Reproductive organs of female human roundworm. Human roundworms are the reproductive organs of the female

06.11.2019 -

The helminth Ascaris lumbricoides is one of the largest dioecious worms. An adult male can reach 25 cm in length, and the female is even larger - up to 40 cm. Body color varies from pink to yellow-white. The male has a curved tail. Adult worms live in small intestine, feed on the contents of the intestine and its mucous membrane. AT intestinal tract ascaris curl up into a spiral, held by an emphasis on the walls. Only dead individuals are removed with faeces. The helminth goes through stages of development, including adults ( adult stage), larva and egg.

The life cycle of roundworm consists of several stages, including mandatory seat its passage:

An adult. Lives, feeds and reproduces in the human small intestine. A female can lay up to a quarter of a million eggs per day (some of them are unfertilized). The eggs are released.
Egg. Oval or round shape. Can't see with the eye. Colors of faeces. The eggs develop in the soil. This requires certain conditions: high humidity, heat, oxygen. If the regime is observed, they are initiated. The egg becomes infectious after the larva formed in it molts. It takes 10-15 days to mature.
Larva. Microscopic, not visible to the eye. It leaves the egg into the intestine, pierces the membrane and enters the intestinal veins. From there through the portal vein to the liver. Here she passes the 1st molt. Through the veins in the liver, it migrates through the inferior vena cava into the right atrium. From there, it migrates to the lungs, where it passes the 2nd molt. It reaches the small vessels near the alveoli and enters their space. With the help of the epithelium of the bronchi, it is expelled into the pharynx. Then it is swallowed and again finds itself in the intestine, where it passes the 3rd molt. Only after such a route is she able to turn into an adult. The migration period is about 2 weeks. Here, after 2 weeks, she goes through another, 4th molt, and turns into an adult.

The full development cycle (to a new egg) takes about 3 months. An individual lives no more than 1 year.

During the migratory period, some larvae may pass pulmonary artery, vein, left ventricle of the heart then they enter big circle blood circulation and are found in any organ. There they are surrounded by a capsule and die.

Unusual movements of adult helminths are sometimes observed. They can come out of the esophagus and down the trachea, causing asphyxia.

Clinic

Clinical manifestations are varied. Ascariasis sometimes does not make itself felt, a person does not even suspect that he is infected. It can occur with symptoms of pneumonia, myocarditis, hepatitis, pancreatitis, and inflammation of other organs.

In the intestinal (late) stage of the disease, symptoms are associated with the presence of adult ascaris in the small intestine. There are complaints from the intestinal tract:

nausea and vomiting;
gas formation;
pain in the upper abdomen;
unstable chair;
weight loss.

On the late stage diseases manifest other symptoms: sleep disturbance, nervousness, fatigue, weakness, convulsions.

Complications

The main danger is the complications of ascariasis. People with poor health, young children and pregnant women are at particular risk. In a weakened body, roundworms multiply very actively. by the most frequent complications are:

The following forms of this disease in humans are distinguished:

Skin. It manifests itself in the form of rashes on the skin of an allergic nature with itching and swelling.
Visceral. It appears after the penetration of a large number of larvae. It is expressed by the appearance of fever, dry night cough, shortness of breath, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, flatulence, diarrhea, liver enlargement.
Neurological. It is a consequence of the penetration of larvae into the brain. Distracted attention, hyperactivity, difficulty in reading are observed.
Eye. Usually one eye is affected. There is strabismus, keratitis, neuritis optic nerve, decreased vision.

Read about the treatment of ascaris medications and folk methods;

How are roundworms different from flatworms?

Roundworms: characteristic

Worms, having penetrated into the human body, settle in the intestines. In the external environment, they can be found on the hair of infected animals, on unwashed vegetables and fruits, and also in meat.

Types of roundworms

Flatworms: characteristic

These worms have the following characteristics:

Flukes and tapeworms are dangerous to humans. The harm to the body is brought by the liver fluke, which affects and destroys the liver.

No less dangerous is the cat fluke, which causes the development of opistrochiasis. The lung fluke settles in respiratory tract. It can be contracted by eating the meat of crayfish and crabs.

Comparing the characteristics of both classes, it becomes clear how they can differ flatworms from roundworms.

To avoid infection, you must follow the rules of personal hygiene, thoroughly wash vegetables and fruits, process and boil meat well.

It is also important to be aware of external structure helminths and about and what is their difference.

Have you even read something about drugs designed to defeat the infection? And this is not surprising, because worms are deadly to humans - they are able to reproduce very quickly and live long, and the diseases they cause are difficult, with frequent relapses.

Bad mood, lack of appetite, insomnia, dysfunction immune system, intestinal dysbacteriosis and abdominal pain ... Surely you know these symptoms firsthand.

Kinds

Ways of infection

By adhering to basic hygiene, you can reduce the risk of infection with worms.

They usually become infected in case of non-observance of basic rules of personal hygiene. Invasion is also possible when drinking unboiled water from contaminated sources. Flies and other insects carry eggs on their paws. By landing on food or a table, they transfer helminth eggs. Often the carrier is pets - cats, dogs. The route of transmission of roundworm eggs to humans is oral.

The structure of the body of roundworm

A female roundworm can lay over 200,000 eggs in just one day.

The reproductive organs are very well adapted to maximize the reproduction of offspring. Helminths have a special type of relationship, thanks to which one individual reproduces once a day, laying several hundred thousand eggs. The female has 2 ovaries and 2 uterus, and the male is endowed with a long testis. Eggs laid by females are passed out with feces and a new one begins. life cycle human roundworm. Reproduction of roundworm depends on the characteristics human body.

Development life cycle

The life of roundworms does not have a typical cyclicity.

Once in the intestine, the roundworm egg shell dissolves and the immature larval form of the worm enters the intestine. Then, perforating the intestinal walls, the roundworm larvae penetrates the bloodstream and migrates along with the bloodstream. In the intestine, roundworm worms reach sexual maturity and start producing eggs. Together with faeces, the eggs are excreted in external environment and the life cycle starts over.

Migration and localization

Symptoms of ascariasis in humans

In most cases, ascariasis first causes a feeling chronic fatigue.

Blood test for antibodiesWhen starting the diagnosis, it must be borne in mind that it is much more difficult to detect larvae in the migration stage. Differential analysis will be very important in such cases. After the research, the difference between ascariasis and other helminth lesions will be obvious. Several types of research are being carried out:

hematological;
immunological;
radiological.

Invasion treatment

Drug therapy is carried out under the supervision of a physician.

After about 24 hours after taking these drugs, a laxative should be taken so that the dead biohelminths leave the body and do not lead to general intoxication with decomposition products. Phytotherapy has been successfully used to combat worms. It is an excellent anthelmintic herbal collection from which a decoction is made. It includes the following plants:

St. John's wort;
wild rosemary;
strawberry leaves;
stems of lovage;
elecampane ordinary.

Mix equal parts of herbs, pour 1 tablespoon of the collection with boiling water (250 grams). Cook for 15 minutes. Infuse for several hours. Take 100 grams in the morning and evening, children - 50 grams. During and after treatment, it is very important in recovery good nutrition. The patient should follow a light and complete diet.

Prevention

To avoid infestation, follow the rules of personal hygiene: wash your hands with soap and water after visiting the street, playing with animals and before eating. It is not recommended to drink raw unboiled water. Children should not put their fingers in their mouths. The nails on the hands are cut short, as the eggs of helminths that have fallen under them are difficult to wash. Vegetables and fruits should be thoroughly washed and washed with boiling water before use. Food should not be left open, especially in areas where flies have access. Since the ascaris initially lives in the soil, after contact with the soil, you must thoroughly wash your hands and treat them with an antiseptic.

Varieties of trematodes, symptoms and treatment of invasion

These worms can reach a length of 2 millimeters to 1.5 meters. To large sizes, worms can grow in the body of livestock, fish, and humans. Basically, they have a leaf-shaped or round shape. Schistosomes are distinguished by their shape, which are characterized by an oval or elongated body.

The class of trematodes includes more than 7300 various kinds flukes, of which human body can infect about 40 species.

Based on the area of \u200b\u200bhabitat, they are conventionally divided into 4 groups:

affecting the liver;
localized in the lungs;
blood;
leading their vital activity in the area of the small intestine.

All trematodes have a similar life cycle.

The life cycle of trematodes is as follows:

Only 12 species of trematodes are dangerous to humans, as they are the causative agents of pathologies. varying degrees. Trematodes in humans are divided into 2 groups.

Schistosomes

Can affect the human body the following types schistosomes:

mansoni;
hematobium;
Japanese;
intercalatum.

Schistosoma Mansoni can be infected in the Middle East, the African continent, South America, the Caribbean. Hematobium is common in Africa and the Middle East. The Japanese schistosome is found in China, East Asia, and the Philippines. Intercalatum is localized exclusively on the territory of the African continent.

Other trematodes

Paragonimus Vestermani, a lung fluke, is capable of distributing eggs along with human saliva.

Among the main flukes that are not related to schistosomes, there are:

fasciolopsis Buski, the source of which are plants contaminated with helminth eggs. This worm mainly spreads in Asia and India;
heterophyosis - can be infected in Asia, Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and also in Egypt. The carriers are fish;
metagonimus Yokogawa - common in Siberia, its carriers are trout and carp;
gastrodiscoidosis Hominus - can be infected in India, Vietnam, the Philippines through the use of contaminated plants;

development allergic reactions in the form of urticaria and itching sensations;
development of dyskinesia bile ducts;
appearance pain in the abdominal region;

an increase in the volume of the liver and spleen;
regular occurrence of headaches and migraines;
development of blood eosinophilia.

Usually the primary symptoms appear after 3-4 months - after incubation period. During this time, the helminth reaches a sexually mature state and begins to actively multiply. It is worth considering that adult worms are capable of mechanically damaging soft tissues as well as internal organs.

In some cases, trematodes in the human body cause:

blockage of the bile ducts;
development of microabscesses;

the appearance of micronecrosis of organs.

Pathology in advanced cases is accompanied by thickening of the walls of the bile ducts, adenomatous proliferation of epithelial tissues. Such processes can lead to angiocholitis, atopic cholecystitis.

Treatment

Trematode treatment depends on its type. General principles therapies include:

pathogenetic treatment;
anthelmintic treatment;
immune enhancing therapy.

Symptoms of intoxication are eliminated with the help of pathogenetic therapy. Also in the complex of such measures it is necessary to take antihistamines. If you were hit digestive system, then during this period a diet, hepatoprotectors, choleretic medicines are prescribed.

Of the anthelmintic drugs commonly used:

Praziquantel - for the treatment of schistosomiasis, clonorchiasis, paragonimiasis, opisthorchiasis;
Tricklabendazole, Albendazole - for the treatment of hepatic, giant fluke;
intestinal schistosomiasis is treated with Oksamnikhin;
urogenital schistosomiasis - Metrifonate.

If a person has symptoms of trematodosis, then he should contact a doctor as soon as possible, and then begin the prescribed treatment. This is because this pathology treated faster and more effectively at the initial stage.

Bad mood, lack of appetite, insomnia, dysfunction of the immune system, intestinal dysbacteriosis and abdominal pain… Surely you know these symptoms firsthand.

Many parents are very worried about their children and want to understand: toxocara - what is it? Every person should know about this in order to learn how to maintain their health and the well-being of the child, and to engage in disease prevention.

Most often can become infected:

Children preschool age who often play with earth, sand, dogs, cats, take dirty hands, items, since 80% of domestic yard sandboxes are infected with toxocara eggs.
Professionals who, on duty, work with animals, products, soil. At risk are cynologists, sellers, veterinarians, drivers, public utilities, dog breeders.
Homeowners, land allotments, dachas, vegetable gardens.
Dog hunters.

Put correct diagnosis with this disease is not easy, since it is difficult to detect infective worm larvae migrating in the body.

Toxocar carriers are stray, yard cats and dogs. Immature larvae of helminths of these domestic animals, once in the human body, cause significant harm, which has devastating consequences. People with toxocariasis are not sources of infection for other people, since immature larvae in their body do not develop into sexually mature nematodes.

If infection with this formidable disease occurs, they are affected the most important organs person.

Need to apply for medical care and get medical treatment. It is important to engage in constant prevention of this disease, avoiding the possibility of infection with Toxocara.

Ascaris life cycle: from egg to mature helminth

When it enters the intestines, the roundworm larva sheds its egg shells. This process is called molting. By secreting its own enzymes, an immature individual of the roundworm dissolves the egg shell and comes out at the right moment for this.

intestinal stage

From the entry of an immature egg into the human body to the first laying of eggs, 75-100 days pass. Although experience shows that immature larvae already appear in the feces after two months.

Atypical cyclical life of roundworms

Varieties of trematodes, symptoms and treatment of invasion

The class of trematodes includes more than 7,300 different types of flukes, of which about 40 species can infect the human body.

Based on the area of \u200b\u200bhabitat, they are conventionally divided into 4 groups:

affecting the liver;
localized in the lungs;
blood;
leading their vital activity in the area of the small intestine.

All trematodes have a similar life cycle.

Life cycle

The life cycle of trematodes is as follows:

Only 12 species of trematodes are dangerous to humans, as they are the causative agents of pathologies of varying degrees. Trematodes in humans are divided into 2 groups.