Human blood of group A contains. How many blood types are there? What does blood type mean, compatibility, features
Blood group classification
Blood is divided into two large groups by the presence of the Rh factor, and also by four - by the type of antigens. Combinations of molecules depend on genetic information inherited by an individual from his parents. Agglutinogens A and B, found in almost all tissues of the body except the brain, combine with antibodies, causing hemolysis and agglutination. Blood plasma proteins, also located in exudate, transudate and lymph, in turn, combine with blood antigens of the same name. Thus, the ratios of agglutinins and agglutinogens make it possible to classify human blood into the following groups: I (0), II (A), III (B) and IV (AB). On the surface of red blood cells, in addition to antigens A and B, the vast majority of people also have the Rh factor. This is a special antigen that is possessed by about 99% of Asians and 85% of Europeans. People with a positive Rh factor are classified as RH+, and those who do not have it in their blood are classified as RH-.Is it possible to mix blood from different groups?
If the blood groups of the recipient and the donor are incompatible, the process of agglutination occurs - the clumping of red blood cells due to the interaction of antigens. Agglutinated red blood cells stop blood circulation, clogging blood vessels. Moreover, they “lose” hemoglobin, which becomes toxic once outside the cell. The consequences of such blood transfusion can be fatal, but in some cases one can hope for positive result, for example, if the recipient's blood does not have antibodies to the donor's antigens.Every person must know what blood types and Rh factor are. And everyone must be aware of what type they and their loved ones belong to, since sometimes emergency situations arise in which knowledge can save lives.
Information about these indicators can influence the choice of a sexual partner, since if the Rhesus discrepancy occurs, there is a risk of complications for the subsequent bearing of the child. So, what is blood, and what determines its subtypes according to two systems: AB0 and Rh?
The group is inherited, but does not depend in any way on race and genderWhat is blood, and why is it divided into types?
Our body - complex system, which needs communication and coordination of its individual parts. There is a variety for this connective tissue- blood. It moves along a special pattern of veins and arteries with the help of the heart, which pushes it from birth to death of a person.
This liquid performs important tasks:
- Transport, delivering the necessary substances, oxygen, hormones and other biologically significant elements that regulate the work internal organs, removing “waste” from cell activity.
- Regulating, maintaining a relatively uniform temperature throughout the body.
- Protective, neutralizing infections and other dangers.
- Homeostatic, maintaining the balance of chemical parameters.
- Nutritious, filling the organs with useful substances.
Blood fluid performs functions that support the life support of the body Although blood performs the same functions in any body, in different people she is different. The name of the classification that organizes blood types is AB0. It implies 4 types of such connective fluid, which differ due to the presence or absence of antigens and antibodies in them.
During life, the blood subtype does not change, it is constant. The group depends on heredity and is calculated based on the results of the parents.
Blood is classified according to the AB0 classification. What types of blood do people have, and what does each of them mean? Let's figure it out!
Types of blood
The division of blood types is presented in the following table:
Both antigens and antibodies are protein compounds, the presence or absence of which determines the blood type. The former are located on the membrane of erythrocytes, and the latter are in the plasma. At the same time, they interact with each other.
Types of blood fluid groups Antigens are divided into two types: A and B, their combination creates the fourth blood group. The same picture applies to antibodies that “live” in blood plasma. Their simultaneous presence creates the first group. For the remaining two, the combination is either A and β (second), or B and α (third). When antibodies different types meet, they react with antigens and form a precipitate. When transfusion of blood of the wrong type occurs, an agglutination reaction occurs. If there is little of this fluid, the situation is limited to anemia and jaundice. A large volume of foreign blood can be fatal.
What types of blood a person has are regulated by the AB0 system, which takes into account all possible combinations of antibodies and antigens. To find out what type a person belongs to, a special test is carried out. A blood sample is taken and mixed with appropriate protein compounds and, depending on the amount and type normal reaction and pathological, the result is determined.
1 or 0
Most people on the planet have the first blood group. This is explained by the fact that it more often manifests itself when different subtypes of the mother and father of the unborn child are combined. If parents with subtype 4 can conceive a baby with the same group with a probability of only 50%, then for subtype 1 this percentage immediately increases to 100.
Characteristics of people with group 1 Living with such a group is both difficult and simple - in the case emergency situation such blood is easy to find, but when resources are limited, when only other subtypes are available, transfusions cannot be given. The first group is suitable only for the same blood.
The fact is that it does not have antigens and therefore is not dangerous for others, and 2 groups of antibodies do an excellent job in someone else’s blood. Certainly, best compatibility is provided precisely by the “native” group, but if necessary, the first one can always help out.
2 or A
The second blood group is less common and contains opposite protein compounds of the same type. Its description is expressed in the following formula - antigen A is combined with antibody β. This type involves an immune reaction, that is, a conflict with the donor fluid in which another antigen is produced (B, AB - 3 and 4).
Characteristics of group 2 Blood of groups 3 and 4 cannot be transfused to patients with type 2 according to the AB0 system, since they contain antigen B, which in turn requires the presence of antibody α. If it is not there, the red blood cells will coagulate, die, and a negative reaction will follow for the entire body, even death.
3 or B
This type is approximately the same as the previous one. It depends on the percentage frequency of occurrence of a child with this group in parents with different options blood.
Classification 3 groups This blood works, as in the case of the second group, but it is its complete opposite. This means that it contains the B antigen combined with the α antibody. Since the second and fourth groups (A and AB) contain the opposite antigen A, this means that such a transfusion will lead to serious consequences for human health.
4 or AB
This group is radically different from the first, or rather, represents its opposite. On the contrary, it contains two antibodies to which there is no immune response, that is, an agglutination reaction does not occur when mixed with other types. Because of this, she is able to accept any donor without negative consequences.
Classification 4 groups It is worth saying that fourth blood is the rarest. Only a few percent of the world's population belongs to it. Moreover, this species with a negative Rh factor is three times less common than with a positive one. However, this is compensated by the ability to transfuse blood with any other indicator and the corresponding Rh factor.
Ideal compatibility is possible, of course, with a perfect match of the group, but with the fourth negative it is almost impossible to achieve such a result. At major operations Portions of such blood are specially ordered in advance, which sometimes have to wait for several long months.
Having decided what blood groups a person has according to the AB0 system, it is worth moving on to another division into two types - according to the Rh factor. This is no less important indicator both during blood transfusion and during pregnancy.
Read also: – theory and facts
What is Rh factor?
The effectiveness of the transfusion depends on what blood types a person has. The Rh factor must also be taken into account before this procedure to prevent sensitization of the body.
This indicator itself, Rhesus, means the presence or absence of lipoprotein, which is located on the outer side of the erythrocyte membrane. There are only two states:
- Rh+, which means the presence of such a protein;
- Rh -, which implies its absence.
More than 85% of the world's population has a positive Rh factor. The remaining 15 have red blood cells without such a protein, which means they belong to the rare Rh- species. What does this mean for a person, and how can it affect his life and health?
The main thing when transfusing blood, after determining the required group, is not to mix opposite Rh indicators. It is vitally important that patients with Rh+ receive this fluid and vice versa.
This is justified by the fact that when a lipoprotein appears in the connective tissue, which should not be there (in Rh-people), the immune system “sees” it as its worst enemy and actively produces antibodies designed to destroy it. The aggressive defensive reaction is maintained, and if a mistake of the same nature is repeated, the red blood cells stick together.
Difficulties with Rhesus
The body of a person with positive rhesus is "more secure" than that of people with negative rhesus. Because Rh+ is common, it is much easier to obtain in hospitals. If there are still quite a lot of people with negative Rhesus of the first group, and collecting their donor fluid in the required quantity is not difficult in large medical centers, then with the same Rh, only of the fourth group - it’s almost impossible.
Such blood is rare, so it happens that patients acute condition, after a serious accident, injury, die due to a lack of appropriate donor fluid.
Troubles due to Rhesus threaten pregnant women. This happens if the mother and child do not have the same indicator. This can cause rejection, up to and including termination of pregnancy. Complications in this situation often arise, and later pregnancy. Such women are much more likely and longer to remain in confinement and resort to artificial childbirth or caesarean section. However, in such a situation, a disabled child is more likely to be born.
A conflict involving such a protein compound appears only if the woman has a negative group and the child has a positive group. The mother's immune system reacts to lipoprotein, which is produced in the child's blood, and secretes antibodies designed to destroy it. This is dangerous for the baby, since his red blood cells die during the attack. In all other cases, there can be no conflict, and the father's Rh factor has no fundamental significance.
However, expectant mothers should not worry, since with proper awareness of doctors and regular examinations, this can be successfully overcome. Modern medicine has a number of drugs that help smooth and balance the body of mother and child and reduce risks to a minimum. The main thing is that a pregnant woman should think less and be nervous about this.
During childbirth, a woman is given special drug, which suppresses the production of antibodies. This allows their production to slow down in subsequent pregnancies. If this is not done, by the second and third births their number will increase, which will have an even stronger effect on the child’s body, his growth and the entire process of gestation.
Why do you need to know your blood type?
All this is understandable, but why do you even need to understand what groups there are, and which of them your own blood belongs to? In fact, this is very important; a person’s life sometimes depends on knowledge or ignorance of this factor:
- Blood transfusion is possible only if the groups match. Before scientists discovered that there were several types of this fluid, such operations ended in death due to rejection of the transfused tissue.
- Blood type is determined in newborns when hemolytic disease– when the group of mother and child is incompatible, which leads to complications for the baby.
- Before surgery find out the specifics of the blood in order to perform a transfusion if necessary.
- The blood type and Rh factor are also determined during pregnancy in order to track their compatibility between mother and child and avoid danger to the baby.
Such information becomes of great importance in emergency situations: after accidents or mass disasters. Therefore it is written in medical documents and even school diaries, it is advised to make special inserts in your passport or driver’s license. This is necessary for doctors to quickly respond when big loss blood.
How many blood types does a person have?
K. Landsteiner showed the presence of two types of agglutinogens (antigens) in the red blood cells of some people and designated them in Latin letters A and B. Those people who did not have these antigens, however, contained innate antibodies to them in their blood plasma. This explained why blood transfusions from one person to another often led to blood transfusion shock. This happened if red blood cells containing A or B antigens were administered to people who had antibodies to them in their bodies. Landsteiner called innate antibodies (agglutinins) against A antigens α-agglutinins, and antibodies against B antigens - β-agglutinins. Thus, when transfusing blood, it is necessary to prevent the formation of pairs A-antigen-α-antibody and B-antigen-β-antibody, which are called the same. As a result, K. Landsteiner identified 4 blood groups, differing in the content of agglutinogens (antigens A and B) and agglutinins (antibodies α and β).
Group I is blood whose erythrocytes contain neither A nor B agglutinogens, therefore it is also called zero, and the plasma contains α and β agglutinins. More than 40% of Caucasians have this blood type.
Group II is blood containing agglutinogen A in erythrocytes, therefore it is also called group A, and β agglutinins in plasma. About 40% of people have such blood.
Red blood cells of blood group III contain B agglutinogens, which is why it is also called group B, and in plasma - α agglutinins. About 10% of Europeans have this blood.
Finally, group IV erythrocytes contain both A and B agglutinogens, while plasma does not contain any agglutinins. This blood, also called type AB, occurs in only less than 6% of people.
For the discovery of blood groups in 1940, K. Landsteiner received Nobel Prize. Later, the same Landsteiner, as well as Wiener, discovered other antigens in human erythrocytes, designated C, D and E. Blood containing these agglutinogens is called Rh-positive (Rh+). Approximately 85% of people have Rh positive blood. The rest of the blood is called Rh-negative (Rh-). There are no innate antibodies in humans to these antigens, but they are produced immune systems oh, if people who do not have the Rh factor are given a transfusion of blood containing it in their red blood cells. When Rh-negative people are repeatedly transfused with Rh-positive blood, a picture close to transfusion shock will develop.
After this it was opened large number agglutinogens (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, Az, A0, M, N, S, P, Di, Ln, Le, Fy, Yt, Xg and others, more than 200 in total), the presence or absence of which must often be taken into account during blood transfusion. Therefore, at present, the study of blood groups has become significantly more complicated. According to modern data, the blood of each person is unique and inimitable in its antigen set, therefore, by and large, There are as many blood types as there are people on Earth.
Official medicine distinguishes 4 main groups according to the ABO antigen system plus the Rh factor, and most doctors around the world rely on this classification. However evolutionary process continues - to the human body we have to respond to new external aggressors by modifying the immune system. As a result, today there are many more blood types than are indicated in traditional sources.
Ignoring this factor threatens negative consequences in such important areas as obstetrics, donation and transplantology.
You need to know about this
Blood is a liquid medium consisting of plasma and shaped elements: red blood cells, platelets, leukocytes. It supplies the body with oxygen and nutrients, cleanses, regulates hormonal balance, and also protects against external viruses or bacteria.
Erythrocytes (red blood cells) are the most numerous and make up 45% of all formed elements. On the surface of the membranes of these cells there are antigens - specific protein compounds that can be presented in several combinations. They are responsible for the development of immunity and the production of antibodies.
Important: it is the stable combinations of erythrocyte antigens, inherited from parents to children, that determine a person’s blood type.
This indicator is determined genetically, which means it cannot change throughout life. However, the results of group determination tests may be distorted due to the following factors:
- pregnancy;
- use of hormonal agents;
- severe infectious diseases;
- oncological processes, primarily leukemia and hematosarcoma.
- anemia or polycythemia (respectively, lack and excess of red blood cells).
In total, about 400 antigens are known today, which make up over 500 billion combinations. The effect of many of them on immune processes is so weak that they are neglected in clinical transfusiology. However, gene mutations of humanity are gradually changing this attitude.
It has already been established that the major (important) systems AB0 and the Rh factor, which have so far been successfully used in practical medicine, do not allow accurate diagnosis. Incorrect test results can cost patients their lives. Therefore, the International Society of Transfusiologists recommends, if there is the slightest doubt, to use 34 additional minor systems, the most significant of which are considered to be “Kell”, “Duffy” and “Kidd”.
AB0 antigenic system
In 1900, the Austrian immunologist Karl Landsteiner experimentally identified the main blood groups: I, II and III. They were variations of combinations of 2 agglutinogen antigens A and B and a similar amount of antibodies α and β. Two years later, group IV was opened.
The system as a whole was called AB0 (zero) and became the predominant indicator for all branches of medicine.
The distribution of agglutinogens and antibodies in each case, as well as the compatibility of donors and recipients, are shown in the following table:
Rh factor
The second most important antigenic system after AB0. The Rh factor is determined by agglutinogen D and can be positive, as in 85% of the Caucasians and 99% of the Mongoloid race, or negative.
The indicator is of paramount importance in determining the compatibility of the expectant mother and fetus. It is not allocated to a separate group, but is added to the already existing four in the form of the designation Rh+ or Rh-.
In addition to agglutinogens A and B, the presence of which on the erythrocyte membrane can vary depending on genetic background, the so-called primary antigen “H” is present in any organism. From it, other protein compounds are formed that affect the immune structure.
It would seem that the body cannot do without such a substance. And if you don’t see anyone lacking agglutinogens A and B, then theoretically every person should have type H. But in 1952, during an outbreak of malaria in Bombay, patients were identified without all of the listed antigens, including the primary one.
Such a mutation is extremely rare. In India it is found in only 0.01% of the population, and in Europe - in 0.0004%. In Mumbai (formerly Bombay), the relatively high concentration of mutation carriers is presumably due to marriages between close relatives.
The Bombay phenomenon gave scientists a reason to talk about the discovery of blood group 5 in humans. It is mentioned extremely rarely because it is not widespread.
But you shouldn’t forget about the “Bombayans” - they really don’t fit into the framework medical standards and face great difficulties in blood transfusion. Being yourself universal donors, such people can only become recipients of carriers of a similar mutation.
“Bombayans” have already created their own blood bank, realizing that in the event of an emergency transfusion they have nowhere to get donor material from.
Sensational discovery in transfusiology
In 2012, a group of scientists at the University of Vermont, with the participation of the French National Institute of Blood Transfusion, identified 2 new types of protein on the membranes of red blood cells in some ethnic groups. Biologists announced their discovery in the February issue of Nature Genetics. “We have added 2 more proteins to the previously known 30 proteins that determine membership in the basic blood groups,” explained the head of the Vermont group, Brian Ballif.
The detected substances were identified as specialized transport proteins ABCB6 and ABCG2. And the blood groups based on them were called “Junior” and “Langereis”.
As scientists note, the majority of the world's population has both transport proteins on their red blood cells. But over 50,000 Japanese have already been recognized as “Junior” negative and 2,500 “Lengeris” negative (similar to the Rh factor). This suggests that they do not have these types of proteins and rejection may occur during blood transfusion, transplantation, or pregnancy.
Later, similar mutations were identified among European Gypsies and Americans.
Experts discovered antigens to newly discovered proteins several decades ago when examining pregnant women who could not bear babies due to incompatibility of blood types. However, no specific studies have been conducted on these cases.
Also, “Junior” and “Lengeris”-negative people may have problems with treatment oncological diseases, since most known drugs will be ineffective - the body will not accept them.
According to Ballif, the absence of the ABCB6 and ABCG2 transport proteins is caused by certain gene mutations. It is not surprising that they appeared in the Japanese who were subjected to atomic bombing in 1945 and suffered the accident at the Fukushima-1 nuclear power plant in 2011.
Conclusion: to date, 6 blood groups have been established for humans, although in clinical transfusiology they still prefer to use the proven AB0 system.
It is assumed that the discovery of Vermont biologists is just the beginning, which will be followed by new, no less impressive sensations. Ballif believes that, in this way, the next round of human evolution is emerging, associated with the hypertrophied development of digital technologies and an increase in background radiation. Another reason for the appearance of gene mutations is the use of medications. latest generation aimed at prolonging life and maintaining active longevity.
The question: how many blood groups exist in the world still remains open. The number 15 has already been mentioned, but this does not seem to be the limit.
The next round of evolution
The theory of the emergence of new blood types as a result of mutations in the immune system has good grounds. Throughout its history, humanity has adapted to changing environmental conditions, developing protection against infections, responding to the introduction of new food products, climate disasters and so on.
Today, previously non-existent factors are making themselves felt:
- electromagnetic waves penetrating every point in space;
- chemical-laden food;
- global environmental imbalance;
- global migration leading to mixing of races.
Is it any wonder that under these conditions the immune system is radically transformed and mutations that previously occurred in isolated cases become widespread?
Historical facts
- Neanderthals, who appeared on earth approximately 500,000 years ago, had not yet formed antigens - where did they come from? But in the process of evolution, they developed the first immunity to numerous infections and passed it on to subsequent generations in the form of antibodies. This is how blood group I or “first blood” arose.
It was influenced by coarse, unbalanced food (mainly meat), lack of hygiene, and a difficult lifestyle that forced people to move a lot.
The Cro-Magnons, who appeared 10,000 years later, were already more resistant to external negative factors. They learned to hunt; their diet also consisted of protein foods, but they were heat-treated.
"First Blood" comes from Africa. Its owners are universal donors, since humanity had common ancestors.
- The first mutants - carriers of antigen A appeared about 25,000 years ago. Having exterminated wild animals en masse, Neolithic people began to look for alternative sources of food. They switched to a sedentary lifestyle, began to grow vegetables and cereals, and also domesticated livestock, which provided not only meat, but also milk.
The appearance of erythrocyte antigen A was provoked by a sharp change in diet. In addition, a measured sedentary life influenced perestroika digestive tract and the immune system as a whole.
As a result of migrations, blood type II spread throughout Europe. It is still dominant here, unofficially called “vegetarian”.
- Antigen B was formed among the inhabitants of Southeast Asia 10,000 years ago. In India, the Himalayas and China, milk and derivative products were actively consumed. The appearance of a new protein compound on the erythrocyte membrane is associated precisely with the “milk diet”.
Later, antigen B carriers “advanced” to the west, along with trade caravans, but their highest concentration still persists in India, China, Mongolia and Japan.
Since blood type III is relatively young, it can be found in only 10% of the world's population.
- The combination of antigens AB supposedly arose during the era of the “Great Migration of Peoples” (IV-VIII centuries AD). The mixing of nations and even races in large-scale wars of conquest, the activation of Asian nomadic tribes moving westward - these factors together led to the emergence of group IV.
So far it occurs in only 5% of people. But it provides maximum immune protection, having no conflicting antibodies and accepting any donor blood.
As we can see, evolutionary progress is evident. Therefore, there should actually be more blood groups; the process is inevitable and justified from a scientific point of view. Strengthening the immune system and all its components is the key to the survival of humanity.
Types of blood groups:
There are 4 blood groups: OI, AII, BIII, ABIV. Group characteristics of human blood are constant sign, are inherited, arise in the prenatal period and do not change during life or under the influence of disease.
It was found that the agglutination reaction occurs when antigens of one blood group (they are called agglutinogens), which are found in red blood cells - erythrocytes, stick together with antibodies of another group (they are called agglutinins) that are found in plasma - the liquid part of the blood. The division of blood according to the AB0 system into four groups is based on the fact that the blood may or may not contain antigens (agglutinogens) A and B, as well as antibodies (agglutinins) α (alpha or anti-A) and β (beta or anti-B) .
First blood group - 0 (I)
Group I - does not contain agglutinogens (antigens), but contains agglutinins (antibodies) α and β. It is designated 0 (I). Since this group does not contain foreign particles (antigens), it can be transfused to all people. A person with this blood type is a universal donor.
It is believed that this is the most ancient blood group or group of “hunters”, which arose between 60,000 and 40,000 BC, during the era of Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons, who only knew how to gather food and hunt. People with the first blood group have leadership qualities.
Second blood group A β (II)
Group II contains agglutinogen (antigen) A and agglutinin β (antibodies to agglutinogen B). Therefore, it can be transfused only to those groups that do not contain antigen B - these are groups I and II.
This group appeared later than the first, between 25,000 and 15,000 BC, when man began to master agriculture. There are especially many people with the second blood group in Europe. It is believed that people with this blood type are also prone to leadership, but are more flexible in communicating with others than people with the first blood group.
Third blood group Bα (III)
Group III contains agglutinogen (antigen) B and agglutinin α (antibodies to agglutinogen A). Therefore, it can be transfused only to those groups that do not contain antigen A - these are groups I and III.
The third group appeared around 15,000 BC, when humans began to populate the colder areas to the north. This blood group first appeared in the Mongoloid race. Over time, the group's carriers began to move to the European continent. And today there are a lot of people with such blood in Asia and Eastern Europe. People with this blood type are usually patient and very efficient.
Fourth blood group AB0 (IV)
Blood group IV contains agglutinogens (antigens) A and B, but contains agglutinins (antibodies). Therefore, it can only be transfused to those who have the same, fourth blood group. But, since there are no antibodies in the blood of such people that can stick together with antibodies introduced from outside, they can be transfused with blood of any group. People with blood group IV are universal recipients.
Type 4 is the newest of the four human blood groups. It appeared less than 1000 years ago as a result of the mixing of Indo-Europeans, carriers of group I, and Mongoloids, carriers of group III. It is rare.
Blood type There are no OI agglutinogens, both agglutinins are present, the serological formula of this group is OI; blood of group AN contains agglutinogen A and agglutinin beta, serological formula - AII; blood of group VS contains agglutinogen B and agglutinin alpha, serological formula - BIII; blood of the ABIV group contains agglutinogens A and B, there are no agglutinins, the serological formula is ABIV.
Under agglutination we mean the sticking of red blood cells and their destruction. “Agglutination (late Latin word aglutinatio - gluing) - gluing and precipitation of corpuscular particles - bacteria, erythrocytes, platelets, tissue cells, corpuscular chemically active particles with antigens or antibodies adsorbed on them, suspended in an electrolyte environment"
Blood group(phenotype) is inherited according to the laws of genetics and is determined by a set of genes (genotype) obtained with the maternal and paternal chromosome. A person can only have those blood antigens that his parents have. Inheritance of blood groups according to the ABO system is determined by three genes - A, B and O. Each chromosome can have only one gene, so the child receives from his parents only two genes (one from the mother, the other from the father), which cause the appearance of two genes in red blood cells ABO system antigens. In Fig. Figure 2 shows a diagram of the inheritance of blood groups according to the ABO system.
Blood antigens appear in the 2-3rd month of intrauterine life and are well defined by the birth of the child. Natural antibodies are detected from the 3rd month after birth and reach their maximum titer by 5-10 years.
Blood group inheritance scheme according to the ABO system
It may seem strange that blood type can determine how well the body absorbs certain foods, however, medicine confirms the fact that there are diseases that are most often found in people of a certain blood type.
The blood group nutrition method was developed by the American doctor Peter D'Adamo. According to his theory, the digestibility of food and the effectiveness of its use by the body are directly related to genetic characteristics a person with his blood type. For normal functioning of the immune and digestive systems, a person needs to eat foods that match his blood type. In other words, those foods that his ancestors ate in ancient times. Excluding substances incompatible with blood from the diet reduces slagging in the body and improves the functioning of internal organs.
Types of activities depending on blood types
The results of the study of blood groups thus stand among other evidence of “consanguinity” and once again confirm the thesis about the common origin of the human race.
Various groups appeared in humans as a result of mutations. Mutation is a spontaneous change in hereditary material that decisively affects the ability of a living being to survive. Man as a whole is the result of countless mutations. The fact that man still exists testifies to the fact that at all times he was able to adapt to his environment and give birth to offspring. The formation of blood groups also occurred in the form of mutations and natural selection.
The emergence of racial differences is associated with advances in production achieved during the Middle and New Stone Ages (Mesolithic and Neolithic); these successes made possible the widespread territorial settlement of people in various climatic zones. Varied climatic conditions thus influenced various groups people, changing them directly or indirectly and influencing a person’s ability to work. Social labor was gaining more and more weight compared to natural conditions, and each race was formed in a limited area, under the specific influence of natural and social conditions. Thus, the interweaving of relatively strong and weaknesses The development of material culture of that time revealed the emergence of racial differences between people in conditions when the environment dominated man.
Since the Stone Age, further advances in manufacturing have freed humans to a certain extent from the direct influence of the environment. They mixed and roamed together. That's why modern conditions lives often no longer have any connection with the various racial constitutions human groups. In addition, adaptation to environmental conditions, discussed above, was indirect in many respects. The direct consequences of adaptation to the environment led to further modifications, which were both morphologically and physiologically related to the first. The cause of the emergence of racial characteristics should, therefore, be sought only indirectly in external environment or in human activity in the production process.
Blood type I (0) - hunter
Evolution of digestive systems and immune defense organism lasted several tens of thousands of years. About 40,000 years ago, at the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic, Neanderthals gave way to fossil types modern man. The most common of these was the Cro-Magnon (from the name of the Cro-Magnon grotto in the Dordogne, Southern France), distinguished by pronounced Caucasian features. As a matter of fact, during the Upper Paleolithic era, all three modern large races arose: Caucasoid, Negroid and Mongoloid. According to the theory of the Pole Ludwik Hirszfeld, fossil people of all three races had the same blood type - 0 (I), and all other blood groups were separated through mutation from the “first blood” of our primitive ancestors. The Cro-Magnons perfected the collective methods of hunting mammoths and cave bears, known to their Neanderthal predecessors. Over time, man became the smartest and most dangerous predator in nature. The main source of energy for Cro-Magnon hunters was meat, that is, animal protein. The Cro-Magnon digestive tract was best suited for digesting huge amounts of meat - which is why modern humans have type 0 acidity gastric juice slightly higher than in people with other blood groups. Cro-Magnons had a strong and resilient immune system, which allowed them to easily cope with almost any infection. While the average lifespan of Neanderthals averaged twenty-one years, Cro-Magnons lived significantly longer. In the harsh conditions of primitive life, only the strongest and most active individuals could and did survive. In each of the blood groups, it is encoded at the gene level vital information about the lifestyle of our ancestors, including muscular activity and, for example, type of nutrition. This is why modern carriers of blood type 0 (I) (currently up to 40% of the world's population belong to type 0) prefer to engage in aggressive and extreme sports!
Blood type II (A) - agrarian (farmer)
Towards the end of the Ice Age, the Paleolithic era was replaced by the Mesolithic. The so-called “Middle Stone Age” lasted from the 14th-12th to the 6th-5th millennia BC. Population growth and the inevitable extermination of large animals led to the fact that hunting could no longer feed people. The next crisis in the history of human civilization contributed to the development of agriculture and the transition to permanent settlement. Global changes in lifestyle and, as a consequence, type of nutrition entailed the further evolution of the digestive and immune systems. And again the fittest survived. In conditions of overcrowding and living in an agricultural community, only those whose immune apparatus was able to cope with infections characteristic of a communal way of life could survive. Along with further restructuring of the digestive tract, when the main source of energy became not animal, but plant protein, all this led to the emergence of the “agrarian-vegetarian” blood group A (II). The great migration of Indo-European peoples to Europe led to the fact that currently A-type people predominate in Western Europe. Unlike aggressive “hunters,” those with blood type A (II) are more adapted to survive in densely populated regions. Over time, the A gene became, if not a sign of a typical city dweller, then a guarantee of survival during epidemics of plague and cholera, which at one time wiped out half of Europe (according to the latest research by European immunologists, after medieval pandemics it was mainly A-type people who survived). The ability and need to coexist with others like oneself, less aggressiveness, greater contact, that is, everything that we call socio-psychological stability of the individual, is inherent in the owners of blood group A (II), again at the gene level. That is why the overwhelming majority of A-type people prefer to engage in intellectual sports, and when choosing one of the styles of martial arts, they will give preference not to karate, but, say, aikido.
Blood type III(B) - barbarian (nomad)
It is believed that the ancestral home of the group B gene is in the foothills of the Western Himalayas in what is now India and Pakistan. The migration of agricultural and pastoral tribes from East Africa and the expansion of warlike Mongoloid nomads to the north and northeast of Europe led to the widespread spread and penetration of the B gene into many, primarily Eastern European, populations. The domestication of the horse and the invention of the cart made the nomads especially mobile, and the colossal population size, even at that time, allowed them to dominate the endless steppes of Eurasia from Mongolia and the Urals to present-day East Germany for many millennia. The method of production cultivated for centuries, mainly cattle breeding, predetermined a special evolution not only digestive system(in contrast to 0- and A-types, milk and dairy products are considered no less important for B-type people than meat products), but also psychology. Harsh climatic conditions left a special imprint on the Asian character. Patience, determination and equanimity are considered almost the main virtues in the East until today. Apparently, this can explain the outstanding success of Asians in some moderate-intensity sports that require the development of special endurance, for example, badminton or table tennis.
Blood type IV (AB) - mixed (modern)
Blood group AB (IV) arose as a result of the mixing of Indo-Europeans - owners of the A gene and barbarian nomads - carriers of the B gene. To date, only 6% of Europeans have been registered with blood group AB, which is considered the youngest in the ABO system. Geochemical analysis of bone remains from various burials on the territory of modern Europe convincingly proves: back in the 8th-9th centuries AD, mass mixing of groups A and B did not occur, and the first any serious contacts of representatives of the above groups took place during the period of mass migration from the East to the Central Europe and dates back to the X-XI centuries. The unique blood group AB (IV) lies in the fact that its carriers have inherited the immunological resistance of both groups. AB type is extremely resistant to various types of autoimmune and allergic diseases However, some hematologists and immunologists believe that mixed marriage increases the susceptibility of AB-type people to a number of oncological diseases (if the parents are A-B types, then the probability of having a child with AB blood type is approximately 25%). Mixed blood type is characterized by mixed type nutrition, and the “barbaric” component requires meat, and the “agrarian” roots and low acidity require vegetarian dishes! The reaction to stress of the AB type is similar to that demonstrated by those with blood type A, so their sports preferences, in principle, coincide, that is, they usually achieve the greatest success in intellectual and meditative sports, as well as in swimming and mountaineering and cycling.
If you are interested in the relationship between blood groups and body characteristics, we recommend that you read the article.