History of the region. Sviyazhsk district An excerpt characterizing the Sviyazhsk district

According to the sovereign of the Tsar and Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich of All Russia, the Kazan scribe Dmitrei Ondreev, the son of Kikin from the comrade of the Bogoroditsky monastery and the great miracle worker Nikola, which is in Sviyazhsk inside the city, the sovereign's pilgrim Archimandrite Rodion with his brothers, or according to him, there will be another archimandrite in that monastery from the books of his letter and travel to the monastery lands, the extract is authentic.

In the Sviyazhsk district of the Most Pure Bogoroditsky Monastery there are villages and settlements and villages and repairs:

Village on Isakov Mountain.

And in the village: a church, a tree of the Epiphany of our Jesus Christ. Yes, in the village: the courtyard of the monastery. Good arable land - thirty-six four per field, and two according to the same; hay in the meadow opposite the village of Isakov Mountains along the river along Sviyaga - three hundred and fifty kopecks, and in the same monastery meadows under Isakov Mountain opposite the monastery courtyard there is a lake without edges.

Yes, to the village: the forest of arable and uncultivated near and between the Tatar village of Menshoy Khozyashev, according to the estimate, is a mile long, and half a mile across.

The village of Maloe Ityakovo on the river on Sviyaga.

And in the village of peasants:

1. in the yard of Davydko Ignatiev,
2. in the yard of Fedko Samoilov,
3. Yes, three courtyards are empty.

Good arable land - one meter and fallow arable land - two meter in the field, and in two according to the same, hay near the field and along the river along Sviyaga - forty kopecks; the forest around the arable fields is twenty dessiatines, and the uncultivated fields are thirty dessiatines.

The village of Novaya Ityakovo of the same Lesser Ityakovo near the river near Sviyaga.

And in the village of peasants:

1. in the courtyard of Trenka Ondreev;
2. in the yard of Nekrasko Fedorov,
3. in the courtyard of Istomka Filipov,
4. in the yard of Vaska Ivanov,
5. in the yard of Mikiforko Ivanov,
6. in the yard of Ivanko Ovdokimov,
7. in the yard of Borisko Elsufiev,
8. in the yard of Stepanko Lukyanov,
9. in the yard of Ivanko Vasiliev,
10. in the yard Matyusha Vasiliev,
11. in the yard of Grisha Fedorov,
12. in the yard of Ondryusha Ivanov.

Good arable land - seventeen fours and I will plant forty-two fours in the field, and in two according to the same; hay near the fields and along the Sviyaga River - one hundred kopecks; arable forest - five acres.

And the income in the village and both villages of the peasants is not written down because in the village the arable land is monastic, and in the villages the peasants are on benefits. And after the privilege of plowing, the peasants received tithes; tithe from you, how much you will receive.

The village of Kichemerevo on the river Sukhoi.

And in the village of peasants:

1. in the yard of Maximko Stepanov,
2. in the yard of Ivanko Ivanov,
3. in the yard Bulgak Efimiev,
4. in the courtyard of Senka Levontev,
5. Yes, the yard is being built new;

good arable land - forty-three meters, and fallow arable land - twenty-one meters in the field, and in two according to the same; hay in a meadow along the river along Sviyaga under the village near Mount Isakov - sixty kopecks; the forest near the arable fields separately, according to the estimate, is one hundred and fifty dessiatines. And there are three vytis in the village. And the income from peasants for arable land and for small farms and the income from you is a ruble.

The village of Yurtovo on the river Sukhoi.

And in the village of peasants:

1. in the yard of Fedko Ivanov,
2. in the yard of Sidorko Oksenov,
3. in the courtyard of Ushak Onikeev.

Good arable land - six meters, and fallow land - seventeen meters in the field, and in two according to the same; hay in the waste in the meadow along the river along Sviyaga under the village near Mount Isakov - fifty kopecks; the arable forest is thirty dessiatines, and the uncultivated forest is forty-five dessiatines. But it’s not written down that the peasants live on benefits. And after the privilege, the peasants can plow tithes, as much as they can get.

The village of Kanbarovo.

And in the village of peasants:

1. in the yard of Danilko Mizinov,
2. in the yard Mishka Stepanov,
3. in the yard of Ignatko Ostafiev,
4. in the yard of Petrusha Grigoriev,
5. in the yard of Martemyanko Vasiliev;

and uncultivated:

1. in the yard Fetinitsa Shiryaeva's wife,
2. in the yard sheepskin owner Trenka Pronin,
3. in Danilko's yard there is a coachman,
4. in the courtyard of Zlobka Hallway,
5. in the yard of Kudashka Polunin.

Good arable land - forty-two squares, and fallow lands - fifty-three squares in the field, and in two the same; hay in waste near the village near Isakov Mountain in the meadow along the river along Sviyaga - one hundred and ten kopecks; forest near the fields according to the estimate: arable - twenty dessiatines, uncultivated separately - twenty dessiatines. And there are five vytheas in the village. And the income from peasants for arable land and for small income from vyti is twenty five altyns.

The village of Naletovo.

And in the village of peasants:

1. in the yard Vaska Ivanov,
2. in the yard of Ivanko Mikhailov,
3. in the yard of Grisha Naumov,
4. in the yard of Fefilko Mikhailov;

and uncultivated:

1. in the yard of Levka Denisov,
2. in the yard of Senka Istomin,
3. in the courtyard of Kondrashko Sofonov,
4. Yes, the yard is empty.

Good arable land - thirty-two quarters, and fallow land - fifty quarters in the field, and in two the same; hay in waste under the village near Isakov Mountain in the meadow along the river along Sviyaga - ninety kopecks; the forest near the arable fields is ten acres. And in it there are four howls. And the income from peasants for arable land and for all small incomes from vyti is twenty to five altyns.

The village of Devlezerevo Seresevo on the river on Sekirka.

And in the village of peasants:

1. in the yard of Omelyanko Oksenov,
2. in the yard of Gavrilko Ivanov,
3. in the courtyard of Yakush Omelyanov.

Good arable land - forty meters, and fallow land - twenty meters in the field, and in two the same; hay in waste near the village near Isakov Mountain in a meadow along the Sviyaga River - fifty kopecks; the forest near the arable fields is ten acres. And there are two howls in it. And the peasants give income for arable land and for small incomes from twenty to five altyns.

Behind Busurmanskaya settlement is Medvedev's settlement.

And in the village of peasants:

1. in the yard Petrushka Gavrilov,
2. in the yard Grishka Ivanov,
3. in the yard of Pyatoiko Ivanov,
4. in the yard of Ivashko Ortemov,
5. in the courtyard of Severg Stepanov,
6. in the yard of Istomka Pegush,
7. in the courtyard of Senka Meshek,
8. in the yard of Luka Polonyanik,
9. in the courtyard of Istomka Polaum,
10. in the yard of Olekseiko Savastyanov,
11. in the yard Vasyuk Maksimov,
12. in the yard of Ivanko Vasiliev,
13. in the yard of Stepanko Pereverstka,
14. in the yard of Ivanko Suyush.

Good arable land - forty-one quarters in a field, and two for the same; the forest up the Sulitsa between the Busurman lands and the Sulitsa River is arable - ten acres.

Slobodka on the Busurmansky enemy against the Busurmansky settlement.

And there live peasants without tillage:

1. in the yard of Bargak Ivanov,
2. in the yard Sidor Plotnik,
3. in the yard Vasyuk Plotnik,
4. in the yard of Fedko Ivanov,
5. in the yard of Ivanko Butyn,
6. in the courtyard of Senka Grigoriev,
7. in the courtyard of Vereshchag Blacksmith,
8. in the yard of Pervusha Shevlyagin,
9. in the yard of Pronya Melnik,
10. in the yard of Mitka Borchanik,
11. in the yard of Ontropko from Morkvash,
12. in the yard of Serko Zakharyin,
13. in the yard of Ovdeiko Tanner,
14. in the yard of Ontipko Pokhomov.

But there is no arable land and hay and no income.

Yes, under the local village near Busurmanskaya settlement on the river on Sulitsa there was a large wheel mill, there was a quitrent; and the quitrent was given to the Tsarev and Grand Duke treasury in Sviyazhsk for a year of three rubles of money, and duties - five altyns (from a ruble to ten money). Yes, the same mill has a monastery courtyard with granaries. And the monastery miller lives in it. And the land to the mill on both sides of the mill dam is per tithe. And the forest to the mill for the cutting of black wood, which is close to the mill, besides the side grooming.

And Archimarite Larion and his brothers beat the Emperor Tsar and the Grand Duke in Moscow, so that the Emperor would grant them, his pilgrims, and order their mills to be laid down. And the sovereign granted his pilgrims - he ordered the sovereign's dues to be deposited from that mill, because the monastery does not have any mills for everyday use anywhere. And according to the petition and according to the extract from the mill books with the signature of the sovereign clerk Vasily Stepanov, the Sviyazhsk scribe Dmitrei Ondreev, son of Kikin, with his companions to the sovereign's pilgrimage to Bogoroditsky, that mill was attributed without due in the 75th year of May on the 25th day.

Yes, near the river near the Volga, above the Sviyazhsk city under the Elm Mountains, the village of Novoe;

and placed on a black forest. And in the village of peasants:

1. in the yard of Ivanko Ilyin,
2. in the yard of Ivanko Yuryev,
3. in the yard of Panka Mikhailov,
4. in the courtyard of Lazarko Vasilyev;

and uncultivated:

1. in the yard of Malafeiko Potapov,
2. in the yard of Fofanko Dmitreev,
3. in the yard Mikitka Anfimov,
4. in the yard of Ushak Semenov;

are on benefits. Good arable land - five in a field, and in two the same; hay against the village and between the lakes of the sources along the new boundary - three hundred and ten kopecks; the arable forest is sixty acres, and the arable and uncultivated forest along the Volga river up is a mile long, and half a mile across. But the income is not written down, because the peasants live on benefits.

Yes, in Sviyazhsky, outside the city, in the settlement near St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, near the military man there is a courtyard of the monastery and granary, and in Sviyazhsky there is a settlement behind the fort opposite the Silver Gate by the lake near Krugly - the courtyard of the monastery.

And they grow malt on it for monastery use. The Bogoroditsky Monastery has suburban meadows close to the Sviyazhsk city - from the prison about a mile up, near the Sviyag River - the former monastery hayfields: hay is stacked one thousand three hundred kopecks. The same Bogoroditsky monastery and the great miracle worker St. Nicholas in the Sviyazhsk district made a boundary between the village of Kichemerev and the village of Yurtov, which is on the river on Sukhoi, with the Novokreschenskaya village from Shirdana, Sergei Tineev and his friend.

Attributed clerks to Bokak Pavlov. Attributed to clerks Fyodor Sumorukov.

SVIYAZHSKY DISTRICT formed in 1552 to govern the Mountain side of the former Kazan Khanate. With the formation of Cheboksary (1555), [Kokshaysky (1574),] Kozmodemyansky (1583), Tsivilsky (1589), Yadrinsky (1590) districts, the territory of the S.U. decreased, but still remained very significant. In the 17th-18th centuries. (before 1781) S.u. included most of the east. and southeast. territories of modern Chuvash. Rep., significant. part of the right bank. territory of the Republic Tatarstan. From the first years of the existence of S.u. Moscow the government retained for his non-Russians. population of the former yasak lands, but began to form a system of service manor-patrimony on the territory of the county. and a church-monastery. land ownership, organized Russian settlements. peasants According to census data, 70s - early 80s 17th century, in S.u. there were at least 1909 privately owned, 1442 church-monasteries. Russian courtyards peasants, as well as approx. 10,050 yasak households (5,025 yasaks) that belonged to non-Russians. yasak people and, partly, Russian. yasak peasants.
In the 2nd half. 16th - 17th centuries residents of many Chuvash. villages of S.u. stared. During the same period, as well as in the 1st half. 18th century Chuvash. Peasants from different counties colonized the northern regions located in the south and southeast. deserted wild fields and founded villages on them. By 1747 in S.u. there were at least 233 Chuvash. villages
In the beginning. 18th century service Chuvash, Tatars, Russian. Streltsy, Cossacks and odnodvortsy were transferred to the class of state peasants. In 1723 in S.u. out of a total tax-paying population of 71.5 thousand men. Chuvash numbered 29.1 thousand men. (40.7%), Russians - 21.8 thousand men. (30.5%), Tatars - 20.1 thousand men. (28.1%), Mordovians - 479 men. (0.7%), Mari - 38 men. (0.05%). In 1763, the number of the tax-paying population of the S.U. amounted to 81.3 thousand men.
The main occupations of the population of the county were agriculture and crafts: fishing, beekeeping, etc. crafts (leatherworking, clothworking, carpentry, etc.), contract work. In the 1st half. 18th century in S.u. 8 distilleries operated. factories owned by merchants or landowners on the river. The treasury was located in Sulitsa. potash plant, in the village of Kozlovka there was a trading pier.
Until 1708 N.U. governed by the Order of the Kazan Palace; in 1708 it became part of the Kazan province. From 1719 to 1780, while the S.u. was preserved, Sviyazh existed. province, which included Sviyazh, Cheboksary, Civil, Kozmodemyan, Kokshay and Tsarevokokshay districts. Until 1781 in S.u. included 10 Chuvash. volosts: , (area of ​​the village of Karamyshevo), - and 4 Tatars. hundreds: Prince-Aklycheva, Prince-Isheeva, Prince-Temeeva, Prince-Baibulatova.
In 1781, as a result of the governor. reforms of Catherine II, S.u. was retained as part of Kazan. lips., but was disaggregated; that territory of the region is part of the modern one. Chuvash. Rep., was transferred to the also reorganized Cheboksary, Civil., Tetyush. Kazan counties. lips and, in part, created by Buin. u. Simbir. lips After the formation of the Tatars by decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of May 27, 1920. ASSR S.u. transferred to its composition and in the same year renamed a canton. The latter was liquidated in 1927, its territory was divided into 4 districts: Nurlat-Achasyr, Sviyazh, Tenkov, Ulyankovsky (Kaibitsky).
in the Chuvash Encyclopedia. Authors: V.D. Dimitriev, A.A. Lapwing.

By 1917, only a few villages of the Shirdan volost belonged to the current territory of Chuvashia from the Sviyazhsky district.

In the 2nd half. 16th – 17th centuries residents of many Chuvash. villages of S.u. stared. During the same period, as well as in the 1st half. 18th century Chuvash. Peasants from different counties colonized the northern regions located in the south and southeast. deserted land , founded villages on them. By 1747 in S.u. there were at least 233 Chuvash. villages.

In the beginning. 18th century service Chuvash, Tatars, Russian. Streltsy, Cossacks and Odnodvortsy were transferred to the estate . In 1723 in S.u. out of a total tax-paying population of 71.5 thousand men. Chuvash numbered 29.1 thousand men. (40.7%), Russians – 21.8 thousand men. (30.5%), Tatars - 20.1 thousand men. (28.1%), Mordovians – 479 men. (0.7%), Mari – 38 men. (0.05%). In 1763, the number of the tax-paying population of the S.U. amounted to 81.3 thousand men.

The main occupations of the population of the county were agriculture and crafts: fishing, beekeeping, etc. crafts (leatherworking, clothworking, carpentry, etc.), contract work. In the 1st half. 18th century in S.u. 8 distilleries operated. factories owned by merchants or landowners on the river. The treasury was located in Sulitsa. potash plant, in the village there was a trading pier.

Until 1708 N.U. managed ; in 1708 became part of . From 1719 to 1780, while the North was preserved, Sviyazh existed. province, which included Sviyazh, Cheboksary, Civil, Kozmodemyan, Kokshaysky and Tsarevokokshaysky districts. Until 1781 in S.u. included 10 Chuvash. volosts: Khozesanskaya, Utinskaya, Temeshev., Shigaleev., Arinskaya, Karama-meev., Aybechev., Yalchik. (area of ​​the village of Karamyshevo), Andreev., Chekurskaya - and 4 Tatars. hundreds: Prince-Aklycheva, Prince-Isheeva, Prince-Temeeva, Prince-Baibulatova.

In 1781, as a result of the governor. reforms of Catherine II, S.u. was retained as part of Kazan. lips., but was disaggregated; that territory of the region is part of the modern one. Chuvash. Rep., was transferred to the also reorganized Cheboksary, Civil., Tetyush. Kazan counties. lips and, in part, created by Buin. u. Simbir. lips After the formation of the Tatars by decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of May 27, 1920. ASSR S.u. transferred to its composition and in the same year renamed a canton. The latter was liquidated in 1927, its territory was divided into 4 districts: Nurlat-Achasyr, Sviyazh, Tenkov, Ulyankovsky (Kaibitsky).

In the first half of the 16th century, the current territory of the Verkhneuslonsky district was part of the Kazan Khanate.

The main part of the Khanate was on the left bank of the Volga, on the meadow side, as they said then. The territory of the Khanate was divided into roads - Galician, Arskaya, Alatskaya, Zureiskaya, Nogaiskaya. The lands on the right bank of the Volga formed a special administrative unit - the mountain side. Unfortunately, historians do not have materials at their disposal with descriptions of the mountainous side of the period of the Kazan Khanate, but the Scribe Book of the Sviyazhsk District of 1565 - 1567, available in the archives in several copies and published in Kazan in 1909, allows us to get a certain idea.

Scribe books - materials of land registration in Russia in the 16th - 17th centuries. - were called so because they were carried out during continuous land censuses in counties by specially authorized noble scribes every 30-40 years. On the territory of Kazan and Sviyazhsk districts, the first scribal description was carried out in 1565 - 1567. - 13-15 years after the region’s annexation to Russia. This description was led by high-ranking service people - okolnichy Nikita Vasilyevich Borisov (okolnichy - the second rank after boyar in Russia in the 16th - 17th centuries) and the capital's nobleman Dmitry Andreevich Kikin.

The scribal book of the Sviyazhsk district contains valuable material not only about the state of this territory at the time of description, but also about the previous, khan's times. The fact is that, in accordance with the standards adopted in scribe books, the book of Borisov and Kikin named the former owners of the lands described - and these were the feudal lords or communities of the times of the Kazan Khanate.

By the middle of the 16th century, the northern part of the mountain side - the territory of the current Kamsko-Ustinsky, Verkhneuslonsky districts, the right bank part of the Zelenodolsk region was quite densely populated. Almost all the main forms of land ownership that existed in the Kazan Khanate were represented here. The first category consisted of the lands of the “Tsar Saip-Girey” (meaning the Kazan khan Safa-Girey) - this was the personal property of the khan dynasty, the income collected from them went to the maintenance of the khan and his court.

The second category is “Tatar” lands. This is how the possessions or former possessions of large and small service people in the Kazan Khanate were called in Russian scribe books (later many of them remained serving Tatars in the Russian state). In Khan's times, service people were a significant part, if not the majority, of the Tatar population. Service people did not receive a salary - land and tax exemption were the state's payment for service. This system was similar to the estates that existed in the Russian state.

The third category is yasak lands, in the Scribe Book they are called “Chuvash” and “Mordovian”. It was the property of the state: those who lived on yasak lands paid taxes, but, contrary to what can be read in a number of books, they did not pay yasak. Yasak was not a tax, but a unit of taxation - a certain amount of arable land and hayfields, on which taxes were calculated. In the Kazan Khanate, yasak people were mainly representatives of the non-Tatar population - Chuvash, Mari, Udmurts, Mordovians, but there were also Tatars among them.

Judging by the same Scribe Book, Tatars, Chuvashs, and Mordovians were represented in the territory of the current Verkhneuslonsky region. Already during the time of the Kazan Khanate, many Russians lived here - slaves captured and their freed descendants. Many of them remained to live here even after the region was annexed to Russia. In the Scribe Book they are called “Polonyaniki” to distinguish them from those Russian peasants who settled here after 1552. And in 1567, the majority of the “Polonyaniks” lived not in the new Russian villages, but together with the Tatars and Chuvashs.

Russians, Tatars, and Chuvashs still live on the territory of the Verkhneuslonsky district. But what Mordovians who lived here are discussed in the Scribe Book? Mordovian lands are located quite far from the Verkhneuslonsky district. A few Mordovian villages on the territory of the present Tetyushsky district - Kildyushevo, Kadyshevo, Uryum and others were founded in the 17th - 18th centuries. The same Mordvins, who lived on the mountain side during the time of the Kazan Khanate, represented a special ethnographic group that had long ago separated from the Erzya and Moksha, which represent the modern Mordovian people. The few descendants of this special group of Mordovians live, or, more correctly, lived until recently - before the Volga flooded after the construction of the Kuibyshev hydroelectric station - in four villages (Mordovian Karatai, Shershalan, Mensitovo, Baltachevo) in the territory of the Kamsko-Ustinsky district.

Historians, linguists and ethnographers call this group the Mordovians-Karatai or simply Karatai. The Karatai speak the Mishar dialect of the Tatar language, they have completely forgotten the Mordovian language, some Mordovian words are preserved only in terms of kinship, in the names of fish and fishing gear. At the same time, they did not merge with the Tatars, they clearly retain their identity, calling themselves “muksha” - in the Tatar language (and not in Mordovian) this means “Mordovians”. The Karatai were not influenced by Islam until the 17th - 18th centuries. they were pagans, then they became Orthodox. According to linguists, for the ancestors of modern Karatais, the Tatar language became native already during the time of the Kazan Khanate.

According to legends that recently existed among the Karatais, their ancestors came to places located south of the Kama Ustye “soon after the conquest of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible”6. Indeed, in the book of Borisov and Kikin, Mordovian lands are often mentioned, but these lands are either empty or transferred to other owners. On the site of the Mordovian village of Kizhdeevo, by 1565 there was already a small Russian village with the same name, which was later converted by the Russians into "Kildeevo". The Mordovian village was on the site of the present village Big Memi- The pagan Mordovian cemetery located nearby has been explored by archaeologists for several years.

On the site of most of the modern Russian settlements of the Verkhneuslonsky district there were Tatar and Chuvash villages - their names testify to this: Busurmanskaya Sloboda (from the 19th century - Vvedenskaya Sloboda), Seitovo, Maidan, Makulovo, Burnashevo. Moreover, during the time of the Kazan Khanate and earlier, the interior areas were mainly populated, and there were no settlements on the banks of the Volga. This was obviously due to the fact that the population was mainly engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding, and trade played only a small role.

The mountainous side became part of the Russian state before the main territory of the Kazan Khanate. Already in 1551, after the construction of the Sviyazhsk fortress, the entire right bank of the Volga came under the control of the Russian authorities; a year later, on October 2, 1552, after the capture of Kazan by Russian troops, the Kazan Khanate ceased to exist.

Since 1553, all the newly annexed lands were divided into counties - the left bank, the meadow side, became the Kazan county, and the mountain side became the Cheboksary and Sviyazhsk counties. These territories remained within such administrative boundaries until the 20s of the 18th century. Initially, the Sviyazhsky district included the territories of the current Verkhneuslonsky, Kamsko-Ustinsky districts, the mountainous part of the Zelenodolsky district, the Kozlovsky district of Chuvashia, the northern parts of the Apastovsky and Kaybitsky districts - that is, that part of the mountainous side that was part of the Kazan Khanate. Gradually, during the second half of the 16th - 17th centuries, it expanded south along the Volga and Sviyaga due to the development of new steppe lands.

Military operations in the region did not end with the capture of Kazan. In 1552 - 1557 The resistance of the local population (Tatars and Mari) and its suppression continued - these events received the name “Kazan War” in chronicles and historical works. As can be judged from the sources, residents of the left bank of the Volga - the meadow side - were especially active, but on the mountain side, obviously, it was restless.

Under these conditions, the majority of residents left their villages and villages forever, and the territories adjacent to the cities - both Kazan and Sviyazhsk.

It can be stated that the territory of the current Verkhneuslonsky district was almost completely deserted by 1557, with the exception of the village Mamatkozino(Now - Tatar Mamatkozino), Chulpanikhi(then having a different name) and probably Tatarsky Makulov.

In 1557, the uprisings were finally suppressed, the governors turned from generals into administrators and began to solve peacetime problems.

In the Nikon Chronicle, on the first of May 1557, it is recorded that the Kazan voivode “boyar Prince Peter Ivanovich Shuisky for the tsar and sovereign and the archbishop and the Kazan governor and archimandrite and the boyar children of the princes divided the villages and all the princes of Kazan, and taught to plow for the sovereign and for all the Russian people both newly baptized and Chuvash.” This same text, repeated in a number of other chronicles, means that, by royal decree, the Kazan voivode (obviously, the Sviyazhsk one too) began to distribute among the new owners the lands that were empty during the war, and the khan's (tsar's) lands that belonged to the Tatar feudal lords ( all the princes of Kazan).

Contrary to established opinion, only empty lands were distributed among the new owners - those on which the indigenous population lived remained in the same status as before. In a number of cases, their owners either remained serving people - only now they served not the Kazan Khan, but the Russian Tsar. These service people were called either “service Tatars” if they continued to profess Islam (sometimes, obviously, paganism), or newly baptized service people if they converted to Orthodoxy.

On the territory of the Verkhneuslonsky district, the lands of the service Tatars remained in the villages Tatar Mamatkozino and Tatar Makulovo, Tatar Burnashevo(now this is a Russian village, but back in the middle of the 17th century it was Tatar), the servicemen were newly baptized - in the village, which is now called Chulpanikha(it remained Tatar until the end of the 17th century, when the owners sold it to the Sviyazhsk Dormition Monastery).

In those cases when the indigenous population was yasak people in the Kazan Khanate, they remained so in the Russian state; Russians who settled on the lands of the yasak fund also became yasak people. This meant that their lands were considered state-owned, and for their use they had to pay taxes to the state treasury according to the same system as in the Kazan Khanate - from tribute. There were especially many of these in the Verkhneuslonsky district. There are few indigenous yasak people left here (only part of the village Tatar Mamatkozino), but there were many Russian yasak peasants - villages Egitree, Korguz, Big Memi(the Chuvash from near Tsivilsk settled here together with the Russians), Maidan, Seitovo.

In Sviyazhsky district, as well as in other areas of the former Kazan Khanate, the church became the largest land owner. In 1555, a new Kazan diocese was created, and in 1557 a large area of ​​land was allocated to the Kazan bishop's house.

Monasteries were major church landowners. The most powerful and revered Russian monastery, Trinity-Sergiev, was the first to settle on the territory of the Kazan region. Already in 1553, at the height of the “Kazan War,” Ivan IV allocated him a place for a farmstead in Sviyazhsk: “three wastelands, the villages of Kizhdeevo and Gorodishche, a wild forest, and against the Kazan mouth a black forest against Gosti - on the islands, and universities on the sand non-aquatic fishing." Villages in the 16th - 17th centuries. They called destroyed villages, wastelands - former places of settlements where the arable land had not yet been overgrown with forest.

Already by 1565, on the site of the lands abandoned by the Mordovians, the Russian village of Kildeevo with a church and the villages of Klyuchi repairs (the future Fedyaevo), Gorodishche, Agishevo, Ulyankovo, Ulanovo, Kornoukhovo (now in the Zelenodolsk region); in the place of the future Verkhny Uslon A monastic plot and arable land appeared - all these settlements were described by Borisov and Kikin.

By 1593, villages stood no longer on the site of former Mordovian and Tatar villages, but on the site of a “wild forest”. Verkhniy Uslon, villages Pechischi, repair Varsonofyev (from which the village later grew Nizhny Uslon), at the beginning of the 17th century the village was founded Vorobyovka.

In 1555, simultaneously with the creation of the Kazan diocese, another monastery was opened in Sviyazhsk - the Assumption, which soon became one of the richest and most revered not only in the Middle Volga region and was significantly superior to the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery of the Kazan Kremlin, which was formally considered the main one in the diocese. It was the Assumption Monastery that built the most significant architectural monuments of Sviyazhsk.

The monastery received its main possessions far from Sviyazhsk - on the territory of the present Mamadyshsky district - the city of Mamadysh was founded precisely as a village of the Sviyazhsky Assumption Monastery. But the monastery also had possessions on the territory of the Verkhneuslonsky district, although they were acquired after 1557. Unlike the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, it received lands already populated and developed.

In the early 1560s on the yasak, former Mordovian lands, the peasant Savva Kondratov founded a village, which began to be called after him Savino.

In 1567, scribes wrote down: “Behind Savka Kondratov, Doronka Ankudinov, Alena, the widow of Grigory Rodionov, a large wheel mill on the Sulitsa River, their supply, on the quitrent - 3 rubles, and opposite that mill by the Sulitsa River on the bank behind them on the quitrent the village of Savino, in a Mordovian village, they were stationed in 3 households: Savka Kondratov, Vaska Ankudinov, Senka Rodionov; 8 acres of arable land, 5 acres of thickets, 50 kopecks of hay.”

But already in 1568 the village was transferred to the Sviyazhsk Assumption Monastery, of course, along with the peasants.

In the 70s XVI century The monastery received the village of Tikhy Ples, which previously belonged to Russian landowners.

In 1557, obviously, the former lands of the Kazan Khan, or, as they wrote in chronicles and scribe books, the “Kazan Tsar,” became palace property, that is, the property of the royal family, which was quite logical. In the title of Ivan IV, the name “Tsar of Kazan” appeared; in Kazan and Sviyazhsk, governors sealed letters with the seal of the “Kingdom of Kazan” with the image of not a double-headed eagle or a horseman with a spear, but the dragon Zilant - the ancient emblem of Kazan. Thus, the Russian Tsar naturally looked like the heir to the personal property of the Kazan khans. It is no coincidence that the institution in charge of all the lands of the Middle Volga region until 1720 was called the “Order of the Kazan Palace”.

Already by 1567, on the palace lands stood the village of Tenki (now Kamsko-Ustinsky district) and the village of Burnashevo ( Russian Burnashevo), and by the beginning of the 17th century they were founded Shelanga, Tashevka, Grebeni, Matyushino, Klyuchishchi. Taxes and duties from the palace peasants went to the maintenance of the royal court.

Considering the palace lands their property, the kings had the opportunity to dispose of them, including donating them. In 1565 Russian Burnashevo was transferred to the exiled nobles (see below), and at the end of the 17th century, all palace lands on the territory of the Sviyazhsky district were granted (see article about the Naryshkins).

In 1557, the distribution of land to Russian landowners began. Who were these landowners? During the “Kazan War”, service in the newly annexed region was carried out by nobles sent here from other districts. Usually they were replaced every other year, which is why the service was called “annual”, and the nobles were called “annualists”. In 1565, there were no more “year-old people” in Sviyazhsk, but the scribe book names the courtyards that remained after them in the city.

When peacetime arrived, the government began organizing a permanent army in the region. In Muscovite Rus', the armed forces consisted of noble militia and streltsy troops. Nobles, who were considered “serving for the fatherland,” that is, noble people, were obliged to serve from the age of 15 until they completely lost their combat capability (often eighty-year-olds were sent on military campaigns). They did not receive a salary; it was believed that the means for their service were provided by land holdings - estates. The noble army was a cavalry armed with both bladed weapons and firearms. Each nobleman went to service with his armed slaves - it was supposed to send one person from every 100 hectares (about 170 hectares) of land.

Streltsy - infantry armed with firearms, were “servicemen”, that is, simple, ignoble people. They were recruited (in the language of the 16th - 17th centuries - “cleaned up”) from “free willing people.” Streltsy received a modest salary; their main source of income was traditional urban occupations - crafts, trade, and in small towns - agriculture. The real payment for service was not a salary, but an exemption from rather heavy taxes. The Streltsy army consisted of orders, each of which included five hundred, a hundred was divided into two fifties, which in turn were divided into tens. Commanders of the orders, called “streltsy heads,” and centurions were appointed from the nobles, pentecostals and foremen - from the streltsy.

In Sviyazhsk by 1565 there were already 2 orders of streltsy, which, apparently, were far from completely “tidyed up” - instead of a thousand streltsy, there were only about seven hundred in them. Almost every Streltsy had a house in the city, and Streltsy made up about a third of the residents of Sviyazhsk. In small towns, the government tried to allocate the necessary amount of land to the archers, and while they were engaged in agriculture, they actually led a peasant lifestyle - in these cases, no salary was paid at all. But in relatively large cities, such as Kazan and Sviyazhsk, the land near the cities was not allocated for arable land - it was necessary for grazing livestock belonging to the townspeople and making hay. Hay fields were also allocated to the Sviyazhsk archers - they were located on the territory of the current Verkhneuslonsky district, in the area of ​​the future Makaryevskaya Desert.

The Sviyazh nobility, like the Kazan nobility, began to form as follows: from 1557, nobles from other districts began to be transferred here - now they had to live in new cities and serve here. In Muscovite Rus', the military units of the noble militia were precisely the “cities” - the nobles either served on the territory of their district, or went on campaigns in detachments, each of which was composed of representatives of one city, in this case - Sviyazhsk.

Mostly representatives of poor and humble families from relatively nearby districts - Nizhny Novgorod, Arzamas, Murom, etc., were transferred to Kazan and Sviyazhsk. Once in the service in the new city, they retained their former estates in those districts from which they moved. But the transfer also implied the allocation of land to them at the place of their new service.

Indeed, since 1557, “Sviyazhsk residents” began to receive estates in the Sviyazhsk district. As a rule, the allocated lands were completely empty; there were no peasants or cultivated lands on them - only old Tatar and Mordovian villages. But within a few years, Russian villages appeared on the land of the landowners.

By 1565 there were 11 households in the village Kainki, which arose on land allocated to the estate of the Streltsy head Ivan Parfentievich Khokhlov, 6 courtyards - in the village Quiet Ples, the first owner of which was Gavriil Ignatievich Elizarov.

But the villages of Busurmanskaya Sloboda (now Vvedenskaya Sloboda), Morkvashi, Burnashevo. By 1565, there were 130 peasant households in the Basurman settlement, in Morkvashakh- 51, in Burnashevo- 50. At that time, these were very large settlements - in the internal, long-developed regions of Russia, peasants then lived mainly in small villages of 3-5 households, and a settlement of 20 households was already considered large. However, in Kazan and Sviyazhsky districts, large villages soon became the main type of settlements.

Approximately the same thing as in the territory of the Verkhneuslonsky district happened in the second half of the 16th century in neighboring lands, but with some peculiarities - further from the city and from the Volga, numerous Tatar and Chuvash populations remained.

Questions arise: how did a large Russian population appear here 10 years after the capture of Kazan, where did these people come from and why? Listing by name the peasants who lived in the 60s. in new villages, scribes occasionally call them by nicknames indicating their previous place of residence: Suzdalian (Morkvashi), Ryazanian (Kildeevo), Muromets (Vvedenskaya Sloboda). But nicknames reflect characteristics, not generalities. If the majority of residents Kildeeva were natives of Ryazan, then the peasant would not have received such a nickname. Both scribal books and materials from ethnologists indicate that the settlers came from almost all regions of Rus', but former residents of territories located relatively nearby, up the Volga - Nizhny Novgorod Territory, Kostroma, predominated. On the meadow side, in the Kazan district, there were many Vyatichi; they also settled on the territory of the Sviyazhsky district.

The scribal book of Borisov and Kikin records the state of the Sviyazhsk district in a very important period in the history of Russia and the local region. In 1565 - 1572 Ivan IV pursued a well-known policy of oprichnina. Oprichnina is a very complex phenomenon, which is still controversial in historical science. But its main content can be reduced to terror directed against representatives of the nobility and nobles close to them. Tens of thousands of people became victims of oprichnina terror.

One of the many forms of this terror was the so-called “Kazan exile”. In 1565, “... the sovereign, in his disgrace with the sovereign, sent the princes of Yaroslavl and Rostov and many other princes, and nobles, and children of boyars to Kazan to live and to the city of Sviyazhsk and to the city of Cheboksary.” More than 200 service people were exiled to the territory of the former Kazan Khanate, including representatives of the highest nobility, their relatives and associates, relatives of those who were declared state criminals. They were now supposed to live and serve in Kazan, Sviyazhsk or Cheboksary. But most importantly, their vast estates were confiscated, in return they were to receive estates in the places of their settlement. Indeed, Borisov and Kikin record about 30 courtyards of exiled nobles and princes in the city of Sviyazhsk - in Kazan there were more than 100 of them. Now the district administration consisted of exiles - the exiles Prince Andrei Ivanovich Katyrev-Rostovsky and Prince Nikita Mikhailovich Soroka-Starodubsky became governors in Sviyazhsk .

The exiles actually received estates in the district. Unlike the transferred nobles, they received not empty land, but already populated villages - either from palace lands, or even taken away from former landowners. Of course, this was only a meager compensation for the selected hereditary estates.

On the territory of the Verkhneuslonsky district, estates received:

1) princes of Rostov(that is, the descendants of the former princes of the Rostov principality, which existed before the annexation to Moscow) - voivode boyar Prince Andrei Ivanovich Katyrev-Rostovsky - villages of Kainki, Tikhy Ples, princes Mikhail Andreevich, Roman, Dmitry Romanovich Priimkov-Rostovsky with his son Dmitry - part of the village of Vvedenskaya Sloboda, princes Ivan Vasilyevich and Roman Ivanovich Gundorov-Rostovsky, princes Ivan and Vasily Dmitrievich Zhirov-Zasekin, prince Andrei Petrov Lobanov-Rostovsky, prince Dmitry Vasilyevich Solntsev-Zasekin - the village of Russkoye Burnashevo;

2) princes of Starodub- voivode Prince Nikita Mikhailovich Soroka-Starodubsky - part of the village of Morkvashi, princes Ivan and Pyotr Andreevich and Ivan Semenovich Kovrov - part of the village of Morkvashi, princes Semyon and Mikhail Borisovich, Fyodor Ivanovich and Ivan Ivanovich Pozharsky - part of the village of Vvedenskaya Sloboda (Prince Ivan Ivanovich Pozharsky is the grandfather of the famous hero of the liberation movement, Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky);

3) princes of Yaroslavl- 4 princes Mortkins - part of the village of Vvedenskaya Sloboda.

Among the exiles there were also nobles without princely titles: the Olgovs and Putilovs - close relatives of Alexei Fedorovich Adashev, who was deposed and died in prison, who headed in the 1550s. XVI century government of the Elected Rada. Fyodor Nikiforovich Olgov received part of the village of Morkvashi, Bogdan Suvorovich, Ivan, Vasily, Fyodor Semenovich, Astafy Zakharovich Putilov - part of the village. Russian Burnashevo.

The exact reason for the exile of the capital's nobles Gordey Borisovich Stupishin, Mikhail Obraztsov-Rogaty, Yakov Fedorovich Kashkarov, Rudak Neklyudovich Burtsev is unknown. Obviously, they were relatives or associates of one of the disgraced boyars. They all received estates in the village Vvedenskaya Sloboda.

Thus, in 1565 - 1567. in Morkvashi there were 7 landowners at the same time, in Russky Burnashev - 9, in Vvedenskaya Sloboda - 11. But the stay of the “new residents” in Sviyazhsky district did not last long. In 1567, Ivan IV forgave half of those disgraced, the other half was amnestied a year later. Returning to Moscow and other cities, they returned the estates in Sviyazhsky district to the state. For most of them, forgiveness was short-lived. Soon, already in 1568, all the Putilovs and Olgovs, A.D. were executed. Rzhevsky, M. Obraztsov-Rogaty, G. Stupishin. Voivode Prince A.I. Katyrev-Rostovsky was killed in Sviyazhsk. The estates they returned were soon transferred to the Sviyazhsk nobles.

As mentioned above, in 1555 the Kazan diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church was created. Within a few years, there were many temples in both cities and rural areas. By 1565, there were already three churches on the territory of the Verkhneuslonsky district: “... in the village of Morkvash on local common land there is the Church of the Transfiguration of Spasovo, and near the church there is a courtyard of priests and two cells - Proskurnitsyn and Ponomarev. Arable land, church land - 6 chety, hay 30 kopecks.” “...In the village of Burnashevo is the Church of Elijah the Prophet, above all landowners. near the church there is the yard of priest Prokofy... 6 hectares of church arable land and 30 kopecks of hay.”

Another church, the Presentation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, was in the village of Busurmanskaya Sloboda. That is why it later became known as Vvedenskaya Sloboda.

Temples in Rus' were built quickly, parishes were opened easily. The church was built with donations from landowners or by the peasants themselves using the popular construction method - often in one day. The church was allocated land that was “whitewashed,” that is, exempt from taxes.

That is why it was recorded in the Scribe Book. The main source of support for the clergy was precisely this land, which the clergy cultivated themselves or hired workers, or rented out. As we can see, in Sviyazhsk district a certain standard had already been developed - 6 cheti (about 11 hectares) of arable land and a certain area of ​​hayfields - 30 kopecks. Thanks to such a system, the parish could be very small - the income received from parishioners did not have a big role in the maintenance of the temple and the clergy.

So, 15 years after the annexation of the Kazan Khanate to Russia, in the Sviyazhsky district, including in the territory of the current Verkhneuslonsky district, all the land was already assigned to the new owners, and a process of rapid settlement of the territories emptied during the hostilities took place.

TERRITORY OF VERKHNEUSLONSKY DISTRICT IN THE MIDDLE OF THE XVII CENTURY

In 1646, a population census was carried out throughout Russia - census takers were sent to each district. Usually these were one nobleman and one clerk (clerical employee). Unlike previous descriptions, this event did not have financial or tax purposes. The census was needed precisely to record the population.

The cathedral code, adopted in 1649, attached peasants to the land, and everyone had to live exactly where he was recorded in the 1646 census.

Most of the census books from 1646 have survived. The Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts also contains the census book of Sviyazhsk19. This is an original, sealed on sheets with the autographs of copyists - Moscow nobleman Andrei Andreevich Plemyannikov and clerk Ivan Fadeev.

Unlike scribal books, the census book of 1646 is a very simple document in form - it is simply a list of the entire male population of the city of Sviyazhsk and the district, by village and hamlet.

The book is divided into chapters according to landowners. Thus, we can get a fairly complete picture of the population of Sviyazhsk district in the mid-17th century. Below we place a summary compiled from the census book of 1646 about the villages and hamlets located on the territory of the modern Verkhneuslonsky district.

It should be borne in mind that although the census was quite complete, a number of categories of the population were not named in the books. The most numerous of them were peasants living on yasak lands, and on the territory of the Verkhneuslonsky district by this time there were also yasak villages with a Tatar population ( Tatar Mamatkozino), and with Russian or mixed ( Maidan, Korguza, Egiderevo, Seitovo, Bolshie Memi and etc.). But their population is not recorded in the census book.

By the middle of the 17th century, peasants were already serfs, but were not considered the property of the landowners. In addition to them, quite a lot of serfs lived in the courtyards of the nobles and in their own courtyards in villages and hamlets, that is, slaves or, as they are usually called in documents of that time, “backyard and business people.” They were considered the property of the owners, so they also did not correspond.

The objects of the census were those population groups that paid taxes, i.e. "difficult people." Nobles and service Tatars were named only as owners of the lands on which the “taxable people” lived. Therefore, those landowners who did not have peasants are not named in the book - and among the service Tatars there were many who had an estate in size corresponding to a peasant farm, and, of course, did not have dependent people. Although in a similar census book of the Kazan district, landowners without peasants are mentioned.

The clergy were also not subject to attachment to the land. Therefore, priests, deacons, sextons and members of their families are also not recorded in the book.

Palace villages and villages

Klyuchishchi- 69 peasant and 11 bobyl households, 285 male souls;

Matyushino(in the book - Pochinok Matyushkin) - 52 peasant and 1 bobylsky household, 179 male souls;

Tashevka(in the book - Tashkabak) - 25 peasant households, 36 male souls;

Shelanga(in the book - Shilanga) - 7 peasant households, 23 male souls.

Villages and hamlets of the Sviyazhsky Trinity Monastery (Trinity-Sergius Monastery):

Verkhniy Uslon(in the book - Bolshoi Uslon) - 87 peasant and 71 bobyl households, 526 male souls;

Vorobyovka(in the book - repairs of Sparrows) - 10 peasant households, 36 male souls;

Kildeevo- 61 peasant and 7 bobyl households, 218 male souls;

Nizhny Uslon- 105 peasant households, 345 male souls;

Pechischi- 52 peasant and 9 bobyl households, 203 male souls;

student- 18 peasant households, 66 male souls;

Fedyaevo- 30 peasant and 4 bobyl households, 90 male souls;

Patrikeevo(in the book - Patrekeev repairs) - 7 peasant households, 24 male souls.

Villages and hamlets of the Sviyazhsk Assumption (in the book - Sviyazhsk Bogoroditsky) Monastery

Medvedkovo- 29 peasant and 13 bobyl households, 124 male souls;

Quiet Ples- 21 peasant and 11 bobyl households, 96 male souls;

Savino- 11 peasant and 6 bobyl households, 66 male souls;

Petropavlovskaya Sloboda(in the book - Shevlyagina Sloboda) - 46 Bobyl households, 150 male souls.

Villages that belonged to Sviyazhsk nobles:

Vvedenskaya Sloboda(in the book - Basurmanskaya Sloboda): Dmitry Grigorievich Pavlov - 2 Bobyl households, 6 male souls; Ivan Strizhkin - 2 peasant households, 8 male souls; Stepan Mikhailovich Kaftyrev - 5 peasant households, 19 male souls; Pyotr Kirillovich Elagin - 6 peasant households, 26 male souls; Yakov Lukoshkov - 6 peasant households, 25 male souls; Ivanis Semenovich Kolovnichy - 3 peasant households, 11 male souls; Smirnoy Tishenkov - 1 bobylsky yard, 2 male souls; Stepan Fedorovich Shmelev - 6 peasant households, 19 male souls; Andrey Karachev - 6 peasant households, 17 male souls; Ilya and Grigory Ivanovich Solovtsov - 2 peasant households, 6 male souls; Ivan Elizarievich Tishenkov - 2 peasant households, 6 male souls.

Kainki: landowner Gordey Esipov - 11 peasant households, 44 male souls. In addition, the landowner's yard.

Klyanchino: Ivan Ivanovich Boltin - 5 peasant and 1 bobyl household, 24 male souls. In addition, the landowner's yard.

Krestnikovo(in the book - Russian Kailep): Ivan Bolshoi Krestnikov - 21 peasant and 3 Bobyl households, 68 male souls, landowner's household.

Kuralovo(in the book - Kularevo): on the estates of Sviyazhsk nobles (children of boyars) and newly baptized servicemen. Nobles: Alexander Esipov - 3 peasant households, 11 male souls, Alexander Bestuzhev - 3 peasant households, 12 male souls, Ivan Bolshoi Krestnikov - 2 peasant households, 6 male souls, Pankrat Andreevich Ladyzhensky - 3 peasant households, 7 male souls floor. Newly baptized: Ilya Nagaev - 19 peasant households, 53 male souls, Tit Matveev - 1 peasant household, 1 male soul. In addition, the yards of 5 landowners (except Krestnikov).

Morkvashi: Ivan Antsyferovich Elagin - 26 peasants and 1 bobylsky household, 93 male souls; Nikita Yudin - 7 peasant and 2 bobyl households, 27 male souls.

Russian Burnashevo: Anna Osipovna Glebova, widow of nobleman Ivan Glebov - 1 peasant household, 5 male souls; Yakov Koltsov - 3 peasant and 1 bobylsky household, 11 male souls; Agrafena Kireeva, widow of the nobleman Kuzma Kireeva - 3 peasant households, 9 male souls; Ilya Solovtsov - 1 peasant household, 3 male souls; Antonida Lukoshkova, widow of nobleman Ivan Lukoshkov - 3 Bobyl households, 9 male souls; Andrey Yuryevich Glebov - 4 peasant households, 18 male souls; Nikita Ogalin - 3 peasant and 1 bobyl household, 13 male souls; Nikita Yudin - 1 peasant household, 4 male souls; Prokofy Ogalin - 3 peasant households, 4 male souls; Nelyub Lukoshkov - 2 peasant households, 5 male souls; Boris Bratsky - 1 peasant and 1 bobylsky household, 3 male souls; Vasily Nikitich Krestnikov - 1 peasant household, 4 male souls; Peter Kireev - 2 peasant households, 4 male souls; Ivan and Vasily Zhigolevs - 9 peasants and 1 bobylsky household, 30 male souls. In addition, the courtyards of all 14 landowners' courtyards.

Ulanovo: Ulan Molostvov - 8 peasant households, 25 male souls and a landowner's courtyard.

Yumatovo- Pyotr Esipov - 6 peasant households, 13 male souls, Ivanis Esipov - 5 peasant and 1 bobylsky household, 15 male souls. In addition, the courtyards of both landowners.

Villages that belonged to service Tatars:

Seitovo: Kamai Mamaev - there are no peasant and bobyl households, the only bobyl lives in the landowner's yard.

Tatarskoe Burnashevo: Bayko Baichurin -1 peasant yard, 3 male souls; Tyaneiko Baishev - 5 peasant and 1 bobyl household, 26 male souls; Gubeiko Emikeev - 7 peasant households, 14 male souls; Javasco Tokkesin - 1 peasant household, 4 male souls; Sabaneiko Izhboldin - 1 peasant and 1 bobyl household, 6 male souls; Bagenko Tyulev - 10 peasant and 3 bobyl households, 30 male souls; Ivan Babovkov - 5 peasant households, 19 male souls; Siyashko Kudashev - 1 peasant household, 4 male souls; Apuzarko Akchurin - 1 peasant household, 4 male souls; Akbulat Emikeev - 1 peasant household, 5 male souls; Kubachko Besubyakov - 1 peasant and 1 bobyl household, 7 male souls; Burnashko Kuchyukov - 1 bobylsky yard, 2 male souls. In addition, the yards of all 12 landowners. A significant part of the peasants, judging by their names, are Russians and baptized Tatars.

Makulovo: Princess Salmanea, widow of Prince Aklych Tugushev, - 31 peasant and 1 bobyl household, 90 male souls, serf's courtyard: Urazgilda Murza Semenov - 4 peasant and 1 bobyl household, 14 male souls: Bezhbulat Yakimen abyz, 3 peasant households, 9 souls male; Bubaley Birganov - 6 peasant households, 28 male souls; Anbakhta Murza Urekeev - 2 peasant households, 7 male souls; Isak Kasakeev - 1 peasant and 1 bobyl household, 5 male souls. Urazlya Kulmametev, Abyz - 5 peasant households, 18 male souls; Kulmekey Murza Urekeev - 2 peasant households, 7 male souls; Uralka Latyshev - 1 peasant household, 2 souls of a male stalemate. In addition, the yards of all nine landowners. Although the landowners are service Tatars. Almost half of the peasants are Russian, especially those of Princess Tugusheva. From this village were formed later Tatar Makulovo and Russian Makulovo.

Tatar Mamatkozino(in the book - Bolshoye Mamatkozino): Urmamet Nurkeev - 1 peasant household, 1 male soul. In addition, the landowner's yard. In the same village live yasak peasants, who are not rewritten in the book.

TERRITORY OF VEKHNEUSLONSKY DISTRICT IN THE 18TH CENTURY

By the beginning of the 18th century, the main network of settlements in the region had already developed, and the structure of land ownership had also taken shape. Many of its features that developed in the 16th - 17th centuries were reflected in the 18th century. Monastic lands continued to remain monastic lands, yasak lands continued to remain yasak lands. Villages and villages that made up more or less large estates ( Ivanovskoye, Krestnikovo, Kuralovo, Yumatovo), the huge massif given at the end of the 17th century by Naryshkin ( Shelanga, Grebeni, Klyuchishchi, Matyushno, Tashevka), remained the property of the Naryshkins. Those settlements that in the 16th - 17th centuries. consisted of the possessions of many landowners at once, and continued to be fragmented among many owners, whom it was almost impossible to take into account - they changed so often ( Vvedenskaya Sloboda, Kainki, Russkoe Burnashevo). We were able to establish only two settlements founded on the territory of the region in the 18th century - this is Petropavlovskaya Sloboda, where in the 20s. 18th century retired soldiers (probably former Sviyazhsk archers) and a village were settled Karamyshikha, founded between 1763 and 1780 peasants from neighboring villages.

Of course, the large-scale changes taking place in the country could not but affect the territory of the region. In the first quarter of the 18th century, during the period when Peter I “raised Russia on its hind legs,” the life of the peasants became much harder. Taxes were constantly growing, and in 1722 the first “audit” was carried out - a general census of the population with the aim of introducing a single tax - a poll tax from each "audit" soul. In general, taxes increased approximately threefold. In order for the state to receive more money, many categories of people who previously did not pay taxes were enrolled in the “capitation salary”. Thus, the service Tatars who lived in the villages of the region Tatarskoe Makulovo and Tatarskoe Mamatkozino, began to pay a poll tax and thus turned into ordinary peasants.

The territory of the Verkhneuslonsky region was spared many of the heavier burdens imposed by Peter I on the people. There were no villages assigned to state-owned factories; peasants were not sent to build St. Petersburg. But all peasants now lived under the threat of conscription - soldiers could be recruited up to 45 years of age, regardless of health, marital status, or number of children. No less burdensome was permanent conscription - the entire army lived in “philistine” apartments, which meant that each peasant at any time could be accommodated in the yard of several soldiers, and the landowner was not sure that officers would not settle in his estate or headquarters would not be located .

The nature of the service of the nobles changed - now they all had to serve in the army for life, or at least until old age: first as soldiers, then as officers. As a result, in the first half of the 18th century, most landowner villages and hamlets did not have master's estates, and the few that were available were inhabited by old people, women and children.

The Kazan province was created back in 1708. But initially the division into provinces did not abolish the previous division into districts. Only in 1718 - 1722. A new administrative-territorial division of Russia finally took shape: it now consisted of 10 provinces, and each of the provinces was divided into provinces. The territory of the Verkhneuslonsky district became part of the Sviyazhsk province of the Kazan province. The main thing in the province was the provincial commandant (often in documents he was called the provincial governor). The provincial office operated under him. The Sviyazhsk province was much larger than the Sviyazhsk district of the 16th - 17th centuries; it included both Tsivilsk and Tetyushi.

During the reign of Elizaveta Petrovna, the policy of forced Christianization of the indigenous population of the Volga region intensified. In 1745 - 1764 The body directing this policy was the Office of New Epiphany Affairs, located in Sviyazhsk. On the territory of the Verkhneuslonsky district, the Chuvash who lived in the village were converted to Orthodoxy Big Memi.

In 1762, Catherine II signed the Decree on the Liberty of the Nobility, which gave the nobles all rights and relieved them of all responsibilities. As a result, most of the nobles left the service and settled on their estates. The decree on the freedom of the nobility for the peasants resulted in a sharp deterioration of the situation: the landowners, now living in the villages, exploited the peasants more harshly. The decree on the freedom of the nobility was followed by others - peasants were now forbidden to complain about the landowner, the landowner gave peasants as recruits of his own free will (previously, the selection of recruits was carried out by lot), and had the right to exile unwanted peasants to Siberia.

In fact, serfdom was brought to the level of slavery. It was the strengthening of serfdom that became the main reason for Pugachev’s movement, which in 1773 - 1774. covered the entire Volga region, in June 1774 Pugachev took Kazan. In the territory of the Verkhneuslonsky district, it was not possible to establish cases of reprisals between peasants and landowners, but it is known that all landowners fled from their estates to Kazan and other cities.

A significant part of the territory of the Verkhneuslonsky district was monastery lands. Already during the reign of Peter I, difficult times came for the monasteries, many of them were closed, the rest were depopulated. Monastic and church lands were under strict state control, and the income of the monasteries decreased.

In 1764, Catherine II carried out what historians call secularization - all church and monastery lands with peasants were confiscated and became state property. To manage them, a special management body was created - the Board of Economy. Therefore, the former monastic peasants began to be called economic. Many monasteries were “removed from staff” and closed. This is exactly the fate that befell the Sviyazhsk Trinity Monastery and Makaryevskaya Hermitage.

On the territory of Verkhneuslonsky district economic became the former possessions of the Sviyazhsk Trinity Monastery: Verkhny Uslon, Vorobyovka, Kildeevo, Nizhny Uslon, Patrikeevo, Pechischi, Studenets, Fedyaevo, and Sviyazhsky Assumption Monastery: Medvedkovo, Savino, Sobolevskoye, Tikhy Ples, Shevlyagino.

In 1775 - 1780 a new reform of the administrative-territorial division was carried out. Russia was divided into 60, and not into 10, as before, provinces, and each province into 7 - 15 districts. In 1780, a new Kazan province was created, which included 12 counties. The territory of the Verkhneuslonsky district was still part of the Sviyazhsky district. The administrative division created by Catherine II lasted until 1920.

In 1780, a list of all villages and hamlets of the new Kazan province by district was compiled. In 1880, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the Kazan province, it was published by Dmitry Aleksandrovich Korsakov, a professor at Kazan University. We present that part of the list that concerns the territory of the Verkhneuslonsky district. The named number of souls is the souls according to the “third revision”, that is, the number of males in 176321.

Big Memi- 97 souls of Chuvash tribute.

Verkhniy Uslon- 374 souls of economic peasants.

Vvedenskaya Sloboda- 156 souls of landowner peasants.

Vorobyovka- 61 souls of economic peasants.

Combs- 97 souls of economic peasants.

Egitree- 306 souls of yasak peasants.

Ivanovskoe- 187 souls of landowner peasants.

Kainki- 115 souls of landowner peasants.

Karamyshikha- founded after the 1763 revision by economic peasants.

Kildeevo- 359 souls of economic peasants.

Klyanchino- 303 souls of landowner peasants.

Korguz- 566 souls of yasak peasants.

Krestnikovo- 140 souls of landowner peasants.

Kuralovo- 215 souls of landowner peasants and 6 souls of odnodvortsy (descendants of service people).

Lomovka- 84 souls of economic peasants.

Maidan- 557 souls of yasak peasants.

Makulovo 156 souls of landowner peasants, 18 souls of serving Tatars, 26 souls of their people.

Matyushino- 245 souls of economic peasants.

Medvedkovo- 81 souls of economic peasants.

Morkvashi- 234 souls of landowner peasants.

Morkvashi embankments- 103 souls of economic peasants.

Nizhny Uslon- 398 souls of economic peasants.

Patrikeevo- 102 souls of economic peasants.

Petropavlovskaya Sloboda- 43 souls of arable soldiers and 2 souls of economic peasants.

Pechischi- 248 souls of economic peasants.

Russian Burnashevo- 249 souls of landowner peasants.

Seitovo- 288 souls of yasak peasants.

NARYSHKINS

The history of a significant territory of the southern part of the Verkhneuslonsky district and the northern part of the neighboring Kamsko-Ustinsky and Apastovsky districts is connected with the Naryshkin family.

The Naryshkin family, according to the official pedigree compiled in the 1680s, descended from the noble Crimean Tatar Naryshka, who went to serve the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III in 1463 and was baptized. However, this legend is unreliable - in the 17th century, noble families were supposed to have “traveling” ancestors, and most of the legendary founders of Russian noble families are fictitious. In the XVI - XVII centuries. The Naryshkins were ordinary nobles who had small estates in areas lying south of Moscow - in Tarussky district. By the 40s. In the 17th century, the entire clan was represented by two people - Poluekt and his cousin Thomas, both of them occupied a rather unique niche on the career ladder - they served at the court of the queens. In itself, service in the capital's ranks was honorable according to the concepts of that century, but the nobles who served the queen constituted a special corporation that did not have the opportunity to move to higher levels.

At the court of the queens, first the wife of Mikhail Fedorovich - Evdokia Lukyanovna (Streshneva), then the wife of Alexei Mikhailovich - Maria Ilyinichna (Miloslavskaya), the children of Poluekt and Foma - Kirill Poluektovich and Alexey Fomich - served.

The Naryshkin surname became universally famous in 1670, when the widowed Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich entered into a second marriage with twenty-year-old Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina. Why did the king choose a girl from an inconspicuous, albeit noble family as his wife? Firstly, this was quite in the order of things - until the 18th century, Russian tsars and princes more often married relatively “simple” noblewomen than noble ones. Alexei Mikhailovich’s mother, Evdokia Lukyanovna Streshneva, and his first wife, Maria Ilnichna Miloslavskaya, and, looking ahead, Peter’s first wife, Evdokia Lopukhina, came from ordinary noble families.

Secondly, it is known that Kirill Poluektovich Naryshkin was a friend, and probably also a relative, of the boyar Artamon Sergeevich Matveev, who enjoyed enormous influence in the last years of the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, in the Matveev family and was brought up mainly by Natalya Kirillovna - that’s why she was famous to the king.

Thirdly, in accordance with the tastes of the 17th century, Natalya Kirillovna was a beauty - tall, “in body”, brunette. Alexey Mikhailovich chose her precisely for her beauty.

Having become the tsar's father-in-law, Kirill Poluektovich, of course, became a boyar, and the position of his cousin Alexei Fomich also increased - he became a steward no longer at the Tsaritsyn's but at the tsar's court, and the rank of the tsar's steward was very high, below only the boyar and the okolnichy.

In 1676, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich died, his son from his first wife Fyodor Alekseevich ascended the throne, and the Naryshkins’ position, if not worsened, then became less promising. But Fedor's reign did not last long; in 1682 he died. Two tsars were proclaimed at once - Ivan Alekseevich and Pyotr Alekseevich. Natalya Kirillovna turned from a dowager queen into the mother of a king. But until 1689, the country was actually ruled by Princess Sofya Alekseevna, and the Naryshkins were in disgrace.

In 1689, ruler Sophia was overthrown, Peter I was freed from her tutelage and became the ruling sovereign. This fact is widely known from Alexei Tolstoy’s novel “Peter I”. What is less known, however, is that Peter did not immediately become the statesman that they used to portray him as. The young king slowly grew up. Until the mid-90s. Having crossed the threshold of his twenties, being already a father, he remained a teenager in his aspirations, amused himself by building an amusing fleet on Lake Pereyaslavl, war games with amusing regiments, etc. All these years, until his death, Russia was actually ruled by his mother, Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna, who had a very great influence on her son. She was an intelligent and powerful woman, but she had neither a broad outlook nor the makings of a politician; she was not capable of carrying out reforms or solving truly complex issues.

During these years, numerous relatives of the queen, the Naryshkins, acquired enormous privileges; they were generously given lands and positions. At the same time, not only the tsarina’s three siblings, but also rather distant relatives, including Kirill Alekseevich Naryshkin, the tsarina’s second cousin and, accordingly, Peter I’s second cousin, were the beneficiaries. The exact year of his birth is unknown, but he was probably on two or three years older than Peter I, since he began his career in 1686 as a steward, and then began serving at the age of 15.

In 1693, a young man who had no merit either to the state or even personally to the royal family, in accordance with the decree of Peter I, received extensive estates with thousands of peasants. Some of them were located near Moscow, in the Kashira district, the other was land in the Sviyazhsk district - Kirill Alekseevich Naryshkin Ancient palace villages and villages were transferred on the territory of the Verkhneuslonsky district, Tenki, Varvarino, Labyshka (now the Kamsko-Ustinsky district), Isheevo (now the Apastovsky district) - in total more than 8 thousand peasants. From that time on, he and his descendants remained the masters of both the land and the “souls” of the Sviyazhsk peasants for more than a century and a half.

Kirill Alekseevich Naryshkin grew into a fairly major statesman, living a relatively short life - he died in 1723, at the age of about fifty-five, but left a noticeable mark on history. Unfortunately, his biography has not yet been specifically studied by historians, but any specialist in the history of Peter’s times Kirill Alekseevich is known as one of the prominent comrades-in-arms of the great transformer. In 1695 - 1696 he was the general-provisioner (responsible for supplying the army with food) in the victorious Azov campaign, in 1697 - 1699. was a governor in Moscow.

In 1702 - 1703 It was he who was the commandant of the newly captured Shlisselburg fortress and was mainly involved in its restoration after the Russian assault. Apparently, Kirill Alekseevich was good at managing the construction work, and by the will of Peter I, this particular direction became the sphere of activity of his second cousin for more than ten years. In 1703 - 1704 It was he who supervised the construction of the Peter and Paul Fortress in the newly founded city of St. Petersburg, and now one of the bastions of the fortress is called Naryshkinsky. In 1704 - 1710 Kirill Alekseevich was the commandant of Pskov and was also involved in strengthening its fortifications - the threat of a Swede attack on the city was quite real.

Since 1710, Naryshkin was one of the highest-ranking people in Russia - in 1710 - 1716. he served as commandant of St. Petersburg (from 1712 - the new capital), and from 1716 until his death - as Moscow governor - at that time Russia was divided into only 10 provinces.

Kirill Alekseevich Naryshkin was distinguished by his diligence, ability to understand the situation and organize work. His reports to Peter I, many of which were published, are distinguished by both the clarity of the presentation of the situation and the rich and figurative Russian language, indicating a creative character. Therefore, they are often quoted in works about Peter I.

Kirill Alekseevich Naryshkin never visited his own estates on the territory of the Sviyazhsk district, but he regularly received income from them.

From his marriage to Princess Anastasia Yakovlevna Myshetskaya, he had three children: daughter Tatyana (1704 - 1757) and sons Semyon and Peter.

During her father's lifetime, Tatyana married Prince Vasily Mikhailovich Golitsyn, a prominent military figure, later an admiral general; as a dowry, among other things, her father allocated part of the Sviyazhsk estates - the village of Isheevo and part of the village of Tenki.

The brothers divided the huge estates of Kirill Alekseevich among themselves, all the lands in the Sviyazhsk district went to the eldest, Semyon.

Semyon Kirillovich Naryshkin(5.4.1710 - 27.11.1775), left an orphan at the age of 13 and having a huge fortune, received a good education and spent most of his childhood and youth in Europe. Being a relative - a fourth cousin of Empress Anna Ioannovna, who reigned in 1730 - 1740, he began serving at her court in 1730, immediately receiving the rank of chamberlain (remember that Pushkin received this rank at the age of 30). After the death of Anna Ioannovna and the accession of six-month-old Ivan Antonovich, he left his service and went to Paris, but soon a new palace coup took place. Elizaveta Petrovna, the daughter of Peter I, who was also Semyon Kirillovich’s second cousin, ascended the throne, and in 1742 he was appointed ambassador to England - being a very educated man, he knew well not only French, but also English, which was then a rarity in Russia . But Semyon Kirillovich’s foreign policy career was not successful. Having lived for many years in Paris, he was a supporter of the pro-French orientation of Russia, thereby causing protests in England, dissatisfaction with Vice-Chancellor Bestuzhev, well known from films about midshipmen, and a year later he was recalled.

In 1744, he was assigned to meet the bride of the heir to the throne, Peter Fedorovich, at the border - the German princess Sophia Augusta Frederica (the future Catherine II), and soon he was appointed marshal (director) of the court of the heir to the throne. Both Peter and Catherine treated Semyon Kirillovich without sympathy - he was the spokesman for the interests of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, therefore, after her death and the accession of Peter, Semyon Kirillovich retired. He did not return to service under Catherine II.

Without winning laurels as a statesman, Semyon Kirillovich enjoyed enormous popularity in secular circles. He was known as a dandy, a trendsetter. He was a lover and connoisseur of music and theater, his serf theater was one of the best in the country (probably there were also actors from the villages of the Sviyazhsk district). He created a unique horn orchestra (among the serf orchestra players, there were probably also peasants from Sviyazhsk estates).

Naryshkin's orchestras - both regular and horn - were led by the famous Hungarian conductor Andrássy, whom he lured from service at the empress's court with a higher salary.

Obviously, the huge income from the Sviyazhsk estate played a significant role in the social life of Semyon Kirillovich. He belonged to those people about whom Catherine II said that they do everything to go broke, but cannot because they are too rich.

Semyon Kirillovich Naryshkin was married to Maria Pavlovna Balk-Poleva (1728 - 1793), famous for her beauty, their marriage was childless, so Maria Pavlovna became the only heir of her husband. After her death, the estates in the Sviyazhsky district of the Kazan province were inherited by her nephews, the children of Pyotr Kirillovich Naryshkin (1713 - 1773) and Evdokia Mikhailovna Gotovtseva - Pavel and Mikhail. Pyotr Kirillovich and his children served at court and had high ranks, but did not leave a noticeable mark in the memories of their contemporaries.

A more striking personality was Mikhail Petrovich (1753 - 1825), his son Mikhail Mikhailovich (1798 - 1863) was one of the prominent Decembrists, whose life and activities are devoted to extensive literature.

The brothers divided the Sviyazhsk estates - the part that is located on the territory of the Kamsko-Ustinsky district (with its center in Tenki) went to Mikhail Petrovich, and Shelanga, Grebeni, Tashevka, Matyushino, Klyuchishchi- Pavel Petrovich, but until the death of Mikhail Petrovich, their estate was managed from one office in Tenki - the brothers divided the collected funds in accordance with the number of peasant souls each had.

The famous writer and revolutionary Alexander Nikolaevich Radishchev, returning from Siberian exile (he was pardoned by Emperor Paul I), sailed along the Volga on June 6, 1797 and wrote in his diary:

“Having reached the mountain above the village of Tyunki (Tenki), which belongs to Naryshkin, we went along the towline, and before that we went with deliveries. We drove past the villages of the Naryshkins and spent the night near a village that belonged to them, opposite the place where they burn lime, up to 15 stoves. Semyon Kirillovich and Marya Pavlovna had these places; she took rent for 5 rubles, and her nephews up to 10 rubles. NB. There are up to 600 quarters in the oven, 20 fathoms per quarter loosened on the spot, and 25 fathoms or less for unopened quarters. We sailed on the 7th, the sun had already risen. The wind, having risen strong at 2 o'clock, carrying us past many villages, brought us to Verkhny Uslon to the sovereign’s village”22.

Joint management ended in 1826, when, after the death of Mikhail Petrovich, his numerous heirs, 3 sons and 6 daughters, did not divide the Sviyazhsk estate and sold it to the prince Sergei Sergeevich Gagarin. Since that time, villages and hamlets on the territory of the present Verkhneuslonsky district remained the only Naryshkin estates in the Sviyazhsky district, the manager’s office was now located in the village Shelanga.

The owner of this estate, chamberlain Pavel Petrovich Naryshkin, married to his distant relative and namesake Anna Dmitrievna Naryshkina, had one son, Dmitry, who became the owner of Sviyazhsk lands after his father’s death in 184123.

Dmitry Pavlovich Naryshkin(1795 - 1868) was, like all the Naryshkins, a very wealthy landowner, belonged to the highest part of the Russian nobility, but did not make a big career; he retired as a relatively young man as a staff captain of the Life Guards and obviously did not move in court circles. This is evident from the fact that the authors of genealogical reference books did not know the exact date and place of his death (most likely abroad).

Under Dmitry Pavlovich, serfdom was abolished and charters were signed. By 1861 in the villages Shelanga and Tashevka and villages there were 630 households, in them - 1426 souls of peasants and 10 souls of male servants according to the 1858 census, that is, the total number of serfs was about 3000 people - Dmitry Pavlovich was the largest landowner of the Sviyazhsky district. The peasants used 11,636 dessiatines of land out of a total of 18,200 dessiatines - as noted above, already at the end of the 17th century the peasants were on quitrent and there was no lordly plowing. Therefore, the landowner did not lay claim to sections of peasant arable land in his own favor, as was the case in most other villages, and therefore the peasants of the Naryshkin estates received, according to the Statutory Charters, all the land that was in their use for redemption, and did not experience a shortage - per revision per capita there was 4.5 tithes.

Dmitry Pavlovich Naryshkin was married to a foreigner, most likely a Frenchwoman, Jenny Falcon, a former actress of the Mikhailovsky Theater in St. Petersburg - this theater gave performances in French, and a permanent French troupe worked. As mentioned above, Dmitry Pavlovich was not a courtier, and the authors of genealogical reference books of the late 19th century knew nothing about her fate. We don't even know if she outlived her husband or died before her.

He had one daughter, Adelaide, who around 1863 married Marquis Alexander Nikolai Filippovich Paulucci. The Marquises of Paulucci became the heirs of the Naryshkins.

MARQUISES PAULUCCI

Since 1869, bearers of a very exotic surname and title appeared among the Sviyazhsk landowners. The history of this genus is no less exotic.

The first representative of the ancient Italian family was Marquis Philip Osipovich Paulucci. His youth and youth fell on a turning point at the end of the 19th century, the wind of change brought him to Russia. Philip was born in 1779 in the Italian city of Modena in northern Italy. Modena was a small independent state ruled by a ducal monarch (the Pauluccis were close relatives), but like most other Italian states, the Austrian Empire exercised enormous influence here. Philip's father was a high-ranking Austrian official, and was a courtier of Empress Maria Theresa and Emperor Joseph II24.

Philip, at the age of 16, in 1794, entered military service, but not in the Austrian or Modena armies, but in the armed forces of the neighboring, larger and independent Italian state of Piedmont, whose capital was Turin, and the largest cities were Genoa and Florence. At this time, a coalition of European powers, including Piedmont, was at war with revolutionary France. The young marquis took part in it, and after all of Northern Italy was captured by the French, he served in the Austrian army. In 1806, there was a sharp turn in his career - he entered Napoleon’s army and at the age of 27 received the rank of colonel, and a year later he transferred to Russian service.

Obviously, by this time he had already established himself as a professional military man, and therefore his career in the Russian army was developing successfully. The beginning of the 19th century in Russia was marked by a series of wars, and Paulucci took part in most of them. In 1807 - 1808 With the rank of colonel, he fought with the Turks in the Danube theater of military operations, in 1808 - 1809, already a major general, he participated in the Russian-Swedish war. Since 1811 - commander of the Russian army in Georgia, managed to take part in the final stage of the Russian-Turkish war already in the Caucasian theater of military operations. In 1812, during Napoleon's invasion of Russia, Lieutenant General Paulucci commanded the Russian army, which was at the same time waging war with Iran, and at the end of 1812, having become the governor of Riga, he managed to take part in the expulsion of Napoleon from Russia. Philip Osipovich was the governor of Riga until 1821, and in 1821 - 1829. already with the rank of infantry general (corresponding to the current army general) he was the governor of the entire Baltic region.

In 1829, he left Russian service and went to his native Italy, to Piedmont, where until the end of his life he was the governor of Genoa and commander of the military district. He died on January 25, 1849.

The transition from one army to another was quite common at that time, but the biography of the Marquis Paulucci looked too rich even at that time - he managed to serve in the armies of five states and participated in wars with five states.

Philip Osipovich Paulucci was a very famous military figure; there are articles about him in all pre-revolutionary Russian encyclopedias. But none of the works even mention about him that he has descendants and they live in Russia. Probably, military historians did not even suspect this - the following Marquises Paulucci were not such outstanding personalities. All other information was extracted by us from the genealogical books of the Kazan Provincial Assembly of Nobility and is published for the first time. We were unable to find an answer to some questions.

Philip Osipovich Paulucci probably married in Russia or a Russian. Otherwise it is difficult to explain why his son, Marquis Alexander-Nikolai Filippovich Paulucci, who was born and spent the first 10 years of his life in Genoa, after the death of his father he ended up in Russia in the page corps - a privileged military school for the children of aristocrats.

In 1857, he graduated from the corps and began serving as a cornet (a junior officer rank in the cavalry) in the Life Guards Hussar Regiment. But his military career did not last long. In 1861 he retired, did not serve for 9 years, and in 1873 he entered the civil service in the general department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in 1876 he received the rank of titular councilor.

In 1877 - 1879, he was again in the Life Guards Hussar Regiment - at that time the Russian-Turkish war was going on, Marquis Paulucci participated in it in the Danube theater of military operations. Probably, returning to the army was not the act of a patriotic volunteer. By 1874, military reform had ended in Russia, the army began to be built on the basis of conscription, and a relatively young reserve officer was called up.

After the end of the war, Paulucci did not return to the Ministry of the Interior, but entered the horse breeding department of the Ministry of State Property, where he served until his retirement in 1892.

However, he was not, of course, an ordinary official. In 1875 he received the first court rank - chamberlain cadet, and in 1885 he became chamberlain of the court. In the department of manuscripts and rare books of the Lobachevsky Scientific Library there is a small folder containing various minor documents of Paulucci.

But from them it can be understood that, in addition to the Sviyazhsk estate, he had at least four large apartment buildings in St. Petersburg, he often traveled abroad, visited Paris, and Rome, and his native Genoa, and Nice , corresponded “with his Italian relatives - mostly not in Italian, but in French - the international language of the aristocracy.

Court life was reflected in detail in the press, but we were unable to find traces of any activity in this field by the chamberlain cadet and chamberlain Paulucci. Probably, he was not really “close to the court” - court titles were automatically assigned to noble persons. By the way, for many decades Alexander Nikolai Filippovich was not called a marquis in Russia - only in 1891, by decision of the Senate (Supreme Court), was his right to bear this title recognized - despite the fact that his father was always called a marquis.

We were unable to establish the time of death of Alexander-Nikolai Filippovich Paulucci. It is likely that he lived until 1917 and emigrated; in any case, he was still alive in 1911.

Marquis Alexander-Nikolai Filippovich Paulucci was married 2 times. He himself remained a Catholic, but his wives and children were Orthodox.

His first wife was Adelaida Dmitrievna Naryshkina. On May 18, 1865, their son Alexander was born. Adelaida Dmitrievna died shortly before her father. It would seem that the only inheritance of his grandfather was to be received by his grandson, who in his patronymic inherited only one of his father’s two names - his name was Marquis Alexander Alexandrovich Paulucci.

But the official owner of the Sviyazhsk estate, more than 6,000 acres of land, and the recipient of huge redemption payments from the peasants of the villages Shelanga, Grebeni, Tashevka, Matyushino, Klyuchishchi became Alexander-Nikolai Filippovich - probably according to the will of his wife or father-in-law.

With his second marriage in 1870, Alexander-Nikolai Filippovich Paulucci married Elizaveta Mikhailovna Martynova, daughter of the retired captain of the Life Guards Hussar Regiment Martynov. Mikhail Solomonovich Martynov (1814 - 1860) was the elder brother of the murderer of Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov, Nikolai Martynov, together with Lermontov he studied at the school of guards ensigns and served in the Life Guards Hussar Regiment. On November 29, 1873, their son Victor was born. Paulucci's father and two sons, together with their sons, owned the Sviyazhsk estate until 1917.

Unfortunately, we were unable to find out anything about Alexander Alexandrovich, except that in 1911 he was alive and, most likely, had no family.

His younger brother Victor Alexandrovich Paulucci served in the Life Guards Dragoon Regiment, rose to the rank of colonel, and at the same time had the court rank of chamberlain. He was married to Maria Nikolaevna (her maiden name could not be determined), he had two children - Elizaveta (born June 26, 1906) and Nikolai (born November 25, 1908)26.

In 1893, the Marquis Paulucci family was included in the genealogical book of the Kazan Provincial Noble Assembly - an official document certifying their membership in the provincial nobility society. Previously, they did not do this, apparently because they did not want to be recorded without the title of marquis (as mentioned above, they received the right to officially be called marquises in 1891). But only Viktor Alexandrovich really became a Kazan nobleman. Around 1912, he and his family settled in Kazan, rented the luxurious Marco mansion (4 Gogol Street - the then and current addresses are the same), and in the summer he lived in his estate in Shelange or in another estate, in Verkhny Uslon(apparently he bought some house of wealthy Verkhneuslon peasants). From Verkhny Uslon he sailed to Kazan on his own yacht - Viktor Aleksandrovich was the president of the Kazan yacht club, whose summer headquarters were located in Verkhny Uslon. In addition, Viktor Alexandrovich was the leader of the nobility of the Sviyazhsk district, and Marquise Maria Nikolaevna Paulucci was the trustee of the Sviyazhsk women's gymnasium.

Why the capital's guards officer settled in Kazan could not be established. The entire Paulucci family lived in Kazan during the First World War. Although the brave colonel was only 42 years old in 1914, he was not at the front, we did not find his name either in the lists of officers of the headquarters of the Kazan Military District, or in the lists of other military units of the Kazan garrison.

BARATAEVS

Among the landowners who owned lands and peasants in the Verkhneuslonsky district, there were many quite prominent families and personalities.

The family of princes Baratayev left a noticeable mark on the history of Kazan. This is a Georgian princely family. The founder of its Russian branch is Prince Melchizedek (Mikhail) Barataev left for Russia in 1724 with the Imeretian Tsar Vakhtang Leonovich and ended up in Russian service. The Georgian princes were considered in Russia an aristocracy of noble origin - this is not accidental; their genealogies date back to the 4th - 6th centuries. AD, they were all distant branches of the ancient Bagration dynasty - not one of the indigenous Russian families could boast of such a long pedigree.

Melchizedek had 5 sons. At least three of them went on to good careers. Second son, Semyon Mikhailovich (1745 - 12/30/1798), in 1780 - 1796. in the rank of Privy Councilor he was the Kazan governor. Semyon Mikhailovich married in Kazan Anna Alexandrovna Rodionova (1761 - 1830), a representative of an old and very rich Kazan noble family, who owned estates in Spassky, Tetyushsky, Sviyazhsky districts. Semyon Mikhailovich entered the Kazan noble society, built a house (it has survived - Dzerzhinsky Street, 17), but did not have his own estates.

His son is Prince Nikolai Semenovich Barataev (1785 - 1845) received his education in the St. Petersburg Artillery Cadet Corps from 1799, that is, from the age of 15, served as an officer in various artillery units, in 1812, with the rank of staff captain, he participated in the Patriotic War, including in the famous battles of Borodino under under the command of General Miloradovich (awarded the Order of Vladimir, 4th degree), and under Maloyaroslavets (awarded the Order of St. Anne, 2nd degree), then he was on campaigns abroad and in 1814 entered Paris. After the war he continued to serve. Despite many awards, his promotion in ranks was not so successful; he received subsequent ranks only based on length of service; he became a captain in 1816, a lieutenant colonel in 1819. He probably did not have any significant connections at the top.

In 1822, Nikolai Semenovich was appointed to Kazan as head of the artillery arsenal, from where he retired in 1840 as a colonel. As the son of the Kazan governor and a relative of many local aristocrats, he and his family entered the highest part of local society. He built a house opposite the university building (Lobachevsky St., 2/31, later the Kseninskaya Women’s Gymnasium was located here); Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy, a university student, visited Barataev’s house.

Nikolai Semenovich became a landowner of the Sviyazhsk district in 1831, when, during the division of the estate left after the death of his aunt Maria Alexandrovna Mergasova (Rodionova), he received the village of Mamatkozino (now Old Russian Mamatkozino) and 271 revision souls. From now on Mamatkozino became the “noble nest” of the Baratayevs, in which they raised two sons - Nikolai and Alexander, who graduated from Kazan University and became officials, and five daughters. Soon the Barataevs bought from Obukhov his estate in the village of Krestnikovo - another 100 revision souls.

After the death of Nikolai Semenovich, the Mamatkozin estate was divided, probably according to the will - the third part went to his son Nikolai, and two thirds to the widow, Evgenia Fedorovna (d. 1880), along with her son Alexander and daughters. It was under them that serfdom was abolished. Therefore, until 1917, there were two peasant communities in Old Russian Mamatkozin.

All members of the Baratayev family who died in Kazan were buried in the cemetery of the Kazan Kizichesky Monastery. A detailed description of their monuments can be found in the book of Archbishop Nikanor (Kamensky), dedicated to the Kizichesky Monastery. Unfortunately, time and Soviet power did not spare their graves, like many others. Now on the site of the Baratayev necropolis there is the Palace of Culture of Chemists.

GERKEN

The surname Gerken is often found in books on the history of Kazan. This family in the mid-19th - early 20th centuries. was a member of the highest Kazan society. Nikolai Ivanovich Gerken married the daughter of the poet Evgeniy Abramovich Baratynsky, Zinaida, and became the owner of a luxurious estate in Kaymary (Vysokogorsky district), and their son Alexander Nikolaevich Gerken (1863 - 1935) was a famous medical scientist, surgeon, and professor at Kazan University. But most of the Gerkens were military.

Meanwhile, this family did not belong to the aristocracy by origin. First Kazan Gerken Fedor Fedorovich- was the son of a merchant from Revel (Tallinn). Who his nationality was: German, Estonian, Swede, and maybe Russian (there was a native Russian population in Tallinn, and many of them had German surnames - from the time of Swedish rule) - it is unknown, but obviously he spoke Russian well - in 1761 he entered the military department as a clerk. In 1771, Fedor Fedorovich was an auditor (head of the office) of the Novgorod regiment, already with the rank of ensign. In 1772 - 1779 served as an adjutant to General Mikhail Fedorovich Kamensky, later a field marshal and famous commander (at the beginning of the 19th century there were only 2 field marshals in the Russian army - Kamensky and Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov). One can guess that the former clerk attracted Kamensky not with his brave appearance or secular manners. Obviously, Fyodor Fedorovich’s duties were also clerical. But his closeness to an influential military leader helped him advance in rank: in 1774 he was already a captain, and from 1779 he was a second major. In 1779, he went to serve in the provisions staff and until his retirement in 1805, he held positions with unpronounceable names - provision master, general-provision master-lieutenant, receiving ranks - prime major - 1780, lieutenant colonel - 1786, Colonel - 179227.

In 1788, he married Ekaterina Petrovna Esipova, who belonged to an old noble family. The Esipovs were among the first nobles endowed with estates in Sviyazhsky district in 1557 (according to legend, their family descends from the Novgorod boyars).

Ekaterina Petrovna was the only heiress of a wealthy landowner, and Fyodor Fedorovich became the owner of a significant amount of land and peasants in Yumatovo (there was the estate of the Esipovs, then the Gerkenovs), in Tatarsky Burnashev. In 1832, he added to them part of the village of Morkvashi (Forest Morkvashi). They also had estates in Spassky district.

Gerken estate in the village of Yumatovo

Gerken estate-greenhouse. Photo from the beginning of the 20th century.

Fyodor Fedorovich Gerken had 2 sons - Peter (1790 - ?) and Nikolai (1792 - ?). Both graduated from the Artillery Cadet Corps, both had good careers, rising to the rank of major general. After the death of their father in 1831, they divided the estates - Nikolai Fedorovich got possessions in Spassky district, and Petr Fedorovich became the owner of Yumatov.

From 1801 he served as an artillery officer, from 1807 as a lieutenant, and from 1811 as a staff captain. From his official list it is impossible to understand whether he took part in the Patriotic War, but he took part in foreign campaigns: in 1814 he was awarded a medal for the capture of Paris. In 1816 - captain, in 1818 - colonel. He took part in the Russian-Turkish war of 1826 - 1828. as a battery commander, in 1827 he received the rank of major general for distinction, and since 1830 he has been retired. In retirement, he lived in Kazan in his own house, built in 1839 (now Zhukovsky St., 5).

He was married to the daughter of Lieutenant General Anna Ivanovna Panchulidzeva. The artillery profession became hereditary in the Gerken family: both sons of Pyotr Fedorovich, Sergei and Ivan, and grandson Nikolai Ivanovich, who later married the daughter of Evgeniy Baratynsky, Zinaida, were artillery officers.

NAZIMOVS - TERENINS

At the beginning of the 18th century, part of the village of Vvedenskaya Sloboda (about 60 peasants) belonged to the Sviyazhsk nobleman Maxim Nazimov. Unfortunately, it was not possible to establish its origin - there was no such surname among the Sviyazhsk nobles of the 17th century. The estate later passed to his son Savva Maksimovich Nazimov- a fairly famous naval figure. In the 30s, he studied at the naval cadet corps in St. Petersburg, and in 1736 he was released as a midshipman. He served in the Baltic Fleet, from 1763 - lieutenant captain and commander of the then largest frigate "Alexander Nevsky", from 1763 - captain of the 3rd rank and captain of the Kronstadt port. From 1769 - lieutenant general (in the 18th century, sailors were often awarded land ranks) and commandant of the Kronstadt Fortress, from 1773 - present on the Admiralty Board (deputy fleet commander). Since 1775 - vice admiral. Naval reference books and encyclopedias state that Savva Maksimovich died in 1775 in Kronstadt, but, as we were able to establish, in 1780 he was alive and lived in Kazan and on his estate in Vvedenskaya Sloboda.

Savva Maksimovich’s wife, Elizaveta Kashpirovna, for a long time outlived not only her husband, but also her son Peter, who was also a military sailor. She died in 1821 and bequeathed her estate to her granddaughter, Elizaveta Petrovna, who was married to Mikhail Kuzmich Terenin. In 1834, on her estate in Vvedenskaya Sloboda lived 71 male souls and 83 female peasants, and 14 male souls and 13 female servants.

Her husband, Mikhail Kuzmich Terenin (1772 - ?), came from a fairly wealthy, but not very noble family of Simbirsk nobles. Mikhail Kuzmich entered service as a soldier in the Vladimir Dragoon Regiment in 1786, and from 1787 - an ensign. Together with the regiment, he took part in the Russian-Turkish war of 1787 - 1791, from 1794 - captain, in 1795 he transferred to civilian service. Until 1810 he served in the Tver Criminal Chamber, from where he retired. Mikhail Kuzmich had his own holdings in Alatyr and Sviyazhsky yezds, more than 400 peasants, but The Sviyazhsk estate, in accordance with Nazimova’s will, was the property of Elizaveta Petrovna.

Somewhere around 1840, on the lands belonging to her there was the village of Elizavetino was founded, named so obviously in honor of both Elizabeths - grandmother and granddaughter. Some of the peasants from Vvedenskaya Sloboda were resettled there.

According to the will of Elizaveta Petrovna Terenina, who died around 1850, the estate was inherited by her only son Nikolai Mikhailovich Terenin, born in 1805. Since 1826, he served in the Life Guards cavalry regiment (cuirassiers) as a cadet. From 1828 - cornet, participated in the suppression of the Polish uprising of 1830 - 1831, awarded for participation in the storming of Warsaw. From 1831 - lieutenant. He was dismissed due to illness in 1835 as a captain. In retirement, he lived in Kazan, had his own house (Rakhmatullina St., 2, later there was a Mariinsky gymnasium), was an active figure in the assembly of the nobility, a trustee of the Kazan gymnasium, and the Kazan district school. He was married to Alexandra Stepanovna Strekalova, the daughter of the Kazan military governor Stepan Stepanovich Strekalov.

According to the revision of 1858, he had 69 souls of peasants in the village of Elizavetino and 140 souls of peasants and servants in the village of Vvedenskaya Sloboda, who were released in 1861.

Nikolai Mikhailovich had 3 sons - Mikhail, Alexander and Stepan. The fate of the first two is unknown to us, but Stepan Stepanovich Terenin, who inherited the Sviyazhsk estate, was chamberlain of the court, in 1887 - 1898. was the leader of the nobility of the Kazan province.

OBUKHOVS

Founder Ivan (Yan) Vasilievich Obukhov. From the Yuryevo-Polish sons of the boyars. 3rd governor of the left hand of the troops in the Kazan campaign of 1544, 4th governor of the right hand of the troops in the Swedish campaign of 1549, went with a regiment from Ladoga to Polotsk in 1551.

Vasily Ivanovich, landowner of Simbirsk and Nizhny Novgorod districts, Guard Ensign of the Preobrazhensky Regiment, discharged from military service in 1720, Collegiate Assessor.

Wife Natalya Vasilievna, lived with their sons in Moscow, confessed to the church. Intercession of the Virgin Mary and St. Nicholas the Wonderworker on Peski (near Arbat).

Their son Ivan Vasilievich, born on June 2, 1735, enlisted as a soldier in the Life Guards Izmailovsky Regiment in 1749, sergeant from May 26, 1754, in 1762 he was Captain-Lieutenant of the Izmailovsky Regiment and contributed to the accession to the throne of Empress Catherine 2, after his marriage he transferred to civilian life service (1762). He was greatly loved by the empress; took an active part in the internal life of the empire - he was the personal Privy Advisor to the Empress, Acting Chamberlain, Knight of the Order of St. Anna (1777) and St. Alexander Nevsky (September 22, 1793), in the last years of his life he became close to Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich and lived in Gatchina, where he was transferred from Leningrad. Izmailovsky Regiment in Gatchina Horse Guards their sons captains Vasily, Peter and Nikolai Ivanovich Obukhov.

On January 1, 1795, he was promoted to Active Privy Councilor (the rank corresponding to full general, i.e., the modern rank of army general. Died in April 1795. Buried in St. Petersburg. Necropolis of the Holy Trinity Alexander Nevsky Lavra. Inscription on the tombstone : "Before the Throne he matured, grew old, died, honored the faith and loved his secret ones and friends. And he was adorned with honorable titles from everyone. Behold, his exploits and glory in this life."

For Anna Borisovna Bestuzheva only in Sviyazhsk district received lands and peasants in villages and villages: Kuralovo, Utyashki, Rus. Burnashevo, Rus. Azelei, Morkvashi.

Vasily Ivanovich, Brigadier, born in 1764, died of wounds in Moscow on December 31, 1813. Married since May 13, 1800 to Maria Vasilievna Vasilyeva (illegitimate daughter of the Actual Privy Councilor of Prince Vasily Vasilyevich Dolgorukov). He was buried at the Donskoye Cemetery in Moscow, next to his mother. Anna Borisovna (nee Bestuzheva 1745-1805)) .

1816 Kuralova village Brigadier Marya Vasilyeva Obukhova with her son Vasily 366 souls m.p. 3066 dessiatines 973 fathoms.

Peter Ivanovich, retired Brigadier, died August 22, 1838. Wife - Sofya Vasilievna (Sarah) Marleys (English).
Nikolai Ivanovich State Councilor - died single.

Son of Vasily Ivanovich - Vasily Vasilievich, born May 14, 1806, died 1879.

Cornet Leib - GUARDS OF HER MAJESTY'S ULANSKY REGIMENT EMPRESS ALEXANDRA FEDOROVNA. (1828 - 1830) Was wounded by Polish rebels and dismissed in 1831. Then the Collegiate Assessor. Wife - Ekaterina Vasilievna Obreskova.

Vasily Ivanovich's daughter Sofya Vasilievna was married to cavalry general Pavel Vasilyevich Olferyev, under whose command Vasily Vasilyevich served.

Vasily Vasilievich Obukhov, from the nobles of the Kazan province, the son of a cornet front-guard. Ulan Regiment of Vasily Vasilyevich Obukhov and Ekaterina Vasilievna, nee Obreskova, daughter of Cavalier Guard Vasily Alexandrovich Obreskov. Born on August 14, 1850, he was educated at the Alexander Lyceum.

On May 21, 1871, upon completion of the course, he entered the Cavalry Regiment as a cadet; On October 19 of the same year he was promoted to cornet; in 1876 lieutenant; On June 10 of the same year he was appointed adjutant to the Moscow Governor-General; in 1877 - captain; On November 13 of the same year, he was expelled from the post of adjutant, with enlistment in the army cavalry as a major, seconded to the Voznesensky Uhlan Regiment and enlisted in the office of the Russian Commissioner in Bulgaria; in 1880 he was appointed adjutant to the commander of the Kazan Military District; in 1882 he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and discharged from service with his uniform.

In 1884 - 1887 was the Sviyazhsk district leader; in 1905 as an assistant to the same leader.

He died in 1918 (the grave is unknown because he departed with the White Guards from Sviyazhsk and died or died is unknown). The family was in Petrograd.

Children from first marriage: Sofya Vasilievna is married to the actual Privy Councilor, State Secretary Nikolai Pavlovich Mansurov.

Maria Vasilievna - married to Evgeniy Dmitrievich Maslov, colonel of the Life Guards Hussar Regiment (1876).

2nd marriage - to the daughter of Lieutenant General Pavel Petrovich Kartsev, the girl Ekaterina Pavlovna. 1898 (A bust of the general still stands in Bulgaria).

From his second marriage.

Vadim Vasilievich Obukhov, born in 1896 in St. Petersburg, graduated from the Imperial School of Law in 1917 and was assigned to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in the 20s he worked in Soviet institutions. At the beginning of 1933, he was arrested with his mother in Leningrad in a group case (B. Grass et al.). Exiled with his mother to Vologda.

Behind the Obukhovs, Vasily Vasilyevich and Ekaterina Pavlovna, near the village of Kuralov and the Gladkovskaya wasteland - 92 dessiatinas, with the latrine dachas of Streletskaya and Kazaikha and the suburban crops belonging to the village of Kuralov and the village. Russian Burnashev -168 dessiatines, under Rus. Azeleiakh - 554 dessiatines, under Morkvasha - 118 dessiatines. Before the revolution in Kuralovo, they also owned alcohol. factory.

The main material in this section is taken from the book:

Verkhniy Uslon: native land forever beloved...: popular science publication / Edited by L.G. Abramov. - Kazan: in cities and towns, 2001.-363 pp.

MBU "Verkhneuslonskaya TsBS" thanks everyone who contacts us about the history of their region. We express special gratitude for the information provided on the Obukhov family - Dmitry Aleksandrovich Bychkov, we hope for further cooperation. We are very glad that there are more and more people interested in history and caring about their roots.