Research activity on the topic: “Comparison of the properties of sand and clay. properties of minerals
Lesson of the world around 3rd grade.
Lesson topic:“Sand and clay. Comparison of properties (practical lesson-project)»The purpose of the lesson:
Expand knowledge about the diversity of minerals; form ideas about sand and clay as building materials, compare their properties, method of extraction and value in economic activity person;
Show the need for rational use, as a measure of the protection of minerals and the surface of our region;
Get hands-on experience with the use of sand by participating in a school greening project;
Develop the ability to work with a collection of minerals, with laboratory equipment, with a punch card and a textbook.
Lesson equipment:
projector, screen;
sand and clay samples (for each child);
magnifiers, plates, glasses with water;
devices for experiment: funnels, flasks, filters;
flower pots, sand, soil, chlorophytum sprouts;
reference tables.
During the classes.
I. Organizing time.
II. Knowledge update.
Today we continue to study the minerals of our region, but first, let's remember what we already know about this natural wealth.
Guess and complete the crossword puzzle:
P / and, belonging to the group of combustibles, are mined in mines;
P / and groups of semi-precious, caskets, women's jewelry are made from it, it is predominantly green;
Very durable rock, which includes feldspar, quartz, mica;
light brown or almost black oily liquid, burns well;
P / and formed in swamps, consists of dead plants;
P / and, without which not a single construction site can do, is used for whitewashing walls and ceilings.
III. Explanation of new material.
Lesson topic: Sand and clay.
(slide number 1)
Today we will get acquainted in detail with, perhaps, the most common p / and in the territory of our Motherland - sand and clay.
Our acquaintance will go according to plan (read the student):
1) Education in nature;
2) Identification of the main properties and their comparison;
3) Extraction and protection of sand and clay;
4) Application in the national economy, based on their properties;
5) Practical use in life.
A) The teacher's story about the formation of sand and clay in nature.
You know that mountains are made of solid stones. When they want to build a strong house, bridge or monument, they are made of stone, in particular granite. Dozens and hundreds of years pass, people are born, live and die, but the stone buildings stand. Stone mountains seem eternal. But no matter how strong the stones and the mountains consisting of them, they are not eternal.
(slide number 2)
The mountains are gradually, albeit slowly, being destroyed. We are well aware of the destroyers of rocks. We meet with them daily and do not at all consider them powerful, capable of destroying stones:
it is high and low temperature air;
rain and snow;
water and wind;
plants.
This is how, with their help, strong mountains are gradually destroyed.
(slide number 3)
Mountain water streams carry with them large stones, on the way they hit each other and the coast. Stones are smoothed, turn into boulders. But many fragments of rocks under the influence of water are crushed so strongly that they eventually form sand. And clay. Harder quartz grains form sand. And from mica and spar - clay.
Water carries sand, stones, clay. Where the river enters the plain, the water flows slowly and deposits sand and clay. And further to the sea, the water already carries particles of silt, which settle at the bottom and form a thick layer over the course of millennia.
(slide number 4)
But not only water carries sand and clay. The wind also helps. A weak wind carries the smallest particles of clay, and a strong one picks up grains of sand. Where the wind dies down, all that it carried with it is deposited. This is how strata of sand and clay accumulate, which are then mined and used in the national economy.
IV . Practical work to identify the properties of sand and clay.
Their comparison.
You have these minerals on your plates, look at them.
# Determine what color sand, clay(posting signs)
(The color depends on which mineral predominates. Depends on the nature of the film covering the individual particles)
# Can you see the bottom of the plate? (Not)
What can be said about the transparency of sand and clay?
| Not transparent. | Not transparent. |
# Consider under a magnifying glass what sand, clay consists of.
# How are particles different?
Wet the clay lightly and remember it.
Marvelous! Dry clay is very durable when it dries, it retains its shape.
What property did you find?
In the dry state, the clay has high strength, it is difficult to collapse when dried, it retains the given shape.
# Smell the sand and clay. Do they have a scent?
| The smell of damp. |
|
# Dip a lump of clay and some sand into a glass. What can be said about sand, about clay in relation to water?
Let's try to determine whether sand and clay are capable of passing water.
The teacher shows the experience.
What conclusion can be drawn?
C) Let's summarize and check how we learned the properties of these minerals.
Children fill out punch cards . (see Attachment)
Mutual verification.
What did you learn about sand, clay? ( General properties, individual properties)
V. Continuation of work on the topic of the lesson.
A) A story about the extraction and protection of sand and clay.
(slide number 5)
The student talks about the extraction of sand and clay in an open way.
B) Use in the national economy.
(slide number 6)
From ancient times in Russia, various vessels were molded from clay. Then they were burned on fire. This was done by the potters. Then people invented the potter's wheel and the kiln. The circle rotated and under the skillful fingers of the master, the clay turned into pots, jars, cups, bowls, dishes.
Potters in Russia were loved and appreciated. The best masters put their hallmarks - name signs.
Do you remember how the boyars and princes decorated the walls, stoves? They used tiles. ( show)
Clay.
(slide number 7)
The main material for the manufacture of bricks, which are used in the construction of houses, palaces.
Clay is used in the manufacture of porcelain and faience. Porcelain cups, plates that we use every day are also made of clay. (of course, after firing, the dishes are glazed)
(slide number 8)
In many regions of our country, ceramic dishes, beautiful figurines, toys, and vases are made from clay. Services.
(slide number 9)
A lot of clay is used to make tiles, pipe insulators, and facing tiles.
(slide number 10)
What do you think, What property of clay is used in the manufacture of these products?
Sand- the main material for glass production.
(slide number 11)
2.5 thousand years ago, the Phoenicians, sailors, carried rock soda for sale. They landed on the sandy shore and decided to cook their own food. They lit a fire. But there were no stones around. Then the Phoenicians used rock soda. Under the influence of fire, soda and sand melted and streams flowed from their mixture. This was the glass.
# Sand is added to cement, which is used to hold bricks and stones together when building buildings
# Sand is added to clay in the manufacture of dishes.
VI. Project work.
(slide number12)
A) Practical use of sand in life (floriculture)
Today, in practice, we will use the ability of sand to pass water.
Why is it necessary when landing indoor plants tell the members of the circle of flower growers.
(Children talk about the use of sand when planting indoor plants).
We will break into brigades and work according to the technological map - plant
outgrowths of chlorophytum.
(Under the guidance of the teacher, students plant plants)
B) Exhibition of finished works - flower pots with planted plants.
This is our contribution to the school greening project. Flowers will go to decorate school corridors.
VII. Reflection.
Sand and clay belong to the group of building minerals. Why?
Appreciate your work by showing a sign of achievement.
VIII.Summary of the lesson.
What have you learned about sand and clay?
How can you use sand and clay at home or in the country?
IX. Homework.
Prepare a message about sand and clay.
Check yourself!
Basic properties of sand and clay.
| Has white, reddish, bluish, etc. color | ||
| Available in white, grey, yellow, etc. |
||
| From individual, not bonded grains |
||
| From small particles (similar to scales) fastened together. |
||
| Transparent |
||
| Opaque |
||
| Has a musty smell |
||
| Has no odor |
||
| Heavier than water |
||
| lighter than water |
||
| When wet, viscous, plastic |
||
| Dry - free flowing |
||
| Good water permeability |
||
Outline of the lesson on the subject "Man and the World" in Grade 3
Lesson topic: Minerals. Granite, sand and clay
Lesson Objectives:
- to form an idea of minerals, their diversity, significance in human economic activity;
- teach to conduct simple experiments, record their results;
- develop the ability to compare, draw conclusions and generalizations, establish cause-and-effect relationships;
- to cultivate admiration for the diversity of nature, its wisdom, as well as accuracy and discipline in carrying out practical work and experiences.
Equipment: distribution and demonstration samples of granite, sand and clay, clay products, object glass, magnifiers, flasks, funnels, filter paper.
During the classes
1. Organizational moment
2. Updating knowledge before learning new material
Introductory conversation
- What natural resources have we already met?
Why is flat terrain considered natural wealth?
— Why are reservoirs one of the main wealth of the republic?
3. Setting the topic and objectives of the lesson
The topic of our lesson is Minerals. Granite, sand and clay. At the lesson you will learn ..., learn ...
4. Learning new material
- Answer the textbook questions on p. ...
Read the text "Minerals". (reading in paragraphs in a chain)
- Let's complete the tasks for the text.
Practical work on the study of granite
Before practical work on the study of granite, the teacher shows a demonstration sample of it and with the help of the question “Why is granite used in the construction of building foundations, facing monuments, structures?” creates a problem situation, leads students to the need to establish the properties of this mineral. After carrying out practical work, students answer the previously set problematic issue, and then the results of practical work are compared with the text of the textbook.
In the course of practical work, as well as after reading the textbook article, the students fill out the table in their notebooks, and the teacher - on the blackboard:
Practical work on the study of sand and clay, comparing their properties
Questions before practical work, as in the previous case, are aimed at creating a problem situation, leading students to the need for research.
Tasks for practical work:
As a result of practical work and analysis of texts, a table is filled in and a conclusion is made about how sand and clay are similar and how they differ:
| Properties | Sand | Clay |
| Structure | loose | non-flowing |
| Particle sizes | larger | Smaller than dust |
| Colour | various | also |
| Hardness | solid | soft |
| Smell | – | + |
| Attitude towards water | Does not dissolve | also |
| Plastic | – | + |
| How does water pass | well | bad |
After studying the properties, the use of sand and clay by man, the significance of some properties in nature (for example, insolubility in water) is justified.
— What unites granite, sand and clay? (It is concluded that these are building materials.)
5. Fixing
The game “Find out by description” and “Add a word” (first, children identify a mineral by the indicated signs, and then add a “word”):
1. Solid, durable, well polished. And what else?
2. Solid, well passes water, does not dissolve in water. And what else?
3. The mineral consists of particles, does not dissolve, does not pass water. And what else?
4. It is used in the manufacture of bricks and dishes, glass. And for what?
5. Bricks are also made from minerals. What else?
6. Summing up. Final reflection
(see previous lessons)
Choice task (optional, for those who wish): prepare a story or drawing "Sand and clay in human life."
See also lessons:
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Lesson "Acquaintance with the properties of sand and clay."
Senior group
Program content: introduce children to the properties of sand and clay (flowability, stickiness, ability to pass water), compare how they differ, show children that sand is made up of very small particles - grains - grains of sand, and clay is made of sticky particles. Develop the ability to establish cause and effect relationships. To cultivate a desire to help the character, interest in the environment.
Vocabulary work: loose, loose, viscous, sticky, plastic.
Equipment: parcel with bags of clay and sand, glasses of sand and clay, sheets of paper, magnifiers, spatulas or plastic small spoons, a tray for each child, tables with sand and water, a picture of a brick castle, red brick, paper towels for hands.
Lesson progress:
1 part. Guys, I received a package from the fairy prince. Trouble happened to him, an evil wizard stole his princess. The prince will be able to free her if he builds a strong, reliable and beautiful castle. Only one of two types of material can be used for construction. The prince asks us to help choose the material. / takes bags of clay and sand out of the parcel.
What is it? /sand and clay/.
A difficult task was given by the magician. The castle must be strong, not crumble, not let water through when it rains. And the material for construction should be well molded. What material do you think better fit?
Let's see a picture of the castle. What is it built from? /brick/. What do you think bricks can be made of: sand or clay? How can you check? /assumptions of children/.
Children go to the tables with sand.
2 part. Experience 1. What is better to sculpt? Do you think it is possible to sculpt dry sand? Let's check. /children try to mold dry sand/.
- What happens to the sand? Falling apart. How can you tell what he is? /loose, loose/.
What needs to be done to make sand mold? /assumptions of children/. Let's check.
Moisten the sand with water.
Where has the water gone? /she climbed into the sand and hid/. What was the sand like? /wet/. Is it possible to sculpt it now? Try making a brick.
The children put the bricks on a tray and wash their hands.
- What do you think, what kind of clay should be in order to sculpt it? /wet, raw/. Let's try to mold bricks from raw clay.
What can we say about her, what is she like? /raw, wet/. They say about such clay - viscous.
What is better to mold: clay or sand? /clay/. How can you tell what she is? /sticky, plastic/.
Conclusion: dry sand is not molded, but wet sand is molded; wet clay is viscous, sticky, plastic and therefore it is good to sculpt figures from it.
Children wash their hands.
-
What do you think, which brick is stronger: sand or clay? How can you find out? /assumptions of children/. Let's check.
Experience 2. What breaks easier?
Children try to break bricks with their fingers. What happened to the sand bricks? Disintegrated. Do clay crumble?
Conclusion: sand bricks are fragile, easily disintegrate, and clay bricks are strong, they are difficult to break.
And for strength, clay figurines are fired in special ovens, after which they become strong and hard. See what kind of brick is obtained after firing. /show red brick/.
Children wash their hands .
- Guys, why do you think sand bricks crumble so easily, but not clay ones? Let's look at sand and clay.
Children sit at round tables.
Experience 3. What are sand and clay made of?
Examining grains of sand and clay with a magnifying glass.
What is sand made of? /Sand consists of very fine grains - grains of sand.
How do they look? / They are very small, round /.
What is clay made of? Are the same particles visible in the clay?
In the sand, each grain of sand lies separately, it does not stick to its “neighbors”, and clay consists of very small particles stuck together. Dust particles from clay are much smaller than grains of sand.
Conclusion: sand consists of grains of sand, which do not stick to each other, and clay consists of small particles that seem to hold hands tightly and pressed against each other. Therefore, sand figures crumble so easily, while clay figures do not crumble.
Guys, what do you think, does water pass through sand and clay? How can you check?
Experience 4. Does water pass through sand and clay?
Sand and clay are placed in glasses. They pour water on them and see which of them passes water well. Why do you think water passes through sand, but not through clay?
Conclusion: sand passes water well, because they crumble, there is free space between them. Clay does not let water through.
- So, which bricks will better protect from rain: sand or clay? Why? True, sand bricks will let water through, but clay ones will not. Well done!
What do you think now, what is better for building a castle? Why? What should be the clay for sculpting bricks: dry or wet? What will happen to the castle when it rains if the bricks are sandy? Well done guys, you did a very good job today. I think the prince will appreciate our help. Let's send him the right material. / put a bag of clay in the parcel /.
properties of sand and clay.
The lesson of the environment. Grade 3
educational task: to teach to highlight the leading idea that holistically displays the topic.
Goals:
Create conditions for working in groups
Develop communication skill
Increase speech activity
Learn to analyze and synthesize.
1..Org.moment
The lesson begins with a call .
Do you believe? Children answer with the words "yes" or "no" (on sheets)
Chalk, clay and pebbles are rocks.
Rocks can lie under the asphalt, under the foundation of the house.
Rocks are made up of minerals.
Minerals are always solid.
How can we check if we answered the questions correctly?
(We need to get information.)
Where do we get it from?
(We need to get acquainted with the text.) To do this, we will divide into two groups. The first group is boys.
The second is girls.
2. Work in groups. Work with text.
First, you will solve riddles and get your theme.
"He really needs the kids,
He is on the paths, in the yard,
He is at a construction site and on the beach,
He even melted in glass. (Sand).
"If you meet me on the road,
Then the legs get stuck a lot.
And to make a bowl or vase -
You will need it right away." (Clay).
Question for each team:
How do you imagine given subject?
Socioconstruction.
After discussion, 1 person from the team draws sand on the board, and the other draws clay.
Try to explain why such a picture.
3. Work with the textbook. Reading the text.
The boys will work on the theme "Sand".
Girls - over the topic "Clay". Everyone reads the same text (pp. 60-61)
Select everything related to your topic.
Write out signs of sand on your route sheet, and signs of clay on the other team.
4. Social construction.
Each team draws up this on a common sheet.
5. Presentation of your work with a display on the board.
"Sand is made up of grains of sand, it different color, odorless, friable passes water.
“Clay is composed of particles, it is of different colors, it does not let water through, it is sticky when raw.”
Each team reads the text again and completes the answers of the other team.
6. Compilation of syncwine.
1. One noun.
2. Two adjectives.
3. Three verbs.
4 . A four word sentence.
5 . A synonym, or one word expressing one's attitude, feeling.
Sinkwine can be issued on sheets - models offered to children.
Boys have model sheets - “hills of sand”, and girls have model sheets - “lumps of clay”.
They choose the best of their team's work.
1. Sand. 1. Clay.
2. Loose, yellow. 2. Red, blue.
3. Lies, skips, pours. 3. Sticky, does not miss, consists.
4. Yellow sand warms the feet. 4. Blue clay heals joints.
5.Not a product! 5.Useful!
7. Reflection.
And now we will answer the questions with which we started the lesson again.
Let's compare the results of the answers. Is there a difference? Why do you think we did this?
What have we learned in the lesson? Have we benefited from the knowledge we have gained? What role do sand and clay play in nature?
What else would you like to know?
Homework.
Clay is a mineral and is a sedimentary fine-grained rock. In the dry state, it is dusty, and when moistened, it becomes plastic and can increase in size.
Description
The composition of the material contains one or more minerals of the kaolinite group. The basis may be a mineral of the montmorillonite group and other layered aluminosilicates, which are also called clay minerals. May contain carbonate and sand particles.
The rock-forming mineral is kaolinite, which consists of silicon oxide in the amount of 47%, aluminum oxide - 39%, and water - 14%. significant portion chemical composition yellow clay is Al 2 O 3 and SiO 2. The material can have the following colors:
- green;
- blue;
- brown;
- black;
- lilac.
The color is due to impurities of ions, which are chromophores.
Main types
Clay is a mineral that has several types. Each of them has its own area of use. If the plasticity number reaches 0.27, then the material is called light. When this parameter exceeds the mentioned figure, then the clay is heavy. The clay most commonly mined and marketed consists of kaolin, which is used in the pulp and paper industry and in the production of refractory products, as well as porcelain.
Clay is a mineral, which is also represented by a construction variety, as well as shale. This material is used for the manufacture of refractory bricks, and also forms the basis of heat-resistant products. Among the species, bentonite occupies an important place. It is formed by the chemical breakdown of volcanic ash. In water, this variety swells and increases in volume several times. It is used in well drilling and in the production of drilling fluids.
Clay is a mineral, which is also represented by a fuller variety, which is valued for its bleaching properties when refining petroleum products. Filters are made from this type of clay, which are used in the purification of mineral and vegetable oils.
Another variety is lump clay, which is called pottery. It has found its application in the manufacture of dishes. Shale is an important raw material that, together with limestone, is used in the production of Portland cement. The most common in nature are:
- sandstone clay;
- white clay, which is kaolin;
- red clay.
Grades are used for the production of refractory products, as well as faience and porcelain.
Basic properties
Clay is a mineral that has a number of properties, among them are:
- air and fire shrinkage;
- plastic;
- sintering;
- fire resistance;
- viscosity;
- color of ceramic shard;
- porosity;
- shrinkage;
- dispersion;
- swelling.
Clay is the most stable waterproofing agent that does not allow moisture to pass through, which is one of the important qualities. Clay soil is resilient. It is developed in wastelands and wastelands. The development of root vegetation in clay deposits is impossible.
To preserve the quality of groundwater, the water impermeability of the material is useful. Most of the quality artesian springs lie between the clay layers.
Specifications and additional features
Now you know if clay is a mineral. However, this is not all that should be known about this rock. It is also important to familiarize yourself with the main characteristics, for example, the specific and volumetric weight of ground clay, which is 1400 kg / m 3. Chamotte clay is characterized by an indicator of 1800 kg / m 3.
When the clay is in the form of a dry powder, its volume and specific gravity is 900 kg/m 3 . The density of wet clay is also important, which varies from 1600 to 1820 kg / m 3. For dry, this figure is approximately equal to 100 kg / m 3. Dry raw materials have a thermal conductivity that reaches 0.3 W / (m * K). For a material in a wet state, this parameter is 3.0 W / (m * K).
Symbol
The symbol for clay should be of interest to you if you are studying it. When there are sand impurities in the material, it is indicated by dashes and dots. If there are boulders in the clay, then circles are added to the strokes. Shales have the same designation as layered clay, these are long strokes, densely spaced and drawn in the direction of the layers.
sand and clay
Sand and clay are the minerals that are the most common. They are formed during the destruction of rocks like granite. Under the action of water, sun and wind, granite is destroyed, this contributes to the formation of clay and sand. They differ in color from each other: sand is more often yellow, sometimes gray, while clay is white or brown.
Sand consists of individual particles of different sizes. The grains are not attached to each other. Therefore, the sand is free-flowing. Clay consists of small particles, similar to scales, well bonded to each other. Sand is a sedimentary rock or may be an artificial material from rock grains. Usually it consists of almost pure mineral quartz, the substance is silicon dioxide.
Natural material has grains with sizes within 5 mm in diameter. The minimum value is 0.16 mm. Sand can be classified according to the conditions of accumulation. With this in mind, the material is divided into the following types:
- alluvial;
- deluvial;
- nautical;
- lacustrine;
- eolian.
If the sand appeared as a result of the activity of reservoirs, then it has a more rounded particle shape.
Properties of granite
Sand, clay, granite, limestone are minerals. If we consider granite in more detail, then it is a magmatic platonic rock of acidic composition. At the core are:
- potassium feldspar;
- plagioclase;
- quartz;
- biotite;
- muscovite
Granite is common in the continental crust. Its density reaches 2600 kg / m³, while the compressive strength is 300 MPa. The material begins to melt at 1215 °C. In the presence of pressure and water, the melting point drops to 650 °C.
Granite is the most important rock of the earth's crust, it is widespread and makes up most of all components. Among the varieties of granites, alaskite and plagiogranite can be distinguished. The latter has a light gray color with a sharp predominance of plagioclase. Alaske is a pink granite with a sharp predominance of potassium-sodium feldspar.
Limestone properties
Considering the table of minerals: sand, clay, granite, limestone, you can focus on the latter. It is a sedimentary rock of organic or chemogenic origin. The basis is most often calcium carbonate in the form of crystals of different sizes.
Limestone consists of shells of marine animals and debris. The density of the material is 2.6 g / cm 3, its frost resistance is F150. The compressive strength is equivalent to 35 MPa, while the loss of strength in wet conditions reaches 14%. The porosity of the material is 25%.
Finally
Clay is a sedimentary rock that, when combined with water, begins to soak and separate into separate particles. As a result, a suspension or plastic mass is formed. Clay dough is plastic, and in its raw form it can take any shape. After drying, the material retains it, but decreases in volume. Plastic clays are also called oily, because they seem to be just like that to the touch. If the plasticity is low, then the material is called lean. Bricks from it quickly crumble and have poor strength.
The rock is sticky and has a binding ability. It is saturated with a certain volume of water, and after that it no longer allows liquid to pass through, which indicates water resistance. Clay has a covering power, so earlier it was widely used for whitewashing the walls of houses and stoves. Among the properties, sorption should be highlighted. This is expressed in the ability to absorb substances dissolved in water. This characteristic allows the use of clay for the purification of vegetable fats and refined products.