Lesson No. 25
Topic:In search of truth
Value: Truth
Qualities: unity of thought, word and deed; be honest with yourself
Teacher: Tatyana Ivanovna Blazhenets, teacher of self-knowledge, Podolsk secondary school, Taiynshinsky district, North Kazakhstan region
Class 6 Number of students 10

Goal: to develop students’ motives for searching for truth, as an important value in understanding themselves and the world around them.

Tasks:
- reveal the meaning of truth in human life;
- development of the ability to understand the importance of the search for truth for the formation and development of a person;
- educate students to strive to be honest with themselves.

Analysis of the lesson progress
3. Positive statement (quote)
It is much easier to find an error than the truth. The error lies on the surface, and you notice it immediately, but the truth is hidden in the depths, and not everyone can find it.
Johann Goethe

Questions:
1. How do you understand the meaning of the quote?
2. Is it easy to find the truth?
Let's repeat it in chorus several times.

4. Gift for children.
Storytelling (conversation) (as a gift from the teacher)
Parable
One day the Gods gathered and decided to create this World. The first created the Earth, the second God thought and created forests, the third mountains, the fourth seas, the fifth created the Moon, the sixth stars. The Seventh God, foreseeing in advance how it would all end, after much thought, created Man.
And when the Gods created Man, they faced a difficult task - where to put the truth. Or this nimble two-legged creature, if he guesses the truth ahead of time, he will do something that the Gods would even be afraid to think about. Therefore, the first God suggested burying the truth in the ground, to which the second said “no,” he would invent some kind of geology, and dig it up. - It won’t do. Let’s hide it in the forest. - No, he will be professionally engaged in tourism, he will go to the forest to eat barbecue, although in fact he will be looking for the truth. The third said: - Well, let's use the mountains, after all, he won't find it there. “No, we made people strong, someone will be able to climb and find, and if one finds, everyone else will immediately know where the truth is,” answered another. - Then let's hide it at the bottom of the sea! - No, don’t forget that people are curious, someone will design a diving device, and then they will definitely find it. “Well, let’s hide it on the Moon, away from the Earth,” suggested the fifth God. - No, remember that we gave them enough intelligence, someday they will come up with a ship to travel around the worlds, and discover this planet, and then they will find the truth, and the stars will be able to look through a telescope.
The seventh, oldest god, who was silent throughout the conversation, said: “I think I know where to hide the truth.” - Where? - We will hide the truth in the soul of Man. He will dig the Earth, destroy forests, climb mountains, dive into the ocean, fly to the Moon, strive for the stars without implying that the truth is in himself, they will be so busy looking for it outside that it will not even occur to them to look for the truth inside yourself. All the gods agreed, and since then people spend their whole lives in search of truth, not knowing that it is hidden within themselves.
Conversation on questions:
1.What is the meaning of the parable?
2. Why did the Gods make the task so difficult for man?
3.Which road should you go to the truth?
4.Why does a person seek the truth?
5.Is it easy to find the truth?
6. What is truth expressed in?
5. Creative work
And now guys, I suggest you divide into groups. "Playing out a scene"
(Read, complete the dialogue and act out the scene).
According to A. Vasilkov
Man: What is life?
Sage: Life is the highest good that must be protected and appreciated. As we are, so is our life. The wiser and kinder a person is, the more beautiful and interesting his life is.
Man: What does a person live for?
Sage: A person lives in order to know the truth, wisdom. The truth helps him serve his people with dignity. Wisdom helps a person to understand himself and the world around him.
Man: What does wisdom teach?
Sage: Wisdom teaches you to realize the meaning and purpose...
Questions: - Was it easy for you to complete the dialogue?
- Identify the key idea of ​​completing the dialogue? - What is the significance of truth in a person’s life?
Exploring the world around us, a person is in search of truth. Knowledge of the truth helps a person understand his purpose, distinguish between good and evil, create good for himself and others, and live in harmony with himself and the world.
A person’s desire for truth is the path to self-improvement, the creation of beauty in oneself and the world around us.
Values ​​such as love, goodness and justice are the key to a person’s comprehension of truth.

Warm-up game “Mirror”

6. Performance of the song “On the Road of Goodness”
Sl. Entin Yu.
music Minkov M.


Follow the sun, even though this path is unknown,
Go, my friend, always follow the path of goodness!

Forget your worries, ups and downs,
Don't whine when fate behaves not like your sister,

And if things are bad with a friend, don’t rely on a miracle,
Hurry to him, always follow the path of goodness!

Oh, how many different doubts and temptations there will be,
Don't forget that this life is not a child's play!
Go, my friend, always follow the path of goodness!
And drive away temptations, learn the unspoken law
Go, my friend, always follow the path of goodness!

Ask strict life which way to go?
Where in the world should you go in the morning?
Follow the sun, even though this path is unknown,
Go, my friend, always follow the path of goodness!
Follow the sun, even though this path is unknown,
Go, my friend, always follow the path of goodness!

7. Homework.
Write down the associations that arise for you when you hear the word “truth.”
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
_________________________
__________________________

8. Final minute of silence (music for relaxation - “Rose” sounds)
Remember what we talked about in class and give each other love, also give love to your loved ones. Thank you for the lesson.

Lesson Plan

"Self-Knowledge"
School______SSH №16______Date___17.03_______№25_____
Topic___In search of truth_______________________
Value_Truth___________________
Qualities: see the good in everything, distinguish between good and evil_________
Teacher_________Makisheva Aliya Saparovna________
Class__6g_____
Number of students_26_____
Goal: to promote the formation of
students' motives for searching for truth as
important value in knowing yourself and
the surrounding world.
Tasks:
1 Expand subjective experience in cognition
truths;
2 Develop the ability to understand the significance of the search
truths for the formation and development of man;
3 Cultivate the ability to see the good in everything.
Resources:
(materials,
sources)
A4 paper
Colored
pencils,
felt-tip pens
Notes
Musical
composition
"Lonely
shepherd"
During the classes:
light
1 Organizational moment. Positive attitude. Concentration on
Teacher: Please sit comfortably, back
keep straight. Don't cross your arms and legs.
Hands can be placed on your knees or on the table.
Relax. Please close your eyes.
Imagine the sunlight coming through
into your head and down to the middle of your chest. IN
There is a flower bud in the middle of the chest. And under
the bud slowly opens with rays of light,
petal by petal. In your heart
a beautiful flower blooms, fresh and
pure, washing every thought, every feeling,

emotion and desire.
Imagine that the light is starting to get more and more
more spread throughout your body. He
becomes stronger and brighter. Mentally lower
light down the hands. Your hands are filling
light and illuminated. Hands will make
only kind, good actions will
help everyone. The light descends down the legs.
The legs are filled with light and illuminated. Legs
will only lead me to good places for
doing good deeds. They will become
instruments of light and love.
Next, the light rises to your mouth and tongue.
The tongue will speak only the truth and only
good, kind words. Shine the light towards your ears
ears will listen to good words, beautiful
sounds. The light reaches the eyes, the eyes will
look only at the good and see in everything
good. Your whole head is filled with light,
and in your head there are only good, bright
thoughts.
The light becomes more intense and brighter and
goes beyond your body,
spreading in widening circles.
Send light to all your family, teachers,
friends, acquaintances. Send light to those with whom you
you are temporarily misunderstood, conflicts. Let
light will fill their hearts. Let this light
spread to the whole world: to all people,
animals, plants, all living things, everywhere...
Send light to all corners of the Universe.
Mentally say: “I am in the Light... The Light is within
me... I am the Light." Stay a little longer
this state of Light, Love and Peace...
Now put this Light back into your
heart. The entire universe filled with Light,
is in your heart. Keep it like this
beautiful. You can open it little by little
eyes. Thank you.
Answers
students per
questions
Textbook

Warm-up exercise “Compliments”
continue the sentence “I like it in
you what you..." (you know how to be friends,
polite, kind, benevolent and
etc.)
class
Page 130131
2 Checking homework. Page 130 Parable
"Search for Truth"
Questions:
1.Why did man seek the Truth?
2.What was the answer to the man from the wishing well?
3.What did the man find at the crossroads and how?
entered?
4.What did the person continue to do next? When to see him
did you have an insight?
5. What truth did the person acquire?
6. Why does a person seek the truth?
7. Have you ever had to prove the truth? Tell me
about it
Conclusion:
Man's striving for truth is the path to
improving oneself, creating beauty
in yourself and the world around you. Values ​​such as
love, goodness and justice are
the key to man's comprehension of truth.
3 Positive statement (quote).
The truth of a person is what makes him a person.
Saint-Exupery A.
Questions:
1 How do you understand this statement?
2 Which person do you think we can name
a good person or what actions they do
a good person?
Reading Quote
in unison
Write a quote to
notebooks
Sep
Exupery A. –
(June 29, 1900,
Lyon, France
- July 31
1944)
-
famous
French
writer, poet
And
professional
great pilot,

essayist.
Answers
students
4 Telling a story (conversation).
A PARABLE ABOUT THE TRUTH OF LIFE
Once upon a time, an old man who spent his entire life
devoted his life to searching for answers to questions about
life, revealed one truth to his grandson:
- There is a struggle in every person, very
similar to a fight between two wolves. One wolf
represents evil: envy, jealousy,
regret, selfishness, ambition, lies. Another wolf
represents goodness: peace, love, hope,
truth, kindness and faithfulness.
The grandson, touched to the depths of his soul by the words of his grandfather,
thought about it, and then asked:
- Which wolf wins in the end?
The old man smiled and answered:
- The wolf you win always wins
you feed.
Questions:
1 What did the old man devote his life to?
2 To what did the old man compare the struggle that goes on in life?
each person?
3 What is the wolf that represents evil?
4 What does good mean in another wolf?
5 What does it mean “the wolf you fight always wins?”
are you feeding?
6 Was there a time in your life when you felt
fight between two wolves? Can you talk about this?
Conclusion:
Knowing the truth helps a person understand
good and evil, create good for yourself and others, live
in harmony with oneself and the world, the desire

see in the world around us and in people only
good.
Group work.
View reproductions of paintings and
describe the truths that the authors reveal with their
works.
Presentations of works

Kasteev
Division
students per
groups
By
seasons
Reproductions
paintings
A.
"Mountain
scenery"
I. Aivazovsky
"The Ninth Wave"
Yesengali
Sadyrbaev
"Successful
hunting"
Painting
Italian
artist
Lyrics
Beautiful
far
Music:
Krylatov E.
Words: Entin
YU.
5 Group singing.

The morning voice in the silver dew,
I hear a voice and a beckoning road
It makes your head spin like a carousel in childhood.




I hear a voice from a beautiful distance,
He calls me to wonderful lands,
I hear a voice, the voice asks sternly -
And today what did I do for tomorrow?
The beautiful is far away, don’t be cruel to me,
Don't be cruel to me, don't be cruel.
Far from the pure source to the beautiful,
I begin my journey into the beautiful far away.

I swear that I will become cleaner and kinder,
And I will never leave a friend in trouble,
I hear a voice and hurry to answer the call
On a road with no trace.
The beautiful is far away, don’t be cruel to me,
Don't be cruel to me, don't be cruel.
Far from the pure source to the beautiful,
I begin my journey into the beautiful far away.
The beautiful is far away, don’t be cruel to me,
Don't be cruel to me, don't be cruel.
Far from the pure source to the beautiful,
I begin my journey into the beautiful far away.
6 Homework.
Read and continue the story “Knowing Yourself.”
Textbook Pages 133 - 134
7 The final minute of the lesson. Remember all that
good thing you understood in the lesson, save it in
your heart. Thank you for the lesson and I wish you
have a joyful day.
Sounds quiet
music

Socrates(ancient Greek Σωκράτης, c. 469 BC, Athens - 399 BC, ibid.) - ancient Greek philosopher, whose teaching marks a turn in philosophy - from consideration of nature and the world to consideration of a person. His activity is a turning point in ancient philosophy. With his method of analyzing concepts (mayeutics, dialectics) and identifying virtue and knowledge, he directed the attention of philosophers to the unconditional significance of the human personality.

Socrates was the son of the stonemason (sculptor) Sophroniscus and the midwife Phenareta; he had a maternal brother, Patroclus. Received a diverse education. He was married to a woman named Xanthippe. He took an active part in the public life of Athens. He took part in the Peloponnesian War - he fought at Potidaea and Delia. He was a teacher and senior friend of the Athenian politician and commander Alcibiades. In 399 BC. e. he was charged with the fact that “he does not honor the gods whom the city honors, but introduces new deities, and is guilty of corrupting youth.” As a free Athenian citizen, he was not executed, but took poison himself (according to a common legend, an infusion of hemlock, but - judging by the symptoms - spotted hemlock).

Sources

The theme of love (eros) and friendship is the most well-attested theme of Socrates' reasoning: “I always say that I know nothing, except perhaps one very small science - eroticism. And in it I am terribly strong” (Feag). In addition to the obviously present play on words derived from “ask” and “love” (erôtaô - to ask, erôtikos - lover), the love theme was important as a psychological justification for the identity of truth and goodness: you can want to know better and at the same time be unconditionally well-disposed towards a recognizable object only by loving him; and love for a specific person, or more precisely, according to Socrates, for his soul, has the greatest meaning - to the extent that it is virtuous or strives for this. Every soul has a good beginning, just as every soul has a patron demon. Socrates heard the voice of his “demon,” warning him or his friends to commit certain actions. It was for this doctrine, suspicious from the point of view of the state religion, that he was accused of impiety.

Socrates expressed his thoughts orally, in conversations with different persons; We have received information about the content of these conversations in the works of his students, Plato and Xenophon (Memoirs of Socrates, Defense of Socrates at the trial, Feast, Domostroy), and only in an insignificant proportion in the works of Aristotle.

Philosophical views of Socrates

The philosophy of Socrates was between the objectivism of pre-Socratics and the subjectivism of sophistry. The human soul (consciousness) is subject to its own laws, which are by no means arbitrary, as the sophists wanted to prove; self-knowledge has an internal criterion of truth: if knowledge and goodness are identical, then by knowing ourselves, we should become better. Socrates understood the famous Delphic maxim “Know thyself” as a call to moral self-improvement and in this he saw true religious piety

Using the method of dialectical debate, Socrates tried to restore through his philosophy the authority of knowledge, shaken by the sophists. The Sophists neglected the truth, and Socrates made it his beloved. Despite the fact that his views were largely not shared by other representatives of sophism, Socrates can still be considered the founder of the philosophy of sophism, since it was his ideas that most fully reflected the essence of this teaching.

“... Socrates investigated the moral virtues and was the first to try to give their general definitions (after all, of those who reasoned about nature, only Democritus touched on this a little and in some way gave definitions of hot and cold; and the Pythagoreans - before him - did this for a few things, the definitions of which they reduced to numbers , indicating, for example, what opportunity, or justice, or matrimony is). ...Two things can rightly be attributed to Socrates - proofs by induction and general definitions: both concern the beginning of knowledge,” wrote Aristotle (“Metaphysics”, XIII, 4).

The line between the spiritual processes inherent in man and the material world, already outlined by the previous development of Greek philosophy (in the teachings of Pythagoras, the Sophists, etc.), was more clearly outlined by Socrates: he emphasized the uniqueness of consciousness in comparison with material existence and was one of the first to deeply reveal the sphere of the spiritual as an independent reality, proclaiming it as something no less reliable than the existence of the perceived world (monism).

In matters of ethics, Socrates developed the principles of rationalism, arguing that virtue stems from knowledge, and a person who knows what good is will not act badly. After all, goodness is also knowledge, so a culture of intelligence can make people kind

Socratic method

The dialogism of the teachings of Socrates, sociable by nature, had the following justification. The Delphic oracle proclaimed him “the wisest of men” (Plato talks about this in the Apology of Socrates). But his own conviction is that he himself “knows nothing” and, in order to become wise, questions other people who are considered wise. Socrates came to the conclusion that this conviction of his own ignorance makes him the wisest, since other people do not even know this. Socrates called his interview method maieutics (“midwifery”), meaning that it only helps the “birth” of knowledge, but is not itself its source: because not a question, but an answer is a positive statement, then the interlocutor who answered Socrates’ questions was considered “knowing”. Socrates' usual methods of conducting dialogue: refutation through leading to a contradiction and irony - feigned ignorance, avoidance of direct answers. According to Plato's Apology, in fact Socrates, speaking the “pure truth” about his ignorance, wanted to point out the insignificance of human knowledge in comparison with divine wisdom; Without hiding his ignorance, he wanted to bring his interlocutors to the same state.

Socrates compared his research techniques to the “art of the midwife” (maieutics); his method of questioning, suggesting a critical attitude to dogmatic statements, was called “Socratic irony.” Socrates did not write down his thoughts, believing that this weakened his memory. And he led his students to a true judgment through dialogue, where he asked a general question, received an answer, asked the next clarifying question, and so on until the final answer.

Protagoras’ attitude towards the gods was also original and revolutionary for that time: “I cannot know about the gods whether they exist or not, because too many things prevent such knowledge - the question is dark, and human life is short.”

The most respected of the philosophers related to sophistry was Socrates (469 - 399 BC).

Socrates did not leave significant philosophical works, but went down in history as an outstanding polemicist, sage, and philosopher-teacher.

The main method developed and applied by Socrates was called "maieutics". The essence of maieutics is not to teach the truth, but to use logical techniques and leading questions to lead the interlocutor to independently find the truth.

Maieutics. The soil was prepared, but Socrates himself did not want to sow it. After all, he emphasized that he knew nothing. But he talks with the tamed “expert,” asks him, receives answers, weighs them and asks new questions. “By asking you,” Socrates says to his interlocutor, “I am only exploring the subject together, because I myself do not know it” (165 B). Believing that he himself did not possess the truth, Socrates helped it to be born in the soul of his interlocutor. He likened his method to the art of midwifery, the profession of his mother. Just as she helped children to be born, Socrates helped truth to be born. Socrates therefore called his method maieutics - the art of midwifery.

The essence of Socrates' Methods:

Irony. However, Socrates was a conversationalist with his own mind. He is ironic and crafty. Pretending to be a simpleton and an ignoramus, he modestly asked his interlocutor to explain to him what, by the nature of his occupation, this interlocutor should know well. Not yet suspecting who he was dealing with, the interlocutor began to lecture Socrates. He asked several pre-thought-out questions, and Socrates’ interlocutor was at a loss. Socrates continued to calmly and methodically pose questions, still ironizing him. Finally, one of these interlocutors, Meno, bitterly declared: “I, Socrates, even before meeting you, heard that all you do is get confused and confuse people. And now, in my opinion; you bewitched and enchanted me and started talking so much that my head is completely confused... After all, I spoke about virtue a thousand times in every way to different people, and very well, as it seemed to me, but now I can’t even say that She’s like that in general” (80 A B). So, the soil is plowed. Socrates' interlocutor freed himself from self-confidence. Now he is ready to seek the truth together.

Induction. The Socratic method also pursued the achievement of conceptual knowledge. This was achieved through induction (guidance), ascending from the particular to the general, during the interview process. For example, in the dialogue Laches, Socrates asks two Athenian generals what courage is. Some preliminary definition is established. To Socrates’ question, one of the military leaders Laches answers without thinking: “This, by Zeus, is not difficult [to say]. He who decided to hold his place in the ranks, repel the enemy and not run away, is surely courageous” (190 E). However, then it turns out that such a definition does not fit the entire subject, but only some aspect of it. Then some contradictory case is taken. Didn’t the Scythians show courage in their wars and the Spartans in the Battle of Plataea? But the Scythians rush into feigned flight in order to destroy the formation of the pursuers, and then stop and defeat the enemies. The Spartans did the same. Then Socrates clarified the formulation of the question. “I had an idea,” he said, “to ask about the courageous not only in the infantry, but also in the cavalry, and in general in any kind of war, and I’m not just talking about warriors, but also about those who courageously expose themselves to dangers in the field.” sea, courageous against disease, poverty” (191 D). So, “what is courage, if it is the same in everything? (191 E). In other words, Socrates posed the question: what is courage as such, what is the concept of courage that would express the essential features of all possible cases of courage? This should be the subject of dialectical reasoning. Epistemologically, the pathos of Socrates' entire philosophy is to find a concept. Since no one understood this yet except Socrates, he turned out to be the wisest of all. But since Socrates himself had not yet reached such concepts and knew about it, he claimed that he knew nothing.

Socrates conducted his philosophy and educational work in the midst of the people, in squares, markets in the form of an open conversation (dialogue, dispute), the topics of which were topical problems of that time, relevant today: good; evil; Love; happiness; honesty, etc.

The philosopher was a supporter of ethical realism, according to which.

Any knowledge is good;

Any evil or vice is committed out of ignorance.

Socrates was not understood by the official authorities and was perceived by them as an ordinary sophist, undermining the foundations of society, confusing young people and not honoring the gods. For this he was in 399 BC. e. sentenced to death and took a cup of poison - hemlock.

The historical significance of Socrates' activities is that he:

Contributed to the dissemination of knowledge and education of citizens;

I was looking for answers to the eternal problems of humanity - good and evil, love, honor, etc.;

Discovered the maieutics method, widely used in modern education;

He introduced a dialogical method of finding truth - by proving it in a free debate, and not by declaring it, as a number of previous philosophers did;

He educated many students who continued his work (for example, Plato), and stood at the origins of a number of so-called “Socratic schools.”

“Socratic schools” are philosophical teachings that were formed under the influence of the ideas of Socrates and developed by his students. The "Socratic schools" include:

Plato Academy;

School of Cynics;

Cyrene School;

Ligar school;

Elido-Erythrian school.

Glossary:

Maieutics(Greek Μαιευτική - lit. - midwifery, obstetrics) - Socrates' method of extracting knowledge hidden in a person using skillful leading questions.

Socratic schools- philosophical schools created by the students of Socrates in the 4th century BC. e. Representatives of these schools are usually called Socratics.

Platon (Filatova)

Plato (Aristocles).

Plato (428 or 427 BC, Athens - 348 or 347 BC, ibid.) - ancient Greek philosopher, student of Socrates, teacher of Aristotle. Plato symbolizes the objective-idealistic type of philosophical worldview. Plato is the founder of idealism. The main provisions of his idealistic teaching are the following: material things are changeable, impermanent and cease to exist over time; the surrounding world (“the world of things” is also temporary and changeable and in reality does not exist as an independent substance; only pure (incorporeal) ideas (eidos) really exist ); pure (incorporeal) ideas are true, eternal and permanent; any existing thing is just a material reflection of the original idea (eidos) of a given thing (for example, horses are born and die, but they are only the embodiment of the idea of ​​a horse, which is eternal and unchanging, etc. .d.); the whole world is a reflection of pure ideas (eidos).

Biography.

The exact date of Plato's birth is unknown. Following ancient sources, most researchers believe that Plato was born in 428-427 BC. e. in Athens or Aegina at the height of the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta. Plato's first teacher was Cratylus. Around 407 he met Socrates and became one of his students. It is characteristic that Socrates is an invariable participant in almost all of Plato’s works, written in the form of dialogues between historical and sometimes fictional characters. According to Diogenes Laertius, Plato’s real name is Aristocles (literally, “best glory”). Plato is a nickname meaning “broad, broad-shouldered.” On the contrary, there are studies showing that the legend of his name Aristocles originated in the Hellenistic period.

Plato Academy. Plato's Academy is a religious and philosophical school created by Plato in 387 in the nature of Athens and which existed for about 1000 years (until 529 AD). The most famous students of the academy were: Aristotle (he studied with Plato, founded his own philosophical school - the Lyceum), Xenocritus, Kraket, Arxilaus. Clitomachus of Carthage, Philo of Larissa (teacher of Cicero). The Academy was closed in 529 by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian as a hotbed of paganism and “harmful” ideas, but during its history it managed to ensure that Platonism and Neoplatonism became the leading directions of European philosophy.

Chronology of works.

Early period (approximately 90s of the 4th century BC) “Apology of Socrates”, “Crito”, “Euthyphro”, “Laches”, “Lysis”, “Charmides”, “Protagoras”, 1st book "States".

Transitional period (80s) “Gorgias”, “Menon”, “Euthidemus”, “Cratylus”, “Hippias the Lesser”.

Mature period (70-60s) “Phaedo”, “Symposium”, “Phaedrus”, II-X books of “States” (the doctrine of ideas), “Theaetetus”, “Parmenides”, “Sophist”, “Politician” ", "Philebus", "Timaeus", "Critias".

Late period “Laws” (50s), Post-Law (editor - Philip of Opuntsky).

Plato's ontology

Branch of JSC “National Center for Advanced Training “Orleu”

"Institute for Advanced Training of Teachers in North Kazakhstan Region"

“Universal human value is truth”

Performed):

teacher of self-knowledge

Dolinchik E.V..

KSU "Tokushinskaya ShG"

Coach: Almisheva A.Zh.

Petropavlovsk, 2017

Introduction

I. Eternal universal values ​​as the basis for the content of spiritual and moral education “Self-knowledge.”

II. Truth as a universal human value. Its role in the development of man.

III. Practicing Truth

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

Modern humanity has entered the third millennium with a clear understanding of the danger of intellect, unencumbered by moral criteria, and the understanding that consumer ideology harms the spiritual development of the individual and good changes in the world are unthinkable without the participation of each of us. At one time, D.I. Mendeleev said: “Knowledge in the hands of an unrefined person is the same as a saber in the hands of a madman.” Later, D.S. Likhachev commented on this statement: “The knowledge of unspiritual principles is harmful. And a teacher who does not himself have spiritual principles cannot bring today—precisely today—the benefit that society needs, that our children need.”

Currently, our society is faced with such a global problem as the moral and spiritual education of the younger generation, the search for eternal universal values ​​that contribute to the establishment of goodness and justice between people.

The moral and spiritual education of modern youth is intended to be the basis for establishing high moral and spiritual ideals in society, educating worthy citizens with noble character and moral qualities.

It is safe to say that the future of society depends on the education system, since today’s children will, after some time, begin to create the destinies of the country and the new era.

The subject “Self-knowledge” is designed to help the younger generation realize their highest spiritual principle. The program of moral and spiritual education “Self-knowledge” as an innovation in domestic education and as S.A. Nazarbayeva said: “Our task is to rethink our worldview, learn to love and respect ourselves, be responsible for our thoughts, words, and deeds, live in harmony with your conscience, do honestly what you like and know how to do, help people, be grateful, teach all this to the generation that follows us. Young people should be happy, live in joy, harmony, create, create, love.”

I. Eternal universal values ​​as the basis of content

spiritual and moral education “Self-knowledge”.

In the modern era of global changes, the absolute values ​​of goodness, beauty, and truth acquire special significance as the fundamental foundations of spiritual culture, presupposing harmony and balance of the holistic perception of humanity. In the history of every people, every culture, there is constant and changeable, eternal and temporary. If one of them develops, reaches its peak, ages and dies, then the other, transforming in one form or another, passes from one state to another, without changing internally, but transforming only externally. These guidelines, accepted by people regardless of their class affiliation, place of residence, religious, philosophical and other views, are called universal human values .

Human values- this is something that remains unchanged and eternal throughout the history of mankind.

Every year, society moves further and further away from the spiritual values ​​that were originally considered universal; material goods, the latest technologies and entertainment become more and more important. Meanwhile, without the formation of universal moral values ​​among the younger generation, society becomes disunited and degenerates.

Values ​​that are considered universal unite the norms, morals and guidelines of many people of different nations and eras. They can be called laws, principles, canons, etc. These values ​​are not material, although they are important for all humanity.

True education should enable a person to use the knowledge he has acquired, prepare him to face the difficulties of life and make all people as happy as possible. Born into society, a person must work for the welfare and development of society.

So, what are universal human values?

True- this is knowledge about the original nature of all things - spirit, the intelligent, eternal, all-pervading energy of life, which, when densified, manifests itself as the material world. Einstein expressed this process in his ingenious formula E=mc2, which means that matter is condensed energy.

Righteous Behavior is knowledge of the truth expressed in actions. If our goal is to realize our divine potential, then our behavior automatically becomes righteous, because manifestations of greed, anger, hatred, envy or aggression do not contribute to the realization of this goal.
Peace. This is exactly what the world, maddened by the pursuit of material wealth, so desperately needs.

Love. It is inextricably linked with other values. The ability to love is what makes us truly human beings. Life without love is meaningless.

Nonviolence non-harm. This value is a natural continuation of the previous four.

Developing universal human values ​​in oneself is education in itself. Anyone who tries hard to understand universal human values: truth, righteous conduct, inner peace, love, non-violence One who puts these values ​​into practice and disseminates them with diligence and sincerity can already be called a truly educated person. Considering universal human values, it should be noted that they are inseparable, interconnected, interdependent and, penetrating each other, create a single basis for human spirituality. To achieve inner harmony, a person must follow eternal universal values ​​in thoughts, words and actions.

II. Truth as a universal human value. Its role in the development of man.

Let's consider what constitutes a universal human value - Itina . Ancient wisdom says: “When a person’s heart is full of LOVE, then PEACE reigns in his soul, his words are TRUE, and his actions are RIGHTEOUS, then he can never harm anyone.” NON-VIOLENCE is a natural manifestation of LOVE in a person’s worldview.

Truth is the awareness of unity in diversity, the perception of oneself as part of an indivisible whole, participating in everything and responsible for everything, understanding the fact that we are not this body, we are not this mind. We are the masters of it all. We are all pure spirit, creating at the level of soul, mind and body. And the purpose of our life on earth is not to accumulate wealth or knowledge, not to gain high social status or power, not to reproduce our own kind, but to gain spiritual experience, to realize in practice our own divinity, and to joyfully create. We are an eternal immortal spirit, which from time to time puts on a mortal shell in order to manifest itself on the material level. Each of us is divine by nature and must act in accordance with this high status.

Being objective in its content, truth is subjective in form: people know it and express it in certain concepts, laws, categories, etc. For example, universal gravity is inherent in the material world, but as a truth, a law of science, it was discovered by I. Newton.

Absolute and relative truths- these are two necessary moments of the same objective truth, any true knowledge. They express different stages and aspects of human knowledge of the objective world and differ only in the degree of accuracy and its complete reflection. There is no Chinese wall between them. This is not separate knowledge, but one, although each of the named aspects and moments has its own specifics.

Absolute truth (more precisely, the absolute in objective truth) is understood

firstly, as complete, exhaustive knowledge of reality as a whole - an epistemological ideal that will never be achieved, although knowledge is increasingly approaching it;

secondly, as that element of knowledge that can never be refuted in the future: “birds have a beak”, “people are mortal”, etc. This is the so-called. eternal truths, knowledge about individual aspects of objects.

Absolute truth in the form of an integral fragment of knowledge is formed from the sum of relative ones, but not through a mechanical combination of ready-made truths, but in the process of creative development of knowledge based on practice.

Relative truth (more precisely, relative in objective truth) expresses the variability of each true knowledge, its deepening, clarification as practice and knowledge develop. The relativity of truth lies in its incompleteness, conditionality, approximateness, and incompleteness.

At one time, Hegel rightly emphasized that there is no absolute truth, truth is always concrete. Thus, objective, absolute, relative are not different “sorts” of truths, but one and the same true knowledge with these characteristic features (properties).

The most noble, sublime and significant things in the process of learning about the world, man, and society are rightly associated with truth.

Truth is understood as what happened in the world. What we affirm today, we may not affirm tomorrow. Truth is Constant. It is unchanged in all three periods of time: past, present and future. All objects of the material world are also impermanent. Truth is knowledge about the original nature of all things, the intelligent, eternal, all-pervading energy of life, which, when densified, manifests itself as the material world. There is only one absolute Truth, which is the source of all others. When you find it, your actions are aligned with it. Truth is the understanding of the unity of all things, the acceptance of reality as it is.

III. Practicing Truth

After taking courses on Self-Knowledge, I again began to think about life, about what is true. Many thoughts come to me. Life itself is Truth. I understand that we need to live in harmony with ourselves, with the outside world. I am happy that I can teach the subject Self-Knowledge. Tell children that only correct behavior and positive thinking are the path to Truth. Truth is what is inside a person. Truth is conscience. I try to live in harmony with my conscience. But, to be honest, this doesn’t always work out. In a world where there is, unfortunately, injustice, and you are doing your bit. In a world where material things are important, and you cannot completely renounce material things. But I try to think about the spiritual, I understand that every person somewhere must at some point account for their sins. But thanks to Self-Knowledge, I learned not to be offended, never to wish harm on anyone.

I believe that first of all, the Self-Knowledge program is aimed at changing us, teachers! Because we are an example for our students and parents. Thanks to the lessons of self-knowledge, I noticed big changes in myself: I became calmer, more patient, and stopped getting angry and offended. Thanks to the NDO “Self-Knowledge” program, we guide students to discover and develop universal human values. And we, teachers, must help children with this! But this help is needed not only by students, but also by parents and our colleagues! And starting from our school, we will contribute to the moral and spiritual development of the entire society. And in society, kindness, loyalty, honesty, truth, correct behavior, love, non-violence, and peace have always been and are valued.

A dedicated teacher will have thousands of noble students. And again I will quote the words of my beloved teacher Sh. A. Amonashvili: “We must educate a teacher - thinking, creative, free. Don't scold teachers, but elevate them. These are the artists of life.”

Conclusion

Thus, the desire for truth and beauty as the highest good is, according to Plato, frenzy, enthusiasm, love. We must love the truth like this, said L.N. Tolstoy, so that at any moment he could be ready, having learned the highest truth, to renounce everything that he previously considered to be the truth. The greatest minds of mankind have always seen in truth its high moral and aesthetic meaning. Humanity has combined the concept of truth with the moral concepts of truth and sincerity. Truth and truth are the goal of science, the goal of art, and the ideal of moral motives. The main goal of knowledge is the achievement of scientific truth. In relation to philosophy, Truth is not only the goal of knowledge, but also the subject of research. We can say that the concept of truth expresses the essence of science. Philosophers have long been trying to develop a theory of knowledge that would allow us to consider it as a process of obtaining scientific truths. The main contradictions along this path arose in the course of contrasting the activity of the subject and the possibility of his developing knowledge corresponding to the objective real world.

There is only one absolute Truth, which is the source of all others. When you find it, your actions are aligned with it. Truth is the understanding of the unity of all things, the acceptance of reality as it is.

The pursuit of truth is the only activity worthy of a hero.

Giordano Bruno

List of used literature

1. Information letter “On the mass introduction of the subject “Self-knowledge” in educational organizations in the 2010/2011 academic year.

2. Mukazhanova R.A., Omarova G.A. “Universal human values” (grades 5–11). methodological manual for teachers // Almaty, NNPOOTS "Bobek", 2014

3. Tolstoy L.N. A book about truth, life and behavior. Electronic library RoyalLib.Com, 2010-20177.

4. http://sai.org.ua/ru/207.html

10.11.2011 14733 1803

Target:to promote the formation of motives in students to search for truth as an important value in understanding themselves and the world around them.

Tasks:

Expanding the subjective experience of students in knowing the truth;

Developing students’ ability to understand the importance of the search for truth for the formation and development of a person;

Fostering a desire to understand the truth.

Resources:audio recording of an organ piece from the musical­ rich heritage of the German composer Ludwig van Beethoven (teacher's choice).

Circle of Joy

Let's be like the sun

Konstantin Balmont

I came to this world to see the Sun and blue

horizon,

I came to this world to see the Sun and the heights of the mountains.

I came to this world to see the Sea

and the lush color of the valleys.

I have concluded the worlds, in a single gaze, I am the ruler...

Conversation

The teacher invites students to think about the questions presented in the textbook section “Thinking, talking.” The purpose of the conversation is to identify the subjective experience of students in understanding the meaning of the concept “truth” and create the prerequisites for an in-depth understanding of it.

1. What is truth needed for?

2. Why does a person seek the truth?

3. Is it easy to discover the truth? Why?

4. Have you ever had to prove the truth? Tell us about it.

5. Have you strived for the truth? How?

The questions are aimed at updating the subjective experience of learning the truth by students, at their understanding of their experience of searching for truth through the process of knowing themselves and the world. Seemingly simple, but inherently complex questions may remain without a comprehensive answer. However, with guiding questions, the teacher can guide students’ reasoning and lead them to the idea that the truth lies in the processes and objects familiar to us. The students’ reasoning allows us to conclude that the concept of “truth” is considered from the point of view of a person’s knowledge of his purpose and the desire for self-improvement.

Reading

The students’ reasoning should be led to the idea that the search for truth leads a person to understand his life, actions, desires, and aspirations. It is important for students to understand that the search for truth allows us to understand the essence of familiar phenomena, the comprehension of which illuminates a person and fills his life with meaning.

Search for truth

Indian parable

One man searched for the Truth for many years and tried to understand its meaning. He climbed high into the mountains, descended deep into abysses, crossed the ocean and deserts, but nowhere could he find the Truth.

Finally, the search for Truth led a man to a distant cave, in which, according to ancient legends, there was a wishing well. Gathering his thoughts, he said the cherished words and began to wait. The well was very deep, we had to wait several days until the answer came from it: “Go back to the people, and there, at the crossroads, you will find what you have been looking for for a long time.”

The man perked up from the mere opportunity to find the long-awaited Truth and rushed back on the road. Having reached the first intersection, along which ordinary people were going about their business, he saw three nondescript shops. In one of them they sold wooden blanks, in another - pieces of metal, in the third - belts and strings. The man was upset, because all this, in his opinion, had nothing to do with the Truth.

Disappointed, he dejectedly turned away and wandered off in search of the Truth... Days and months passed, which turned into years, and the man kept looking for the Truth. He had already forgotten the incident with the wishing well. He forgot communication with people and the simple joys of human life, did not notice the beauty of the earth, until one day, tired of endless wanderings, he heard tremulous music that awakened new hope in him. The man, without hesitation, went in the direction from which the mesmerizing sounds of a beautiful melody were heard. And I saw a musician who, with his eyes closed, was enthusiastically performing a wonderful melody on the sitar.

This melody attracted the attention of the seeker of Truth. He remembered these wooden and metal parts from which it was made, and the strings that under the musician’s fingers gave birth to a magical melody - everything that was sold in those three shops at the crossroads... And then an insight came to him: The Truth is nearby - to be found it, you need to be able to combine different parts into one whole, and then something will appear, the nature of which was hidden from man.

The man understood: Truth is acquired knowledge that helps to benefit people. It is born where there is a person’s desire to discover in different things something common that connects everything, where there is a desire to dedicate his discoveries to all people.

1. How did a person comprehend the Truth?

2. What is Truth?

3. What is the meaning of the parable?

Alone with myself

This methodological technique is necessary for students to comprehend educational material that reveals the essence of the concept of “truth”.

After an appropriate oral installation by the teacher, an audio recording of an organ piece from the musical heritage of the German composer Ludwig van Beethoven is turned on.

Exercise

The teacher asks students to doexercise 1in a notebook, where it is possible to comprehend the concept of “truth” through putting your understanding into verbal form.

Exercise 1

Formulate your understanding of truth using textbook material and supporting words: truth, sincerity, honesty, openness, frankness, authenticity, reality, confidence, conscience, purity, trust, wisdom, knowledge, power.

Educational information

The teacher moves on to the textbook section “Learning New Things.” One of the students reads the educational information in this section.

This educational information summarizes and systematizes in a laconic form the students’ ideas about truth and the knowledge about it acquired during the lesson. The teacher draws attention to the concept of “value,” which is the key to understanding the truth.

Understanding the essence of the existing reality in the world around us, a person is in search of truth. Knowledge of the truth helps a person understand his purpose, distinguish between good and evil, create good for himself and others, live in harmony with himself and the world.

A person’s desire for truth is the path to self-improvement, the creation of beauty in oneself and the world around us.

Values ​​such as love, goodness and justice are the key to a person’s comprehension of truth.

Lesson Quote

The teacher invites students to read the quote from the lesson and reflect on the meaning of L. Tolstoy’s saying.

There is one truth, but you can go to it in different ways. Every person is the Path to Truth. How many people - so many ways. But the shortest of them is the path of the heart, love and harmony.

Lev Tolstoy

· Explain the meaning of the saying.

Students' reflection on the essence of the saying will contribute to the understanding and acceptance of the main idea that each person has his own path to the truth, which determines the meaning of his life.

The students' reasoning should lead to their awareness of the idea that each of them, like any person, is capable of finding his own path to the truth if he is guided in life by universal human values.

Creative activity

This task is intended to help students not only understand the meaning of truth in human life, but also systematize acquired knowledge about truth, integrate it with their ideas and build an acceptable logic of key thoughts.

In the process of work and presentation of its results by students, the teacher involves everyone in the discussion, commenting on judgments and correcting the reasoning expressed.

Read the statements and determine which ones are true.

· The wind blows with truth, the sun shines with truth, truth is the basis of speech, everything is based on truth.

Ancient Indian wisdom

· In controversial matters, judgments are different, but the truth is always the same.

Petrarch

· The truth is so tender that as soon as you step away from it, you fall into error; but this delusion is so subtle that you only have to deviate a little from it and you find yourself in the truth.

Blaise Pascal

· The pursuit of truth is the only activity worthy of a hero.

Giordano Bruno

Summary

The first lesson on the topic “In search of truth” can be concluded with a discussion about the influence of the desire to search for truth on the development of the inner world of each person, since it is a person’s awareness of the value of truth that is the starting point of his self-development, self-actualization.

Circle “From Heart to Heart”

To complete the lesson, you can use the words of Kahlil Gibran:

Let everything you do

A trace of spiritual purity will appear:

After all, strength is not in your appearance,

But only in your humanity.

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