Side effects after DPT vaccination. DPT vaccination for infants DPT side effects in children

The issue of the need to vaccinate children is particularly relevant today. Many parents simply refuse to put their kids at risk. On the other hand, the pathologies that vaccines are designed to protect against are no less dangerous. The greatest concern for mothers and fathers is possible reaction for DTP vaccination, which is included in the list of mandatory ones. Although the combination vaccine is designed to strengthen protective function body, it is classified as reactogenic, capable of causing serious allergic manifestations.

DTP: interpreting the name

The abbreviation stands for adsorbed (purified) pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus combined vaccine, aimed at protecting the body from three serious diseases at once. For its production, toxoids of diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough are used. In the last component, only some cell fragments can be used ( DTP vaccine), which is much safer in contrast to whole-cell drugs.

Acellular vaccines are prescribed if the child’s reaction to the DPT vaccine (previous) was severe, as well as in the case of a weakened immune system in the baby. There is a type of drug that does not contain the pertussis component at all.

All known pathologies in medicine have their own personal code. International classification diseases allows you to record information about the health status of the population and contains all the names of diseases in alphabetical order. The last revision was carried out in 2010, so it is customary to use the abbreviation ICD-10. The reaction to DTP vaccination is also included in this list (T88.0).

How does the DTP vaccine work?

Vaccinations can prevent the development of serious and sometimes fatal diseases. The vaccine against diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus, when entering the body, begins to release weakened components. This stimulates the defense system to produce immune cells(antibodies and T-lymphocytes) and fight foreign microorganisms. Atoxins are not dangerous to the body; they only stimulate it to resist disease.

What reaction to the DTP vaccine is considered normal?

IN medical practice It is customary to divide reactions into weak, moderate and strong. The immune response of the system to the introduction of drug components can be quite pronounced. This is a normal reaction of the body, indicating that the vaccine has begun to take effect. Standard manifestations are considered to be fever, excitability, and moodiness in children. infancy, drowsiness, vomiting (rarely).

Symptoms are characterized by sudden appearance and disappearance. Normally, they occur in the first 24 hours after the injection. If a similar reaction of the body to the DTP vaccine is observed for more than 48 hours, you should consult with your pediatrician.

Types of DTP vaccine

The domestically produced vaccine in question is quite well tolerated by children. It is provided free of charge in clinics. If parents wish, they can purchase imported analogues. Some of these drugs contain additional components to combat other diseases. The negative reaction to foreign-made DTP vaccination is reduced to a minimum. These vaccines include:

• “Pentaxim” (made in France) is a popular analogue of the domestic vaccination; it contains 5 components of dangerous childhood pathologies: tetanus, whooping cough, diphtheria, polio, and hemophilus influenzae.
• "Infanrix" (made in England) is an acellular vaccine with minimal side effects. It is produced in several types and may additionally contain components of poliomyelitis (Infanrix IVP) or hepatitis B, as well as Haemophilus influenzae infection (Infanrix Hexa).
• "Tetracok" (made in France) - the vaccine contains components of DPT and polio. It is administered to children with immune disorders.
• "Tritanrix HB-HIB" (made in Belgium) - the vaccination dose contains diphtheria and tetanus anotoxin, inactivated fragments of whooping cough, hepatitis B surface antigen, capsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae infection.

A reaction to DTP vaccination can occur regardless of the manufacturer. Of course, foreign companies producing vaccines are trying to reduce the risk of complications and offer only the most modern developments in the field of drugs for routine vaccination.

Local reaction

The injection site may be slightly swollen, red, and painful. The swelling goes away within 3 days after vaccination. In severe cases, suppuration may begin. This is most often caused by non-compliance with the technique of performing this type of injection. Also, the causes of development include a tendency to allergies.

According to statistics, every fifth child experiences a local reaction to the DTP vaccine. At 3 months, when the primary vaccination should be done according to the schedule, the manifestation of such signs practically does not occur. Symptoms intensify with each subsequent administration of the drug.

Possible complications

Cases of complications after DTP vaccination have indeed been recorded. Experts, trying to persuade parents to vaccinate, insist that the benefits significantly outweigh the risks.

Allergic manifestations intensify depending on the predisposition of the child’s body. This means that the danger still exists, and therefore it is not surprising that mothers and fathers refuse to introduce similar drugs children.

A child’s reaction to DTP vaccination and polio may manifest itself in the following form:

• Anaphylactic shock - sharp decline pressure, violation heart rate. In children, it often manifests itself in the form of fainting and loss of consciousness. Occurs 30-60 minutes after the injection. Requires immediate resuscitation.
• Afebrile seizures occur without an increase in temperature due to irritation of areas of the brain. This is a serious defeat nervous system needs long term drug treatment. The cause is the whooping cough components in the vaccine.
• Encephalopathy is a severe pathological damage to the brain that often becomes lifelong. Develops within 1 month under the influence of a vaccine containing pertussis cells.
• Quincke's edema - this reaction to DTP vaccination and polio is characterized by swelling of the neck, face, larynx, and nose. It is important to provide the baby with urgent medical care.

Parents' opinion

Now you won’t surprise anyone by refusing the DTP vaccine. Parents do not agree to expose their children to the threat of severe neurological abnormalities, which most often accompany children after vaccination for the rest of their lives. Unfortunately, doctors do not prescribe a preliminary examination by various specialists who give their opinion on whether vaccinations are allowed or prohibited. Some mothers and fathers simply do not have the information that such research is necessary.

In children's clinics, before vaccination, the child is simply examined by a pediatrician. What is the reaction to the DPT vaccine? Most often you can hear that normally the temperature may rise slightly and a lump may appear at the injection site. Doctors prefer to remain silent about more serious consequences. Moms and dads, in turn, trusting the professionals, sign the permit and thereby shift all responsibility onto themselves.

Still, the majority of parents are confident that vaccination against tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough and polio should be done in mandatory. Some completely trust the domestically produced drug, while others (the minority) purchase imported analogues, which have a much lower risk of developing severe complications.

What to pay attention to after DTP vaccination?

A slight increase in temperature, lethargy and lack of appetite in the first days after vaccination is a normal reaction of a child to DTP vaccination and polio. The parents' job is to control further development situations.

The following symptoms should alert you:

• prolonged fever;
• body temperature exceeds 39°C and cannot be reduced with antipyretic medications;
• the appearance of seizures;
• a child crying with an uncharacteristic high-pitched cry;
• pallor (sometimes blue) skin;
• the child stopped responding to treatment.

Such signs should not go unnoticed, and parents should seek medical help. If only a moderate local reaction to the DTP vaccine occurs, then there is no reason to worry. Such symptoms pass quickly and do not cause serious consequences.

How does the body react to each stage of vaccination?

It should be taken into account that the reaction to the 2nd DTP vaccination, which is scheduled to be given at 4.5 months, may differ from the first injection. Despite such a small age, children tolerate the administration of whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria atoxin well. The World Health Organization recommends not to violate the established vaccination schedules to avoid complications.

The next injection is given at six months, if the baby has tolerated the first and second vaccinations normally. Otherwise, it is necessary to replace the drug with one that does not contain the reactogenic fragment of whooping cough. He is considered the most dangerous component, capable of causing irreversible changes in the brain ( severe complications). The reaction to the 3rd DTP vaccine often frightens parents and sometimes the fears are justified. At this time, enhanced formation occurs defense mechanism, and therefore the consequences can be quite serious.

After the third vaccination, the child’s temperature rises, which is sometimes difficult to bring down. Diarrhea, vomiting, and sudden mood swings may occur. The injection site looks swollen and red. To better transfer the painful vaccine, it is given exclusively to the thigh. This way the components enter the vessels faster and do not cause a violent local reaction. Only in rare cases pain syndrome develops to such an extent that for several days the child has difficulty stepping on his foot. The baby should be closely monitored after each vaccination and, if necessary, seek medical advice.

How to alleviate a child’s condition after DTP vaccination?

If a child has a fever in response to the DPT vaccine, first of all, it is necessary to give an antipyretic. For greater efficiency it is recommended simultaneous administration with 1/4 tablet "No-shpa".

Compresses with magnesium (or simple rubbing) will help reduce pain at the injection site. It is also allowed to make an iodine mesh, which helps to quickly reduce swelling and puffiness. Antihistamines will help eliminate allergy symptoms.

DPT revaccination

The last vaccination against tetanus, diphtheria and whooping cough is given at the age of 18 months. It is called revaccination, which completes the complex of DTP vaccinations and consolidates the effect. There are special requirements for its implementation: the child must be absolutely healthy. Therefore, it is imperative to undergo examination by highly specialized specialists (neurologist, cardiologist, ENT) and undergo laboratory tests. This is the only way to be sure that the vaccine will not harm the baby.

A negative reaction to the DTP vaccine, which was administered before revaccination, is an indication for canceling the injection or replacing the drug. If the child has suffered an illness (including simple ARVI), revaccination is postponed for 12 months. The period must be counted from the day of the third vaccination.

Consequences of revaccination

The reaction to DTP vaccination and polio may be different in each case. Revaccination is no exception, which some children tolerate well, while others suffer from high fever, severe pain in the injection area, and lack of appetite. If previous vaccine administrations are well tolerated, there should be no serious complications.

How long does the reaction to the DTP vaccine last? Normally, symptoms should subside three days after the injection. If the child feels well, is not capricious, or complains of pain in the leg, it means that the body has tolerated the drug well.

Do you need any preparation for vaccination?

Proper preparation of a child for routine vaccination is the key to good tolerance and absence of complications. You should take the DTP vaccination with special responsibility, since it is the one that most often causes various kinds of complications. In order to avoid disturbances in the functioning of the nervous system and kidneys, you should first undergo medical examination to get information about your baby's health status.

Local pediatricians often neglect this prerequisite, on which the child’s admission to vaccination depends. As a result of such negligence, a child may have a severe reaction to the DPT vaccine. Parents must understand that examining the child immediately before the injection is not enough. It is necessary to request a referral from the pediatrician for laboratory tests. You also need to see other specialists, in particular a neurologist.

Before vaccination, doctors advise preparing the child’s body for a “meeting” with the components of the vaccine. To do this, antiallergic (antihistamine) medications are started within a few days. They will help smooth out the manifestation of some reactions of the system to the introduction of foreign viruses (even weakened ones). In turn, the doctor should be aware of the baby’s tendency to allergies.

It is not recommended to introduce new types of products into the child’s menu that can provoke a reaction in the body in the form of dermatitis. On the day of vaccination, many experts advise giving an antipyretic drug even before a possible rise in temperature. All medications are discontinued 3-5 days after DTP vaccination.

When should vaccination be delayed?

There are temporary indications that allow you to postpone the introduction of the vaccine for a certain period. It should be noted that a few decades ago this list was more impressive. Modern scientific developments allowed it to be reduced. Currently, an exemption from the DTP vaccine is given for the following indications:

• Recent infectious and viral diseases in the anamnesis. It is allowed to vaccinate a child only a month after complete recovery.
• Exacerbation of chronic ailments - a delay of at least 3 months from DTP vaccination.
• Intestinal dysbiosis - causes a decrease in immunity, which can complicate the child’s reaction to the injected toxin. Children with this diagnosis are not recommended to get the DPT vaccine.
• Premature birth - underdeveloped various systems of a fragile body should not be affected by the vaccine. Children born ahead of schedule, you need to gain weight before the first DTP vaccination.
• Severe reaction to DPT vaccine and polio or other vaccines. Subsequent administration of the drug is allowed only after full examination. The most commonly used drug is a drug without pertussis cells (ADC).

The local doctor, when referring a child for routine vaccination, must make sure that there are no diseases or contraindications. It is mandatory to take the temperature and listen to breathing. If there is the slightest suspicion that the baby is in poor health, injections are contraindicated.

You should refrain from vaccination if the child must go on a long journey. This increases the chance of catching a virus that will negatively affect a weakened immune system.

In what cases is it prohibited to vaccinate with DTP?

Complete contraindications include:

• a history of pathologies of the nervous system;
• recorded reaction in the form of convulsions when body temperature rises;
• allergic reaction to a previous injection;
• infantile spasms;
• brain disorders, pathologies;
• epidemic of any other disease;
• presence in the family history of patients with neurological abnormalities, mental disorders;
• birth trauma of the skull.

During the initial administration of the vaccine, it is necessary to especially monitor children whose close relatives are prone to allergies.

The question of the need for vaccinations for newborns in lately costs in modern society quite spicy. Many parents decide to give up such preventive measures, suggesting that vaccination poses a greater threat to the infant's health than potential diseases. Doctors warn that such decisions can have very serious consequences. negative consequences, up to the recurrence throughout the country of epidemics of long-forgotten ailments (for example, diphtheria). The greatest controversy is caused by a vaccine such as DPT. Adverse reactions to it are quite common, which certainly makes you think about the feasibility of it. Let's try to figure out how much this vaccine is necessary for a child, what the consequences of receiving it or refusing it may be.

What is the vaccine?

So, let's talk about what the DTP vaccine is. Children may think that this is just an unpleasant injection, but parents should understand that such a vaccine is designed to provide protection against such the most terrible diseases, like tetanus, diphtheria and whooping cough. All of these problems are characterized by the severity of their occurrence, the presence large quantity complications for the child’s body and the difficulty of treatment.

The vaccine helps to form necessary immunity, however, does not provide a complete guarantee of the absence of the possibility of disease. Despite this fact, a baby who picks up an infection after a routine injection transfers it to more mild form(without complications), recovers faster.

Classic forms of reaction

If you decide to take DTP, adverse reactions to the vaccine should be studied very carefully. Such information will help you make a decision about the need for vaccination, weigh the pros and cons, and, if necessary, take appropriate proactive measures. The body's response to the introduction of a foreign agent is conventionally divided into three main categories:

Possible serious consequences of vaccination

Unfortunately, there are more severe consequences of DTP vaccination. Adverse reactions in rare cases may include:

• vomiting (occurs in only 2 out of 100 vaccinated people);
• extremely high temperature body (from 39 degrees and above);
• brain damage;
• impairment of physical or mental development;
• coma;
• (rash, urticaria, up to Quincke's edema).

Such manifestations are quite rare, most often in cases where the vaccination was not given on time or in the presence of obvious contraindications to it.

Adverse reaction at the immediate injection site

There are also local consequences of DTP. Adverse reactions after administration of the vaccine may include the appearance of a lump at the injection site. Most often, this area swells slightly, the skin acquires a reddish tint, and pain begins to appear, which causes the greatest inconvenience to the child. The baby cannot sleep, tries to constantly touch the wound, and cries. Parents rarely pay attention to such a lump, but if these symptoms are present, the child should be given an antipyretic, which can also reduce pain.

Whooping cough

Many parents worry that after DTP their child will get sick or experience discomfort. Well, this is quite possible, but you need to understand what is on the other side of the scale. What are you more afraid of: such a phenomenon as DTP (vaccination)? Temperature, pain, temporary vagaries? Or complications caused by one of the most terrible diseases that will ruin the baby’s health for life?

So, let's talk about the diseases that the vaccine is designed to protect your child from. One of the most difficult of these is whooping cough. Its characteristic signs are a dry, frequent cough, a slight runny nose in the first few days of illness, and a slight increase in body temperature. Over time, whooping cough progresses, coughing attacks become more frequent, accompanied by spasms and difficulty breathing. The peak of deterioration occurs on days 15-20 from the onset of the disease. It is customary to distinguish three main forms of whooping cough:

1. Easy. The patient feels almost no change in his condition. Only characteristic attacks of rare coughing (no more than 15 times a day) remind of the disease; they do not interfere with the child’s normal life.
2. Average. The patient often experiences insomnia. The child becomes apathetic, lethargic and slow. There may be an increase in temperature, coughing attacks are more frequent and severe (up to 30 times a day).
3. Heavy. There is a high temperature and fever. The patient can hardly sleep or eat, and becomes extremely irritable. Among external signs the skin becomes pale and edema appears. Coughing attacks can overcome a baby up to 50 times a day, more often in the evening and at night, and a violation is noted. respiratory function, bleeding and vomiting are observed. Involuntary urination may occur.

In most cases, the disease ends in successful healing, but complications are often recorded in children under one year of age. So, whooping cough can cause pneumonia, seizures, brain damage, and even death. As you can see, the reaction after DPT - compaction, fever and loss of appetite - is the lesser of the possible evils.

Diphtheria

The second disease that the vaccine helps against is diphtheria. The disease is transmitted by airborne droplets, is characterized by severe intoxication of the body and the negative impact of infection on the nervous, vascular and cardiac systems. During the illness, symptoms such as swelling of the pharynx and larynx and enlarged lymph nodes are observed. In some cases, paralysis and disruption of work are possible internal organs, and deaths are often reported. Before mass vaccination, diphtheria was characterized by a large number of deaths. Treatment of the disease is carried out in an infectious diseases hospital; the infected child must be isolated. After DPT you can be sure of reliable protection baby from diphtheria.

Tetanus

Tetanus is the third, but no less dangerous disease that a child can avoid after DTP. The bacteria that cause this disease enter the baby's body through cuts and wounds that he may receive as a result of playing outdoors and indoors. These include high temperature, perspiration, spasms of the muscles of the face and body. Quite often, various complications are observed - this can be coma, death, respiratory paralysis. The disease can be prevented by administering a vaccine. The consequences of vaccinations are minor compared to what tetanus can lead to.

Conditional and absolute contraindications

In what cases is it not recommended to vaccinate with DTP? Contraindications do exist. And you should know them. Some of them are indirect, others are considered absolute. Thus, scheduled vaccination should be rescheduled for the following reasons:

1. Infection. If your child is sick at this particular moment, the planned event must be rescheduled. The period for which the transfer must be carried out depends on the severity of the disease and the doctor’s recommendations.
2. Stress. If your baby is currently in a state of stress or is very worried about some event, postpone the vaccination for a few days.
3. Acute period chronic disease. If your child suffers from any disease on an ongoing basis, then the period of its exacerbation is a signal to postpone the DTP vaccination indefinitely.

Some symptoms are an absolute contraindication to such vaccination. Typically, such information is taken into account by the pediatrician, but parents should also have similar data. First of all, these include:

• diseases of the nervous system;
• allergy to components included in the vaccine;
• negative reaction to previous vaccinations;
• weak immunity, diseases affecting the baby’s immune system;
• whooping cough.

ADSM - alternative to DTP

If you want to give your child a DPT vaccine, for which there are contraindications, try a lighter version, DPT. This way you will protect your child’s health and reduce the risk of possible complications. A similar vaccine is used when a child reaches 4 years of age. This composition includes only two components, it is designed to resist diphtheria and tetanus - dangerous diseases that often lead to death. ADSM has much fewer side effects due to the exclusion of the component responsible for protection against whooping cough. It often happens that the child is initially given a DTP injection. Vaccination, fever, severe allergies tell adults that a second injection of the same vaccine will be unsafe for the baby. In this case, re-vaccination is carried out without the pertussis component.

When should you consult a doctor?

Does your child seem lethargic, tired and sick after DPT? There is no need to panic, but there are some symptoms you should pay close attention to. So, you should consult a doctor if:

1. The temperature rises above 39 degrees, does not drop and is maintained for a very long time.
2. A prolonged or delayed febrile state is observed.
3. Hypotension and bluish discoloration of the skin develop. This state usually lasts no more than 6 hours.
4. Pronounced nervous disorders appear.

If after DTP you notice a small lump, moderate temperature and tearfulness of the child, this does not mean that you should sound the alarm and worry. As a rule, most side effects disappear in just one day; you just need to watch the child and be patient. If you think that your baby’s health is in danger, try to consult a specialist.

Preparatory stage before vaccination

Preventive vaccinations are good because they can be planned in advance, canceled if necessary, and also prepared for them in advance. Two days before the vaccine is administered, you must start taking antihistamines. medicines(protect the body from possible allergic reactions). Immediately after vaccination, without waiting negative manifestations, the baby should be given an antipyretic. Monitor the child’s behavior and temperature; if necessary, you will need to take a second dose of the drug (especially important in evening time, before going to bed at night). Your further actions should be based on the following algorithm:

1. The first day after vaccination - from 1 to 3 antipyretic suppositories (morning-lunch-at night), antihistamine(once a day).
2. Second day - 1 antipyretic suppository if there is a fever, in other cases you should not take medications, antihistamines must be taken.
3. Third day - special treatment not required, if the baby has a fever, you should call a doctor and determine the causes of the malaise.

How to choose a medicine for fever

DTP vaccination for children is often accompanied by unpleasant consequences. You should not be afraid of this, any reaction signals that immunity is being formed. To prevent possible complications, give your child an antipyretic drug without waiting for symptoms to appear. Many parents ask the question: “How to choose the right remedy to reduce the temperature and reduce pain for such young children?” So, before buying a medicine, pay attention to the following characteristics:

1. The form of the drug should be adapted to the age of the baby (suppositories for up to a year, syrup for older babies. It must be remembered that suppositories are much less likely to provoke an allergic reaction).
2. Buy the composition in advance. It must be given before anxiety reactions occur, otherwise there is a high chance that you will not be able to control them.
3. It is not allowed to use the drug "Aspirin" to reduce a child's temperature.
4. Alternate medications with different components, this will help you not exceed the permissible daily dose and achieve the desired effect.
5. Remember, it is quite possible that even if the first vaccination was easy, the second or third will cause unpleasant symptoms.

Please note: the temperature after DPT usually lasts for one day (maximum two days). Treatment with antipyretics is carried out for three days (the longest period). If you cannot control your child's health condition, be sure to consult a doctor.

DPT vaccination schedule

If you want to get your children vaccinated, scheduling them is very important. To form stable immunity to the three named diseases, it is necessary to carry out the vaccination procedure four times. Classic scheme prevention of whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria involves administering doses at the following times:

• the first time - at 3 months after birth;
• the second time - 45 days after the first procedure (that is, 4.5 months);
• the third time - 45 days after the second procedure (at 6 months);
• The fourth time is considered to be a revaccination; it is carried out a year after the third injection (approximately at 18 months).

The last two vaccinations are the most important for the formation of immunity. When the baby grows up, he will have to go through several more similar events - at 6 and 14 years old. If for some reason it is not allowed to give such vaccinations to children, the vaccination schedule can be slightly shifted. Thus, repeated preventive injections are not carried out in case of illness of the child or a situation specified in the list of contraindications. The timing of the transfer in each specific case is determined by the pediatrician observing the child.

Vaccinations at school and kindergarten are often mandatory when sending a child to educational institution, you should be prepared to be asked to provide your vaccination card. Vaccination will help protect your child from whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria when in a fairly large group of children, that is, in an area of ​​potential danger.

Foreign analogues of DTP

Preventive DPT vaccinations can be divided into several types, that is, domestic and foreign vaccines. Parents can make their own decision about which product to use to protect their child from possible diseases. The Belgian product “Infarix” has recently become the most popular. There are three categories of vaccine under this brand:

• IPV (similar to DPT and polio);
• the drug "Penta" (analogue of IPV and hepatitis B);
• Hexa (an analogue of Penta and

Among the foreign drugs, the most notable compounds are Pentaxim, Tetraxim, and Hexavak. A wide selection of different vaccines is usually found in paid medical centers. However, recently it is possible to get a foreign injection at a district clinic.

If you doubt the need for DTP vaccination, the pros and cons should be weighed very carefully and thoughtfully. Try to perceive first of all the information that is given to you by specialists, and not by acquaintances and friends. Remember, you should not be afraid of such a phenomenon as temperature after DPT: within reasonable limits, it is considered a variant of a normal reaction child's body and serves as a sign of the formation strong immunity from whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria. Take the issue of vaccination as carefully as possible, this will help keep your children healthy.

All people, both adults and children, should be up to date with vaccinations. Vaccinations for children are the most important medical procedure. Many parents are interested in: “What is DTP? And what kind of DTP vaccine are they given to children?” This vaccine is aimed at combating whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus, which determines the corresponding interpretation of the DTP vaccine. These diseases are among the top most dangerous diseases. Often, complications contribute to the onset of developmental disorders, resulting in disability.

DPT decoding and vaccines used

DTP is the most common type of vaccination around the world. Explanation of DPT: Adsorbed Pertussis Diphtheria Tetanus Vaccine. In the international nomenclature it is designated DTP. Having learned the meaning of the abbreviation, some parents still ask: “DTP drugs for what?” The answer is simple: vaccination has a combined effect on diseases of the same name.

The domestic vaccine is represented by the drug Infanrix.

What else can vaccinations with a DPT component be for? There may be drugs that additionally act on other diseases, for example:

1. + Polio: Tetracoc.
2. + Poliomyelitis and hemophilus influenzae infection: Pentaxim.
3. + Hepatitis B: Tritanrix.

This vaccination is the basis for immunoprophylaxis. But with all the positive things, sometimes the component that is responsible for whooping cough causes a significant negative effect. Therefore, only tetanus and diphtheria are often vaccinated together. This ADS vaccination has a decoding similar to the DTP vaccination, excluding the Pertussis component.

The following vaccines are available in Russia:

1. Domestic ADS or foreign D.T. Wax: for children under 6 years old.
2. ADS-m and foreign D.T. Adulthood: for children aged 6 years and over.

Vaccines for certain types of diseases:

1. AS: for tetanus.
2. AD: anti-diphtheria.

Place to get vaccinated

The DPT vaccine is administered intramuscularly. Using this technique, the optimal rate of distribution of the components of the drug for the formation of immunity is achieved.

A child is most often given DTP in the hip area, where the muscle tissue. For an adult, the location is changed to the shoulder. This can be done only if the muscles there are sufficiently developed.

Injection under the skin is unacceptable; the vaccine will be considered useless. Introduction into the gluteal region is excluded. This is due to the presence of a large fat layer, as well as the risk of getting into the blood vessels or the sciatic nerve.

Contraindications

You should carefully consider the factors that make this vaccination impossible.

General contraindications:

• all diseases in the acute period;
• signs of immunodeficiency;
• allergic reactions to components in the drug.

In this case, the vaccination is postponed until complete cure, or is not installed at all.

Temporary non-admission is received by:

• children with leukemia;
• pregnant women;
• children during exacerbation of diathesis.

For convulsions and neuralgia associated with elevated temperature, it is possible to administer ADS instead of DPT.

Those who have false contraindications must be admitted:

• allergies in relatives;
• early birth;
• convulsive conditions in relatives;
• perinatal encephalopathy;
• observation of severe exacerbations in relatives with the introduction of DPT.

People with such symptoms, having been cleared by their attending physician, may well be vaccinated.

Should children be given DTP?

Nowadays, many parents take a sharply negative position towards vaccination. Of course, one can understand their point of view. Having read articles on Wikipedia, Google and other resources, they, not understanding the correct meaning of the terms, believe that in this way even more harm is caused than the benefits of vaccination.

I would like to dispel this myth. It has been scientifically proven that when administering DTP it is possible to avoid serious complications from diseases, and even death. This is why the DTP vaccine is given to many children all over the world.

The human body, even a very small one, is able to cope with the components of drugs that are currently well-developed in composition. Thanks to many years of experience, a formula has been developed that allows least risk for health, carry out a procedure for preventing diseases.

Number of DTP vaccinations and affixation scheme

In young children, the DTP vaccine is administered in four stages:

1. At 3 months.
2. At 4-5 months, after 30-45 days.
3. At 6 months.
4. At 1.5 years old.

IN this period They are vaccinated with DPT for the best development of immunity and the acquisition of antibodies to the diseases of the same name. At subsequent ages, vaccines are given at 6-7 years of age, and later, in adolescence at 14 years of age. This is aimed only at maintaining the number of indicators already acquired. This procedure is called DPT revaccination.

Setting interval

The interval between vaccines is strictly established medical institutions. So the first 3 stages are carried out at intervals of 30-45 days. Next, medications are administered at least 4 weeks later.

It is possible to postpone vaccination: due to illness or other reasons for refusal. If you are eligible for vaccination, you should get it immediately.

If vaccination is delayed, re-vaccination should not be started. The chain of stages continues. That is, if you have the first vaccination, the next two should be with an interval of 30-45 days between them, the next one comes after a year. Next goes according to schedule.

How many times is DTP given for adults?

Last stage childhood ends at age 14. Subsequently, adults should undergo booster vaccination every subsequent 10 years. Consequently, at older ages, adults are given the DPT vaccine at 24, 34, 44 years, etc.

In most cases, adults are prescribed ADS, since this type eliminates the component of whooping cough, which is low-risk for older people.

If you do not undergo revaccination, the number of antibodies capable of fighting the disease decreases, and there is a risk of infection. But the disease will be in its mildest form.

First DTP

The initial DTP should occur when the child is 3 months old. Maternal antibodies last only 60 days after the baby is born. To restore antibodies, doctors have appointed exactly this period for the first administration of the medicine.

If the first DTP is transferred by medical indications, then it is allowed to do it up to the age of 4 years. Sometimes this seems impossible, then vaccination should take place after 4 years and only with drugs against ADS.

To avoid complications after DTP vaccination, the baby is brought to the procedure healthy. If an enlarged thymus gland is observed, DPT administration is not recommended, since there is a high risk of severe reactions in the baby.

DPT vaccination is carried out with any of the drugs existing for these purposes. Infanrix is ​​the easiest to tolerate, and under the influence of the others, post-vaccination reactions can be observed. They are not complications, and the baby’s body is able to cope with them.

Second DTP

Under favorable conditions for vaccination, the second stage is carried out 30-45 days after the first stage DPT vaccination, therefore, at 4.5 years.

It is recommended to vaccinate the little one with the same drug as the original DTP. But in the absence of such a medicine, you should not despair, because according to the WHO, all types of DTP vaccinations and vaccines can be replaced with each other.

Many parents are sometimes frightened by the reaction to a second vaccination. Yes, it may be stronger than with the first DTP. This phenomenon occurs due to the fact that during primary vaccination a certain amount of antibodies are introduced, which, when faced with microbial components for the second time, begin their resistance and the body’s defense reaction. The effect of a negative reaction to the second stage of vaccination is considered the most pronounced and severe of all subsequent ones.

When administering the first vaccine, a significant negative reaction is possible, so a different drug is selected for the second procedure. Usually, ADS is used instead of DTP, since active ingredient responsible for whooping cough and causes such reactions.

Third DTP

Vaccination number three occurs 30-45 days after the second stage DPT vaccination. If, when the vaccination was postponed, DTP was later given, then it is still considered the third.

Even at the third stage of vaccination, a strong reaction from the body is possible, which should not be scary caring parents. In the absence of the same drug as in the previous stages, you should not postpone planned procedure. Another medicine, no less good in quality, is selected.

Preparation before vaccination

DPT vaccination is recognized as the most reactogenic procedure. To alleviate and eliminate adverse reactions, you should carefully prepare for the event.

General rules:

1. A person must be completely healthy.
2. The procedure is carried out on an empty stomach. Make sure your child wants to eat before the procedure.
3. If the procedure is performed on a baby, he needs to poop before DTP.
4. The child dresses so that his temperature does not rise.

The drug should be administered while taking painkillers, antipyretics and antiallergic drugs. This is especially true for vaccinating children.

When observing severe pain the child is prescribed analgesics. To minimize adverse reactions, you should keep all these types of medications nearby so that you can take the medications at the first symptoms.

Scheme of drug preparation for DTP:

1. For allergic reactions, take antihistamines a couple of days in advance.
2. On the day of the procedure, after the procedure, antipyretic suppositories are administered for children or tablets are prescribed for adults. Monitor the temperature level. Take anti-allergy pills.
3. Second day: antihistamines are taken, and antipyretics for high temperatures.
4. On the third day, improvement is usually observed and any medications are stopped.

The best option is to select medications for the baby with a pediatrician before the DTP procedure.

Actions immediately after

To ensure good condition, the child should spend the first half hour close to medical institution. You can either stay in the hospital itself or walk around it. This is done taking into account the fact that very severe allergies, requiring specialized medical intervention and further observation within the hospital.

If there are no allergic reactions, you can go home. If your baby is very active, you should take a walk in nature, avoiding crowds of children.

Upon arrival at home, the child should be given an antipyretic, without relying on the temperature at the moment. Strict temperature control must be maintained throughout the day. In order to take measures to normalize it when it increases.

Antipyretic suppositories are used before bedtime. Excessive feeding is excluded. Only ordinary foods that do not cause allergies are allowed. Liquids should be given in large volumes, mainly water. Monitor the temperature in the room. The temperature should be within 22°C. If the baby’s health is favorable, then pay attention to walks, but exclude communication with others.

Adverse reactions to DTP

As with many vaccination procedures, after vaccination with DTP, both local and general side effects often appear.

Local symptoms:

• pink spot, swelling, pain at the insertion site;
• impaired movement of the vaccinated leg due to pain.

General symptoms:

• elevated temperature;
• nervousness, whims, restlessness of the baby;
• long sleep;
• loss of appetite;
• vomiting and diarrhea.

If you experience side effects from the DTP vaccine on the first day, you should not worry. The reason for visiting the clinic should be the appearance of symptoms on the third or more days.

Complications requiring medical attention

DPT drugs when the procedure is done can cause serious consequences. These effects include:

1. Heavy allergic forms(Quincke's edema, anaphylactic shock etc.).
2. Convulsive phenomena at normal temperatures.
3. Encephalopathy.

If these symptoms occur, you must urgently call an ambulance or take the baby to the hospital.

When scheduling a vaccination DTP for a child, his parents should not panic. Answer the question: “DTP, what is it?” A pediatrician will help you fully. He will professionally explain how DTP is deciphered. He will also consider the baby for admission to this procedure and prescribe medications after vaccination.

Video

The introduction of any vaccine to a child, especially for the first time, is a cause for special parental concern. Nobody knows how he will react little man for an unknown drug. Especially if it is DTP - a vaccine that uses notoriety in mothers because of its side effects. Let's figure out what side effects the DTP vaccine causes in infants, which manifestations of them are normal, and which ones need to be seen by a doctor.

The first vaccination for a newborn is given at 3 months. Then the baby is vaccinated for the first time against such severe and dangerous diseases like measles, diphtheria, tetanus. This age was not chosen by chance. The fact is that maternal antibodies received by a child during pregnancy are enough for him to provide full protection for only 2 months. Therefore, the first DPT vaccination is given at 3 months.

However, if a child has a medical exemption for vaccination, or the parents sign a waiver of vaccination, it can be administered before the age of 4. If the baby has not been vaccinated before the age of 4, he will subsequently be vaccinated with drugs without the pertussis component.

What you need to know about the DPT vaccine

The domestic DPT vaccine contains diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, but as an anti-pertussis component it contains killed pertussis germs, which distinguishes it from imported vaccinations similar action- Pentaxim and Infranix. Of all this composition, it is the pertussis killed microbes that are most difficult to transfer.

The specificity of DTP is that agents of 3 diseases are simultaneously introduced into the body at a time. This is an undoubted advantage of vaccination with polyvaccines. However, domestic DPT serum:

• has less purified components, which are more difficult for children to tolerate;
• contains toxic allergenic preservatives.

Therefore, after receiving the first DTP vaccination, you need to carefully monitor the child’s reaction in order to identify the presence of allergic reactions, if any.

Separately, I would like to mention the problem of choosing a drug for vaccination. Graft domestic drug DTP is given free of charge in clinics. You can buy and supply your child with imported analogues of DPT, such as Infranix or Tetrakok. Reactions to vaccination after DTP and Tetracoc are most often the same; Infanrix is ​​usually well tolerated by all children. However, according to statistics, after DTP, sometimes a child can get whooping cough, albeit in a very mild form. After Tetrakok, no cases of whooping cough were recorded. The likelihood of complications after vaccination can thus be reduced by choosing a less reactogenic vaccine.

In addition to these vaccines, you can purchase French vaccine Pentaxim, Belgian Tritanrix-HB and Bubo Kok. The cost of purchased vaccines ranges from 1,000 to 2,000 rubles. There are special rules for their storage and transportation, so it is recommended to buy vaccines immediately before use within two hours and take them to the vaccination site along with ice for cooling.

How to prepare for DTP vaccination at three months and what to expect in the first days after vaccination

What can be done to ensure that the vaccination takes place with a minimum of side effects and does not cause any particular concern to either the baby or his mother? There are several recommendations on how to properly prepare for vaccination:

• A few days before vaccination, limit your visits to crowded places to minimize the risk of contact with viruses.
• Before three months, undergo examination by all specialists to exclude contraindications. A neurologist must be examined.
• If you have already seen that your child has a tendency to allergies or the parents themselves suffer from allergies, consult your pediatrician about taking antihistamines before vaccination. DTP is a reactogenic vaccination and skin rashes are common after it.
• Two days before vaccination, if your child is on breastfeeding, do not change your diet. Also, do not introduce new formula milk or complementary foods into your child’s diet.
• On the day of admission, be sure to make sure that the baby does not have a fever, runny nose, cough, or loose stools.

Where is the vaccine given at 3 months? At this age, the injection is given only in the thigh. There is a much smaller layer on the leg subcutaneous fat than on the buttock, therefore reducing the likelihood of part of the vaccine getting under the skin, which is fraught with the appearance of a painful compaction, infiltration or long-absorbing lump.

Day of DTP vaccination and the next three days

After vaccination, you need to sit with your baby for 20-30 minutes in the corridor near the office, especially if this is the first DTP vaccination. This way you can make sure he doesn't develop allergic reaction to the administered drug. If an allergic reaction occurs, the child will immediately receive qualified medical care.

If the child develops pain at the injection site, the temperature rises to 38 degrees and he cries a lot, give him an antihistamine and antipyretic (Nurofen in syrup). This will help you more calmly endure a difficult period, which usually lasts no longer than three to five days.

There is no need to exclude walks; it is enough to simply limit the baby’s contact with strangers and those in the family who are sick respiratory infection. The question of whether a baby can be bathed is decided individually by everyone. If there is no redness at the injection site, and the injection mark has healed quickly, you can bathe the child, but do not rub the area. If pain at the injection site bothers your baby, it is better to postpone bathing for a couple of days.

As for complementary feeding, it is also better to avoid introducing new products during this period. The fact is that if you introduce complementary foods and an allergic reaction develops to a new product, it will be difficult to determine its original source - either the vaccine or the product.

The famous pediatrician Komarovsky gives several recommendations on how to prepare for vaccination correctly:

• if there is allergic dermatitis- wait 3 weeks after the last rash;
• if in doubt, do the OAC the day before to be calm;
• the less stress on the intestines, the easier the child will tolerate the vaccination - do not overfeed the baby for three days before the injection;
• do not feed your baby an hour before vaccination and, if possible, longer after;
• do not vaccinate if the child has not had a bowel movement for 24 hours the day before;
• Stop taking vitamin D 2-3 days in advance if you are giving it to a child;
• Dress your child so that he does not sweat before the injection.

After vaccination:

• walk more;
• when the temperature rises, immediately give antipyretic ibuprofen, paracetamol in suppositories;
• Give your child plenty of water;
• on the second day you can start bathing. When there is a temperature, it is better to wipe the baby with sanitary napkins.

What might be the reaction to the DTP vaccine?

To reduce your child's reaction to vaccination, your doctor may recommend taking antihistamines. You don’t need to take anything on your own initiative. When choosing antihistamines, it is better to exclude from the choice suprastin and tavegil, which dry out the mucous membranes, which, coupled with a rise in temperature, can cause the development of respiratory diseases. So, what might be the reaction to the vaccine?

Normal reaction

A normal reaction to a vaccine can be local or general. Local reaction may be observed at the injection site. These include:

• compaction at the injection site, which should go away in 3-5 days. To relieve pain, a compress can be applied to the child;
• the lump may be the result of an infection. If hot redness appears and the child’s temperature rises above 38 degrees, he should be shown to a doctor who will prescribe antibiotics;
• allergic reactions in the form of redness go away on their own.

The body's general reaction to vaccination may include:

• fever for 3-5 days. Many parents begin to panic - fever after DTP vaccination, what to do? There is nothing wrong with this - the temperature can be brought down with an antipyretic;
• irritability - the child sobs, cries after vaccination, does not sleep, refuses to eat.

All normal reactions organisms are vaccinated within 3-5 days.

Abnormal Adverse Reactions

A small number of children may develop complications after receiving the vaccine:

• convulsions indicate the development of central nervous system damage;
• if a child coughs after a DTP vaccination, develops swelling or a rash, this means an allergic reaction has occurred;
• a temperature above 39 may indicate an infection.

When such adverse reactions It's better to call a doctor.

Contraindications

Let's also consider in what cases a medical exemption for vaccination is established:

• absolute contraindications - diseases of the nervous system: epilepsy, encephalopathy, afebrile convulsions;
• relative contraindications - acute current diseases (acute respiratory infections, acute respiratory viral infections, etc.) and exacerbation of chronic ones;
• A medical examination is made for the second and third vaccination if the first one was completed with complications.

DTP vaccination today is considered the most controversial and very dangerous procedure, causing a flurry of discussions about its feasibility. This term refers to the drug complex action– adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine, which begins to be administered to a child from the age of three months in several stages.

What does complex vaccination protect against?

In developed countries, the injection is mandatory for all children, as it becomes a reliable barrier against three deadly diseases that occur in severe forms. The peculiarity of the course of tetanus, as well as diphtheria, is provoked not by microbes, but by their toxins, against which vaccination can form reliable immunity.

A combination drug administered according to a specific schedule throughout life protects a person from dangerous infections, especially difficult to tolerate during early childhood.

1. Whooping cough. Infection with an acute infection occurs from adults who have been coughing for a long time or from schoolchildren with an atypically developing illness (without fever and paroxysmal cough). Characteristic sign Whooping cough - symptoms of paroxysmal cough. Infection occurs during coughing; the sputum particles contain pertussis bacillus, which is the causative agent of the disease. Vaccination allows you to form a more stable immune memory than after the disease.
2. Diphtheria. The danger of the disease is in its severe form with possible death. Infection with Loeffler's bacillus (the causative agent of diphtheria) occurs mainly through carriers of the infection, and to a lesser extent through sick people. The phenomenon of bacterial carriage is a feature of diphtheria, when a person with immunity against the disease does not get sick, but is able to infect others. In this case, the vaccination becomes a barrier to the disease, producing antibodies to fight the toxin, and not the microorganism.
3. Tetanus. The disease is not only particularly severe, but also fatal in 90% of cases. Infection is caused by a special tetanus bacillus, which enters the body through any damage to the skin during injury or injury. Dust and soil are considered the typical habitat of the microbe; people do not become a source of infection. Just like with diphtheria, with tetanus, the danger is the toxin produced by the rod, which ends in damage to the nervous system. There is still no cure for tetanus, so after any injury a vaccination with tetanus toxoid or anti-tetanus serum is necessary.

Important: similar principles of infection with diphtheria and tetanus made it possible to create a common vaccine against these diseases. It contains neutralized toxins, the introduction of which stimulates the formation of antitoxic immunity. In this case, the formation of an antimicrobial response to infection does not occur, nor is it lifelong. Therefore, revaccination is necessary.

To prevent all three infections, a complex DPT vaccine has been created; it is administered using the following drugs:

• Russian-made, whole-cell vaccines;
• the drug Infarix - the vaccine is acellular, contains fragments of proteins of the microbe that causes whooping cough, as well as diphtheria-tetanus toxoids;
• the drug Tetrakok - a whole-cell vaccine with killed pertussis bacillus cells, diphtheria-tetanus toxoids with the addition of non-living polio pathogen cells;
• with the drug Pentaxim - a vaccine of a combined composition, acellular, in addition to polio, it contains protection against hemophilus influenzae infection.

The Russian vaccine is state-owned and supplied free of charge, the other three drugs are imported and therefore are a commercial alternative. The most favorable consequences may be after using a cell-free drug.

Advice: parents should not be outraged by early vaccination of children against such dangerous diseases. Doctors consider such an immunity test justified, since whooping cough is especially dangerous for infants, and vaccination helps the child to develop reliable protection more quickly.

What is the schedule for DPT immunization?

The reason that the vaccine is administered from the age of three months is the destruction after 60 days of maternal antibodies received from the mother after the birth of the child.

Important: after revaccination, whooping cough is no longer vaccinated; diphtheria and tetanus are prevented by injection at the ages of 7 and 14 years. After this, adults are recommended to get vaccinated every ten years; in case of injuries, it is mandatory. The interval between vaccinations should be at least a month.

What actions are necessary to prepare a child for DPT?

1. Visit a pediatrician who will prescribe tests and diagnostic methods, it is also advisable to visit an immunologist, he will select the most suitable for baby drug for immunization.
2. In anticipation of vaccination (three days in advance), as well as three days after the procedure, the child must be given an antihistamine to prevent allergies. The choice between Suprastin or Fenistil drops should be made by a doctor and advised on the dosage.
3. The administration of serum is combined with the prescription of antipyretic and painkillers, which should be purchased in advance, and the temperature should be constantly monitored. The medications used do not interfere with the development of immunity.

Important: currently DTP vaccination is done intramuscularly. Injections into the buttock have now been abandoned, since when the substance gets into the fat layer, it causes the formation of a long-absorbing seal, which interferes with the effectiveness of the procedure.

Features of using DTP vaccine

Although the government vaccine infects the body with bacteria and causes symptoms of tetanus and diphtheria, it does not threaten the health of the recipient. The reason is that it is not the bacteria themselves that are dangerous, but the products of their vital activity. As part of tetanus and diphtheria toxoids, the substance that poisons the body is chemically neutralized, as a result of which intoxication is eliminated, and protective antibodies are formed in the blood.

The third component of the drug is a set of inactivated whooping cough sticks. However, their composition contains a small proportion of toxic elements that can cause a number of undesirable side effects. This property of the drug has led to the fact that children after seven years of age are vaccinated with an acellular (acellular) pertussis vaccine, which is much easier to tolerate, but the effectiveness of the process suffers from this.

Advice: if for some reason you had to miss a scheduled vaccination, then the vaccination is not repeated, but continues further, especially since other vaccinations can be combined with the DPT injection. For children who have not been vaccinated before the age of 7, only the ADS vaccine is recommended twice with a month's interval, and for adults - one injection.

What are the consequences of combined vaccination?

The development of post-vaccination reactions (side effects) to the administration of the drug occurs in 30% of vaccinated children. Moreover, reactions most often occur to the third and fourth vaccinations. They should not be confused with complications that represent pathology, but side effects usually do not last long and pass without a trace, leaving no traces of health problems.

DPT vaccination is considered a rather difficult procedure to tolerate; the reaction to it can be systemic, and sometimes the injection is particularly difficult to tolerate. All side effects are reversible, so these are not complications at all and they do not harm the baby’s health. This is just the response of the vaccinated body to the introduction of foreign cells.

What kind of reaction can a complex vaccination give:

• a characteristic mark with compaction and redness remains at the injection site;
• due to the feeling of pain, walking may be impaired, touching the injection site causes crying;
• against the background of general anxiety and tearfulness, the temperature sometimes rises slightly;
• the child becomes lethargic and sleepy;
• a disorder of the digestive system is manifested by diarrhea and vomiting, appetite is disturbed.

Advice: it should be remembered that such reactions appear on the first or second day after administration of the vaccinating drug. If listed signs are observed two to three days after the injection, then they are not a reaction to vaccination, but may be symptoms of a parallel attached infection. In this case, a visit to the doctor is required.

Unfortunately, the reaction to the vaccine can be severe - accompanied by prolonged and persistent crying against the background of a significant temperature (above 39 degrees), and swelling at the injection site can increase significantly (up to 8 cm or more). There will also be no harm to health from such symptoms; they are reversible, but it is necessary to inform your doctor. Medicines prescribed by a doctor before DTP vaccination will help relieve the severity of side effects.

In addition to systemic and severe reactions, vaccination can cause complications leading to dangerous health problems:

• complicated forms of allergies, up to Quincke's edema and anaphylactic shock;
• the appearance of convulsions during normal temperature bodies;
• development of encephalitis;
• the appearance of neurological symptoms of encephalopathy, including shock.

Such complications are usually extremely rare, the reason for their appearance is the pertussis component of the vaccine, which has a strong irritating effect on meninges. In the presence of convulsive and neurological symptoms, further vaccination is contraindicated.