DOCTRINE food security of the Russian Federation APPROVED
By Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of January 30, 2010 No. 120. This Doctrine represents a set of official views on the goals tasks and main directions of state economic policy in the field of ensuring food security of the Russian Federation. The Doctrine develops the provisions of the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020. Food security of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as food security) is one of the main directions of ensuring the country’s national security in the medium term, a factor in preserving its statehood and sovereignty, an important component of demographic policy, a necessary condition for the implementation of a strategic national priority - improving the quality of life of Russian citizens by guaranteeing high life support standards. In accordance with the provisions of the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020, the national interests of the state in the long term include, among other things, increasing the competitiveness of the national economy, transforming the Russian Federation into a world power, whose activities are aimed at maintaining strategic stability and mutually beneficial partnerships in a multipolar world . The strategic goal of food security is providing the country's population with safe agricultural products, fish and other products from aquatic biological resources (hereinafter referred to as fish products) and food. The guarantee of its achievement is the stability of domestic production, as well as the availability of the necessary reserves and reserves. The main objectives of ensuring food security, regardless of changes in external and internal conditions, are:

Timely forecasting, identification and prevention of internal and external threats to food security, minimizing their negative consequences through the constant readiness of the system for providing citizens with food products, the formation of strategic food reserves; - sustainable development of domestic production of food and raw materials, sufficient to ensure the country’s food independence; - achieving and maintaining physical and economic accessibility for every citizen of the country of safe food products in volumes and assortments that comply with established rational standards for food consumption necessary for an active and healthy lifestyle; - ensuring food safety. This Doctrine is the basis for the development of regulatory legal acts in the field of ensuring food security, development of agro-industrial and fishery complexes. This Doctrine takes into account the recommendations of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations on the maximum share of imports and stocks of food resources, and also defines the basic concepts used in the field of ensuring food security. Food independence of the Russian Federation– sustainable domestic production of food products in volumes not less than the established threshold values ​​of its share in the commodity resources of the domestic market for the relevant products. In fact, the “Doctrine of Food Security” stands on three semantic pillars: share of own production by main types of food, quality this food and its availability for the population. The doctrine focused attention on the agricultural sector, giving agricultural problems the status of not sectoral, but national. The doctrine is not a federal law, but a fairway for future rule-making.

Internal: - threats to military security

1, An attempt to violently overthrow the constitutional order. 2. Illegal activities of extremist national-ethnic, religious, separatist and terrorist movements, organizations and structures aimed at violating state unity, territorial integrity, and destabilizing the internal situation in Russia. 3. Planning, preparation and implementation. actions to disrupt and disorganize the functioning of state bodies, authorities and management structures, committing attacks on state, national economic, military facilities, life support facilities, information infrastructure.4, Creation, equipment, training and functioning of illegal armed groups-5, Illegal distribution (circulation) weapons, ammunition, explosives and other means on Russian territory. which can be used to carry out sabotage, terrorist acts, and other illegal actions.6. Org. crime, terrorism, smuggling and other illegal activities on a scale that threatens the military security of the state.

77.Characteristics of demographic policy in the Russian Federation and its impact on state securityDemographic policy- this is the purposeful activity of government bodies and other social institutions in the sphere of regulating the processes of population reproduction. It is designed to influence the formation of a regime of population reproduction that is desirable for society, the preservation or change of trends in the dynamics of the number and structure of the population, the rate of their changes, the dynamics of fertility, mortality, family composition, resettlement, internal and external migration, and qualitative characteristics of the population. The Concept of Demographic Policy of the Russian Federation has been developed- a system for defining the most important goals, objectives and priorities for impact on demographic development, - basis of demographic policy. It contains the most important directions of the state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of population until 2015 of the year. The goal of the demographic policy of the Russian Federation is the gradual stabilization of the population and the formation of prerequisites for subsequent demographic growth. The objectives of the demographic policy of the Russian Federation are:in the field of promoting health and increasing life expectancy : increasing life expectancy of the population by improving the quality of life, reducing premature, especially preventable mortality, primarily in infancy, among adolescents and people of working age; improving the reproductive health of the population; increasing healthy (active) life expectancy by reducing morbidity, injury and disability; improving the quality of life of chronically ill and disabled people by providing them with conditions for realizing their existing (residual) health potential. in the field of stimulating fertility and strengthening the family: creating prerequisites for increasing the birth rate through a gradual transition from a predominantly small to medium-child type of reproductive behavior of families; comprehensive strengthening of the institution of family as a form of the most rational life activity of the individual and its normal socialization; creating conditions for self-realization of youth; social protection and financial encouragement of responsible parenthood. in the field of migration and settlement : regulation of immigration flows in order to create an effective mechanism for migration replacement of the natural population decline of the Russian Federation; increasing the efficiency of migration flows by achieving compliance of their volumes, directions and composition with the prospects for the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation; ensuring the integration of migrants into Russian society and the formation of tolerance towards migrants. A general reduction in the population, a decrease in its density to parameters almost three times less than the world average will create the danger of weakening the political, economic and military influence of Russia in the world, the possibility of additional claims to the territory of the Russian Federation. A decrease in the number of young people entering working age will pose a risk of exacerbating the problem of recruiting the armed forces, law enforcement agencies and other security agencies, which poses a threat to maintaining the country’s defense potential, protecting state borders and carrying out other measures related to national security. Compared to 2000, the male population aged 17-19 years will decrease by 2016 from 3.46 million people to 1.99 million people. A reduction in the number of children and adolescents will lead to problems in the formation of labor resources capable of reproducing and developing the material and intellectual potential of the Russian Federation, a reduction in the volume of training of qualified personnel in general education, vocational and higher educational institutions, the destruction of the personnel training system, which may create a threat to the strengthening of external technological dependence of Russia. Already today, the number of people admitted to higher education institutions practically coincides with the number of graduates of general education institutions. The real economic threat is associated with a decrease in the working-age population and, accordingly, with a reduction in the country’s economic potential, will cause a labor shortage, which can be covered by unregulated immigration from the countries of the Middle East, China, and Vietnam. Due to the aging of the population, there will be a danger of a labor shortage, an increase in the demographic burden on the working-age population, an increase in the load on the healthcare system, and problems with pension payments will worsen and social benefits. A general decline in population, accompanied by a reduction in the number of individual ethnic groups, especially indigenous peoples, can lead to their complete disappearance. The nature of migration processes will have a negative impact on the population settlement system of the Russian Federation: permanent residents of a number of regions of the country (northern and border territories) will be replaced by immigrants, which does not meet the economic and geopolitical interests of the country. In a number of territories (the south of the country), an excessive concentration of forced migrants will cause additional economic and social difficulties. The outflow of qualified personnel from Russia leads to a weakening of the country’s scientific, creative and economic potential.

Food security in Russia

Russia currently provides itself satisfactorily with food products. Thus, at the end of 2013, the Minister of Agriculture of the Russian Federation Nikolai Fedorov said that we are already fully self-sufficient in the main products - grain, potatoes, vegetable oil and sugar. For meat, Russia has almost reached a safe production level, primarily due to poultry meat. Some problems remain with milk.

situation for individual products

The Food Security Doctrine lists products that are critical for Russia and the minimum level of their own production. These are grain (95%), sugar (80%), vegetable oil (80%), meat (85%), milk (90%), fish (80%), potatoes (95%) and table salt (85%) .

For all these products, the minimum level of domestic production has either been achieved or is almost reached. The only point of the doctrine for which food security has not yet been ensured is milk and dairy products. Our production covers 80% of the needs, while according to the plan it is necessary to cover 90%.

Corn

Russia ranks first in the world in rye harvesting and oats , third place (after China and India) in wheat harvest. The harvest of all grains in Russia in 2013 amounted to 91 million tons.

We are in third place (after the USA and the European Union) in grain exports. Russia also imports a small amount of high-quality grain. The volume of this import does not exceed one percent of the total collection.

Grain consumption standards are calculated at the rate of 110 kilograms of bread per person per year, while one ton of grain produces approximately 750 kilograms of bread. Thus, bread requires 143 kilograms of grain. Another 30 kilograms should be added for baked goods, pasta, porridge, and so on. 25% of the total amount of grain must be deducted for seeds and natural losses during storage. The total consumption will be 230 kilograms of grain per person per year.

The total consumption of the Russian population will thus be 32 million tons of grain per year. If we remember that in 2013, a harvest of 91 million tons was harvested, it becomes clear that Russia’s food security in terms of grain is ensured with a reserve.

Sugar

In 2011, Russia harvested 46.2 million tons of beets and took first place in the world in terms of this indicator. In 2013, the sugar beet harvest was lower; at the end of November 2013, the harvest was expected to be 39.5 million tons.

Sugar processing plants are usually located in close proximity to beet harvesting sites, since transporting raw materials over long distances is not economically viable.

In the medium term, the production of beet sugar in Russia is projected to be 4.2-4.5 million tons.

Sugar consumption in Russia is about 39 kilograms per capita per year. Thus, the volume of our own production will allow us to cover 75%-80% of our sugar needs in the near future.

This means that a safe level of sugar production in Russia has almost been achieved - which is confirmed by the words of the Minister of Agriculture.

Vegetable oil

Russia produces 3.5-4 million tons of vegetable oil per year, mainly sunflower oil. Thus, we almost completely cover our needs for vegetable oil. The share of imports on the market is no more than 3%. Exports of vegetable oil, on the contrary, are very impressive and account for approximately 25% of production volumes.

Thus, food security for vegetable oil in Russia is ensured with a reserve.

Meat and meat products

The situation regarding meat continues to be quite difficult. On the one hand, since 2000, meat production has been growing in Russia, and, for example, we provide ourselves almost completely with poultry meat. On the other hand, we still import about 30% of meat and meat products, while meat exports from Russia are insignificant.

Thus, in 2011, we produced 7,460 thousand tons of meat products and imported 2,687 thousand tons, and consumed 10,041 thousand tons.

This means that the level of domestic meat production is approximately 75%, which is slightly less than the 85% prescribed in the Food Security Doctrine. By 2013, the dynamics are as follows - poultry meat production increased from 767 thousand tons in 2000 to 3.830 million tons in 2013 (that is, 5 times), pork - from 1.578 million tons to 2.816 million tons (that is, 1.78 times ).

Milk

Milk production is closely tied to the number of cows, which was greatly reduced in our country in the nineties. It is also necessary to take into account that cattle can be meat and dairy, while approximately 8% of the total number of animals “work” specifically in the direction of milk.

The production of raw milk is about 30 million tons and has remained at approximately the same level for several years now, as has the production of dairy products.

In 2012, 8.52 million tons of milk and dairy products were imported to Russia - with own production of 31.92 million tons. Most of the imports come from Belarus.

Thus, the level of domestic milk production is about 80%, which is less than the target of 90%.

Fish and fish products

Russia ranks fifth in the world in terms of fish catch volume, which provides us with a reliable raw material base in this industry.

Minimum physiological norm for consumption of fish meat is 15.6 kg per year per person. Thus, the total level of fish consumption in the country should not be lower than 2.2 million tons.

In reality, about 28 kg of fish per year is consumed in Russia. Fish production exceeds 3.7 million tons.

Thus, the level of food security for fish is ensured with a large margin.

Potato

In 2012, Russia harvested 29.5 million tons of potatoes. This is not a very high harvest: for example, in 2006 we harvested 38.5 million tons. However, even with such a harvest, Russia took third place in the world in potato harvesting, after China and India. Another potato power, Belarus, harvested 6.9 million tons in 2012.

Potato consumption in Russia is declining - higher incomes encourage Russian residents to prefer more expensive products to potatoes.

Potato exports from Russia are insignificant. Potato imports do not exceed 1.5 million tons per year: these are mainly high-quality potatoes that retail chains purchase for their assortment.

The rate of potato consumption, according to various sources, ranges from 100 to 130 kilograms per person per year: thus, Russia’s needs for this product range from 14 to 18 million tons.

Our own production covers these needs with a large margin.

Carrot

Contrary to some opinions, imports of carrots into Russia are insignificant. The total volume of the Russian carrot market in 2012 amounted to 1,768.9 thousand tons. The share of imports in the market was 11.5%. The supply of carrots per capita was at 12.4 kg , which is higher than the medical norm of 6-10 kg.

Table salt

Data on the Russian table salt market are contradictory. However, research agrees on several conclusions:

Russia imports about 30% of its salt consumption, mainly from Ukraine and Belarus;

The lion's share of salt consumption comes from industry, primarily the chemical industry;

The physiological need of Russians for salt - 260 thousand tons per year - is several times less than the volume of their own production.

If we take into account that salt reserves in deposits on Russian territory amount to billions of tons, we can conclude that a shortage of table salt does not threaten Russia under any circumstances.

Calculation of food supply in Russian regions

Changes in food supply in Russian regions from 2000 to 2011.

In this calculation, the main products are grains, potatoes, vegetables, meat, milk and eggs .

The basis for calculating food supply is the formula from the UrFU textbook , the essence of which boils down to the following:

For each product, the loss coefficient during storage and processing is taken into account;

Each product is converted from pieces and units into kilocalories;

The total calorie content of products produced in the region is calculated;

This calorie content is compared with medical consumption standards;

The result is the region's supply of products of its own production, as a percentage.

The calculation shows that in 1990, the RSFSR’s supply of basic products was 183%, by 2000 it had dropped to a critical 108%, and by 2011 it had recovered to a completely safe level of 150%:

It should be noted that in 1990, the USSR experienced huge problems with the system of storage, processing and distribution of products - because of this, Soviet citizens in those years were forced to stand in long lines for food and receive them in small quantities using coupons.

Over the 11 years from 2000 to 2011, food supply increased in almost all regions. The Stavropol Territory (almost three times), Kurgan, Belgorod and Kursk regions increased production the most. Only in seven regions out of more than seventy did security decrease by more than 10%; the strongest decline was observed in the Saratov (25%) and Pskov (18%) regions.

Thus, we can conclude that the myth about the degradation of agriculture during “Putin’s reign” is greatly exaggerated.

We can also observe that there is no threat of a food shortage in Russia under any circumstances, and that even depressed (in the food sense) regions can be provided with food products from surpluses in donor regions.

The decrease in food production during this period in depressed regions was mainly caused by urbanization processes and the transfer of agricultural land to other needs.

About the Doctrine of Food Security of the Russian Federation

The adoption of the Food Security Doctrine is an important event for Russia. The Doctrine formalizes official views on the country's food security problems. It formulates basic concepts, terms and criteria, as well as directions for action in the field of providing the country with food.

D.N. Lyzhin,

Researcher, Department of Industrial and Regional Economics

The Doctrine of Food Security of Russia specifies the main parameters of food self-sufficiency that must be achieved in the medium term. Thus, by 2020, the share of basic food products produced in Russia in the domestic market should be at least 85%, while domestic production at the level of 70-75% is generally accepted in world practice. Russia is able to achieve complete food self-sufficiency and exceed the values ​​​​established in the Doctrine. So already now the amount of Russian grain on the domestic market exceeds the fixed level. Meat and milk production can reach levels of 70 and 81% of self-sufficiency by 2012 if the State Agricultural Development Program is fully implemented. It is obvious that the Doctrine is a framework document and on its basis specific schemes for the development of the agro-industrial and related industries should be developed. In our opinion, the document does not indicate some important points that will need to be included in programs created on its basis.

Thus, within the framework of interregional integration, intersectoral interaction within the agro-industrial complex and the formation of technological chains should also be formed. When planning the accelerated development of livestock farming, the need to develop related industries (feed production, veterinary services and sanitary and epidemiological control) should be identified.

The doctrine loosely reflects the need for technical modernization of agricultural production. In our opinion, first of all, the document should have clearly identified as a priority the development of the entire complex of refinement and processing of agricultural raw materials and, above all, paid attention to the improvement of the grain complex. Adjust the development model from extensive technologies to increasing the added value of its products. The amount of grain produced in the country in 2009 reached 97 million tons in net weight, including wheat - about 62 million tons. In 2010, the sown area will be expanded by 400 thousand hectares, and the surplus grain produced is planned to be sold abroad. Exporting grain in its pure form without processing is similar to exporting mineral raw materials or unprocessed wood. The production of highly processed grain products in Russia is poorly developed; most of it in the country is imported. Modernizing the grain complex and increasing the degree of grain processing is of strategic importance for Russia. The doctrine does not reflect the terms and conditions for a country's accession to the World Trade Organization. The document is limited to the wording that in order to join the WTO, Russia must receive conditions that meet national interests. At the moment, for a number of elements of sector support (level of aggregate support measures, export subsidies, application of customs regulation), the accession parameters are not such. The imposed conditions are many times worse than those of countries with developed agricultural production. Russia does not need to become a member of the WTO if accession would threaten the country's food security. In this regard, the negotiation process may continue for quite a long time, which gives a chance to increase the necessary measures to support the agro-industrial complex, and will allow Russia to consolidate them at the maximum level.

Since the Doctrine of Food Security of the Russian Federation, adopted in 2010, is one of the fundamental documents of state policy, it is important to analyze its main provisions.

Let's start with strategic goals and main objectives.

The goal and objectives are formulated in the form of good intentions. Let's see what criteria are chosen to assess the state of food security.

It can be seen that the “average temperature in the hospital” was chosen as the evaluation criteria in the consumption area. Obviously, food consumption patterns vary greatly depending on income and other factors. It is surprising that among the criteria there is no cost of the minimum food basket, its relationship with income level, etc.

In the production sector, there are absolutely no criteria related to the level of dependence of the agro-industrial complex on supplies of seed funds, genetic material, agricultural machinery and technologies from abroad. In the sphere of management organization, there are no criteria reflecting the development of food infrastructure, the efficiency of transportation, processing and storage of agricultural raw materials and fish products.

The criteria outlined in the Doctrine cannot cope with the task of adequately assessing the state of food security.

An important element of the Food Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation is a clear definition of the minimum values ​​for the share of domestically produced products in the domestic food market.

The share is calculated based on sales volume taking into account inventories. Thus, if there is a crop failure, then replenishment of stocks through external purchases may lead to exceeding the established threshold.

There is a certain deceit here. Let me explain with an example. Vita needs 5 bags of potatoes for a year. There was a crop failure, and he prepared only 4 bags of potatoes from his own production. Vitya could not buy an additional bag anywhere. It turns out that the specific gravity of Vitya’s own-produced potatoes is 100%, but unfortunately, Vitya will have to tighten his belt.

If we talk about food security, then minimum levels of domestic food production must be provided. And it seems that in modern conditions it is necessary to focus on complete self-sufficiency in basic types of food products.

The Doctrine places great emphasis on the importance of a balanced, healthy diet.

I will provide information on rational consumption standards approved in 2010 in comparison with statistical data on the consumption of basic food products for 2009-2013.

1. This Doctrine represents a set of official views on the goals, objectives and main directions of state economic policy in the field of ensuring food security of the Russian Federation.

Judicial practice and legislation - Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated January 30, 2010 N 120 "On approval of the Doctrine of Food Security of the Russian Federation"

ensuring the share of domestic fish products in the parameters defined by the Doctrine of Food Security of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of January 30, 2010 N 120 “On approval of the Doctrine of Food Security of the Russian Federation”;

Particular attention was paid to the implementation of the Doctrine of Food Security of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of January 30, 2010 N 120 (Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2010, N 5, Art. 502), one of the main priorities of which are.