affectionately, (affectionately): mommy, darling, baby, dear.

Approved, (approved): handsome, hard worker, modest, good fellow, good-natured.

Mocking, (mockingly): scold (scold), scarecrow (about a ridiculously dressed person), seal (about a clumsy person).

Disapproving, (disapproving): Seryatina, huckster, slob, hotbed, accomplice.

Neglect, (disparagingly): rogue, slug, henchman, rag (about a spineless person).

Bran., (swearing): brat, dolt, dunce, mymra, blockhead, mutt.

Jokingly, (jokingly): jalopy, marafet, physiomordia, physio, bottlebrod.

Ironically, (ironically): smart guy (about a fool), giant (about a short person), eloquence (about incoherent speech).

Task 4.Write down the words by filling in the missing letters and distributing themby groups: 1) colloquial; 2) commonly used. Make a suggestionzheniya with some of the words related to the colloquial style.

Ahnut, ball .. to party, vd .. race, be greedy, to .. cry, mess, mess .. affairs, work hard, hand .. ek, foolish, granny, bunny, stove, disguise, house, heap .. wat, grab, pr.

Task 5.From the data below phraseological units, select referringapproaching the conversational style. Explain their meaning.

Throw words to the wind, in and out, make a contribution, take into custody, fly into the pipe, bring to the attention, toil with foolishness, wait-wait, embrace, left earnings, pout lips, give your soul to God, confrontation, put on view, pave the way, spread your brains, civic duty, keep as the apple of your eye, surplus value, have an effect, beat the buckets, dissenting opinion.

Task 6. Determine the stylistic affiliation of words. Select prefixes and suffixes that act as indicators of style.

Voditsa, kitty, rain, tramp, dignity, talker, white, plump, sister, hedgehog, fat, talker, fry, talk, usher, overnight, biting, pick, liar, voice, cheerful, pretty, good-natured, braggart, evening, mongrel, old man, daredevil, little head, lighter, descend, unsanitary, arrangement.

Exercise 7. Read, focusing on the intonation of the dialogue lines. Determine the style of speech. What stylistic effect is created by the game of homonymous words face - grammatical term andface common word.

Text

To the right of my village flows the river Gubazuli, and to the left is the small river Lashe, teeming with crabs, gobies and barefoot boys.

A bridge is thrown over Gubazuli, which in the spring the river carries away, leaving only black piles sticking out of the water. And yet my village is the most beautiful and cheerful in Georgia. I love it more than all the villages in the world, because nowhere else can there be another village where I, grandmother Iliko and my dog ​​would live. My grandmother is a wise woman. She keeps telling me:

Learn, scoundrel, learn, otherwise you will remain an ignoramus! My grandmother has a peculiar idea about science. Once, when I was sitting on the balcony and reciting grammar rules by heart, my grandmother asked:

What are you cramming, son?

The face of the verb, grandma!

What? Where is it heard - the face of the verb! Only a person can have a face!

This is a different face, grandmother, not at all what you think.

There is only one face in the world. And that's it.

Okay, - I said and slammed the book, - then answer what a face is - a FACE is ... -

Sit down, grandma. You don’t know the lesson, I put a deuce!

I'll show you a deuce, scoundrel! Go and tie the goat this very second, otherwise I’ll warm it up - you won’t recognize your own!

Okay, I'll ask one more question and I'll go. How many faces exist?

There are as many faces as there are people in the world. But the face is not given in order to build such grimaces, blockhead! Some have a thin face, others have a round and thick face, and others have no idea what it is, just a slob. And there are hypocritical and two-faced people.

There are crooks too, I said.

Correctly! For example, our postman. He rips off stamps from the envelopes, and then says - without a stamp, they say, it was, give me a ruble.

What am I, grandma?

You? You are a scoundrel, a slacker, a slacker, a rogue, a swindler besides!

There is no woman in all of Georgia who could curse better than my grandmother. But I'm not afraid of her curses.

One day my grandmother said: “My mouth curses, but my heart blesses you ...”

(N.Dumbadze.)

Exercise 8. Choose synonyms (one word or phraseological phrase) for the expressions:

Hens do not peck; a drop in the sea; out of hand badly.

Reference words: little, with a gulkin nose, the cat cried;

much, dark darkness, a full cup;

very bad, it doesn’t fit into any gates.

Exercise9. Indicate the signs of which styles the following words havereading. Write them down in groups. Compose with they offeredzheniya different styles of speech.

Non-delivery of a letter, a reading room at the university, a vote of no confidence, a teacher's report, business sharks, beacons of production, a kind-hearted neighbor, just a hard worker, live in a communal apartment, carry gag, atrophy of power, launch the market, opposition attacks, an excellent student, crammer, get into trouble , dew diamonds, sanding a loser, bitter grief, Russian field, whisper of the forest, fastening the lining to the body, throwing out an optical element, tired sun, gossip.