Account 82 reserve capital posting. Why is reserve capital needed?

Deductions to reserve capital from profits are reflected in the credit of account 82 “Reserve capital” in correspondence with account 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)”.

The use of reserve capital funds is accounted for as a debit to account 82 “Reserve capital” in correspondence with accounts: 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)” - in terms of the amounts of the reserve fund allocated to cover the organization’s loss for the reporting year; 66 “Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings” or 67 “Settlements for long-term loans and borrowings” - in terms of amounts used to repay the bonds of the joint-stock company.

Any economic activity is associated with risk, i.e. with possible losses from management decisions made. These losses can be caused by both objective and subjective reasons. To ensure the stability of economic development, any company must set aside part of the results obtained in reserve. In the balance sheet assets, the so-called reserved assets are in current circulation, but the credit balance of account 82 “Reserve capital” seems to draw a boundary between those assets that are in circulation

without limitation, and that part of them that is untouchable, i.e. cannot be reduced, this is a reserve.

The account balance should increase due to part of retained earnings, which is recorded by recording:

Dt sch. 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)”

K-t sch. 82 “Reserve capital”. If a loss occurs during the reporting period, it is written off from the reserve capital: D-t account. 82 “Reserve capital”

K-t sch. 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss).”

Some organizations are required by law to create a reserve fund. For example, Art. 35 of the Federal Law of December 26, 1995 No. 208-FZ “On Joint-Stock Companies” provides for the creation of a reserve fund in joint-stock companies in the amount provided for by the company’s charter, but not less than 5% of its authorized capital. The amount of annual contributions is provided for by the company's charter, but cannot be less than 5% of net profit until the amount established by the company's charter is reached. Based on regulatory requirements, most enterprises are not required to form a reserve fund, but can do so in accordance with the constituent documents or accounting policies. So, in Art. 30 of the Federal Law of 02/08/1998

No. 14-FZ “On Limited Liability Companies” states: “The company may create a reserve fund and other funds in the manner and amount provided for by the company’s charter.”

As noted, reserve capital is used to cover losses incurred by the enterprise. For most of them, the procedure for using reserve capital is not established by law. However, for joint stock companies it is defined by Art. 35 of the Law “On Joint-Stock Companies”, which states: “The reserve fund of the company is intended to cover its losses, as well as to repay the company’s bonds and repurchase the company’s shares in the absence of other funds.”

The procedure for recording the use of reserve capital to cover losses of a joint stock company is shown above and does not require comment. As for the use of reserve capital to pay off bonds and repurchase shares, difficult situations are possible here. In all cases, an entry is usually made in account 82 “Reserve capital”:

Dt sch. 82 “Reserve capital”

K-t sch. 51 “Currency accounts” (52 “Currency accounts”).

However, the organization’s debt for loans received by issuing and placing bonds is listed on the credit of accounts 66 “Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings” or 67 “Settlements for long-term loans and borrowings”, and in order to repay bonds, it is these accounts that need to be debited, and not account 82 “Reserve capital”. Thus, a debit entry for this account does not occur here, and it is impossible to use reserve capital to pay off bonds.

The same thing happens when buying back shares. For this operation, an entry is made in the debit of account 81 “Own shares (shares)” in correspondence with the cash accounts. In this case, you should not debit account 82 “Reserve capital”. Also inappropriate is the recommendation to repay bonds using reserve capital and credit accounts 66 “Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings” or 67 “Settlements for long-term loans and borrowings”, since the enterprise’s debt on loans received by placing bonds not only does not decrease (not is extinguished), but on the contrary, it increases.

In conclusion, it should be noted that an organization may have reserve capital of a large amount (credit balance of account 82 “Reserve capital”), but if it does not have funds in bank accounts or in cash, it is impossible to either repay bonds or repurchase its own shares.

It is customary for organizations to create various types of reserves from their own funds. Financial reserves play a special role. Among them, the following stand out:

• Estimated.
• For upcoming expenses.
• Statutory.

The domestic accounting system is trying to increasingly focus on international standards in this matter. Because of this, there is a need to change the financial information that is generated at enterprises in our country.

The new rules for accounting for reserves provide for the presence of five accounts.

For statutory:

1. 82 Dedicated to capital with reserves.

Expenses to come:

1. 96 Designation of reserves for expenses for the near future.

For a reserve group of valuation type:

1. 63. Dedicated to reserves that arise due to doubtful debts.
2. 59. In case securities investments depreciate.
3. 14. In case the value of any material assets decreases.

The explanations to the balance sheet and reporting indicate all the information that is necessary to clarify the data. You can read about how to correctly prepare consolidated statements in this.

Reserve capital is the property of enterprises in which retained earnings are placed.

The same capital is needed when it is necessary to repurchase shares owned by management, pay off bonds, and cover incurred losses. In other words, This is the amount to cover losses in situations where other sources have exhausted themselves. The organization's reserve capital is formed in accordance with the law.

Purpose and size of the organization's reserve capital

Reserve capital is used in the following areas:

• To buy back shares or pay off purchased bonds.
• To transfer money to creditor accounts with investors when the underlying profit is insufficient.
• To cover losses that were not provided for.
• Capital group payments.
• Payments related to interest.
• To pay taxes. This is relevant if there is no money, but the deadline is already approaching.
• To write off losses.
• When writing off debts recognized as bad.

There are several more rules associated with this concept. Only the owners of the company have the right to set the accumulation period and the minimum amount for reserve capital.

It is best to start forming reserve capital during the period when the company has retained earnings. The presence of reserve capital will guarantee that the enterprise will operate uninterruptedly in any situation. And that the interests of third parties will always be respected.

The organization's reserve capital becomes an important mechanism for stabilizing the company's activities. After all, this direction is always associated with certain risks. Deductions to cash reserves are possible only during a period of confirmed absence of losses.

How is reserve capital formed and accounted for?

This type of capital must be at least five percent of the total savings of the enterprise. The reserve capital is formed through annual contributions until the amount stipulated by the charter has been accumulated. The charter of the same company determines exactly what part of the profit each year should be directed to the formation of reserves.

Shareholders make decisions at general meetings - this is the main document by which accountants formulate and record reserve capital. But the organization of such meetings is usually carried out after the end of the year in a financial sense.

Dates after reporting periods are displayed as usual. This means that on the date the shareholders make a certain decision, any transactions are reflected that assume that profits are only distributed.

How to use the authorized reserve capital account if you need to cover losses?

The use of reserve capital for this purpose is possible only in the event of officially confirmed losses. Only part of it, which is equal to losses, is used to cover expenses.

Let's take a few situations as an example:

A reformation was carried out on the enterprises, after which it turned out that account 84 had a debit balance of 100 thousand rubles. 350 thousand rubles was equal to the amount of reserve capital formed by the reporting date.

Only 100 thousand rubles should be allocated to cover the loss.

• The balance of account 84 becomes zero when the posting in the accounting department is completed in full.
• 250 thousand rubles is the amount of reserve capital. It can be used to pay dividends to those who have preferred shares.
• It is unacceptable to pay amounts to those who purchased ordinary shares using funds from these groups.

A right that does not arise solely because of the very fact of having a credit balance on account 84 becomes dividend payments. Separate articles in the rules on JSC say that Dividends cannot be paid or declared in the following cases:

1. In the event that the adoption of such a decision will contribute to a decrease in capital, its inconsistency with reserve funds and statutory indicators.
2. In the presence of pure reserves, which are no longer sufficient to resolve issues.
3. When placing shares with privileges, when the par value exceeds the indicators in the charter.

Drawing up a reserve fund is the responsibility of management at any enterprise. But management has the right to regulate the formation and use of funds from other funds, depending on the desired policy.

An example of calculating an organization's reserve capital

200 thousand – total profit for the reporting period. 500 thousand rubles are in a special fund. Finally, 350 thousand rubles are equal to the company’s obligations associated with the obligation to pay dividends to those who have preferred shares.

When calculating dividends and preparing a report in the accounting department, such transactions are reflected in compliance with the following rules:

1. Debit 84. Credit 75.

200 thousand rubles - to indicate net profit, which is used to receive dividends by holders of preference shares.

2. Debit 82. Credit 75.

150 thousand rubles - the amount from which the special fund is formed is also used to pay those who purchased this type of shares.

But there is another scheme that is not directly prohibited by current legislation:

3. Using the funds in a special fund, it is possible to pay all dividends associated with those who have a certain number of shares of the preferred group. In the same example, we write off the entire amount of 350 thousand, it is written off from the debit of account 82. For other purposes, payments on ordinary shares, we direct the net profit received for a certain period.

Community bonds when forming the authorized capital and redemption rules

Bonds belong to the group of securities, according to the text of Article 143 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

An addition needs to be made here. Bonds are paid out of the reserve capital only when there are no other sources of payment. Other expenses usually include the amount representing the difference between the redemption cost and the nominal price, in a larger direction.

This situation can arise only if other miscellaneous expenses stop being generated. This requires the complete absence of any actions related to the conduct of business of entrepreneurs.

1. The amounts used to redeem bonds and transactions on them are displayed in Debit 82 and Credit 66 or 67. But not everyone recognizes this option as correct. The placement of bonds is associated with the formation of a credit balance in the loan and credit accounts. Due to the processing described above, the debt may increase.
2. Reverse wiring also becomes impossible. For example, Debit 66 (67) and Credit 82. Repayment of debt due to borrowed funds cannot be the reason why reserve capital is increased.

How to buy back shares if they are included in the authorized reserve capital?

Reducing fixed capital is the main purpose for which shares can be repurchased.

But it is not necessary to cancel them after the procedure is completed. And it is not necessary to reduce the authorized capital. You can sell securities to third parties or community members if the organizers at the general meeting make an appropriate decision.

In account 83 of the sub-account “Share Issue Income” it is then necessary to include the difference between such indicators as the redemption price and the nominal value of the paper. But for this account, you can only reduce the credit balance, in accordance with current legislation.

And a small conclusion. Account 82 accumulates only funds that can be used for expenses, the financing of which is reimbursed by net profit. Account 96 takes into account other types of financial assets that serve as reserve funds.

If the amount is taken into account, then it must be set at the moment when the cost of products, of any of its varieties, is formed. For tax purposes, accounting uses the procedure set out in Article 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Amounts credited to account 82 are not subject to income tax.

The legislation applies the concepts of both reserve funds and capital. However, they mean the same thing. It was capital that was considered, since it is included in the Government Plan, which is aimed at regulating this issue.

How to form and account for reserve capital, see this video:

The organization's own capital consists of additional, authorized and reserve capital. It is written in detail about the authorized capital, about additional capital - in. Below we will dwell in more detail on the formation of reserve capital. What is it, how, where and why is it formed?

First of all, it should be noted that reserve capital is not mandatory for formation. Organizations may well not reserve funds. The only exceptions are joint stock companies, for which reserve capital is mandatory.

What is it needed for?

The reserve funds can be used to cover unforeseen expenses and losses that arise during the year.

As mentioned above, joint stock companies must create a reserve, since they need it to repurchase their own shares.

What is included?

It may include various reserve and special funds. The composition of the reserve capital is prescribed in the constituent documents of the organization. Joint-stock companies, along with the reserve fund, include in this capital a special fund for the corporatization of employees, a special fund for paying dividends on preferred shares and other special funds.

How is it formed?

Formation occurs once a year. After the end of the calendar year and all final postings have been made, the enterprise’s activities for the year are summarized. Net profit (or loss) for the reporting year is displayed, which is reflected in account 84 “Retained earnings, uncovered loss.”

At a meeting of company participants, which is held at the end of the reporting year, the organization’s financial statements are approved and net profit (if any) is distributed. Profit can be spent only for certain purposes, one of which is the formation (or replenishment) of reserve capital.

This material, which continues the series of publications devoted to the new chart of accounts, analyzes account 82 “Reserve capital” of the new chart of accounts. This commentary was prepared by Y.V. Sokolov, Doctor of Economics, Deputy. Chairman of the Interdepartmental Commission on Reforming Accounting and Reporting, member of the Methodological Council on Accounting under the Ministry of Finance of Russia, first President of the Institute of Professional Accountants of Russia, V.V. Patrov, professor of St. Petersburg State University and N.N. Karzaeva, Ph.D., deputy. Director of the audit service of Balt-Audit-Expert LLC.

Any economic activity is associated with risk, i.e. with possible losses from management decisions made. These losses can be caused by both objective and subjective reasons. To ensure the stability of economic development, any company must put aside part of the results obtained in reserve. In the balance sheet assets, the so-called reserved values ​​are in current circulation, but the credit balance of account 82 “Reserve capital” seems to draw a line between those assets that are in circulation without restrictions and that part of them that is seemingly untouchable, i.e. cannot be reduced - this is a reserve.

This balance should increase due to part of retained earnings, which is recorded by recording:

Debit 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)"
Credit 82 "Reserve capital"

If a loss occurs during the reporting period, it is written off from reserve capital:

Credit 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)"

Some organizations are required by law to create a reserve fund. For example, Article 35 of the Federal Law of December 26, 1995 No. 208-FZ “On Joint-Stock Companies” provides for the creation of a reserve fund in joint-stock companies in the amount provided for by the company’s charter, but not less than 5% of its authorized capital. The amount of annual contributions is provided for by the company's charter, but cannot be less than 5% of net profit until the amount established by the company's charter is reached. Based on these regulatory requirements, most enterprises are not required to form a reserve fund, but can do so in accordance with the constituent documents or accounting policies. Thus, Article 30 of the Federal Law of 02/08/1998 No. 14-FZ “On Limited Liability Companies” states: “The company may create a reserve fund and other funds in the manner and in the amounts provided for by the company’s charter.”

It was said above that reserve capital is used to cover losses incurred by enterprises. For most of them, the procedure for using reserve capital is not established by law. However, for joint-stock companies it is defined by Article 35 of the Federal Law “On Joint-Stock Companies”, which, in particular, states: “The company’s reserve fund is intended to cover its losses, as well as to repay the company’s bonds and repurchase the company’s shares in the absence of other funds.”

The procedure for recording the use of reserve capital to cover losses of a joint stock company is shown above and does not require comment. As for the use of reserve capital to pay off bonds and buy back shares, here we often encounter difficult situations. In both cases, they usually assume an entry in account 82 “Reserve capital”:

Debit 82 "Reserve capital"
Credit 51 "Currency accounts" (52 "Currency accounts")

However, the organization’s debt for loans received by issuing and placing bonds is listed on the credit of accounts 66 “Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings” or 67 “Settlements for long-term loans and borrowings” and in order to repay bonds it is necessary to debit these accounts, and not account 82 "Reserve capital". Thus, a debit entry for this account does not occur here, and it is impossible to use reserve capital to pay off bonds.

The same can be said for share repurchases. For this operation, an entry is made in the debit of account 81 “Own shares (shares)” in correspondence with the cash accounts. Debiting account 82 “Reserve capital” is also inappropriate in this case. Also inappropriate is the recommendation that we met to repay bonds using reserve capital and credit accounts 66 “Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings” or 67 “Settlements for long-term loans and borrowings”, since the enterprise’s debt on loans received by placing bonds not only does not decrease (is not repaid), but on the contrary, it increases.

In conclusion, it should be noted that an organization may have reserve capital of a large amount (credit balance of account 82 “Reserve capital”), but if it does not have funds in bank accounts or in the cash register, it is impossible to either repay bonds or repurchase its own shares.

Account 82 is intended to obtain generalized data on the movement and status of the company's reserve capital. Not all enterprises, but only joint-stock companies, are obligated to deduct part of the unused profit for the previous year (clause 1 of Article 30 of Law No. 14-FZ of 02/08/98, clause 1 of Article 35 of Law No. 208-FZ of 26.12 .95 g). The order in which account 82 “Reserve capital” is maintained will be discussed further.

Characteristics of account 82

The reserve capital (RC) of the company is formed until the value established in the charter is reached through annual deductions in the minimum amount of 5% of the current authorized capital - more can be deducted, but no less. The operation is performed after closing the results of the reporting year, based on information about the financial results obtained. The source of formation is retained earnings. The main purpose of creating such a fund is to reserve funds to cover possible losses, as well as settlements on shares/bonds in the absence of available funds. Use for other purposes is not permitted.

Note! In accordance with clause 69 of Order No. 34n dated July 29, 1998 regarding RK LLC, you can create voluntarily and spend it to cover losses, repay bonds and for the purpose of repurchasing your shares.

Count 82 – active or passive?

If you study the structure, it becomes clear that account 82 “Reserve capital” is passive, used to account for the sources of assets of a business entity. The beginning/ending balance is reflected in the company's balance sheet in liabilities on page 1360. Correspondence is carried out on the credit account. 82 when generating deductions and debits to the account. 84, . When the accumulated funds are used for the intended purpose, the amounts are written off from the debit of the account. 82 on credit accounts – 84, , .

Accounting account 82 – postings:

• D 84 K 82 – current contributions to the company’s reserve capital are reflected in the accounting.
• D account 82 K 84 – funds from the Republic of Kazakhstan are sent to cover the company’s losses.
• D 82 K 66 (67) - funds of the Republic of Kazakhstan are used when there is a lack of finance to repay the cost of bonds issued by the JSC on its own.
• D 75 K 82 – reflects the increase in the Republic of Kazakhstan due to the contribution of funds by the current shareholders of the JSC. At the same time, a posting is made D 51 K 75 for the amount of money received.

Formation of reserve capital - example:

Let us assume that the authorized capital of Rassvet JSC is 8,000,000 rubles. The total amount of reserve capital is 5%, that is, 400,000 rubles. (RUB 8,000,000 x 5%). According to the provisions of the charter and taking into account legislative requirements, annually the Rassvet accountant makes contributions to the Republic of Kazakhstan in the amount of 7% of the profit received. For 2016, the joint-stock company received net profit of RUB 1,200,000. Postings:

• D 84 K 82 for 84,000 rubles. – deduction to the Republic of Kazakhstan is reflected at the expense of net profit, calculation of the Republic of Kazakhstan = 1,200,000 rubles. x 7%.

Options for using reserve capital:

Let’s say that at the end of 2016, Phoenix LLC received a loss in the amount of 250,000 rubles. The management body of the company made a decision to partially cover losses from the funds of the Republic of Kazakhstan. It will not be possible to completely repay the unprofitable financial result, since the total amount of reserved funds is 150,000 rubles. Wiring:

• D 82 K 84 for 150,000 rubles. – losses were partially covered by funds accumulated in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The money spent must be restored next year upon receipt of profit so that the total amount of reserve capital corresponds to the established volumes.

Conclusion - we have looked at why reserve capital is needed and how it is formed in Russian enterprises. The postings are given taking into account typical situations and in accordance with the requirements of Order No. 94n dated October 31, 2000.