Alexander Baumgarten fragments on aesthetics. Surname Baumgarten Baumgarten - online map with satellite view: streets, houses, districts and other objects
Baumgarten N
background (1909) in 1909 medical doctor in 1909 of the Separate Corps of Burial GuardsBaumgarten A. A.
(18--19) chamberlain()Baumgarten August-Friedrich
(1787) class rank. (1787) [Stepanov V.P. Russian service nobility 2nd half. XVIII century St. Petersburg, 2000: 87-362]Baumgarten Adelaida Fedorovna
(1845--) premises. dvn.-Kazan-gub. [Kazan.dv-vo... Kazan, 2001]Baumgarten Alexander
(1858) philistine? - Mogilev graduating from gymnasium (1858)Baumgarten Alexander
(1863) graduate of the Mikhailovsky Artillery Academy in 1863Baumgarten Alexander
(1869) graduate of the Mikhailovsky Artillery Academy in 1869Baumgarten Alexander Ald
background (1909) in 1909 Cornet Life Guards Kirasirsk. shelf in St. Petersburg. [General sp.officer to 1909. See section ] (--1849,†pom.Rozhdestvensky in Teply Stan Rzhev.-u.) [Sheremetevsky V. Russian.provincial necropolis. T.1. M., 1914]Baumgarten Alexander Alexandrovich
background (1889.08.02, St. Petersburg - 1955.10.12 in Sao Paulo, Brazil) Corps of Pages 1909. Captain, squadron commander of the Life Guards. Her Majesty's Kirasir Regiment. In the spring and summer of 1918 in an underground organization in Moscow. In the Volunteer Army, from 1918.10. at the head of the squadron of his regiment, renamed colonels (approved 1919.12.05), 1918.11. assistant commander for household services of the Consolidated Guards Squadron, from March 24, 1919.05.12 assistant commander for household services in the Consolidated Regiment of the Guards Cuirassier Division, July 2 - 1919.08.04 division commander in the 1st Guards Consolidated Cuirassier Regiment, from 1920.04. assistant commander of the Consolidated Cuirassier Regiment. Seriously wounded 08/19/04. In the Russian Army, assistant commander of the Guards Cavalry Regiment. In exile in Constantinople, Germany, from 1929.10. in Brazil. Commissioner of the Union of Invalids in Brazil, fellow chairman of the Society of St. Vladimir, on 1951.11. deputy senior leader of the association of life guards. Her Majesty's Cuirassier Regiment. Mind. 1955.10.12 in Sao Paulo (Brazil). Wife Maria Petrovna (Alekseevna) (ur. Mirovich), son Alexander. Works: Memo to Her Majesty's cuirassiers during the Civil War. Berlin, 1927. [Volkov S.V. Officers of the Russian Guards M., 2002]Baumgarten Alexander Bogumilovich
(1896,1909) in 1909 colonel of the district. military chief Kyiv military district In 1896, land owner of Alexandriysk. [General sp.officer to 1909. See section ]Baumgarten Alexander Leonidovich
(1911,--1958.02.28) Tver Cavalry School 1911. Officer of the 2nd Dragoon Regiment. Headquarters captain of the 17th Hussars. In the fall of 1918 in Russian volunteer units in Kyiv. In the Armed Forces of the South of Russia since the spring of 1919 (via Odessa and the Princes' Islands). In the Armed Forces of the South of Russia. Evacuated in 1919.12. - 1920.03.. Captain. On May 1920 in Yugoslavia. In exile in France, in 1939 he acted as a monarchist-legitimist. Died 1958.02.28 in Paris. Wife Olga Borisovna [Volkov S.V. Officers of the Armed Cavalry M., 2002]Baumgarten Alexander Trofimovich
(1843--1901,†SPb., Smolensk.Pravosl.kl-sche) lieutenant general, professor of the Mikhailovsky Artillery Academy, member of the Main Artillery Committee.Baumgarten Alexander Fedorovich
(1918,--1918.09.27) Academy of the General Staff. In 1909, staff captain of the Life Guards. Dragoon regiment in Peterhof Colonel of the Life Guards. Dragoon Regiment. In the Volunteer Army, in the summer - autumn, chief of staff of the 1st Cavalry Division. Mind. 1918.09.27. [Volkov S.V. Officers of the Russian Guards M., 2002] [General sp.officer. to 1909. See section ]Baumgarten Alexander Eduardovich
(1909) in 1909 Colonel Ch. view food point in the North Caucasus [General sp.offic. to 1909. See section ]Baumgarten Alexey
(1835) graduate of the 1835 Mikhailovsky Artillery AcademyBaumgarten Anna Ivanovna
Baumgarten Apollon Karlovich
Baumgarten Beila Abramovna
(1904, Poland, Kroszniewicz --- 1938.01.08) b/p, Pensioner, resident: Kalinin, Belyakovsky lane, no. 8 Arrest: 1937.10.20 Conviction. 1938.01.02 OS under the NKVD of the USSR. Upset 1938.01.08 Rehab. 1958.02.06 by definition 798/D VT MVO [Book of Memory of the Kalinin Region]Baumgarten Belya Khanmovna
(1890, Warsaw province, Pultusk--) Jewish, education: 7 classes, resident: Bialystok region, Bialystok Sentence: approx. for a special settlement in the Arkhangelsk region. 07/08/40, Priozerny district, Shirbozero. Osv. from a special settlement under amnesty 1941.09.07 [Database]Baumgarten Alexander Karlovich
(1815--1883.05.03) Adjutant General (1874-) Major General, graduate in 1833 of the Corps of Pages (ensign in the Life Guards Izmailovsky Regiment), in 1838 graduate of the Imperial Nicholas Military Academy (1st graduating class) commander of the 1st brigade of the 10th infantry division in 04/1854/20. hord. St. George 3-step. . (Adjutant General, Infantry General)Baumgarten Blima Aronovna
(1880--,1940) resident: Bialystok region, Bialystok. Convicted 1940.06.29. Verdict: special settlement in the Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic: Vetyu village, Zheleznodorozhny district. [Book of Memory of the Komi Republic] (1816--1876, Rozhdestvensky in Teply Stan Rzhev.-u.) [Sheremetevsky V. Russian provincial necropolis. T.1. M., 1914]Baumgarten Boris Alexandrovich
von (1915) in 1915 officer since 1915. Headquarters company - mister of the Life Guards. Her Majesty's Cuirassier Regiment. In the Volunteer Army, from 1918.11. in his regiment, from March 24. and 1919.05.12 in the squadron of his regiment in the Consolidated Regiment of the Guards Cuirassier Division, 7-1919.06.23 squadron commander. Captain In exile on 01/1921/01 on the list of Life Guards. Her Majesty's Cuirassier Regiment. [Volkov S.V. Officers of the Russian Guards M., 2002]Baumgarten Boris Georgievich
(1909, Borovichi--, 1934) Russian, education: literate, non-fiction, musician, club pianist, resident: Novgorod region, Borovichi district, Borovichi Arrest: 03.1934.04 Conviction. 1934.03.05. Sentence: to 3 years in concentration camps [Book of Memory of the Novgorod Region]Baumgarten Vera Konstantinovna
(--1884,†SPb., Smolensk. Pravosl.kl-sche) Large granite slide. Uch. 68.Baumgarten Viktor Vladimirovich
(1909) in 1909 lieutenant of the rifle regiment [General sp.officer. to 1909. See section ]Baumgarten Wilhelm Fedorovich
(1909) in 1909 captain repet. acad. and taught. Nikolaevsk. engineering school in St. Petersburg. [General sp.officer to 1909. See section ]Baumgarten Vladimir Bogumilovich
(1896) in 1896 landowner-Alexandriysk.u.Baumgarten Vladimir Karlovich
(1892, St. Petersburg---1920.12.04) education: higher Arrest: 1920.03.11 Conviction. 1920.11.30 Omsk Provincial Cheka. Obv. for service as an officer in the punitive detachments of Rozanov and Volkov in the army of Kolchak. 1920.12.04 Reb. 1995.05.25 by the prosecutor's office of the Omsk region, basis: on the basis of the Law of the Russian Federation. [Book of Memory of the Omsk Region]Baumgarten Vladimir Leonidovich
(1899, Ordzhonikidze region, Pyatigorsk - 1938) German, resident: Perm region, Krasnokamsk Arrest: 03/1938/03 Verdict: The case was dismissed for lack of evidence of a crime. Released 1939.01.19. [Book of Memory of the Perm Region]Baumgarten Vladimir Fedorovich
von (1909) in 1909 colonel in 1909 of the Separate Corps Pogr.GuardsBaumgarten Hans Karlovich
(1795) in 1795 lieutenant colonel of the Murom Infantry Regiment, holder of the orders: St. George 4th class and St. Vladimir 4th class. In service since 1757, in rank since 1788.01.01. P. 182. At 1797? Colonel of the Muromsk Musketeers. In rank since 1796.10.07. By order 1797.09.19, he was dismissed from service while wearing a uniform. Ll. 25 rev.-26.Baumgarten Georgy Yakovlevich
(1888, Smolensk province - 1918) Russian, education: graduated from the Nikolaev Cadet Corps, unemployed, former second lieutenant of the tsarist army, resident: Novgorod region, Borovichi district, Aleksandrovka estate Arrest: 12/19/21 [ Book of Memory of the Novgorod Region]Baumgarten Gerg.Vlad.
background (1909) in 1909 cavalry cornet [General sp.officer. to 1909. See section ]Baumgarten Evgeniy Ottovich
(1903, Latvia, Kurlyan province, Dvinsk --- 1937.05.04) Russian, Sverdlovsk station, traffic inspector, resident: Sverdlovsk Arrest: 1937.01.28 Conviction. 1937.05.04. Upset 1937.05.04 [Book of memory of the Sverdlovsk region]Baumgarten Ekaterina Ludvigovna
(1914) in 1914 landowner-Vinnitsa-u. (Podolsk-province) 588 des. Ilkovka village, Yuzva parish. premises - Kamenets-Podolsk.u. 1382 dec. m. Knyazpol Bagovitsa parish.Baumgarten Ivan Evstafievich
(1812) in 1812 major general from 1815.06.01 Commander of the Perm infantry regiment.Baumgarten Itsek Volfovich
(1872, Warsaw region, Pultusk - 1940) Jew, resident: Bialystok region, Bialystok. Convicted 1940.06.29. Verdict: special settlement in the Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic: Vetyu village, Zheleznodorozhny district. [Book of Memory of the Komi Republic]Baumgarten Karl Gottfriedovich
(1854) [Memorable book of Russian history 1854]Baumgarten Karl Ivanovich
background (1795) in 1795 In service since 1772. Colonel (from 1803.11.30) of the Murom Musketeer Regiment, commander of the same regiment from 1804.08.19. By order 1810.08.07 he was promoted to major general. RGVIA, f.407, op.1, d.126, pp. 236 rev.-237.Baumgarten Leonid Petrovich
(1881--, 1904) In service since 1904, officer since 1912. Ensign of the Admiralty?) naval pilot. In the Armed Forces of Southern Russia, 1919, commander of the Guryev hydroaviation detachment near Astrakhan. Lieutenant. [Volkov S.V. Fleet officers... M., 2004]Baumgarten Leonty Nikolaevich
von (1853.06.20--1931.02.24 in Merran, France) from the nobles of the Samara province. Corps of Pages 1872. Officer of the Life Guards. Hussar Regiment, commander of the Life Guards. His Majesty's Ulan Regiment. General of the Cavalry, honorary guardian of the institutions of Empress Maria Feodorovna. In exile in France. Mind. 1931.02.24 in Merran (France). [Volkov S.V. Officers of the Russian Guards M., 2002]Baumgarten Maer Abramovich
(1914, Warsaw - 1940) Jew, resident: Brest region, Brest. Convicted 1940.06.29. Verdict: special settlement in the Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic: Ivanchomya village, Sysolsky district. [Book of Memory of the Komi Republic]Baumgarten Maria Alexandrovna
(--1860,†pom. Rozhdestvensky, in Teply Stan Rzhev.-u.) [Sheremetevsky V. Russian.provincial necropolis. T.1. M., 1914] Russian Empireinfantry general
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Alexander Karlovich Baumgarten(March 19, 1815 - May 4, 1883) - Russian general, hero of the Crimean War.
Biography
Alexander Baumgarten was born in 1815, descended from an ancient family of Livonian knights. His father Karl Ivanovich (1768−1831), a well-known figure in the field of civil administration, was still in military service in the Turkish War of 1809, commanding a regiment, but soon switched to civilian service and was appointed mayor of the city of Tarnopol; in 1816 he was transferred by the governor to Kostroma; in 1831, with the rank of Privy Councilor, he was assigned to the Ministry of the Interior and was elected a member of the committee established to combat cholera, of which he himself fell one of the victims. For the merits of his father, Alexander Karlovich was brought up in the Corps of Pages, from where in 1833 he was released into the Life Guards Izmailovsky Regiment.
Here, being under the commander of the troops of the left flank of the Caucasian line, General Galafeev, he participated in many affairs of the expedition and received the Order of St. Anna 4th degree with the inscription “for bravery”.
In October 1849, he was appointed commander of the Tobolsk infantry regiment and distinguished himself with it in the battles of the village of Pered, on the right bank of the river. Vág, near Komorn and near Temesvár. During the Eastern War of 1853-1856. Baumgarten operated with his regiment within Lesser Wallachia and became famous for the heroic reflection of 18 thousand Turks at Cetati, for which he was promoted to major general and received the Order of St. on April 20, 1854. George 3rd degree No. 480 
| In reward for the exemplary courage and courage shown in the rank of colonel and in the rank of commander of the Tobolsk infantry regiment, in the case with the Turks on December 25, 1853, near the village of Chetati, where, being located with a detachment consisting of 3 battalions of the Tobolsk regiment, 6 guns light battery No. 1 of the 10th artillery brigade, 1 squadron of the Alexandria Hussars, General Field Marshal Prince of Warsaw Count Paskevich-Erivan Regiment, 1 hundred of the Don Cossack Regiment No. 38, was surrounded by the enemy numbering over 18 thousand people with 24 guns and, when seeing no means of holding behind you with Chetati, due to the small number of the detachment and the vastness of the village, leaving Onago, noticed that the chosen position behind this village was already occupied by the enemy cavalry, which, having advanced 6 horse guns, opened fire, struck with bayonets with the 3rd battalion with it. The offensive was carried out with such determination and speed that the enemy lost 2 guns taken by our troops in battle |
Soon he was appointed commander of the 1st brigade of the 10th infantry division, which became part of the Sevastopol garrison.
At the end of the war, Baumgarten was enrolled in the military educational department, and on November 21, 1858, he was appointed head of the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff and worked a lot during his three-year tenure in this position on a radical transformation of the academy.
In 1861, he was promoted to lieutenant general and enrolled as a member of the military council, where he was chairman of the main hospital and a member of the main military training committee.
On April 17, 1874, Baumgarten was appointed adjutant general and, a year later, received the rank of general from the infantry. Recently, he carried out the duties of chairman of the Red Cross Society.
Alexander Karlovich Baumgarten died on May 4, 1883 from apoplexy. He was buried at the Nikolskoye cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.
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Notes
Literature
- // List of generals by seniority. Corrected as of November 1st. - St. Petersburg. : Military printing house, 1881. - P. 105.
- // Russian biographical dictionary: in 25 volumes. - St. Petersburg. , 1900. - T. 2: Aleksinsky - Bestuzhev-Ryumin. - P. 596.
- // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
- Editorial board of the magazine.// World illustration: magazine. - 1883. - T. 29, No. 748. - P. 383.
- Stepanov V. S., Grigorovich P. I. In memory of the centennial anniversary of the Imperial Military Order of the Holy Great Martyr and Victorious George. (1769-1869). St. Petersburg, 1869
An excerpt characterizing Baumgarten, Alexander Karlovich
All day she lived only in the hope that at night she would see him. But now, when this moment came, the horror of what she would see came over her. How was he mutilated? What was left of him? Was he like that incessant groan of the adjutant? Yes, he was like that. He was in her imagination the personification of this terrible groan. When she saw an obscure mass in the corner and mistook his raised knees under the blanket for his shoulders, she imagined some kind of terrible body and stopped in horror. But an irresistible force pulled her forward. She carefully took one step, then another, and found herself in the middle of a small, cluttered hut. In the hut, under the icons, another person was lying on the benches (it was Timokhin), and two more people were lying on the floor (these were the doctor and the valet).The valet stood up and whispered something. Timokhin, suffering from pain in his wounded leg, did not sleep and looked with all his eyes at the strange appearance of a girl in a poor shirt, jacket and eternal cap. The sleepy and frightened words of the valet; “What do you need, why?” - they only forced Natasha to quickly approach what was lying in the corner. No matter how scary or unlike a human this body was, she had to see it. She passed the valet: the burnt mushroom of the candle fell off, and she clearly saw Prince Andrei lying with his arms outstretched on the blanket, just as she had always seen him.
He was the same as always; but the inflamed color of his face, his sparkling eyes, fixed enthusiastically on her, and especially the tender child’s neck protruding from the folded collar of his shirt, gave him a special, innocent, childish appearance, which, however, she had never seen in Prince Andrei. She walked up to him and with a quick, flexible, youthful movement knelt down.
He smiled and extended his hand to her.
For Prince Andrei, seven days have passed since he woke up at the dressing station of the Borodino field. All this time he was in almost constant unconsciousness. The fever and inflammation of the intestines, which were damaged, in the opinion of the doctor traveling with the wounded man, should have carried him away. But on the seventh day he happily ate a slice of bread with tea, and the doctor noticed that the general fever had decreased. Prince Andrei regained consciousness in the morning. The first night after leaving Moscow it was quite warm, and Prince Andrei was left to spend the night in a carriage; but in Mytishchi the wounded man himself demanded to be carried out and to be given tea. The pain caused to him by being carried into the hut made Prince Andrei moan loudly and lose consciousness again. When they laid him on a camp bed, he lay for a long time with his eyes closed without moving. Then he opened them and quietly whispered: “What should I have for tea?” This memory for the small details of life amazed the doctor. He felt the pulse and, to his surprise and displeasure, noticed that the pulse was better. To his displeasure, the doctor noticed this because, from his experience, he was convinced that Prince Andrei could not live and that if he did not die now, he would only die with great suffering some time later. With Prince Andrei they were carrying the major of his regiment, Timokhin, who had joined them in Moscow with a red nose and was wounded in the leg in the same Battle of Borodino. With them rode a doctor, the prince's valet, his coachman and two orderlies.
Prince Andrey was given tea. He drank greedily, looking ahead at the door with feverish eyes, as if trying to understand and remember something.
- I don’t want anymore. Is Timokhin here? - he asked. Timokhin crawled towards him along the bench.
- I'm here, your Excellency.
- How's the wound?
- Mine then? Nothing. Is that you? “Prince Andrei began to think again, as if remembering something.
-Can I get a book? - he said.
- Which book?
- Gospel! I have no.
The doctor promised to get it and began asking the prince about how he felt. Prince Andrei reluctantly, but wisely answered all the doctor’s questions and then said that he needed to put a cushion on him, otherwise it would be awkward and very painful. The doctor and the valet lifted the greatcoat with which he was covered and, wincing at the heavy smell of rotten meat spreading from the wound, began to examine this terrible place. The doctor was very dissatisfied with something, changed something differently, turned the wounded man over so that he groaned again and, from the pain while turning, again lost consciousness and began to rave. He kept talking about getting this book for him as soon as possible and putting it there.
- And what does it cost you! - he said. “I don’t have it, please take it out and put it in for a minute,” he said in a pitiful voice.
The doctor went out into the hallway to wash his hands.
“Ah, shameless, really,” the doctor said to the valet, who was pouring water onto his hands. “I just didn’t watch it for a minute.” After all, you put it directly on the wound. It’s such a pain that I’m surprised how he endures it.
“It seems like we planted it, Lord Jesus Christ,” said the valet.
For the first time, Prince Andrei understood where he was and what had happened to him, and remembered that he had been wounded and how at that moment when the carriage stopped in Mytishchi, he asked to go to the hut. Confused again from pain, he came to his senses another time in the hut, when he was drinking tea, and then again, repeating in his memory everything that had happened to him, he most vividly imagined that moment at the dressing station when, at the sight of the suffering of a person he did not love, , these new thoughts came to him, promising him happiness. And these thoughts, although unclear and indefinite, now again took possession of his soul. He remembered that he now had new happiness and that this happiness had something in common with the Gospel. That's why he asked for the Gospel. But the bad position that his wound had given him, the new upheaval, again confused his thoughts, and for the third time he woke up to life in the complete silence of the night. Everyone was sleeping around him. A cricket screamed through the entryway, someone was shouting and singing on the street, cockroaches rustled on the table and icons, in the autumn a thick fly beat on his headboard and near the tallow candle, which had burned like a large mushroom and stood next to him.
His soul was not in a normal state. A healthy person usually thinks, feels and remembers simultaneously about a countless number of objects, but he has the power and strength, having chosen one series of thoughts or phenomena, to focus all his attention on this series of phenomena. A healthy person, in a moment of deepest thought, breaks away to say a polite word to the person who has entered, and again returns to his thoughts. The soul of Prince Andrei was not in a normal state in this regard. All the forces of his soul were more active, clearer than ever, but they acted outside of his will. The most diverse thoughts and ideas simultaneously possessed him. Sometimes his thought suddenly began to work, and with such strength, clarity and depth with which it had never been able to act in a healthy state; but suddenly, in the middle of her work, she broke off, was replaced by some unexpected idea, and there was no strength to return to it.
“Yes, I have discovered a new happiness, inalienable from a person,” he thought, lying in a dark, quiet hut and looking ahead with feverishly open, fixed eyes. Happiness that is outside of material forces, outside of material external influences on a person, the happiness of one soul, the happiness of love! Every person can understand it, but only God can recognize and prescribe it. But how did God prescribe this law? Why son?.. And suddenly the train of these thoughts was interrupted, and Prince Andrei heard (not knowing whether he was in delirium or in reality he was hearing this), he heard some quiet, whispering voice, incessantly repeating in rhythm: “And drink piti drink” then “and ti tii” again “and piti piti piti” again “and ti ti.” At the same time, to the sound of this whispering music, Prince Andrei felt that some strange airy building made of thin needles or splinters was erected above his face, above the very middle. He felt (although it was difficult for him) that he had to diligently maintain his balance so that the building that was being erected would not collapse; but it still fell down and slowly rose again at the sounds of steadily whispering music. “It’s stretching!” stretches! stretches and everything stretches,” Prince Andrei said to himself. Along with listening to the whisper and feeling this stretching and rising building of needles, Prince Andrei saw in fits and starts the red light of a candle surrounded in a circle and heard the rustling of cockroaches and the rustling of a fly beating on the pillow and on his face. And every time the fly touched his face, it produced a burning sensation; but at the same time he was surprised by the fact that, hitting the very area of the building erected on his face, the fly did not destroy it. But besides this, there was one more important thing. It was white by the door, it was a sphinx statue that was also crushing him.
BAUMGARTEN ALEXANDER 1815-1883. Adjutant General, General of the Infantry, received his education in the Corps of Pages, from where in 1833 he was released as an ensign in the Life Guards. Izmailovsky Regiment; in 1838 he completed a course at the military academy, and in 1840 he was transferred as a lieutenant to the guards general headquarters and sent to the Caucasus, where he remained until August 1841, participating in various military operations against the highlanders. In 1849 he was transferred as a colonel to the Chernigov infantry regiment, which was in the consolidated division of General Panyutin, and with it as a battalion commander he made the entire Hungarian campaign. On December 25, 1853, he, commanding the Tobolsk infantry regiment, gained great fame for his heroic reflection of 18 thousand Turks at Chetati, for which he was awarded the Order of St. George 3rd Art. In 1854-55, commanding a brigade, he was part of the Sevastopol garrison; from 1858 to 1862 he was the head of the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff. April 17, 1874 appointed adjutant general; then he was a member of the military council, chairman of the main military hospital committee, and recently, at the same time, he held the post of chairman of the Red Cross Society. Died of apoplexy.
BAUMGARTEN Alexander Gottlieb(1714–1762) born in Berlin. His father was an assistant to the theologian and teacher Franke. Alexander Baumgarten was the fifth child in the family.
His brother Jacob Sigmund was a famous theologian and church historian. Baumgarten studied philosophy and theology in Halle with H. Wolf. In 1735, after receiving his master's degree, he was appointed teacher at the university in Halle and in 1738 became a professor. From 1740, Baumgarten became a professor at the university in Frankfurt an der Oder, where he worked until his death. Introduced the term "aesthetics".
§ 1. Aesthetics (the theory of the liberal arts, lower epistemology, the art of thinking beautifully, the art of the analogue of reason) is the science of sensory knowledge.
§ 2. The natural stage of lower cognitive abilities, improved only by their use, without training, can be called natural aesthetics and divided in the same way as natural logic is usually divided, i.e. into innate, or innate, wonderful talent, and acquired, and this latter, in turn, into theoretical (docens) and applied (utens).
§ 3. The most important practical application of artificial aesthetics, which exists along with natural aesthetics, is: 1) to provide good material for sciences that are comprehended primarily by the intellect; 2) adapt scientific knowledge to any understanding; 3) expand the improvement of knowledge beyond the limits of what we clearly comprehend; 4) to provide good principles to all the more refined pursuits and liberal arts;
5) in the hostel, if other conditions are equal, to give an advantage when performing any business.
§ 4. Hence its particular applications: 1) in philology, 2) in hermeneutics, 3) in exegesis, 4) in rhetoric, 5) in homiletics, 6) in poetics, 7) in music theory, etc.
§ 5. It may be objected to our science, firstly, that it is too extensive and cannot be exhausted in one book, in one course. Answer: I agree, but something is better than nothing. Secondly, it may be objected that it is the same as rhetoric and poetics. Answer: a) it is wider;
6) it covers what is common to both these two and other arts, and if we review this here in the proper place once, then any art will be able to then more successfully develop its area, without unnecessary tautologies. Thirdly, it may be objected: it is the same as criticism. Answer: a) there is also logical criticism; b) a certain type of criticism is part of aesthetics; c) for such criticism, some preliminary knowledge of other parts of aesthetics is absolutely necessary, unless it wants to turn into a simple dispute about tastes when judging beautiful thoughts, words, writings.
§ 6. It may be objected to our science, fourthly, that it is unworthy of the attention of philosophers and that objects of sensation, imagination, as well as inventions (fabulae), vicissitudes of passions, etc. are below the philosophical horizon. Answer: a) the philosopher is the same person as others, and he has no right to shy away from such a vast area of human knowledge; b) in this case they mix the general theory of the beautifully conceived with the practice and implementation of the individual.
§ 7. It may be objected, fifthly: confusion (confusio) is the mother of errors. Answer: a) nevertheless, it is an indispensable condition for finding truth where nature does not make leaps in the transition from darkness to clarity; to noon they come from the night through the dawn: b) that is precisely why attention should be paid to vagueness, so that errors do not arise from this, the number and magnitude of which depend on the degree of our inattention; c) it is not vagueness in itself that is approved, but knowledge that is corrected, as long as a certain amount of vagueness is necessarily mixed into it.
§ 8. It may be objected, sixthly: distinct knowledge is superior. Answer: a) in the finite spirit - only in more important things; b) belief
one does not exclude the other; c) and following clearly known rules, we first follow the direct path to perfectly knowable things, and only then is clarity revealed through them more perfectly.
§ 9. It may be objected, seventhly: if one cultivates an analogue of reason, one must be wary that the territory of reason and seriousness will not be damaged. Answer: a) this argument is one of those that proves too much, for the same danger exists whenever there is a need for some complex perfection that encourages action and does not incline to neglect genuine perfection; b) the ill-mannered (incultum) and even damaged analogue of reason contributes no less to reason and strict seriousness.
§ 10. Eighthly, it may be objected that aesthetics is an art, not a science. Answer: a) these abilities are not opposites; After all, how many arts once existed that are now also sciences? b) that our art can be proven, experience will confirm, and this is clear a priori, for psychology and other sciences supply it with reliable principles; and that it deserves to be raised to the level of science is shown by its practical applications mentioned in other paragraphs.
§eleven. It may be objected, ninthly: aestheticians, like poets, are born, not made. Answer: Horace. The Art of Poetry, verse 408; Cicero. About the speaker, book. II, ch. 60; Bilfinger in "Explanations" § 268; Breitinger. On similes, page 6. The natural aesthetician is helped by a more complete theory, more approved by the authority of reason, more accurate, less vague, more certain, less shaky.
§ 12. Tenthly, it may be objected: the lower faculties, the flesh, should rather be suppressed than aroused and supported. Otpet: a) domination over lower abilities is needed, but not tyranny over them; b) aesthetics leads, as it were, by the hand to such naturally acquired dominance; c) aestheticians should not excite and reinforce lower abilities as vicious, but should guide them so that they are not further damaged by their harmful use or so that, under the pretext of avoiding their abuse, an excuse covering up laziness, the use of this talent from above is not completely abolished .
§ 13. Our aesthetics, like its older sister logic, is divided, firstly, into theoretical, teaching, general, giving instructions: 1) about things and about objects of thought, heuristics, 2) about a clear order, methodology, 3) about the signs of perfectly conceived and perfectly located objects, semiotics, secondly, into practical, applied, special. In both:
If someone has chosen an object on his own, neither order nor clarity will leave him: expression will be free.
Let the thing be first, let the order be second,
The signs will take their turn in third place.
Horace
§ 14. The goal of aesthetics is the perfection of sensory knowledge as such, and this is beauty. Moreover, one should beware of its imperfection as such, which is ugliness.
§ 15. The esthetician as such has no concern for the perfections of sensory knowledge, so deeply hidden that they either remain for
us are completely dark, or can be seen only with the help of the intellect.
§ 16. The esthetician as such has no concern for the imperfections of sensory knowledge, which are so deeply hidden that they either remain completely dark to us, or can only be discovered by the judgment of the intellect.
§ 17. Sensory knowledge, in its basic meaning, is a complex of ideas that are below the threshold of difference. If we now wished to survey at the same time, comprehending with the mind either only its beauty and grace, or only its ugliness, as an observer with developed taste sometimes does, then the distinction necessary for science would disappear, as if suppressed by the multitude of charms and spots at various levels of their community – generic, specific or individual. Therefore, let us first consider beauty to the extent that it is common to almost every sensually beautiful knowledge, universal and universal, together with its opposite.
§ 18. The beauty of sensory knowledge in a universal sense is 1) mutual agreement of thoughts, correlated with one thing and being a phenomenon, and in this case we abstract from the order of these thoughts and from signs. The beauty of things and thoughts should be distinguished both from the beauty of knowledge, of which it is the first and main part, and from the beauty of objects and matter, with which it is often incorrectly confused due to the ingrained meaning of the term. Ugly objects as such can be thought of as beautiful, and beautiful objects as ugly.
- Baumgarten A. G. Aesthetics // History of Aesthetics. Monuments of world aesthetic thought: in 5 volumes. T. 2. M.: Art, 1964. P. 452–455.
Hermann Baumgarten(German: Hermann Baumgarten; April 28, 1825, village of Lesse near Salzgitter, Duchy of Brunswick - June 19, 1893, Strasbourg) - German historian, publicist, politician. Professor. Member of the historical commission of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences.
One of the leaders of German liberalism.
Biography
Son and grandson of pastors. After graduating from the gymnasium in Wolfenbüttel in 1842, he studied theology at the University of Jena, then for five years - philology and history at the universities of Halle, Leipzig, Bonn and Göttingen.
From 1855 to 1861, Baumgarten worked as a journalist and published books on the history of Spain during the reign of Emperor Charles V and the history of the French Revolution. From 1859 he worked with Maximilian Duncker in the Literary Bureau newspaper, which the Prussian government used to disseminate its propaganda.
Later he edited the “Deutsche Reichszeitung” in Braunschweig, then for further studies in history he lived in Heidelberg, Munich and Berlin and in 1861 became a full professor of history and literature at the Technical University of Karlsruhe; in 1872 he was invited to take the same chair at the University of Strasbourg.
In addition to journalistic brochures, of which mention should be made of “Gervinus und seine politischen Ueberzeigungen” (Leipzig, 1853), “Zur Verstndigung zwischen Sd und Nord” (Nerdlingen, 1859); he owns valuable historical works: “Geschichte Spaniens zur Zeit der Franzsischen Revolution” (Berlin, 1861); “Geschichte Spaniens vom Ausbruch der franzsischen Revolution bis auf unsere Tage” (3 vols., Leipzig, 1865-71): “Ueber Sleidans Leben und Briefwechsel” (Strasbourg, 1881); “Vor der Bartholomusnacht” (Strasbourg, 1882), “Geschichte Karls V” (Stuttg., 1885) and a number of historical articles in Siebel’s “Historische Zeitschrift”, “Preussische Jahrbcher” and other periodicals.
In the fall of 1866, Baumgarten hesitated in deciding whether to remain true to liberal principles or accept Bismarck's military and political successes. In 1866 he published a long essay entitled "Self-Criticism of German Liberalism" in support of Bismarck's policies.
The works of G. Baumgarten, in general, had a great influence on the liberal movement during the unification of Germany and contributed to the creation of the German National Liberal Party in 1867. Baumgarten's philosophical views also had a huge influence on the political development of his nephew Max Weber.