What type of social mobility is divorce. Types and factors of social mobility
scientific definition
social mobility- change by an individual or group of the place occupied in the social structure (social position), moving from one social stratum (class, group) to another (vertical mobility) or within the same social stratum (horizontal mobility). Sharply limited in a caste and estate society, social mobility increases significantly in an industrial society.
Horizontal mobility
Horizontal mobility- the transition of an individual from one social group to another, located on the same level (example: moving from an Orthodox to a Catholic religious group, from one citizenship to another). Distinguish individual mobility- the movement of one person independently of others, and group - the movement occurs collectively. In addition, geographical mobility is distinguished - moving from one place to another while maintaining the same status (example: international and interregional tourism, moving from city to village and back). As a variety geographical mobility distinguish the concept of migration - moving from one place to another with a change in status (example: a person moved to a city for a permanent place of residence and changed his profession). And it is similar to castes.
Vertical mobility
Vertical mobility- moving a person up or down the corporate ladder.
- Upward mobility- social uplift, upward movement (For example: promotion).
- Downward mobility- social descent, downward movement (For example: demotion).
social lift
social lift- a concept similar to vertical mobility, but more often used in the modern context of discussing the theory of elites as one of the means of rotation of the ruling elite.
Generational mobility
Intergenerational mobility - a comparative change in social status among different generations (example: the son of a worker becomes president).
Intragenerational mobility (social career) - a change in status within one generation (example: a turner becomes an engineer, then a shop manager, then a factory director). Vertical and horizontal mobility are influenced by gender, age, birth rate, death rate, population density. In general, men and young people are more mobile than women and the elderly. Overpopulated countries are more likely to experience the consequences of emigration (relocation from one country to another for economic, political, personal reasons) than immigration (moving to a region for permanent or temporary residence of citizens from another region). Where the birth rate is high, the population is younger and therefore more mobile, and vice versa.
Literature
- social mobility- article from the Newest Philosophical Dictionary
- Sorokin R. A. Social and cultural mobility. - N. Y. - L., 1927.
- Glass D.V. Social mobility in Britain. - L., 1967.
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .
- Pletink, Joseph
- Amsterdam (album)
See what "Social mobility" is in other dictionaries:
social mobility- (social mobility) Movement from one class (class) or, more often, from a group with a certain status to another class, to another group. Social mobility both between generations and within the professional activities of individuals is … Political science. Vocabulary.
SOCIAL MOBILITY- change by an individual or group of a social position, a place occupied in the social structure. S. m. is connected both with the operation of the laws of societies. development, class struggle, causing the growth of some classes and groups and a decrease ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
SOCIAL MOBILITY- SOCIAL mobility, change by an individual or group of the place occupied in the social structure, movement from one social stratum (class, group) to another (vertical mobility) or within the same social stratum ... ... Modern Encyclopedia
SOCIAL MOBILITY- change by an individual or group of the place occupied in the social structure, moving from one social stratum (class, group) to another (vertical mobility) or within the same social stratum (horizontal mobility). ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
social mobility- SOCIAL MOBILITY, change by an individual or group of the place occupied in the social structure, movement from one social stratum (class, group) to another (vertical mobility) or within the same social stratum ... ... Illustrated encyclopedic Dictionary
SOCIAL MOBILITY- a concept by which the social movements of people are indicated in the direction of social positions, characterized by a higher (social ascent) or lower (social degradation) level of income, prestige and degree ... ... The latest philosophical dictionary
SOCIAL MOBILITY- see SOCIAL MOBILITY. Antinazi. Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009 ... Encyclopedia of Sociology
SOCIAL MOBILITY- SOCIAL MOBILITY, a term used (along with the concepts of social displacement and social mobility) in sociology, demography and economics. sciences to denote the transitions of individuals from one class, social group and stratum to another, ... ... Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary
SOCIAL MOBILITY- (vertical mobility) See: labor overflow (mobility of labor). Business. Dictionary. Moscow: INFRA M, Ves Mir Publishing House. Graham Bets, Barry Brindley, S. Williams et al. Osadchaya I.M.. 1998 ... Glossary of business terms
social mobility- personal quality acquired in the process learning activities and expressed in the ability to quickly master new realities in various fields life, find adequate ways to resolve unforeseen problems and fulfill ... ... Official terminology
Books
- Sport and social mobility. Crossing borders, Spaay Ramon. Great athletes, Olympic champions, famous football players, hockey players or racers are known all over the world. Undoubtedly, the sport that became their profession made them famous and rich. BUT…
Social mobility types and examples
The concept of social mobility
The concept of "social mobility" was introduced into scientific use by Pitirim Sorokin. These are various movements of people in society. Each person at birth occupies a certain position and is built into the system of stratification of society.
An individual's position at birth is not fixed, and throughout life path it may change. It can go up or down.
Types of social mobility
There are various types of social mobility. Usually there are:
- intergenerational and intragenerational;
- vertical and horizontal;
- organized and structured.
Intergenerational mobility means that children change their social position and become different from their parents. So, for example, the daughter of a seamstress becomes a teacher, that is, she raises her status in society. Or, for example, the son of an engineer becomes a janitor, that is, his social status goes down.
Intragenerational mobility means that the status of an individual can change throughout his life. An ordinary worker can become a manager at an enterprise, a director of a factory, and then a head of a complex of enterprises.
Vertical mobility means that the movement of a person or group of people within society changes the social status of this person or group. This type of mobility is stimulated through various reward systems (respect, income, prestige, benefits). Vertical mobility has different characteristics. one of them is intensity, that is, it determines how many strata an individual passes on his way up.
If the society is socially disorganized, then the intensity indicator becomes higher. Such an indicator as universality determines the number of people who have changed their position vertically in a certain period of time. Depending on the type vertical mobility there are two types of society. It is closed and open.
In a closed society, moving up the social ladder is very difficult for certain categories of people. For example, these are societies in which there are castes, estates, and also a society in which there are slaves. There were many such communities in the Middle Ages.
AT open society equal opportunity everyone has. These societies include democratic states. Pitirim Sorokin argues that there are no and never have been societies in which the possibilities for vertical mobility would be absolutely closed. At the same time, there have never been communities in which vertical movements would be absolutely free. Vertical mobility can be either upward (in which case it is voluntary) or downward (in which case it is forced).
Horizontal mobility assumes that an individual moves from one group to another without change social status. For example, it could be a change in religion. That is, an individual can convert from Orthodoxy to Catholicism. He can also change citizenship, can create his own family and leave his parent, can change his profession. At the same time, the status of the individual does not change. If there is a move from one country to another, then such mobility is called geographical. Migration is a type of geographic mobility in which the status of an individual changes after moving. Migration can be labor and political, internal and international, legal and illegal.
Organized mobility It is a state dependent process. It directs the movement of groups of people down, up or in a horizontal direction. This can happen both with the consent of these people, and without it.
Structural mobility caused by changes that occur in the structure of society. Social mobility can be group and individual. Group mobility implies that whole groups move. Group mobility is influenced by the following factors:
- uprisings;
- wars;
- replacement of the constitution;
- the invasion of foreign troops;
- change in the political regime.
- Individual social mobility depends on such factors:
- the level of education of the citizen;
- nationality;
- place of residence;
- the quality of education;
- the status of his family;
- whether the citizen is married.
- Of great importance for any kind of mobility are age, sex, birth and death rates.
Social mobility examples
Examples of social mobility can be found in our lives in large numbers. So, Pavel Durov, who was originally a simple student of the Faculty of Philology, can be considered a model for increasing growth in society. But in 2006, he was told about Facebook, and then he decided that he would create a similar network in Russia. At first, it was called "Student.ru", but then it was called Vkontakte. Now it has more than 70 million users, and Pavel Durov owns a fortune of more than $ 260 million.
Social mobility often develops within subsystems. So, schools and universities are such subsystems. A student at a university must master the curriculum. If he successfully passes the exams, he will move on to the next course, receive a diploma, become a specialist, that is, he will receive a higher position. Expulsion from a university for poor performance is an example of downward social mobility.
An example of social mobility is the following situation: a person who received an inheritance, got rich, and moved to a more prosperous layer of people. Examples of social mobility include the promotion of a school teacher to a director, the promotion of an associate professor of a department to a professor, the relocation of an employee of an enterprise to another city.
Vertical social mobility
Vertical mobility was subjected to most research. The defining concept is the mobility distance. It measures how many steps an individual goes through as he advances in society. He can walk one or two steps, he can suddenly fly up to the very top of the stairs or fall to its base (the last two options are quite rare). The amount of mobility is important. It determines how many individuals have moved up or down with the help of vertical mobility in a certain period of time.
Channels of social mobility
Between social strata in society there is no absolute boundaries. Representatives of some layers can make their way into other layers. Movement occurs with the help of social institutions. In wartime, the army acts as a social institution, which elevates talented soldiers and gives them new ranks in the event that the former commanders have died. Another powerful channel of social mobility is the church, which at all times has found loyal representatives in the lower classes of society and elevated them.
Also, the institution of education, as well as family and marriage, can be considered channels of social mobility. If representatives of different social strata entered into marriage, then one of them went up the social ladder, or went down. For example, in ancient Roman society, a free man who married a slave could make her free. In the process of creating new strata of society - strata - groups of people appear who do not have generally accepted statuses, or have lost them. They are called marginals. Such people are characterized by the fact that it is difficult and uncomfortable for them in their current status, they experience psychological stress. For example, this is an employee of an enterprise who became homeless and lost his home.
There are such types of marginals:
- ethnomarginals - people who appeared as a result of mixed marriages;
- biomarginals, whose health society has ceased to care about;
- political outcasts who cannot come to terms with the existing political order;
- religious outcasts - people who do not consider themselves to be a generally accepted confession;
- criminal outcasts - people who violate the Criminal Code.
Social mobility in society
Social mobility may differ depending on the type of society. If we consider Soviet society, it was divided into economic classes. These were the nomenklatura, the bureaucracy and the proletariat. The mechanisms of social mobility were then regulated by the state. Employees regional organizations often appointed by party committees. The rapid movement of people took place with the help of repressions and the construction of communism (for example, BAM and virgin lands). Western societies have a different structure of social mobility.
main mechanism social movement there is competition. Because of it, some go bankrupt, while others receive high profits. If this is a political sphere, then the main mechanism of movement there is elections. In any society there are mechanisms that make it possible to mitigate the sharp downward transition of individuals and groups. This is different forms social assistance. On the other hand, representatives of the higher strata strive to consolidate their high status and prevent representatives of the lower strata from penetrating into the higher strata. In many ways, social mobility depends on what kind of society. It can be open and closed.
An open society is characterized by the fact that the division into social classes is conditional, and it is quite easy to move from one class to another. To achieve a higher position in the social hierarchy, a person needs to fight. People have a motivation to work constantly, because hard work leads to an increase in their social position and well-being. Therefore, people of the lower class strive to constantly break through to the top, and representatives of the upper class want to maintain their position. Unlike open, closed social society has very clear boundaries between classes.
The social structure of society is such that the promotion of people between classes is almost impossible. In such a system, hard work does not matter, and the talents of a member of the lower caste do not matter either. Such a system is supported by an authoritarian ruling structure. If the rule weakens, then it becomes possible to change the boundaries between the strata. The most outstanding example of a closed caste society can be considered India, in which the Brahmins, the highest caste, have the highest status. The lowest caste are the sudras, the garbage collectors. Over time, the absence of significant changes in society leads to the degeneration of this society.
Social stratification and mobility
Social stratification divides people into classes. The following classes began to appear in post-Soviet society: new Russians, entrepreneurs, workers, peasants, and the ruling stratum. Social strata in all societies have common features. Thus, people of mental labor occupy a higher position than just workers and peasants. As a rule, there are no impenetrable boundaries between strata, while at the same time complete absence borders is not possible.
in recent times social stratification in Western society is undergoing significant changes due to the invasion of Western countries by representatives of the Eastern world (Arabs). Initially, they come as a labor force, that is, they perform low-skilled work. But these representatives bring their culture and their customs, often different from Western ones. Often, entire neighborhoods in the cities of Western countries live according to the laws of Islamic culture.
It must be said that social mobility in conditions of social crisis differs from social mobility in conditions of stability. War, revolution, prolonged economic conflicts lead to changes in the channels of social mobility, often to mass impoverishment and an increase in morbidity. Under these conditions, stratification processes can differ significantly. So, representatives of criminal structures can make their way into the ruling circles.
scientific definition
social mobility- change by an individual or group of the place occupied in the social structure (social position), moving from one social stratum (class, group) to another (vertical mobility) or within the same social stratum (horizontal mobility). Sharply limited in a caste and estate society, social mobility increases significantly in an industrial society.
Horizontal mobility
Horizontal mobility- the transition of an individual from one social group to another, located on the same level (example: moving from an Orthodox to a Catholic religious group, from one citizenship to another). Distinguish between individual mobility - the movement of one person independently of others, and group mobility - the movement occurs collectively. In addition, geographical mobility is distinguished - moving from one place to another while maintaining the same status (example: international and interregional tourism, moving from city to village and back). As a kind of geographical mobility, the concept of migration is distinguished - moving from one place to another with a change in status (example: a person moved to a city for a permanent place of residence and changed his profession). And it is similar to castes.
Vertical mobility
Vertical mobility- moving a person up or down the corporate ladder.
- Upward mobility- social uplift, upward movement (For example: promotion).
- Downward mobility- social descent, downward movement (For example: demotion).
social lift
social lift- a concept similar to vertical mobility, but more often used in the modern context of discussing the theory of elites as one of the means of rotation of the ruling elite.
Generational mobility
Intergenerational mobility - a comparative change in social status among different generations (example: the son of a worker becomes president).
Intragenerational mobility (social career) - a change in status within one generation (example: a turner becomes an engineer, then a shop manager, then a factory director). Vertical and horizontal mobility are influenced by gender, age, birth rate, death rate, population density. In general, men and young people are more mobile than women and the elderly. Overpopulated countries are more likely to experience the consequences of emigration (relocation from one country to another for economic, political, personal reasons) than immigration (moving to a region for permanent or temporary residence of citizens from another region). Where the birth rate is high, the population is younger and therefore more mobile, and vice versa.
Literature
- - article from the Newest Philosophical Dictionary
- Sorokin R. A. Social and cultural mobility. - N. Y. - L., 1927.
- Glass D.V. Social mobility in Britain. - L., 1967.
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .
See what "Social mobility" is in other dictionaries:
- (social mobility) Movement from one class (class) or, more often, from a group with a certain status to another class, to another group. Social mobility both between generations and within the professional activities of individuals is … Political science. Vocabulary.
Change by an individual or group of social position, the place occupied in the social structure. S. m. is connected both with the operation of the laws of societies. development, class struggle, causing the growth of some classes and groups and a decrease ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
SOCIAL mobility, change by an individual or group of the place occupied in the social structure, movement from one social stratum (class, group) to another (vertical mobility) or within the same social stratum ... ... Modern Encyclopedia
Change by an individual or group of the place occupied in the social structure, moving from one social stratum (class, group) to another (vertical mobility) or within the same social stratum (horizontal mobility). ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
social mobility- SOCIAL MOBILITY, change by an individual or group of the place occupied in the social structure, movement from one social stratum (class, group) to another (vertical mobility) or within the same social stratum ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
The concept by which the social movements of people are indicated in the direction of social positions, characterized by a higher (social ascent) or lower (social degradation) level of income, prestige and degree ... ... The latest philosophical dictionary
See SOCIAL MOBILITY. Antinazi. Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009 ... Encyclopedia of Sociology
SOCIAL MOBILITY- SOCIAL MOBILITY, a term used (along with the concepts of social displacement and social mobility) in sociology, demography and economics. sciences to denote the transitions of individuals from one class, social group and stratum to another, ... ... Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (vertical mobility) See: labor overflow (mobility of labor). Business. Dictionary. Moscow: INFRA M, Ves Mir Publishing House. Graham Bets, Barry Brindley, S. Williams et al. Osadchaya I.M.. 1998 ... Glossary of business terms
social mobility- a personal quality acquired in the course of educational activities and expressed in the ability to quickly master new realities in various spheres of life, to find adequate ways to resolve unforeseen problems and fulfill ... ... Official terminology
Books
- Sport and social mobility. Crossing borders, Spaay Ramon. Great athletes, Olympic champions, famous football players, hockey players or racers are known all over the world. Undoubtedly, the sport that became their profession made them famous and rich. BUT…
The general concept of social mobility is associated with a change in the status of an individual or a certain social group, after which he changes the current position and place in the social structure, he has other roles, the characteristics in stratification change. The social system is complex in its multi-level nature. Stratification describes the rank structure, patterns and features of existence in development, hence the division of this movement into types of social mobility.
Status
A person who once received this or that status does not remain its bearer until the end of his life. A child, for example, grows up, taking on a different set of statuses associated with growing up. So society is constantly in motion, developing, changing the social structure, losing some people and gaining others, but certain social roles are still played, since status positions remain filled. Any transition of an individual or object, created or modified by human activity, to another position, to which the channels of social mobility have led, falls under this definition.
Main elements social structure- individuals - are also in constant motion. To describe the movement of an individual in a social structure, such a concept as "social mobility of society" is used. This theory appeared in sociological science in 1927, its author was Pitirim Sorokin, who described the factors of social mobility. The process under consideration causes a constant redistribution within the boundaries of the social structure of individual individuals in accordance with the existing principles of social differentiation.
social system
In a single social system, there are many subsystems that have a clearly fixed or traditionally fixed set of requirements for all individuals seeking to acquire a particular status. It is always the one who meets all these requirements in the most more. Examples of social mobility can be found literally at every turn. Thus, the university is a powerful social subsystem.
Students studying there must master the curriculum, and during the session there will be a test of how well the mastering was effective. Naturally, those individuals who do not satisfy the examiners in terms of the minimum level of knowledge will not be able to continue their education. On the other hand, those who have mastered the material better than the rest receive additional channels of social mobility, that is, the chances to effectively use education - in graduate school, in science, in employment. And this rule applies always and everywhere: the execution social role changes the situation in society for the better.
Types of social mobility. The current state of affairs
Modern sociology subdivides the types and types of social mobility, designed to most fully describe the entire gamut of social movements. First of all, it is necessary to say about two types - vertical and horizontal mobility. If the transition from one social status in another, it took place, but the level has not changed - this is horizontal social mobility. This may be a change of confession or place of residence. Examples of horizontal social mobility are the most numerous.
If, however, with the transition to another social position, the level social stratification, that is, the social status becomes better or worse, then this movement belongs to the second type. Vertical social mobility, in turn, is divided into two subtypes: upward and downward. The stratification ladder of a social system, like any other ladder, implies movement both up and down.
Examples of vertical social mobility: upwards - status improvement (another military rank, receiving a diploma, etc.), downwards - deterioration (loss of a job, expulsion from a university, etc.), that is, something that implies an increase or decrease opportunities for further movement and social growth.
Individual and group
In addition, vertical social mobility can be group and individual. The latter occurs when an individual member of society changes his social position, when the old status niche (stratum) is abandoned and a new state is found. The level of education, social origin, mental and physical abilities, place of residence, external data, specific actions play a role here - a profitable marriage, for example, a criminal offense or a manifestation of heroism.
Group mobility most often occurs when the stratification system of this society changes, when it undergoes changes. social significance even the largest social groups. Such types of social mobility are sanctioned by the state or are the result of targeted policies. Here we can distinguish organized mobility (and the consent of people does not matter - recruitment into construction teams or volunteers, the economic crisis, the reduction of rights and freedoms in certain sectors of society, the resettlement of peoples or ethnic groups, etc.)
Structure
Structural mobility is also of great importance in defining the concept. The social system undergoes structural changes, which is not so rare. Industrialization, for example, which usually requires cheap labor, which restructures the entire social structure in order to recruit this labor force.
Horizontal and vertical social activity can occur in a group manner simultaneously with a change in the political regime or state system, economic collapse or takeoff, with any social revolution, during foreign occupation, invasion, during any military conflicts - both civil and interstate.
Within a generation
The science of sociology distinguishes between intragenerational and intergenerational social mobility. This is best seen with examples. Intra-generational, that is, intra-generational social mobility involves shifts in the status distribution in a certain age group, in a generation, and tracks the overall dynamics of the distribution of this group within the social system.
For example, monitoring is carried out regarding the possibilities of obtaining higher education, free medical care and many other relevant social processes. Recognizing the most common features social movement in a given generation, it is already possible to assess the social development of an individual from this age group. The whole journey of man social development a life-long one can be called a social career.
Intergenerational mobility
An analysis is made of changes in social status in groups of different generations, which makes it possible to see the patterns of long-term processes in society, to establish the characteristic factors of social mobility in the implementation of a social career, considering various social groups and communities.
For example, which segments of the population are subject to more upward social mobility, and which to downward, can be found out through broad monitoring, which will answer such questions and thus reveal ways to stimulate specific social groups. Many other factors are determined in the same way: the characteristics of a given social environment, whether or not there is a desire for social growth, etc.
Game by the rules
In a stable social structure, the movement of individuals occurs according to plans and rules. When unstable social system shattered, disorganized, spontaneous, chaotic. In any case, in order to change the status, the individual must enlist the support of the social environment.
If an applicant wants to enter Moscow State University, MGIMO or MEPhI, in order to acquire student status, he must, in addition to the desire, have a whole range of certain personal qualities and meet the requirements for all students of these data educational institutions. That is, the applicant must confirm his compliance, for example, with entrance examinations or financial independence. If it matches, it will get the desired status.
Social institutions
Modern society is a complex and highly institutionalized structure. Most social movements are associated with certain social institutions, many statuses outside the framework of specific institutions do not matter at all. For example, apart from education, the statuses of a teacher and a student do not exist, and outside the institute of health care there are no statuses of a patient and a doctor. So exactly social institutions create the social space where the largest part of the status changes take place. These spaces (channels of social mobility) are structures, ways, mechanisms used for status movement.
Main driving force- government departments, political parties, economic structures, public organizations, church, army, professional and labor unions and organizations, family and clan ties, education system. In turn, on given period At the same time, the social structure is significantly influenced by organized crime, which has its own mobile system that also influences official institutions through, for example, corruption.
Aggregate of Influence
Channels of social mobility - an integral system that complements, limits, stabilizes all components of the social structure, in which the institutional and legal procedures for the movement of each individual represent an elementary social selection, where there is not only a long and intimate acquaintance with certain rules and traditions, but also confirmation by the individual their loyalty, obtaining the approval of the dominant persons.
Here one can still talk a lot about the formal necessity of conformity and subjectivity of assessment of all the efforts of an individual on the part of those on whom the social transfer of the individual's status directly depends.
2. Individual and group mobility and factors influencing it.
3. Channels of vertical mobility (according to P. Sorokin).
4. Marginality and marginals.
5. Migration and its causes. Types of migration.
1. The concept of “social mobility” was introduced into sociology by the well-known Russian-American sociologist P. Sorokin.
Under social mobility understand the totality of social movements of people between different positions in the hierarchy of social stratification.
There are two main types and two types of social mobility.
To main types include:
ü intergenerational mobility, which suggests that children in relation to their parents occupy a lower or higher status position.
ü Intragenerational mobility, which implies that one individual changes status positions several times throughout his life.
tions. Intragenerational mobility has a second name - social career.
To main types social mobility include:
ü Vertical mobility, which implies movement from one stratum to another.
Depending on the direction of movement, vertical mobility can be ascending(upward movement, example: promotion) and descending(downward movement, example: demotion). Vertical mobility always involves a change in the status of an individual.
ü horizontal mobility, which implies the transition of an individual from one social group to another, located at the same level. With horizontal mobility, there is no change in the status of the individual.
A variation of horizontal mobility is geographic mobility.
Geographic mobility involves the movement of an individual or group from one place to another while maintaining the same status. She can turn into migration if a change of status is added to the change of the individual's place of residence.
2. You can classify social mobility according to other criteria. There are also:
ü Individual mobility when social movements (up,
down the horizontal) occur in an individual independently of others.
On the individual mobility is influenced by such factors as:
The social status of the family;
Level of education;
Nationality;
Physical and mental abilities;
external data;
Location;
Favorable marriage, etc.
They are the reasons why one person achieves great
success than the other. The mobile individual begins socialization in one class and ends in another.
ü group mobility- changing the position of a social group in the system of social stratification.
The reasons for group mobility, according to P. Sorokin, are the following factors:
social revolutions;
military coups;
Change of political regimes;
Replacing the old constitution with a new one.
Group mobility occurs when the social significance of an entire class, estate, caste, rank, or category rises or falls. And it takes place where there is a change in the system of stratification itself.
3. There are no impenetrable boundaries between strata, but there are various “elevators” along which individuals move up or down, as P. Sorokin believed.
As channels of social circulation are used social institutions.
ü Army how a social institution functions as a channel of vertical circulation to a greater extent in wartime.
ü Church- is both a descending and an ascending circulation channel.
ü School, which refers to the institutions of education and upbringing. In all ages it has served as a powerful impetus for the social uplift of individuals.
ü Own, manifested in the form of wealth and money - they are one of the simplest and most effective ways of social advancement.
ü Family and marriage becomes a channel of vertical mobility in the event that representatives of different social strata join the union.
4. Marginality(from the French marginal - side, in the margins) is a special phenomenon of social stratification. This concept describes the position of large social groups of people occupying a position "on the borders" between strata.
Outcasts- these are people who left one stratum and did not adapt to another. They are on the border of two cultures, have some identification with each of them.
In the 20th century, Park (the founder of the Chicago school of sociology in the USA) put forward the theory of outcasts and marginal groups.
In Russia, the phenomenon of marginality was first addressed in 1987. According to domestic sociologists, the reason for the emergence of marginal groups is the transition of society from one socio-economic system to another. In Russia, marginalization covers huge masses of the population. Particular concern is caused by the increase in the number of persistent marginal social groups (“homeless”, refugees, homeless people, etc.) But quite well-off people who have not decided on the current social structure of society can be marginalized.
5. Migration(from Latin migration - resettlement) - change of residence, movement of people to another territory (region, city, country, etc.)
Migration is usually distinguished four kinds : episodic, pendulum, seasonal and irrevocable.
Irreversible migration is essential for social, economic and demographic development.
The state directly or indirectly influences the direction of migration.
The reasons for migration can be political, economic, religious and criminal.
Migration significantly affects ethnic processes. As a result of the migration exchange of various ethnic groups, various interactions occur in language, life, and culture.
There are also immigration and emigration.
Migration- displacement of the population within the country.
Emigration- travel outside the country for permanent residence or long-term residence.
Immigration- entrance to this country for permanent residence or long-term residence.
38 social relationships