Functions and types of speech. Types and functions of speech

Speech has a socio-historical nature. People have always lived and live collectively, in society. Public life and the collective work of people make it necessary to constantly communicate, establish contact with each other, influence each other. This communication is done through speech. Thanks to speech, people exchange thoughts and knowledge, talk about their feelings, experiences, intentions.

Communicating with each other, people use words and use the grammatical rules of a particular language. Language is a system of verbal signs, a means by which communication is carried out between people. Speech is the process of using language to communicate between people. Language and speech are inextricably linked, they represent a unity, which is expressed in the fact that historically the language of any nation was created and developed in the process of speech communication between people. The connection between language and speech is also expressed in the fact that language as an instrument of communication exists historically as long as people speak it. As soon as people stop using this or that language in speech communication, it becomes a dead language. Such a dead language has become, for example, Latin.

Cognition of the laws of the surrounding world, the mental development of a person is accomplished through the assimilation of knowledge developed by mankind in the process of socio-historical development and fixed with the help of language, with the help of written speech. Language In this sense is a means of consolidating and transmitting from generation to generation the achievements of human culture, science and art. Each person in the learning process assimilates the knowledge acquired by all mankind and accumulated historically.

Thus, speech performs certain functions:

Impact;

Messages;

expressions;

Notation.

The function of influence lies in the ability of a person through speech to induce people to certain actions or to refuse them. The function of influence in human speech is one of its primary, most basic functions. A person speaks in order to influence, if not directly on behavior, then on thoughts or feelings, on the consciousness of other people. Speech has a social purpose, it is a means of communication, and it performs this function in the first place, since it serves as a means of influence. And this function of influence in human speech is specific. The sounds made by animals as "expressive" ones also perform a signal function, but human speech, speech in the true sense of the word, is fundamentally different from those sound signals that animals make. The call made by a sentinel animal or the leader of a pack, herd, etc., can serve as a signal for other animals to take flight or attack. These signals are instinctive or conditioned reflex reactions in animals. An animal, uttering such a signal cry, does not emit it in order to notify others of impending danger, but because this cry breaks out of it in a certain situation. When other animals take flight at a given signal, they also do so not because they “understood” the signal, understood what it means, but because after such a cry the leader usually takes flight and the animal is in danger. situation; thus, a conditioned reflex connection was created between screaming and running; it is a connection between running and screaming, not what it stands for.

The function of the message is to exchange information (thoughts) between people through words, phrases.

The function of expression lies in the fact that, on the one hand, thanks to speech, a person can more fully convey his feelings, experiences, relationships, and, on the other hand, the expressiveness of speech, its emotionality significantly expand the possibilities of communication. The expressive function in itself does not determine speech: speech is not identical with any expressive reaction. Speech exists only where there is semantics, a meaning that has a material carrier in the form of sound, gesture, visual image, etc. But in man the most expressive moments pass into semantics. Every speech speaks about something, i.e. has some object; any speech at the same time refers to someone - to a real or possible interlocutor or listener, and any speech at the same time expresses something - this or that attitude of the speaker to what he is talking about, and to those to whom he is speaking. actually or mentally drawn. The core or outline of the semantic content of speech is what it means. But living speech usually expresses immeasurably more than it actually means. Thanks to the expressive moments contained in it, it very often goes beyond the limits of the abstract system of meanings. At the same time, the true concrete meaning of speech is revealed to a large extent through these expressive moments (intonation, stylistic, etc.). Genuine understanding of speech is achieved not only by knowing the verbal meaning of the words used in it; the most important role in it is played by the interpretation, the interpretation of these expressive moments, revealing that more or less secret inner meaning that the speaker puts into it. The emotional-expressive function of speech as such is fundamentally different from the involuntary and meaningless expressive reaction. The expressive function, being included in human speech, is rebuilt, entering into its semantic content. In this form, emotionality plays a significant role in human speech. It would be wrong to completely intellectualize speech, turning it only into an instrument of thinking. It has emotional and expressive moments that appear in rhythm, pauses, intonations, in voice modulations and other expressive, expressive moments that are always present to a greater or lesser extent in speech, especially in oral speech, affecting, however, in writing. speech - in the rhythm and arrangement of words; expressive moments of speech appear further in the stylistic features of speech, in various nuances and shades.

The functions of expression and influence can be combined into communication function, which includes means of expression and influence. As a means of expression, speech is combined with a number of expressive movements - with gestures, facial expressions. Animals also have sound as an expressive movement, but it becomes speech only when it ceases to accompany the affected state of a person and begins to designate it.

The designation function (significative) consists in the ability of a person through speech to give objects and phenomena of the surrounding reality names that are unique to them. Significant function distinguishes human speech from animal communication. A person's idea of ​​an object or phenomenon is associated with a word. Mutual understanding in the process of communication is based, therefore, on the unity of the designation of objects and phenomena, perceiving and speaking.

Figure 2 - Speech functions

We can also highlight another function of speech - generalization function, which is connected with the fact that the word denotes not only a separate, given object, but also a whole group of similar objects and is always the bearer of their essential features.

So in human speech can be identified by psychological analysis different functions, but they are not aspects external to each other; they are included in the unity within which they determine and mediate each other. Thus, speech performs its message function on the basis of its semantic, semantic, denoting function. But not to a lesser, but to an even greater extent, and vice versa - the semantic function of designation is formed on the basis of the communicative function of speech. Essentially social life, communication gives the cry a function of meaning. Expressive movement from emotional discharge can become speech, acquire meaning only because the subject notices the effect that it has on others. The child first makes a cry because he is hungry, and then uses it to be fed. Sound first performs the functions of designation objectively, serving as a signal for another. It is only due to the fact that he performs this function in relation to another that he is realized by us in his significance, acquires significance for us. Initially reflected in the mind of another person, speech acquires meaning for ourselves. And so in the future - from the use of the word we establish more and more precisely its meaning, at first little realized, according to the meaning in which it is understood by others. Understanding is one of the constituent moments of speech. The emergence of speech outside of society is impossible, speech is a social product; intended for communication, it arises in communication. Moreover, the social purpose of speech determines not only its genesis; it is also reflected in the internal, semantic content of speech. The two main functions of speech - communicative and significative, due to which speech is a means of communication and a form of existence of thought, consciousness, are formed one through the other and function one in the other. The social nature of speech as a means of communication and its denoting character are inextricably linked. In speech, in unity and internal interpenetration, the social nature of man and his inherent consciousness are represented.

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Types and functions of speech.

Speech performs certain features:

Rice. 3. Functions of speech

Impact function It consists in the ability of a person through speech to induce people to certain actions or to refuse them.

Message function consists in the exchange of information (thoughts) between people through words, phrases.

expression function lies in the fact that, on the one hand, thanks to speech, a person can more fully convey his feelings, experiences, relationships, and, on the other hand, the expressiveness of speech, its emotionality significantly expands the possibilities of communication.

Designation function consists in the ability of a person through speech to give objects and phenomena of the surrounding reality their own names.

According to the set of its functions (see Fig. 3), speech is a polymorphic activity, i.e. in its various functional purposes, it is presented in different forms (Fig. 4) and types (Fig. 5): external, internal, monologue, dialogue, written, oral, etc.

In psychology, there are two forms of speech: external and internal.

Rice. 4. Forms of speech

External speech- a system of sound signals used by a person, written signs and symbols for transmitting information, the process of materialization of thought.

External speech may have jargon and intonation. Jargon- stylistic features (lexical, phraseological) of the language of a narrow social or professional group of people. Intonation - a set of speech elements (melody, rhythm, tempo, intensity, accent structure, timbre, etc.) that phonetically organize speech and are a means of expressing various meanings, their emotional coloring.

External speech includes the following types (see Fig. 5):

* oral (dialogical and monologue) And

* written.

Rice. five. Types of speech

Oral speech- this is communication between people through pronouncing words aloud, on the one hand, and listening to them by people, on the other.

Dialog(from Greek. dialogos- conversation, conversation) - a type of speech, which consists in the alternate exchange of sign information (including pauses, silence, gestures) of two or more subjects. Dialogic speech is a conversation in which at least two interlocutors participate. Dialogic speech, psychologically the most simple and natural form of speech, occurs during direct communication between two or more interlocutors and consists mainly in the exchange of replicas.

Replica- answer, objection, remark on the words of the interlocutor - is characterized by brevity, the presence of interrogative and motivating sentences, syntactically undeveloped structures.

A distinctive feature of the dialogue is the emotional contact of the speakers, their influence on each other by facial expressions, gestures, intonation and timbre of the voice.

The dialogue is supported by the interlocutors with the help of clarifying questions, changes in the situation and intentions of the speakers. A focused dialogue related to one topic is called a conversation. Participants in the conversation discuss or clarify a specific problem with the help of specially selected questions.

Monologue- a type of speech that has one subject and is a complex syntactic whole, structurally completely unrelated to the speech of the interlocutor. monologue speech - this is the speech of one person, for a relatively long time expressing his thoughts, or a consistent coherent presentation of a system of knowledge by one person.

Monologue speech is characterized by:

Consistency and evidence, which provide coherence of thought;

Grammatically correct formatting;

Monologue speech is more complicated than dialogue in terms of content and language design and always implies a fairly high level of speech development of the speaker.

stand out three main types of monologue speech: narration (story, message), description and reasoning, which, in turn, are divided into subspecies that have their own linguistic, compositional and intonation-expressive features. With speech defects, monologue speech is disturbed to a greater extent than dialogic speech.

Written speech- This is a graphically designed speech, organized on the basis of letter images. It is addressed to a wide range of readers, is devoid of situationality and involves in-depth skills in sound-letter analysis, the ability to logically and grammatically correctly convey one's thoughts, analyze what is written and improve the form of expression.

Full assimilation of writing and written speech is closely related to the level of development of oral speech. During the period of mastering oral speech, a preschool child undergoes unconscious processing of language material, the accumulation of sound and morphological generalizations, which create a readiness to master writing at school age. With underdevelopment of speech, as a rule, there are violations of writing of varying severity.

inner speech(speech “to oneself”) is a speech devoid of sound design and proceeding using linguistic meanings, but outside the communicative function; internal speaking. Inner speech is speech that does not perform the function of communication, but only serves the process of thinking of a particular person. It differs in its structure by curtailment, the absence of secondary members of the sentence.

Inner speech is formed in a child on the basis of external speech and is one of the main mechanisms of thinking. The translation of external speech into internal is observed in a child at the age of about 3 years, when he begins to reason aloud and plan his actions in speech. Gradually, such pronunciation is reduced and begins to flow in inner speech.

With the help of inner speech, the process of turning thoughts into speech and preparing a speech statement is carried out. Preparation goes through several stages. The starting point for the preparation of each speech utterance is a motive or intention, which is known to the speaker only in the most general terms. Then, in the process of transforming a thought into an utterance, the stage of inner speech begins, which is characterized by the presence of semantic representations that reflect its most essential content. Further, the most necessary ones are singled out from a larger number of potential semantic connections, and the corresponding syntactic structures are selected.

Inner speech can be characterized by predicativity. Predicativity- a characteristic of inner speech, expressed in the absence in it of words representing the subject (subject), and the presence of only words related to the predicate (predicate).

Although all these forms and types of speech are interconnected, their vital purpose is not the same. External speech, for example, plays the main role of a means of communication, internal - a means of thinking. Written speech most often acts as a way of memorizing and storing information, oral speech - as a means of transmitting information. The monologue serves the process of one-way, and the dialogue serves the two-way exchange of information.

Speech has its properties:

Speech intelligibility- this is a syntactically correct construction of sentences, as well as the use of pauses in appropriate places or highlighting words with the help of logical stress.

Expressiveness of speech- this is its emotional richness, the richness of linguistic means, their diversity. In its expressiveness, it can be bright, energetic and, conversely, sluggish, poor.

The effectiveness of speech- this is a property of speech, which consists in its influence on the thoughts, feelings and will of other people, on their beliefs and behavior.

Rice. 6. Properties of speech

A person's speech can be abbreviated and expanded, both from a conceptual and linguistic point of view. IN expanded type of speech the speaker uses all the possibilities of symbolic expression of meanings, meanings and their shades provided by the language. This type of speech is characterized by a large vocabulary and richness of grammatical forms, the frequent use of prepositions to express logical, temporal and spatial relationships, the use of impersonal and indefinite personal pronouns, the use of suitable concepts, clarifying adjectives and adverbs to indicate one or another specific state of affairs, more pronounced syntactic and grammatical structuring of statements, numerous subordination of sentence components, indicating anticipatory planning of speech.

abbreviated speech the statement is sufficient for understanding among well-known people and in familiar surroundings. However, it makes it difficult to express and perceive more complex, abstract thoughts associated with subtle distinctions and differential analysis of hidden relationships. In the case of theoretical thinking, a person more often uses expanded speech.

The word "function" comes from the Latin functio - "implementation", and in the theory of state and law means "direction"; "subject" and "content" of the activity of the state-legal institution. It is used to characterize the social role of the state and law.

The essence and social purpose of law in the life of society is expressed not only in its principles, but also in its functions. They manifest its regulatory role, find expression in the main directions of the impact of law on social relations and people's behavior, and reflect its main social purpose.

Numerous studies of the concept of “function of law” today lead to the conclusion that the function of law should be understood as the main directions of legal influence on social relations and the social purpose of law, which is to regulate social relations, to organize the management of society. Functions express the most essential, main features of law and characterize law in action, they are an expression of its dynamic nature.

So, the functions of law are the main directions of legal influence, expressing the role of law in streamlining social relations.

The impact of law on social relations is heterogeneous. Thus, law regulates some relations, protects others, and has only an indirect influence on others. Therefore, there is a difference between the concepts of "legal regulation" and "legal impact".

The legal impact consists in the process of the influence of law on social life, consciousness and behavior of people, taken in unity and diversity. In subject right influence includes such economic, political, social relations that are not regulated by law, but to which it somehow extends its influence, and legal regulation associated with the establishment of specific legal rights and obligations of subjects, with direct instructions on proper and possible behavior, i.e. with its help there is a direct regulation of social relations.

The functions of law should be recognized only main directions legal impact. The main direction of the function emphasizes the most important and effective aspects of legal influence and allows not to "fall" into legal idealism and not to see the law as an all-powerful regulator of social relations, which can lead to a reassessment of the role of law in society. In the functions of law, it is necessary to find a kind of "golden mean" - not to belittle the importance of law and at the same time not to see it as a panacea for resolving all the necessary issues of regulating social relations. For example, the legislator's attempt to prevent the departure of foreign currency capital abroad by establishing criminal liability for failure to return funds in foreign currency from abroad (Article 193 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) looks ineffective. Figuratively speaking, this problem cannot be solved by the threat of a criminal-legal "club"; to prevent the flight of capital from Russia, it is necessary to create favorable economic conditions for their preservation and use.

The classification of the functions of law depends on the plane in which they are covered: specifically legal or general social. If we follow the broad meaning of the functions of law, then among them we can distinguish economic, political, educational and communicative functions.

At the special legal level, law performs regulatory and protective functions, classified as such depending on the nature and purpose of the legal impact. Other classifications of the functions of law are also possible. Each of the branches of law has its own specifics, respectively, the functions of constitutional, civil, financial, administrative, criminal and other branches of law are distinguished, respectively, the functions of sub-branches of law, legal institutions and individual rules of law can be distinguished. In their totality, all varieties of functions form a complex system, influencing social relations with the help of a wide variety of techniques and methods.

Regulatory function of law- this is the main direction of legal influence due to its social purpose, which consists in consolidating, streamlining social relations and shaping their movement through permits, prohibitions, obligations and encouragements. Within the framework of the regulatory function, two sub-functions are distinguished: regulatory-static And regulatory-dynamic. The impact of the first is to consolidate social relations, the impact of the second is to shape their dynamics (movement).

The most characteristic features of the implementation of the regulatory function are: determining the legal personality of citizens, fixing and changing their legal status and the status of legal entities; determination of the competence of state bodies and officials; consolidation of legal facts aimed at the emergence, change and termination of regulatory legal relations; establishing a legal relationship between subjects of law; determination of the components of lawful behavior.

Protective function of law- this is the main direction of legal influence, aimed at protecting social relations and ousting anti-social phenomena that are contrary to established values.

Within the framework of the protective function, its sub-functions are carried out: general preventive, private preventive, punitive, restorative and control. The variety of subfunctions of the protective function of law determines both the variety of its manifestations and the sequence of action of the various elements that make it up. So, if the general preventive effect does not turn out to be effective, the punitive, particular preventive and restorative subfunctions begin to work. In any case, the punishment of the offender and the restoration of social relations is already a secondary result of the protective function, which initially acts as a means of protecting those relations that objectively need it.

The most common and characteristic features of the protective function of law are:

• firstly, the fixing of prohibited behaviors in the norms, which directs the activity of the subject in the necessary direction and warns him against a possible violation of legal norms, because. he is told how it is forbidden to act in this or that situation. The prevention of possible deviant behavior does not begin with a sanction, but with the definition (establishment) of obligations to comply with the norm and their clarification, therefore, the protective function has certain features inherent in the regulatory function;
• secondly, the establishment of sanctions for the commission of offenses AND THEIR informational impact (threat of application), and informational impact from the practice of applying punishment (penalty), which have a preemptive value for people with antisocial attitudes;
• thirdly, the direct implementation of the sanctions of legal norms (in the case of offenses), which restrict the rights of the offender and at the same time direct his behavior in the necessary direction or deprive him of the actual opportunity to commit a new offense and inform that in the event of a repeated offense, a more stringent one will be applied. measure of responsibility. For example, a ban on foreign exchange operations by a bank deprives it of the actual opportunity to commit an offense that infringes on foreign exchange relations, and in cases of systematic violation of the current legislation by the bank, a more stringent measure of liability (license revocation) may be applied;
• fourthly, fixing in legal norms the obligations of the offender to restore the harm caused, which occurs simultaneously with the establishment of the rights and obligations of the competent authorities to bring the perpetrator to justice and force him to restore public relations. For example, the application of a fine to a tax offender does not relieve him of the obligation to pay tax, and the competent authorities not only have the right, but are also obliged to take all necessary measures to pay it;
• fifthly, the condemnation (censure) of the offender, the narrowing of his property sphere, the deprivation of subjective rights, i.e. his punishment, carried out solely for the purpose of preventing offenses, educating the offender and restoring social relations.

The regulatory and protective functions of law cannot be understood in a simplified way. In fact, the regulatory and protective functions are in close interaction, intertwined with each other, and can act simultaneously; It is quite difficult to distinguish between them and is possible only at a theoretical level. It is difficult to imagine such a protection of social relations that would not involve their regulation. Thus, the protective function, supplementing the regulative one, ultimately influences the behavior of the subjects and regulates their behavior, preventing the development of a deviant variant both when the subjects perform active actions and when they refrain from performing certain actions (including under the threat of applying a sanction). In this, in fact, the main purpose of law is manifested - to be a regulator of social relations.

However, a distinctive feature of the regulatory function is its primary character in relation to the protective function. Before the guarding of relations follows, they must be ordered. Separate subfunctions of the protective function (punitive and restorative) cannot arise at all if the regulatory legal relationship is not violated.

Emotion Signaling Function lies in the fact that they signal the usefulness or harmfulness of this impact, the success or failure of the action being performed. The adaptive role of this mechanism consists in an immediate reaction to a sudden impact of external stimulus, since the emotional state instantly causes pronounced experiences of a certain color. This leads to the rapid mobilization of all body systems to the implementation of a response, the nature of which depends on whether a given stimulus serves as a signal of a beneficial or harmful effect on the body. Thus, influences emanating both from the external environment and from the organism itself lead to the emergence of emotional experiences that give a general qualitative characteristic of the influencing factor, ahead of its fuller, more detailed perception.

Regulatory function of emotions manifests itself in the formation of activity aimed at satisfying the needs that have arisen, as well as at strengthening or stopping the action of stimuli, i.e., in the implementation of the mechanisms of adaptation of the organism to continuously changing environmental conditions.

Mobilization function. The mobilizing function of emotions manifests itself, first of all, at the physiological level: the release of adrenaline into the blood during the emotion of fear increases the ability to escape (although an excessive dose of adrenaline can lead to the opposite effect - stupor), and lowering the threshold of sensation, as a component of the emotion of anxiety, helps to recognize threatening stimuli. In addition, the phenomenon of “narrowing of consciousness”, which is observed during intense emotional states, forces the body to focus all its efforts on overcoming the negative situation.

Trace function. Emotion often arises after an event has ended, i.e. when it's too late to act. (as a result of affect)

Function Communication. The expressive (expressive) component of emotions makes them "transparent" to the social environment. The expression of certain emotions, such as pain, causes the awakening of altruistic motivation in other people.

Protective Function It is expressed in the fact that, arising as an instantaneous, quick reaction of the body, it can protect a person from dangers. It has been established that the more complex a living being is organized, the higher the step on the evolutionary ladder it occupies, the richer and more diverse the gamut of emotions that it is able to experience.

Communicative Function lies in the fact that emotions, more precisely, the ways of their external expression, carry information about the mental and physical state of a person. Thanks to emotions, we understand each other better.