Psychological state of a person a. The mental state of the individual

25.11.2019 -

A state of equanimity. In Greek ethics, he denoted peace of mind, which for a wise person should be the ideal of life aspirations and which is achieved by refusing to reflect on metaphysical issues (about God, death, society) and express any judgments about them. Rapidly and violently flowing, the most powerful emotion of an explosive nature, uncontrolled by consciousness and capable of taking the form of a pathological affect. Also, in general psychology, affect is understood as a whole emotional and sensory sphere of a person. Mental states characterized by noticeable emotional coloring: emotional states, state of passion, mood, etc. A mental state characterized by overexcitation that interferes with healthy sleep. Mental condition, highest degree concentration of attention, a sharp increase in performance in actions. Normal mental state of a person, characterized by adequate work of consciousness as a mental integrator; the ability to adequately perceive the words and actions of others. A special mental state, intermediate between sleep and wakefulness, usually accompanied by increased suggestibility. Mental state of "awake sleep", developed fantasizing. The mental state of a person, which determines the direction, selectivity of thinking, depending on the task. A state of gloomy, grouchy, irritable, spiteful mood, accompanied by increased anxiety in response to any external stimulus. Dysphorias can last for hours or days and are distinguished by an angry-dreary coloring of the mood. A state of neuropsychic stress, characterized by a variety of disorders in the field of vegetative, psychomotor, speech activity, emotional, volitional, thought processes and a number of specific changes in self-awareness that occurs in a person who constantly experiences difficulties in certain situations of interpersonal informal communication, and is his personal property . A mental disorder in which motives that seem to be unknown to the patient cause a narrowing of the field of consciousness or impairment of motor or sensory function. The patient can attach psychological and symbolic value to these disorders. There may be conversion or dissociative manifestations. The first more or less systematic study of PS begins in India 2-3 millennium BC, the subject of which was the state of nirvana. Philosophers Ancient Greece also touched upon the problem of PS. Attunement to perform repetitive, ritual actions, failure to perform which leads to anxiety, frustration. Unstable mental and physiological state of a person. The functional state of a person that occurs as a result of monotonous work: a decrease in tone and susceptibility, a weakening of conscious control, a deterioration in attention and memory, stereotyping of actions, the appearance of feelings of boredom and loss of interest in work. The state of "waking dreams" that occurs during periods of dreamy absent-mindedness. The direction of thinking is determined by affectively colored memories and desires. Characterized by leaps of thought. It proceeds in the form of assumptions and objections, questions and answers. There are inclusions close to hallucinatory, such as illusions and hallucinations of the imagination. These kinds of states of involuntary thinking proceed with a constantly changing level of consciousness. A mental condition in which a person has intrusive, disturbing, or frightening thoughts (obsessions). A special mental state of a person, characterized by a high intensity of physiological and mental processes as a result of stress. Relatively long, stable mental states of moderate or low intensity, manifesting themselves as a positive or negative emotional background mental life individual. A condition characterized by emotional instability, anxiety, low self-esteem, autonomic disorders. A mental state characterized by longing for something or someone, dissatisfaction with the current state of affairs. A mental state characterized by self-confidence, in the future, the desire to feel the fullness of being. A persistent condition in which morbid anxiety strikes one person or group of people to whom the panic condition is transmitted. A group of not pronounced disorders bordering on a state of health and separating it from the actual pathological mental manifestations. Mental state characterized by mild depressive manifestations: decreased mood, low physical activity, low determination and suppressed will. The state of readiness of an athlete to participate in a sports competition. A mental state that occurs when a person performs a complex task and negatively affects activity (destructive activity). Mental tension has a lowering effect on the stability of mental and motor functions, up to the disintegration of activity. Mental state caused by monotonous, meaningless activity. Signs: loss of interest in work and an unconscious desire to vary the ways of performing. Self-manifestation human psyche, always accompanied by external signs of a transient, dynamic nature, which are not mental processes or personality traits, expressed most often in emotions, coloring the entire mental activity of a person and associated with cognitive activity, with volitional sphere and personality in general. A holistic characteristic of a personality that ensures its resistance to the frustrating and stressful effects of difficult situations. The state of strong and prolonged muscle contraction, due to a change in the tone of the nerve centers that innervate these muscles. A temporary mental state characterized by a rather sharp decrease in the integrative function of attention. Mental state: uncertainty, often anxiety and frustration, disorientation, revision of the value-semantic sphere, strategic and tactical principles of activity. A condition that develops mainly in asthenics and emotively labile people, in connection with a serious diagnosis carelessly reported to them or because of their own assumptions. Psychopathological states caused by a rather local effect of mental trauma in time. Types: reactive depression and affective-shock reactions. A state of rest, relaxation that occurs in the subject as a result of stress relief after strong experiences or physical efforts. The state of a person's high mood, combined with a high tone, readiness to perform spontaneous (arbitrary, volitional) actions. (from lat. regulare - to put in order, to establish) - the expedient functioning of living systems different levels organization and complexity. Mental self-regulation is one of the levels of regulation of the activity of these systems, expressing the specifics of the mental means of reflecting and modeling reality that implement it, including the reflection of the subject. Short-term fainting, loss of consciousness caused by a violation of cerebral blood flow. Confusion arises in situations where the recognition of the fact of an act is accompanied by internal hesitations, uncertainty about the correctness of the choice made, the return of the rejected and the reaffirmation of one's rightness. This is the state of a person for whom any choice turns out to be insufficiently internally motivated, any refusal is unjustified. The state of high mood, the absence of internal conflicts. The state of a rather sharp increase in the integrative function of attention. A state of temporary increase in critical attitude to reality. Qualitatively different states of consciousness: normal state, sleep, trance, meditation and others. Mental state, characterized by normal tone, balance, sufficient criticality. A positive emotional state associated with an increase in the level of vital activity and is characterized by the appearance of a feeling of excitement, joyful excitement, uplift, cheerfulness. A term used to refer to a wide range of human conditions that occur in response to a variety of extreme exposures. Cheerfulness, the ability to do more actions per unit of time, activity. One of the main parameters of a person's mental state: a transitional state, experiencing new sensations, new meanings; more or less significant change in the inner world. An emotional state that occurs in situations of uncertain danger and manifests itself in anticipation of an unfavorable development of events. Unlike fear as a reaction to a specific threat, anxiety is a generalized, diffuse or pointless fear. Anxiety is usually associated with the expectation of failure in social interaction and is often due to the unconsciousness of the source of danger. Functionally, anxiety not only alerts the subject to possible danger, but also encourages the search and concretization of this danger, the active study of the surrounding reality with the installation to identify a threatening object.

mental states- temporary, current originality of the individual, due to the content and conditions of his and his attitude to this activity.

Classification of mental states.

In situations of constant difficulty in activity, in conditions of systematic presentation of unsolvable tasks, an individual can form a stable state learned helplessness. It tends to generalize - being developed in one situation, it spreads to the entire style of the individual's life. A person ceases to solve the tasks available to him, loses faith in himself, resigns himself to the state of his own helplessness.

Crisis states of personality.

For many people, individual everyday and work conflicts turn into unbearable mental trauma, acute mental pain. The mental vulnerability of a person depends on its moral structure, the hierarchy of values, the values that it attaches to various life phenomena. For some people, the elements of moral consciousness may not be balanced and certain moral categories acquire the status of supervalue, resulting in the formation of moral accentuations of the personality, its “weak points”. Some are highly sensitive to the infringement of their honor and dignity, injustice, dishonesty, others - to the infringement of their material interests, prestige, intra-group status. AT similar cases situational conflicts can develop into deep crisis states of the individual.

An adaptive personality, as a rule, reacts to psychotraumatic circumstances by a defensive restructuring of its attitudes. The subjective system of its values is directed to the neutralization of the impact that traumatizes the psyche. In the process of such psychological protection there is a restructuring of personal relationships. The mental disorder caused by psychic trauma is replaced by reorganized orderliness, and sometimes pseudo-orderliness - social alienation of the individual, withdrawal into the world of dreams, into the pool of narcotic states. Social maladaptation of an individual can manifest itself in various forms. Let's name some of them:

negativism- the prevalence of negative reactions in the individual, the loss of positive social contacts;
situational personality opposition- a sharp negative assessment of individuals, their behavior and activities, aggressiveness towards them;
social alienation(autism) personality - a stable self-isolation of the individual as a result of prolonged conflict interaction with the social environment.

The alienation of the individual from society is associated with a violation of the value orientations of the individual, the rejection of group, and in some cases general social norms. At the same time, other people and social groups are perceived by the individual as alien and even hostile. Alienation is manifested in a special emotional state of the individual - a persistent feeling of loneliness, rejection, and sometimes in anger and even misanthropy.

Social alienation can take the form of a stable personality anomaly - a person loses the ability to social reflection, taking into account the position of other people, his ability to empathize with the emotional states of other people is sharply weakened and even completely inhibited, social identification is violated. On this basis, strategic meaning formation is violated - the individual ceases to care about tomorrow.

Prolonged and unbearable loads, insurmountable conflicts cause a person to have a state of depression(from lat. depression- suppression) - a negative emotional and mental state, accompanied by painful passivity. In a state of depression, the individual experiences painfully experienced depression, melancholy, despair, detachment from life, the futility of existence. The self-esteem of the individual is sharply reduced.

The entire society is perceived by the individual as something hostile, opposed to him; going on derealization- the subject loses a sense of the reality of what is happening or depersonalization- the individual does not strive for self-affirmation and the manifestation of the ability to be a person. Lack of energy security of behavior leads to agonizing despair from unresolved tasks, commitments, unfulfilled debt. The attitude of such people becomes tragic, and their behavior becomes ineffective.

One of the crisis states of personality is alcoholism. With alcoholism, all the former interests of a person fade into the background, alcohol itself becomes a meaning-forming factor in behavior; it loses its social orientation, the individual descends to the level of impulsive reactions, loses the criticality of behavior.

Borderline mental states of the individual.

Mental states adjacent between the norm and pathology are called border states. They are borderline between psychology and psychiatry. We refer to these states: reactive states, neuroses, character accentuations, psychopathic states, mental retardation (mental retardation).

In psychology, the concept of mental norm has not yet been formed. However, to identify the transition of the human psyche beyond the mental norm, it is necessary to in general terms define its limits.

to essential characteristics of the mental norm We attribute the following behavioral features:

adequacy (correspondence) of behavioral reactions to external influences;
determinism of behavior, its conceptual ordering in accordance with the optimal scheme of life activity; consistency of goals, motives and ways of behavior;
correspondence of the level of claims to the real possibilities of the individual;
optimal interaction with other people, the ability to self-correct behavior in accordance with social norms.

All borderline states are abnormal (deviating), they are associated with a violation of any essential aspect of mental self-regulation.

reactive states.

Reactive States- acute affective reactions, shock mental disorders as a result of mental trauma. Reactive states arise both as a result of simultaneous psycho-traumatic effects, and as a result of prolonged trauma, and also due to the individual's predisposition to a mental breakdown (weak type of higher nervous activity, weakening of the body after an illness, prolonged neuropsychic stress).

From a neurophysiological point of view, reactive states are a breakdown of nervous activity as a result of a transcendental effect that causes an overstrain of the excitatory or inhibitory processes, a violation of their interaction. At the same time, there are humoral shifts- the release of adrenaline increases, hyperglycemia occurs, blood clotting increases, the entire internal environment organism, regulated by the pituitary-adrenal system, the activity of the reticular system (the system that provides energy to the brain) changes. The interaction of signaling systems is disturbed, there is a mismatch of functional systems, interactions of the cortex and subcortex.

Non-pathological reactive states are divided into: 1) affective-shock psychogenic reactions and 2) depressive-psychogenic reactions.

Affective-shock psychogenic reactions arise in acute conflict situations containing a threat to life or basic personal values: in case of mass disasters - fires, floods, earthquakes, shipwrecks, traffic accidents, physical and moral violence. Under these circumstances, a hyperkinetic or hypokinetic reaction occurs.

With a hyperkinetic reaction, chaotic motor activity increases, spatial orientation is disturbed, uncontrolled actions are performed, a person “does not remember himself”. The hypokinetic reaction is manifested in the occurrence of stupor - immobility and mutism (loss of speech), excessive muscle weakness occurs, confusion occurs, causing subsequent amnesia. The consequence of the affective-shock reaction may be the so-called "emotional paralysis" - the subsequent indifferent attitude to reality.

Depressive psychogenic reactions(reactive depressions) usually arise as a result of great life failures, the loss of loved ones, the collapse of great hopes. This is a reaction of grief and deep sadness to life's losses, deep depression as a result of life's adversity. The traumatic circumstance steadily dominates the psyche of the victim. The agony of suffering is often aggravated by self-accusation, "remorse", obsessive detailing of a traumatic event. In the individual's behavior, elements of puerilism (the appearance in the speech and facial expressions of an adult of features characteristic of childhood) and elements of pseudodementia (acquired decrease in intelligence) may appear.

neuroses.

neuroses- disruptions of neuropsychic activity: hysterical neurosis, neurasthenia and obsessive states.

1. Hysterical neurosis occurs in psychotraumatic circumstances mainly in persons with pathological character traits, with an artistic type of higher nervous activity. The increased inhibition of the cortex in these individuals causes an increased excitability of the subcortical formations—the centers of emotional-instinctive reactions. Hysterical neurosis is often found in individuals with increased suggestibility and autosuggestibility. It manifests itself in excessive affectation, loud and prolonged, uncontrollable laughter, theatricality, demonstrative behavior.

2. Neurasthenia- weakening of nervous activity, irritable weakness, increased fatigue, nervous exhaustion. The behavior of the individual is characterized by intemperance, emotional instability, impatience. Sharply increases the level of anxiety, unreasonable anxiety, constant expectation of an unfavorable development of events. The environment is subjectively reflected by the individual as a threat factor. Experiencing anxiety, self-doubt, the individual is looking for inadequate means of hypercompensation.

Weakness, exhaustion of the nervous system in neuroses is manifested in disintegration of mental formations, individual manifestations of the psyche acquire relative independence, which is expressed in obsessive states.

3. obsessive-compulsive disorder expressed in obsessive feelings, inclinations, ideas and sophistication.

Intrusive feelings of fear called phobias(from Greek. phobos- fear). Phobias are accompanied autonomic dysfunctions(sweating, increased heart rate) and behavioral inadequacy. At the same time, a person is aware of the obsession of his fears, but cannot get rid of them. Phobias are diverse, we note some of them: nosophobia- fear various diseases(carcinophobia, cardiophobia, etc.); claustrophobia- fear of enclosed spaces; agoraphobia- fear of open spaces; eichmophobia- fear of sharp objects; xenophobia- fear of everything alien; social phobia- fear of communication, public self-manifestations; logophobia- fear of speech activity in the presence of other people, etc.

Obsessions - Perseverations(from lat. perseveratio- perseverance) - cyclic involuntary reproduction of motor and sensory-perceptual images (this is what, in addition to our desire, "climbs into the head"). obsessive attraction- involuntary inappropriate aspirations (count the sum of numbers, read words the other way around, etc.). Obsessive sophistication- obsessive thoughts about secondary issues, meaningless problems (“Which hand would be right if a person had four hands?”).

With neurosis obsessive movements the individual loses control over the manners of his behavior, commits inappropriate actions (sniffs, scratches his head, makes inappropriate antics, grimaces, etc.).

The most common type of obsessive-compulsive disorder is obsessive doubts(“Is the iron turned off?”, “Did you write the address correctly?”). In a number of acutely critical situations, when a certain danger dominates in the mind, obsessive urges to counter actions, opposite to those dictated by the situation (the desire to move forward, standing on the edge of the abyss, to jump out of the "ferris wheel" cab).

Obsessive states occur mainly in people with a weak type of nervous system in conditions of weakening their psyche. Separate obsessive-compulsive states can be extremely stable and criminogenic.

In addition to the above, there may be other obsessive states that cause inappropriate behavior. Yes, at obsessive state of fear of failure a person is unable to perform certain actions (some forms of stuttering, impotence, etc. develop according to this mechanism). At neurosis of anticipation of danger a person begins to panic fear of certain situations.

The young woman was frightened by her rival's threats to douse her with sulfuric acid; she was especially terrified at the possibility of losing her sight. One morning, when she heard a knock on the door and opened it, she suddenly felt something wet on her face. The woman thought with horror that she had been doused with sulfuric acid, and she developed sudden blindness. Only pure snow fell on the woman's face, accumulating over the door and falling off when it was opened. But the snow fell on mentally prepared soil.

Psychopathy.

Psychopathy- disharmony of personality development. Psychopaths are people with anomalies of certain behavioral qualities. These deviations may be pathological, but in many cases they appear as extreme variants of the norm. Most psychopathic individuals create their own conflict situations and react sharply to them, obsessing over insignificant circumstances.

The whole variety of psychopaths can be combined into four large groups: 1) excitable, 2) inhibitory, 3) hysteroids, 4) schizoids.

excitable psychopaths are very different increased irritability, conflict, a tendency to aggression, social maladjustment - easily amenable to criminalization and alcoholization. They are characterized by motor disinhibition, anxiety, loudness. They are uncompromising in primitive desires, prone to affective outbursts, intolerant of the demands of others.

Brake psychopaths are timid, timid, indecisive, prone to neurotic breakdowns, suffer from obsessive-compulsive disorders, withdrawn and unsociable.

hysterical psychopaths are extremely eager to be the center of attention at all costs; impressionable and subjective - emotionally very mobile, prone to arbitrary assessments, violent affective manifestations - tantrums; suggestible and self-suggestible, infantile.

Schizoid psychopaths are highly sensitive, vulnerable, but emotionally limited (“cold aristocrats”), despotic, prone to reasoning. Psychomotor is defective - clumsy. Pedantic and autistic - aloof. Social identification is sharply disturbed - they are hostile to the social environment. Psychopaths of the schizoid type lack emotional resonance to the experiences of other people. Their social contacts are difficult. They are cold, cruel and unceremonious; their inner motives are obscure and often due to orientations that are overvalued to them.

Psychopathic individuals are extremely sensitive to certain psycho-traumatic influences, they are touchy and suspicious. Their mood is subject to periodic disorders - dysphoria. Tides of malicious melancholy, fear, depression cause them to increase pickiness to others.

Psychopathic personality traits are formed with extremes in the methods of education - oppression, suppression, humiliation form a depressed, inhibitory personality type. Systematic rudeness, violence contribute to the formation of aggressiveness. The hysterical personality type is formed in an atmosphere of universal adoration and admiration, the fulfillment of all the whims and whims of a psychopathic individual.

Excitable and hysterical psychopaths are especially prone to - (attraction to people of the same sex), (attraction to people of senile age), (sexual attraction to children). Other behavioral perversions of an erotic nature are also possible - (secret peeping at the intimate acts of other people), (transfer of erotic feelings to things), (test of sexual satisfaction when dressing in clothes of the opposite sex), (sexual satisfaction when exposing one's body in the presence of persons of the opposite sex ), (erotic tyranny), (autosadism), etc. All sexual perversions are signs.

Mental retardation.

The level of mental development is determined by intelligence tests, their age scales.

Mental states of disturbed consciousness.

Consciousness, as already noted, is psychic self-regulation based on the reflection of reality in socially developed forms - concepts and value judgments. There are some critical levels of categorical coverage of reality, criteria for the minimum required level of mental interaction of an individual with the environment. Deviations from these criteria mean impaired consciousness, loss of interaction between the subject and reality.

Signs of disturbed consciousness are the disappearance of the subject distinctness of perception, the connectedness of thinking, orientation in space. So, with craniocerebral injuries, acute disorders of the central nervous system, a condition arises stunned consciousness, at which the thresholds of sensitivity rise sharply, associative connections are not established, indifference to the environment occurs.

With oneiroid (dream) stupefaction consciousness, detachment from the environment arises, which is replaced by fantastic events, vivid representations of all kinds of scenes (military battles, travel, flights to aliens, etc.).

In all cases of impaired consciousness, there is depersonalization of the individual, violation of his self-consciousness. This allows us to conclude that self-consciousness of the individual, personal formations are the core of conscious self-regulation.

On the examples of mental anomalies and disorders of consciousness, we clearly see that the psyche of an individual is inextricably linked with his socially determined orientations.

Mental states of non-pathological disorganization of consciousness.

The organization of a person's consciousness is expressed in his attentiveness, in the degree of clarity of awareness of the objects of reality. Different levels of mindfulness - an indicator of the organization of consciousness. The absence of a clear direction of consciousness means its disorganization.

In investigative practice, when evaluating the actions of people, it is necessary to keep in mind the various non-pathological levels of disorganization of consciousness. One of the states of partial disorganization of consciousness is distraction. Here we have in mind not that “professorial” absent-mindedness, which is the result of great mental concentration, but general absent-mindedness, excluding any kind of concentration of attention. This kind of absent-mindedness is a temporary violation of orientation, a weakening of attention.

Absent-mindedness can arise as a result of a quick change of impressions, when a person does not have the opportunity to focus on each of them separately. Thus, a person who has come to the workshop of a large factory for the first time may experience a state of absent-mindedness under the influence of a wide variety of influences.

Absent-mindedness can also arise under the influence of monotonous, monotonous, insignificant stimuli, with a misunderstanding of the perceived. The reasons for distraction may be dissatisfaction with one's activity, the consciousness of its uselessness or insignificance, etc.

The level of organization of consciousness depends on the content of the activity. Very long, continuous work in one direction leads to overwork- Neurophysiological exhaustion. Overfatigue is first expressed in a diffuse irradiation of the excitation process, in a violation of differential inhibition (a person becomes incapable of subtle analysis, discrimination), and then a general protective inhibition, a sleepy state occurs.

One of the types of temporary disorganization of consciousness is apathy- a state of indifference to external influences. This passive state is associated with a sharp decrease in the tone of the cerebral cortex and is subjectively experienced as a painful state. Apathy can occur as a result of nervous overexertion or in conditions of sensory hunger. To a certain extent, apathy paralyzes a person's mental activity, dulls his interests, and lowers his orienting-exploratory reaction.

The highest degree of non-pathological disorganization of consciousness occurs during stress and affect.

Ergonomics is the science of optimizing the means and conditions of human activity.

Anxiety is a diffuse fear that gives rise to a feeling of general ill-being, the impotence of the individual in the face of impending threatening events.

- integrated reflections of the impact on the subject of both internal and external stimuli without a clear awareness of their subject content (vigor, fatigue, apathy, depression, euphoria, boredom, etc.).

Mental states of a person

Very mobile and dynamic. The behavior of a person in any period of time depends on which peculiarities mental processes and mental properties of the personality are manifested at this particular time.

Obviously, a waking person differs from a sleeping person, a sober person from a drunken person, a happy person from an unhappy one. Mental condition - It just characterizes the special whine of the human psyche in a certain period of time.

At the same time, the mental states in which a person can be, of course, also affect such characteristics of him as mental processes and mental properties, i.e. these parameters of the psyche are closely related to each other. affect the flow mental processes, and repeating often, acquiring stability, can become personality trait.

At the same time, modern psychology considers the mental state as a relatively independent aspect of the characteristics of personality psychology.

Concept of mental state

Mental state is a concept that is used in psychology to conditionally single out a relatively stable component in the psyche of an individual, in contrast to the concepts of "mental process", emphasizing the dynamic moment of the psyche and "mental property", indicating the stability of the manifestations of the psyche of the individual, their fixation in the structure of his personality.

So psychological condition is defined as a characteristic of a person's mental activity that is stable over a certain period of time.

As a rule, most often, a state is understood as a certain energy characteristic, affecting the activity of a person in the process of his activity - cheerfulness, euphoria, fatigue, apathy, depression. Also highlighted. which are mainly determined by the level of wakefulness: sleep, nap, hypnosis, wakefulness.

Particular attention is paid to the psychological states of people under stress under extreme circumstances (if necessary, emergency decision-making, during exams, in a combat situation), in critical situations (pre-launch psychological states of athletes, etc.).

In every psychological state there are physiological, psychological and behavioral aspects. Therefore, the structure of psychological states includes many different-quality components:

on the physiological level manifested, for example, in pulse rate, blood pressure, etc.;
in motor sphere found in the rhythm of breathing, changes in facial expressions, volume of voice and rate of speech;
in emotional sphere manifests itself in positive or negative experiences;
in cognitive sphere determines one or another level of logical thinking, the accuracy of forecasting upcoming events, the possibility of regulating the state of the body, etc.;
on the behavioral level it determines the accuracy, correctness of the actions performed, their compliance with current needs, etc.;
on the communicative level This or that state of the psyche affects the nature of communication with other people, the ability to hear another person and influence him, set adequate goals and achieve them.

Studies have shown that the emergence of certain psychological states is based, as a rule, on actual needs that act in relation to them as a system-forming factor.

So, if the conditions external environment contribute to quick and easy satisfaction of needs, then this leads to the emergence of a positive state - joy, inspiration, delight, etc. If the probability of satisfaction of one or another desire is low or absent at all, then the psychological state will be negative.

Depending on the nature of the state that has arisen, all the main characteristics of the human psyche, his attitudes, expectations, feelings, or feelings can change dramatically. as psychologists say, "filters of perception of the world."

So, for a loving person, the object of his affection seems ideal, devoid of flaws, although objectively he may not be such. And vice versa, for a person in a state of anger, the other person appears exclusively in black, and certain logical arguments have very little effect on such a state.

After performing certain actions with external objects or social objects that caused this or that psychological state, for example, love or hatred, a person comes to some kind of result. This result might be:

or a person realizes the need that caused this or that mental state, and then it comes to naught:
or the result is negative.

In the latter case, a new psychological state arises—irritations, frustrations, and so on. At the same time, the person again stubbornly tries to satisfy his need, although it turned out to be difficult to fulfill. The way out of this difficult situation is associated with the inclusion of psychological defense mechanisms that can reduce the level of tension in the psychological state and reduce the likelihood of chronic stress.

Classification of mental states

Human life is a continuous series of various mental states.

In mental states, the degree of balance of the individual's psyche with the requirements of the environment is manifested. States of joy and sadness, admiration and disappointment, sadness and delight arise in connection with what events we are involved in and how we relate to them.

Mental condition- temporary originality of the mental activity of the individual, due to the content and conditions of it, personal attitude to this activity.

Cognitive, emotional and volitional processes are complexly manifested in the corresponding states that determine the functional level of the individual's life.

Mental states are, as a rule, a system of reactions to a certain behavioral situation. However, all mental states are distinguished by a pronounced individual feature - they are a current modification of the psyche of a given person. Even Aristotle noted that the virtue of a person consists, in particular, in responding to external circumstances in accordance with them, without exceeding or underestimating what is due.

Mental states are divided into situational and personal. Situational states are characterized by a temporary peculiarity of the course of mental activity depending on situational circumstances. They are subdivided:

to general functional ones that determine the general behavioral activity of the individual;
states of mental stress in difficult conditions of activity and behavior;
conflict mental states.

The stable mental states of the individual include:

optimal and crisis states;
borderline states (psychopathy, neurosis, mental retardation);
mental states of disturbed consciousness.

All mental states are associated with the neurodynamic features of higher nervous activity, the interaction of the left and right hemispheres of the brain, the functional connections of the cortex and subcortex, the interaction of the first and second signaling systems, and ultimately with the peculiarities of the mental self-regulation of each individual.

Reactions to environmental influences include direct and secondary adaptive effects. Primary - a specific response to a specific stimulus, secondary - change general level psychophysiological activity. Research has identified three types of psychophysiological self-regulation, which corresponds to three types of general functional states of mental activity:

secondary reactions are adequate to primary ones;
secondary reactions exceed the level of primary ones;
secondary reactions are weaker than the necessary primary reactions.

The second and third types of mental states cause redundancy or insufficiency of the physiological provision of mental activity.

Let's move on to a brief description of individual mental states.

Crisis states of personality

For many people, individual everyday and work conflicts turn into an intolerable mental trauma, an acute, persistent mental pain. The individual mental vulnerability of a person depends on his moral structure, the hierarchy of values, the significance that it attaches to various life phenomena. For some people, the elements of moral consciousness may be unbalanced, certain moral categories may acquire the status of supervalue, moral accentuations of the personality, its “weak points” are formed. Some people are highly sensitive to the infringement of their honor and dignity, injustice, dishonesty, others - to the infringement of their material interests, prestige, intra-group status. In these cases, situational conflicts can develop into deep crisis states of the individual.

An adaptive personality, as a rule, reacts to psychotraumatic circumstances by a defensive restructuring of its attitudes. The subjective system of se values is aimed at neutralizing the impact that traumatizes the psyche. In the process of such psychological protection there is a fundamental restructuring of personal relationships. The mental disorder caused by psychic trauma is replaced by a reorganized orderliness, and sometimes pseudo-orderliness - social alienation of the individual, withdrawal into the world of dreams, addiction to drugs. Social maladaptation of an individual can manifest itself in various forms. Let's name some of them.

The state of negativism- the prevalence of negative reactions in the personality, the loss of positive social contacts.

Situational opposition of personality- a sharp negative assessment of individuals, their behavior and activities, aggressiveness towards them.

Social withdrawal (autism)- sustainable self-isolation of the individual as a result of conflict interactions with the social environment.

The alienation of the individual from society is associated with a violation of the value orientations of the individual, the rejection of group, and in some cases general social norms. At the same time, other people and social groups are perceived by the individual as alien, hostile. Alienation is manifested in a special emotional state of the individual - a persistent feeling of loneliness, rejection, and sometimes in anger, even misanthropy.

Social alienation can take the form of a stable personality anomaly: a person loses the ability to social reflection, taking into account the position of other people, his ability to empathize with the emotional states of other people is sharply weakened and even completely inhibited, social identification is violated. On this basis, strategic meaning formation is violated: the individual ceases to care about tomorrow.

Prolonged and difficult to bear loads, insurmountable conflicts cause a person to have a state of depression(lat. depressio - suppression) - a negative emotional and mental state, accompanied by painful passivity. In a state of depression, the individual experiences painfully experienced depression, melancholy, despair, detachment from life; feels the futility of existence. The self-esteem of the individual is sharply reduced. The entire society is perceived by the individual as something hostile, opposed to him; going on derealization when the subject loses a sense of the reality of what is happening, or depersonalization when an individual loses the opportunity and need to be ideally represented in the life of other people, does not strive for self-affirmation and manifestation of the ability to be a person. Lack of energy supply of behavior leads to excruciating despair caused by unresolved tasks, failure to fulfill the obligations assumed, one's duty. The attitude of such people becomes tragic, and their behavior becomes ineffective.

So, in some mental states, stable personality-characteristic states are manifested, but there are also situational ones, episodic states personalities that are not only not characteristic of her, but even contradict the general style of her behavior. The reasons for the occurrence of such states can be various temporary circumstances: the weakening of mental self-regulation, tragic events that captured the personality, mental breakdowns due to metabolic disorders, emotional downturns, etc.

Mental states are integrated reflections of the impact on the subject of both internal and external stimuli without a clear awareness of their subject content (vigor, fatigue, apathy, depression, euphoria, boredom, etc.).

Mental states of a person

The human psyche is very mobile, dynamic. The behavior of a person in any period of time depends on what particular features of mental processes and mental properties of a person are manifested at this particular time.

Obviously, a waking person differs from a sleeping person, a sober person from a drunk, a happy person from an unhappy one. The mental state - just characterizes especially the whining of the human psyche in a certain period of time.

At the same time, the mental states in which a person can be, of course, also affect such characteristics of him as mental processes and mental properties, i.e. these parameters of the psyche are closely related to each other. Mental states affect the course of mental processes, and repeating often, acquiring stability, can become a property of the individual.

At the same time, modern psychology considers the mental state as a relatively independent aspect of the characteristics of personality psychology.

Concept of mental state

Mental state is a concept that is used in psychology to conditionally single out a relatively stable component in the individual's psyche, in contrast to the concepts of "mental process", emphasizing the dynamic moment of the psyche and "mental property", indicating the stability of the manifestations of the individual's psyche, their fixation in the structure of his personality.

Therefore, the psychological state is defined as a characteristic of a person's mental activity that is stable over a certain period of time.

As a rule, most often, a state is understood as a certain energy characteristic that affects a person’s activity in the course of his activity - cheerfulness, euphoria, fatigue, apathy, depression. The states of consciousness are also distinguished. which are mainly determined by the level of wakefulness: sleep, nap, hypnosis, wakefulness.

In every psychological state there are physiological, psychological and behavioral aspects. Therefore, the structure of psychological states includes many different-quality components:

at the physiological level, it manifests itself, for example, in the pulse rate, blood pressure, etc.;
in the motor sphere it is found in the rhythm of breathing, changes in facial expressions, voice volume and speech rate;
in the emotional sphere it manifests itself in positive or negative experiences;
in the cognitive sphere, it determines one or another level of logical thinking, the accuracy of forecasting upcoming events, the possibility of regulating the state of the body, etc.;
at the behavioral level, it determines the accuracy, correctness of the actions performed, their compliance with current needs, etc.;
At the communicative level, this or that state of the psyche affects the nature of communication with other people, the ability to hear another person and influence him, set adequate goals and achieve them.

Studies have shown that the emergence of certain psychological states is based, as a rule, on actual needs that act in relation to them as a system-forming factor.

So, if the conditions of the external environment contribute to the quick and easy satisfaction of needs, then this leads to the emergence of a positive state - joy, inspiration, delight, etc. If the probability of satisfaction of one or another desire is low or absent at all, then the psychological state will be negative.

or a person realizes the need that caused this or that mental state, and then it comes to naught:
or the result is negative.

In the latter case, a new psychological state arises - irritation, aggression, frustration, etc. At the same time, the person again stubbornly tries to satisfy his need, although it turned out to be difficult to fulfill. The way out of this difficult situation is associated with the inclusion of psychological defense mechanisms that can reduce the level of tension in the psychological state and reduce the likelihood of chronic stress.

Classification of mental states

Human life is a continuous series of various mental states.

Mental state - a temporary originality of the individual's mental activity, due to the content and conditions of his activity, personal attitude to this activity.

Cognitive, emotional and volitional processes are complexly manifested in the corresponding states that determine the functional level of the individual's life.

Mental states are, as a rule, reactive states - a system of reactions to a certain behavioral situation. However, all mental states are distinguished by a pronounced individual feature - they are a current modification of the psyche of a given person. Even Aristotle noted that the virtue of a person consists, in particular, in responding to external circumstances in accordance with them, without exceeding or underestimating what is due.

Mental states are divided into situational and personal. Situational states are characterized by a temporary peculiarity of the course of mental activity depending on situational circumstances. They are subdivided:

to general functional ones that determine the general behavioral activity of the individual;
states of mental stress in difficult conditions of activity and behavior;
conflict mental states.

The stable mental states of the individual include:

optimal and crisis states;
borderline states (psychopathy, neurosis, mental retardation);
mental states of disturbed consciousness.

Reactions to environmental influences include direct and secondary adaptive effects. Primary - a specific response to a specific stimulus, secondary - a change in the general level of psychophysiological activity. Research has identified three types of psychophysiological self-regulation, which corresponds to three types of general functional states of mental activity:

secondary reactions are adequate to primary ones;
secondary reactions exceed the level of primary ones;
secondary reactions are weaker than the necessary primary reactions.

The second and third types of mental states cause redundancy or insufficiency of the physiological provision of mental activity.

Let's move on to a brief description of individual mental states.

Crisis states of personality

For many people, individual everyday and work conflicts turn into an intolerable mental trauma, an acute, persistent mental pain. The individual mental vulnerability of a person depends on its moral structure, the hierarchy of values, the importance that it attaches to various life phenomena. For some people, the elements of moral consciousness may be unbalanced, certain moral categories may acquire the status of supervalue, moral accentuations of the personality, its “weak points” are formed. Some people are highly sensitive to the infringement of their honor and dignity, injustice, dishonesty, others - to the infringement of their material interests, prestige, intra-group status. In these cases, situational conflicts can develop into deep crisis states of the individual.

An adaptive personality, as a rule, reacts to psychotraumatic circumstances by a defensive restructuring of its attitudes. The subjective system of se values is aimed at neutralizing the impact that traumatizes the psyche. In the process of such psychological defense, a radical restructuring of personal relationships takes place. The mental disorder caused by psychic trauma is replaced by reorganized orderliness, and sometimes pseudo-orderliness - social alienation of the individual, withdrawal into the world of dreams, addiction to drugs. Social maladaptation of an individual can manifest itself in various forms. Let's name some of them.

The state of negativism is the prevalence of negative reactions in the individual, the loss of positive social contacts.

The situational opposition of the personality is a sharp negative assessment of individuals, their behavior and activities, aggressiveness towards them.

Social alienation (autism) is a stable self-isolation of an individual as a result of conflict interactions with the social environment.

The alienation of the individual from society is associated with a violation of the value orientations of the individual, the rejection of group, and in some cases general social norms. At the same time, other people and social groups are perceived by the individual as alien, hostile. Alienation is manifested in a special emotional state of the individual - a persistent feeling of loneliness, rejection, and sometimes in anger, even misanthropy.

Prolonged and difficult to bear loads, insurmountable conflicts cause a person to experience a state of depression (lat. depressio - suppression) - a negative emotional and mental state, accompanied by painful passivity. In a state of depression, the individual experiences painfully experienced depression, melancholy, despair, detachment from life; feels the futility of existence. The self-esteem of the individual is sharply reduced. The entire society is perceived by the individual as something hostile, opposed to him; derealization occurs when the subject loses a sense of the reality of what is happening, or depersonalization, when the individual loses the opportunity and need to be ideally represented in the life of other people, does not strive for self-affirmation and manifestation of the ability to be a person. Lack of energy supply of behavior leads to excruciating despair caused by unresolved tasks, failure to fulfill the obligations assumed, one's duty. The attitude of such people becomes tragic, and their behavior becomes ineffective.

So, in some mental states, stable personality-characteristic states are manifested, but there are also situational, episodic states of the personality, which are not only not characteristic of it, but even contradict the general style of its behavior. The reasons for the occurrence of such states can be various temporary circumstances: the weakening of mental self-regulation, tragic events that captured the personality, mental breakdowns due to metabolic disorders, emotional downturns, etc.

The psychological state of a person and its components

Human behavior is influenced by factors that manifest themselves in a certain period of time. They are associated with the peculiarities of mental processes and the same personality traits that took place at a particular hour. Undoubtedly, a person who is in the waking state is significantly different from being in a dream. Similarly, one should separate sober people from the drunk, and the happy from the unfortunate. Therefore, the psychological state of a person is very mobile and dynamic.

It completely depends on mental processes and mental properties, since such parameters of the psyche are endowed with a close relationship. Mental states have a strong influence on the performance of mental processes. If they are characterized by frequent repetition, then they acquire more stable qualities, becoming a property of the individual.

Definition of mental state

AT modern psychology the mental state is a relatively independent aspect that characterizes the psychology of the individual. Mental state should be understood as the definition used by psychology to define the mental state of an individual as a relatively stable component. The concept of "mental process" creates a kind of line between the dynamic moment of the psyche and the "mental property". It is characterized by a stable manifestation of the individual's psyche and its assertion in the personality structure.

In this regard, the psychological state of a person is a stable characteristic of his mental activity at a certain stage of time. Usually, this concept means a kind of energy characteristic, the indicators of which depend on the activity of a person, which he manifests in the course of his activity. These include cheerfulness, euphoria, fatigue, apathy and depression.

“It will not be superfluous to single out the state of consciousness, which basically determines the level of wakefulness. It can be sleep, hypnosis, drowsiness and wakefulness.”

Modern psychology is carefully approaching the psychological state of a person who is in stressful conditions in extreme situations that require the need for quick decision-making, for example, in a military situation, in exams. She also shows an increased interest in responsible situations, which can be considered the pre-start conditions of athletes.

Multicomponent structure of psychological states

Each psychological state is endowed with its physiological, psychological and behavioral aspects. Therefore, the structure of psychological states consists of many components of different quality:

the physiological level is determined by the pulse rate and blood pressure;
the motor sphere is expressed by an increased rhythm of breathing, a change in facial expressions, an increase in the tone and tempo of the voice during a conversation;
the emotional area is endowed with positive or negative experiences;
the cognitive sphere establishes a certain degree of logical thinking, an accurate forecast of upcoming events and the ability to control the state of the body;
the behavioral level affects the accuracy and correctness of the actions taken, as well as their compliance with existing needs;
The communicative level of a certain mental state depends on the nature of communication in which other people participate, the ability to listen to your interlocutor and influence him by setting and achieving adequate goals.

Based on the results of the conducted research, it can be argued that certain psychological states arise on the basis of actual needs, which act as a system-forming factor.

It follows from this that, thanks to optimal environmental conditions, it is possible to achieve quick and easy satisfaction of needs. It will provoke the emergence of a positive state, such as joy, enthusiasm, delight and admiration. In its turn psychological illness may arise due to low satisfaction (or its absence), a certain desire, which will lead to the stay of the human psyche in a negative state.

Depending on the characteristics of the state that has arisen, the main indicators of a person’s psychological mood, which include his attitude, expectation, and feelings, also change dramatically. So, loving person deifies and idealizes his object of affection, although in reality he does not meet such indicators. In another case, a person who is in an angry state sees another person exclusively in black colors, and even certain logical arguments cannot affect his state.

Psychologists say that if you perform certain actions with surrounding objects or social objects that provoke an increased activation of a particular psychological state (such as love or hate), then a person gets a certain result. It can be bilateral (that is, negative) or allow a person to realize the need that his mental state needs.

Psychological conditions

psychological emotional state mood

1. Human condition

2. Mental states

2.1 State structure

2.2. State classification

2.3. Positive and negative emotional states

2.4. Industrial mental states

3. Factors in the management of mental states

The concept of "state" is currently a general methodological category. The study of states is stimulated by the needs of practice in the field of sports, astronautics, mental hygiene, educational and labor activity. In the most general terms, "state" denotes a characteristic of the existence of objects and phenomena, the realization of being at a given and all subsequent points in time.

The concept of "psychological state" as a specific psychological category was introduced by N.D. Levitov. He wrote: The psychological state is an integral characteristic of mental activity over a certain period of time, showing the originality of mental processes depending on the reflected objects and phenomena of reality, the previous state and mental properties of the individual.

Psychological states are the most important component of the human psyche. Relatively simple psychological states underlie the whole variety of mental states both in normal and pathological conditions. It is they - simple psychological and complex mental states - that are the subject of direct research in psychology and the object of pedagogical, medical and other control influences.

1. Human condition

The problem of normal human states has become widely and thoroughly considered (especially in psychology) relatively recently - since the middle of the 20th century. Prior to this, the attention of researchers (mainly physiologists) was mainly directed to the study of the state of fatigue as a factor that reduces the efficiency of labor activity (Bugoslavsky, 1891; Konopasevich, 1892; Mosso, 1893; Binet, Henri, 1899; Lagrange, 1916; Levitsky, 1922 , 1926; Efimov, 1926; Ukhtomsky, 1927.1936, etc.), and emotional states. Gradually, the range of identified conditions began to expand, which was largely facilitated by the demands of practice in the field of sports, astronautics, mental hygiene, educational and labor activities. .

The mental state as an independent category was first identified by VN Myasishchev (1932). But the first thorough attempt to substantiate the problem of mental states, as mentioned above, was made by N. D. Levitov, who published in 1964 the monograph “On the Mental States of Man”. However, many mental states, not to mention functional (physiological) ones, were not presented in this book; N. D. Levitov devoted a number of separate articles to some of them (1967, 1969, 1971, 1972).

In subsequent years, the study of the problem of normal human states was carried out in two directions: physiologists and psychophysiologists studied functional states, and psychologists - emotional and mental. In fact, the boundaries between these states are often so blurred that the difference is only in their name. .

The complexity of determining the essence of the concept of "human condition" lies in the fact that the authors rely on different levels of human functioning: some consider the physiological level, others - the psychological, and still others - both at the same time.

In general terms, the structure of a person's psychophysiological state can be represented as a diagram (Fig. 1.1).

The lowest level, physiological, includes neurophysiological characteristics, morphological and biochemical changes, shifts physiological functions; psychophysiological level - vegetative reactions, changes in psychomotor, sensory; psychological level - changes in mental functions and mood; socio-psychological level - characteristics of behavior, activities, attitudes of a person.

1 Mental level of response

Experiences, mental processes

II. Physiological level of response

Vegetation Somatics (psychomotor)

III. Behavioral level

Behavior Communication Activities

2. Mental states

In modern psychology, much attention is paid to the problem of mental states. The mental state is a specific structural organization of all the mental components that a person has, due to a given situation and the prediction of the results of actions, their assessment from the standpoint of personal orientations and attitudes, goals and motives for all activities (Sosnovikova). Mental states are multidimensional, they act both as a system of organization of mental processes, all human activities at each particular moment of time, and as human relations. They always present an assessment of the situation and the needs of the person. There is an idea of states as a background against which a person's mental and practical activity takes place.

Mental states can be endogenous and reactive, or psychogenic (Myasishchev). In the occurrence of endogenous conditions leading role factors in the body. Relationships don't matter. Psychogenic states arise over circumstances of great importance associated with significant relationships: failure, loss of reputation, collapse, catastrophe, loss of a dear face. Mental states are complex. They include temporal parameters (duration), emotional, and other components.

2.1 State structure

Since mental states are systemic phenomena, before classifying them, it is necessary to identify the main components of this system.

A system-forming factor for states can be considered an actual need that initiates a particular psychological state. If the conditions of the external environment contribute to the quick and easy satisfaction of the need, then this contributes to the emergence of a positive state - joy, inspiration, delight, etc., and if the probability of satisfaction is low or absent at all, then the state will be negative in terms of emotional sign. A.O. Prokhorov believes that at first many psychological states are non-equilibrium, and only after receiving the missing information or obtaining the necessary resources, they become static. It is in the initial period of state formation that the strongest emotions arise - as subjective reactions of a person expressing his attitude to the process of realizing an urgent need. An important role in the nature of the new steady state is played by the "goal-setting block", which determines both the probability of satisfying the need and the nature of future actions. Depending on the information stored in the memory, the psychological component of the state is formed, which includes emotions, expectations, attitudes, feelings and "perception filters". The last component is very important for understanding the nature of the state, since it is through it that a person perceives the world and evaluates it. After installing the appropriate "filters", the objective characteristics of the external world can already have a much weaker effect on consciousness, and the main role is played by attitudes, beliefs and ideas. For example, in a state of love, the object of affection seems ideal and devoid of flaws, and in a state of anger, the other person is perceived in an exclusively black color, and logical arguments have very little effect on these states. If a social object is involved in the realization of a need, then emotions are usually called feelings. If the subject of perception plays the main role in emotions, then both the subject and the object are closely intertwined in feelings, and with strong feelings, the second person can occupy even more space in the mind than the individual himself (feelings of jealousy, revenge, love). After performing certain actions with external objects or social objects, a person comes to some kind of result. This result or allows you to realize the need that caused given state(and then it disappears), or the result is negative. In this case, a new state arises - frustration, aggression, irritation, etc., in which a person receives new resources, which means new chances to satisfy this need. If the result continues to be negative, then psychological defense mechanisms are activated that reduce the tension of mental states and reduce the likelihood of chronic stress.

2.2. State classification

The difficulty in classifying mental states is that they often intersect or even coincide with each other so closely that it is quite difficult to “separate” them - for example, a state of some tension often appears against the background of states of fatigue, monotony, aggression and a number of other states. However, there are many variants of their classifications. Most often they are divided into emotional, cognitive, motivational, volitional.

Other classes of states have been described and continue to be studied: functional, psychophysiological, asthenic, borderline, crisis, hypnotic and other states. For example Yu.V. Shcherbatykh offers his own classification of mental states, consisting of seven permanent and one situational component.

From the point of view of temporary organization, fleeting (unstable), long-term and chronic conditions can be distinguished. The latter include, for example, the state of chronic fatigue, chronic stress, which is most often associated with the influence of everyday stress.

Tone is the most important structural characteristic of the state, many authors even believe that the differences between mental states are due precisely to the differences in the tonic component. The tone is determined by the level of functioning of the nervous system, primarily the reticular formation, as well as the activity of hormonal systems. Depending on this, a certain continuum of mental states is built:

Abstract: Psychological states

psychological emotional state mood

1. Human condition

2. Mental states

2.1 State structure

2.2. State classification

2.3. Positive and negative emotional states

2.4. Industrial mental states

3. Factors in the management of mental states

The concept of "state" is currently a general methodological category. The study of states is stimulated by the needs of practice in the field of sports, astronautics, mental hygiene, educational and labor activities. In the most general terms, "state" denotes a characteristic of the existence of objects and phenomena, the realization of being at a given and all subsequent points in time.

The concept of "psychological state" as a specific psychological category was introduced by N.D. Levitov. He wrote: The psychological state is an integral characteristic of mental activity for a certain period of time, showing the originality of mental processes depending on the reflected objects and phenomena of reality, the previous state and mental properties of the individual.

1. Human condition

The problem of normal human states has become widely and thoroughly considered (especially in psychology) relatively recently - from the middle of the 20th century. Prior to this, the attention of researchers (mainly physiologists) was mainly directed to the study of the state of fatigue as a factor that reduces the efficiency of labor activity (Bugoslavsky, 1891; Konopasevich, 1892; Mosso, 1893; Binet, Henri, 1899; Lagrange, 1916; Levitsky, 1922, 1926; Efimov, 1926; Ukhtomsky, 1927, 1936, etc.), and emotional states. Gradually, the range of identified conditions began to expand, which was largely facilitated by the demands of practice in the field of sports, astronautics, mental hygiene, educational and labor activities. .

The mental state as an independent category was first identified by VN Myasishchev (1932). But the first solid attempt to substantiate the problem of mental states, as already mentioned above, was made by N. D. Levitov, who published in 1964 the monograph “On the Mental States of Man”. However, many mental states, not to mention functional (physiological) ones, were not presented in this book; N. D. Levitov devoted a number of separate articles to some of them (1967, 1969, 1971, 1972).

In subsequent years, the study of the problem of normal human states was carried out in two directions: physiologists and psychophysiologists studied functional states, and psychologists studied emotional and mental states. In fact, the boundaries between these states are often so blurred that the difference is only in their name. .

In general terms, the structure of the psycho-physiological state of a person can be represented in the form of a diagram (Fig. 1.1).

The lowest level, physiological, includes neurophysiological characteristics, morphological and biochemical changes, shifts in physiological functions; psychophysiological level - vegetative reactions, changes in psychomotor, sensory; psychological level - changes in mental functions and mood; socio-psychological level - characteristics of behavior, activity, human relations.

1 Mental level of response

II. Physiological level of response

In modern psychology, much attention is paid to the problem of mental states. The mental state is a specific structural organization of all the mental components that a person has, due to a given situation and the foresight of the results of actions, their assessment from the standpoint of personal orientations and attitudes, goals and motives for all activities (Sosnovikova). Mental states are multidimensional, they act both as a system for organizing mental processes, all human activities at any given moment in time, and as human relations. They always present an assessment of the situation and the needs of the person. There is an idea of states as a background against which a person's mental and practical activity takes place.

Mental states can be endogenous and reactive, or psychogenic (Myasishchev). In the emergence of endogenous conditions, the main role is played by the factors of the body. Relationships do not play a role. Psychogenic states arise due to circumstances of great importance associated with significant relationships: failure, loss of reputation, collapse, catastrophe, loss of a dear face. Mental states have a complex composition. They include temporal parameters (duration), emotional, and other components.

Since mental states are systemic phenomena, before classifying them, it is necessary to single out the main components of this system.

A system-forming factor for states can be considered an actual need that initiates one or another psychological state. If the conditions of the external environment contribute to quick and easy satisfaction of the need, then this contributes to the emergence of a positive state - joy, inspiration, delight, etc., and if the probability of satisfaction is low or absent at all, then the state will be negative in terms of emotional sign. A.O. Prokhorov believes that in the beginning, many psychological states are non-equilibrium, and only after receiving the missing information or obtaining the necessary resources, they acquire a static character. It is in the initial period of the formation of the state that the strongest emotions arise - as the subjective reactions of a person expressing his attitude to the process of realizing the actual need. An important role in the nature of the new steady state is played by the “goal-setting block”, which determines both the probability of satisfying the need and the nature of future actions. Depending on the information stored in memory, a psychological component of the state is formed, which includes emotions, expectations, attitudes, feelings, and “perception filters.” The last component is very important for understanding the nature of the state, since through it a person perceives the world and evaluates it . After installing the appropriate "filters", the objective characteristics of the external world can already have a much weaker effect on consciousness, and the main role is played by attitudes, beliefs and ideas. For example, in a state of love, the object of affection appears to be ideal and devoid of flaws, and in a state of anger, the other person is perceived in an exclusively black color, and logical arguments have very little effect on these states. If a social object is involved in the realization of a need, then emotions are usually called feelings. If the subject of perception plays the main role in emotions, then both the subject and the object are closely intertwined in feelings, and with strong feelings, the second person can occupy even more space in the mind than the individual himself (feelings of jealousy, revenge, love). After performing certain actions with external objects or social objects, a person comes to some result. This result either makes it possible to realize the need that caused this state (and then it comes to naught), or the result turns out to be negative. In this case, a new state arises - frustration, aggression, irritation, etc., in which a person receives new resources, which means new chances to satisfy this need. If the result continues to be negative, then psychological defense mechanisms are activated that reduce the tension of mental states and reduce the likelihood of chronic stress.

Other classes of states have been described and continue to be studied: functional, psychophysiological, asthenic, borderline, crisis, hypnotic and other states. For example, Yu.V. Shcherbatykh offers his own classification of mental states, consisting of seven permanent and one situational component.

Coma -> anesthesia -> hypnosis -> REM sleep -> slow sleep-> passive wakefulness -> active wakefulness -> psycho-emotional tension-> psycho-emotional tension -> psycho-emotional stress -> frustration -> affect.

Let us briefly characterize some of these states. The state of active wakefulness (I degree of neuropsychic tension according to Nemchin) is characterized by the performance of arbitrary actions that do not have emotional significance, against the background of a low level of motivation. In fact, this is a state of rest, non-involvement in complex activities to achieve the goal.

Psycho-emotional stress (II degree of neuropsychic stress) appears when the level of motivation rises, a significant goal and essential information appear; the complexity and efficiency of the activity increases, but the person copes with the task. An example would be the performance of daily professional work under normal conditions. This state in a number of classifications is called "operational stress" (Naenko). In this state, the level of activation of the nervous system increases, which is accompanied by an intensification of the activity of the hormonal system, an increase in the level of activity of internal organs and systems (cardiovascular, respiratory, etc.). Significant positive changes in mental activity are observed: the volume and stability of attention increase, the ability to concentrate on the task being performed increases, the distractibility of attention decreases and the switching of attention increases, the productivity of logical thinking increases. In the psychomotor sphere, there is an increase in the accuracy and speed of movements. Thus, the state of neuropsychic tension of the II degree (psycho-emotional tension) is characterized by an increase in the quality and efficiency of activity.

A state of psycho-emotional tension (or a state of neuropsychic tension of the III degree) appears when the situation becomes personally significant, with a sharp increase in motivation, an increase in the degree of responsibility (for example, the situation of an exam, public speaking, a complex surgical operation). In this state, there is a sharp increase in the activity of hormonal systems, especially the adrenal glands, which is accompanied by significant shifts in the activity of internal organs and systems. In the mental sphere, there is distraction of attention, difficulty in extracting information from memory, the speed and accuracy of response decreases, the effectiveness of activity decreases. Various forms of negative emotional response appear: excitement, anxiety, expectation of failure, failure. It is no coincidence that this state is also called the state of emotional tension, as opposed to the state of operational tension described above.

Psycho-emotional stress occurs when performing overwork in conditions of threat to life or prestige, lack of information or time. With psycho-emotional stress, there is a decrease in the resistance of the body (resistance of the body, immunity to any factors external influence), somatovegetative shifts appear (increased blood pressure) and experiences of somatic discomfort (pain in the heart, etc.). There is a disorganization of mental activity. Prolonged or frequently repeated stress leads to psychosomatic illnesses. At the same time, a person can withstand even long-term and severe stressors if he has adequate strategies of behavior in a stressful situation.

In fact, psycho-emotional stress, psycho-emotional tension and psycho-emotional stress represent different levels of manifestation of stress reactions.

Stress is a non-specific response of the organism to any demand presented to it (Selye). According to the physiological essence, stress is understood as an adaptive process, the purpose of which is to preserve the morphofunctional unity of the body and provide optimal opportunities to meet existing needs.

The analysis of psychological stress requires taking into account such factors as the significance of the situation for the subject, intellectual processes, and personal characteristics. Therefore, with psychological stress, reactions are individual and not always predictable. "... The decisive factor determining the mechanisms of formation of mental states, reflecting the process of adaptation to difficult conditions in a person, is not so much the objective essence of the "danger", "complexity", "difficulty" of the situation, but its subjective, personal assessment by a person "(Nemchin).

Any normal human activity can cause significant stress without causing harm to the body. Moreover, moderate stress (states of neuropsychic tension I, II and partly III levels) mobilize the body's defenses and, as shown in a number of studies, have a training effect, transferring the body to a new level of adaptation. Malicious is distress, or harmful stress, according to Selye's terminology. The state of psycho-emotional tension, psycho-emotional stress, frustration, affect can be attributed to distress states.

Frustration is a mental state that occurs when a person, on the way to achieving a goal, encounters obstacles that are really insurmountable or are perceived by him as insurmountable. In situations of frustration, there is a sharp increase in the activation of subcortical formations, and strong emotional discomfort arises. With high tolerance (stability) in relation to frustrators, human behavior remains within the adaptive norm, a person demonstrates constructive behavior that resolves the situation. With low tolerance, various forms of non-constructive behavior can manifest themselves. The most common reaction is aggression, which has a different direction. Aggression directed at external objects: verbal rebuff, accusations, insult, physical attacks on the person who caused frustration. Self-directed aggression: self-accusation, self-flagellation, guilt. There may be a shift of aggression in other persons or on inanimate objects, then the person "poured out his anger" on innocent family members or breaks the dishes.

Affects are rapidly and violently flowing emotional processes of an explosive nature, which give a discharge in actions that are not subject to volitional control. Affect is characterized by an ultra-high level of activation, changes during internal organs, an altered state of consciousness, its narrowing, concentration of attention on any one object, a decrease in the amount of attention. Thinking changes, it is difficult for a person to foresee the results of his actions, expedient behavior becomes impossible. Mental processes not related to affect are inhibited. The most important indicators of affect are a violation of the arbitrariness of actions, a person does not give an account of his actions, which is manifested either in strong and erratic motor activity, or in intense stiffness of movements and speech (“numb with horror”, “froze with surprise”).

The characteristics of mental tension and tone considered above do not determine the modality of the emotional state. At the same time, among all mental states, it is impossible to find a single one in which emotions would not matter. In many cases, it is not difficult to classify emotional states as pleasant or unpleasant, but quite often a mental state is a complex unity of opposite experiences (laughter through tears, joy and sadness that exist simultaneously, etc.).

2.3 Positive and negative emotional states

Positively colored emotional states include pleasure, a state of comfort, joy, happiness, euphoria. They are characterized by a smile on their face, pleasure from communicating with other people, a sense of acceptance by others, self-confidence and calmness, a sense of being able to cope with life's problems.

A positively colored emotional state affects the course of almost all mental processes and human behavior. It is known that success in solving an intellectual test positively affects the success of solving subsequent tasks, failure - negatively. Many experiments have shown that happy people are more willing to help others. Many studies show that people who are in a good mood tend to be more positive about their surroundings (Argyle).

Negatively colored emotional states are characterized in a completely different way, which include states of sadness, melancholy, anxiety, depression, fear, panic. The most studied are the states of anxiety, depression, fear, horror, panic.

The state of anxiety occurs in situations of uncertainty, when the nature or time of the occurrence of a threat cannot be predicted. An alarm is a signal of a danger that has not yet been realized. The state of anxiety is experienced as a feeling of diffuse apprehension, as indefinite anxiety - “free-floating anxiety.” Anxiety changes the nature of behavior, leads to increased behavioral activity, encourages more intense and purposeful efforts, and thus performs an adaptive function.

In the study of anxiety, anxiety is distinguished as a personality trait that determines readiness for anxious reactions, manifested in uncertainty in the future, and actual anxiety, which is part of the structure of the mental state at this particular moment (Spielberger, Khanin). Berezin, based on experimental studies and clinical observations, develops the concept of the existence of an alarm series. This series includes the following affective phenomena. .

1. Feeling of inner tension.

2. Hyperesthesia reactions. With an increase in anxiety, many events in the external environment become significant for the subject, and this, in turn, further enhances anxiety).

3. Actually anxiety is characterized by the appearance of a feeling of an indefinite threat, an unclear danger. A sign of anxiety is the inability to determine the nature of the threat and predict the time of its occurrence.

4. Fear. The unawareness of the causes of anxiety, the lack of its connection with the object, makes it impossible to organize activities to eliminate or prevent the threat. As a result, an indefinite threat begins to be concretized, anxiety shifts to specific objects, which begin to be regarded as threatening, although this may not be true. This specific anxiety is fear.

5. The feeling of the inevitability of an impending catastrophe, the increase in the intensity of anxiety leads the subject to the idea of the impossibility of avoiding the threat. And this causes the need for motor discharge, which manifests itself in the next sixth phenomenon - anxious-fearful excitement, at this stage, the disorganization of behavior reaches its maximum, the possibility of purposeful activity disappears.

All these phenomena manifest themselves in different ways depending on the stability of the mental state.

Analyzing the state of fear and its causes, Kempinski identifies four types of fear: biological, social, moral, and disintegrative. This classification is based on the characteristics of the situation that caused fear. Situations associated with a direct threat to life cause biological fear, which is the primary form of fear that occurs in the event of deprivation of primary, vital needs. The state of oxygen starvation (for example, in heart failure) causes an acute sense of fear. Social fear develops in case of violation of interaction with the nearest society (fear of rejection by relatives, fear of punishment, fear of a teacher, which often occurs in younger students, etc.).

Fear is very often accompanied by intense manifestations on the part of indicators of physiological reactivity, such as trembling, rapid breathing, and palpitations. Many feel a feeling of hunger or, conversely, a sharp decline appetite. Fear affects the course of mental processes: there is a sharp deterioration or exacerbation of sensitivity, poor awareness of perception, distraction of attention, there are difficulties in concentrating, confusion of speech, trembling of the voice. Fear affects thinking in different ways: for some, intelligence increases, they concentrate on finding a way out, for others, the productivity of thinking worsens.

Very often, volitional activity decreases: a person feels incapable of doing anything, it is difficult for him to force himself to overcome this state. To overcome fear, the following techniques are most often used: a person tries to continue his work, displacing fear from consciousness; finds relief in tears, in listening to his favorite music, in smoking. And only a few try to "calmly understand the cause of fear."

Depression is a temporary, permanent or periodically manifested state of melancholy, mental depression. It is characterized by a decrease in neuropsychic tone, due to a negative perception of reality and oneself. Depressive states arise, as a rule, in situations of loss: the death of loved ones, the breakup of friendships or love relationships. The depressive state is accompanied by psycho-physiological disorders (loss of energy, muscle weakness), a feeling of emptiness and meaninglessness, feelings of guilt, loneliness, helplessness (Vasilyuk). The depressive state is characterized by a gloomy assessment of the past and the present, pessimism in assessing the future.

In the classification of mental states, there are also somato-psychic states (hunger, thirst, sexual arousal) and mental states that arise in the course of work (states of fatigue, overwork, monotony, states of inspiration and recovery, concentration and absent-mindedness, as well as boredom and apathy).

2.4 Occupational mental states

These mental states occur in the course of labor activity and are classified into the following groups:

a) Relatively stable and long-term states. They determine the attitude of a person to a given specific production and a specific type of labor. These states (satisfaction or dissatisfaction with work, interest in work or indifference to it, etc.) reflect the general mood of the team.

b) Temporary, situational, quickly passing conditions. They arise under the influence of various kinds of malfunctions in the production process or in the relationships of workers.

c) Conditions arising periodically in the course of labor activity, there are many such conditions. For example, predisposition to work, reduced readiness for it, development, increased efficiency, fatigue; conditions caused by the content and nature of work, (operations): boredom, drowsiness, apathy, increased activity, etc.

On the basis of the predominance of one of the sides of the psyche, states are distinguished, emotional, volitional (for example, the state of volitional effort), states in which the processes of perception and sensation of the state of living contemplation dominate; states of attention (absent-mindedness, concentration), states that are characterized by mental activity, etc.

The most important is the consideration of states by voltage level. this sign is the most significant in terms of the impact of the state on the efficiency and safety of activity.

Moderate stress is a normal working condition that occurs under the mobilizing influence of labor activity. This state of mental activity - the necessary conditions for performing actions. It is accompanied by a moderate change in the physiological reactions of the body, manifested in good health, stable and confident performance of actions. Moderate voltage corresponds to optimal operation. The optimal mode of operation is carried out in comfortable conditions, during the normal operation of technical devices. The situation is familiar, work actions are carried out in a strictly established order, thinking is of an algorithmic nature. Under optimal conditions, the intermediate and final goals of labor are achieved at low neuropsychic costs. Usually there is a long-term maintenance of working capacity, the absence of gross violations, erroneous actions, failures, breakdowns and other anomalies. Optimum operation is characterized by high reliability and optimum efficiency.

Increased stress is accompanied by activities that take place in extreme conditions. Extreme conditions are conditions that require the maximum stress of physiological and mental functions from the worker, which sharply go beyond the physiological norm. Extreme mode is a mode of operation in conditions that go beyond the optimum conditions. Deviation from the optimal conditions of activity require increased willpower, or, in other words; 1) physiological discomfort.e. non-compliance of living conditions with regulatory requirements; 2) lack of time for service; 3) biological fear; 4) increased difficulty of the task; 5) increased erroneous actions; 6) failure due to objective circumstances; 7) lack of information for decision making; 8) underloading of information (sensory deprivation); 9) information overload; 10) conflict conditions.

Stress can be classified in accordance with those mental functions that are mainly included in professional activities and whose changes are most pronounced in adverse conditions.

Intellectual stress - stress caused by frequent calls to intellectual processes when forming a service plan, due to the high density of the flow of problematic service situations.

Sensory stress - stress caused by non-optimal conditions for the activity of sensory systems and arising in the event of great difficulties and perceptions of the need for information.

Physical stress is the stress on the body caused by increased load on the human motor apparatus.

Emotional stress - stress caused by conflict conditions, increased likelihood of an emergency, surprise or prolonged stress of other types.

Characteristics of stresses most inherent in the professional activity of a human operator are as follows: a state of fatigue. Fatigue is one of the most common factors that have a significant impact on the efficiency and safety of activities. Fatigue is a very complex and heterogeneous set of phenomena. Its content is determined not only by physiological, but also by psychological, productive and social factors. Based on this, fatigue should be regarded at least from three sides: 1) from the subjective side - as a mental state, 2) from the side of physiological mechanisms, 3) from the side of lowering labor efficiency.

Consider the components of fatigue (subjective mental states):

a) Feelings of weakness. Fatigue affects the fact that a person feels a decrease in his working capacity, even when labor productivity has not yet fallen. This decrease in efficiency is expressed in the experience of special tension and uncertainty. The person feels that he is unable to properly continue his work.

b) Attention disorders. Attention is one of the most tiring mental functions. In case of fatigue, attention is easily distracted, becoming lethargic, inactive or, conversely, chaotically mobile, unstable.

c) Disturbance in the motor sphere. Fatigue affects the slowing down or erratic haste of movements, the disorder of their rhythm, the weakening of the accuracy of coordination of movements, their deautomatization.

d) Defects in memory and thinking. In a state of fatigue, the operator can forget the instruction and at the same time remember everything that is not related to work.

e) Weakening of will. With fatigue, decisiveness, endurance and self-control are weakened. Persistence is missing.

f) Drowsiness. Drowsiness occurs as an expression of protective inhibition.

Mood. There are conflicting views on the nature of mood in the psychological literature. Some authors (Rubinshtein, Yakobson) consider mood to be an independent mental state, others consider mood as a combination of several mental states that give emotional coloring to consciousness (Platonov). Most authors consider mood as a general emotional state that colors a person's experiences and activities for a certain time. Thus, mood can be considered as a stable component of mental states.

They create a mood, firstly, interoceptive sensations, about which Sechenov wrote: “The general background for the diverse manifestations related to this is that vague gross feeling (probably from all organs of the body equipped with sensory nerves), which we call in a healthy person a feeling of general well-being, and in a weak and sickly person - a feeling of general malaise. In general, although this background has the character of a calm, even, vague feeling, it nevertheless has a very sharp effect not only on work activity, but even on the human psyche. It determines that healthy tone in everything that is done in the body, which doctors designate with the word vigor vitalis, and that which in mental life is called “spiritual mood” (Sechenov).

The second important determinant of mood is a person's attitude to the surrounding reality and to himself at every moment of time (Vasilyuk). If emotional states, affect, stress are situational, that is, they reflect a subjective attitude to objects, phenomena in certain situation, then the mood is more generalized. The prevailing mood reflects the measure of satisfaction of the basic needs of a person (in self-preservation, in procreation, in self-actualization, in acceptance and love).

The real causes of bad mood are often hidden from the individual due to psychological defense mechanisms. (The source of the mood called by a person is: “I got up on the wrong foot”, but in fact the person is not satisfied with the position that he occupies). Therefore, we can say that mood is an unconscious emotional assessment by a person of how circumstances are developing for her at a given moment in time. Therefore, the harmonization of mood largely depends on the success of self-realization and self-development of the individual. It should be noted that many authors divide the mood into dominant (permanent), characteristic of the individual, and actual, current (reactive), arising and changing under the influence of the situation.

3. Factors of management of mental states

Factors that reduce the stressfulness of the environment and its negative impact on the body are the predictability of external events, the ability to prepare for them in advance, as well as the ability to control events, which significantly reduces the impact of adverse factors. Strong-willed qualities play a significant role in overcoming the negative impact of unfavorable conditions on human activity. “The manifestation of volitional qualities (willpower) is, first of all, the switching of consciousness and volitional control from experiencing an unfavorable state to regulating activity (to continuing it, giving an internal command to start activity, to maintaining the quality of activity)” (Ilyin). At the same time, the experience of the state is relegated to the background in consciousness. An important role in the regulation of mental states, in how a person reacts to the effects of stressors environment, play the individual-typical features of the nervous system and personality.

It is known that persons with a high strength of the nervous system are characterized by greater stability, better tolerance of stressful situations compared to individuals with a weak strength of the nervous system.

The most studied influence on the tolerance of stressful states of such personality traits as locus of control, psychological stability, self-esteem, as well as dominant mood. Thus, evidence was found that cheerful people are more stable, able to maintain control and criticality in difficult situations. Locus of control (Rotter) determines how effectively a person can control the environment and own it.

In accordance with this, two types of personality are distinguished: externals and internals. Externals do not associate most events with personal behavior, but represent them as a result of chance, external forces beyond the control of a person. The internal, on the contrary, proceeds from the fact that most events are potentially under personal control and therefore they make more efforts to influence the situation, to control it. They are characterized by a more advanced cognitive system, a tendency to develop specific action plans in different situations, which allows them to more successfully control themselves and cope with stressful situations.

The effect of self-esteem is that people with low self-esteem show a higher level of fear or anxiety in a threatening situation. They perceive themselves most often as having inadequately low abilities in order to cope with the situation, so they act less energetically, tend to obey the situation, try to avoid difficulties, because they are convinced that they are not able to cope with them.

An important area of psychological assistance is teaching a person certain techniques and developing behavioral skills in stressful situations, increasing self-confidence and self-acceptance.

By their origin, psychological states are mental processes in time. States, as formations of a higher level, control the processes of lower levels. The main mechanisms of self-regulation of the psyche are emotions, will, emotional and volitional functions. The direct mechanism of regulation are all forms of attention - as a process, state and properties of the individual.

It is necessary to reduce the negative impact of unfavorable conditions on human activity and strive to ensure that the emotional state of a person is positively colored.

1. Ilyin E. P. Psychophysiology of human states. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2005. - 412 p.: ill

2. Karvasarsky B. D. et al. Clinical psychology: A textbook for universities: - Peter, 2004. - 960 s:

3. Shcherbatykh Yu.V. General psychology.Tutorial. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2009

4. General psychology: Textbook / Ed. Tugusheva R. Kh. and Garbera E. I. - M .: Eksmo Publishing House, 2006. - 560 p.

5. Garber E. I. 17 lessons of psychology. M., 1995.

6. Pryazhnikov N.S., Pryazhnikova E.Yu. Psychology of labor and human dignity. - M., 2001.

7. Psychology of states. Reader. Ed. A.O. Prokhorov. 2004.

Mental condition- this is a temporary originality of mental activity, determined by its content and the attitude of a person to this content. Mental states are a relatively stable integration of all mental manifestations of a person with a certain interaction with reality. Mental states are manifested in the general organization of the psyche. The mental state is the general functional level of mental activity, depending on the conditions of a person's activity and his personal characteristics.
Mental states can be short-term, situational and stable, personal.
All mental states are divided into four types:

1. Motivational (desires, aspirations, interests, drives, passions).

2. Emotional (emotional tone of sensations, emotional response to the phenomena of reality, mood, conflict emotional states - stress, affect, frustration).

3. Volitional states - initiative, purposefulness, determination, perseverance (their classification is related to the structure of a complex volitional action)

4. States of different levels of organization of consciousness (they manifest themselves in various levels mindfulness).

The mental state of a person manifests itself in 2 variants:

1) in the option of an individual state (individualized)

2) mass condition (group effect)

Mental states include:

Manifestations of feelings (moods, affects, euphoria, anxiety, frustration, etc.),

Attention (concentration, absent-mindedness),

Will (decisiveness, confusion, composure),

Thinking (doubt)

Imaginations (dreams), etc.

The subject of special study in psychology is the mental states of people under stress under extreme circumstances (in a combat situation, during exams, if an emergency decision is needed), in critical situations (pre-launch mental states of female athletes, etc.). Pathological forms of mental states are also investigated - obsessive states, in social psychology- massive psychological states.

Psychic features. states:

integrity (coverage of the entire psyche)

mobility (variability)

quite stable and can accompany activity for several hours, or even more (for example, a state of depression).

Manifold

Negative mental states are:

affect as a mental state is a generalized characteristic of the emotional, cognitive and behavioral aspects of the subject's psyche in a certain, relatively limited period of time; as a mental process, it is characterized by stages in the development of emotions; it can also be considered as a manifestation of the mental properties of the individual (temper, incontinence, anger).

Psychological state of a person a. The mental state of the individual

Classification of mental states.

Crisis states of personality.

Borderline mental states of the individual.

reactive states.

neuroses.

Psychopathy.

Mental retardation.

Mental states of disturbed consciousness.

Mental states of non-pathological disorganization of consciousness.

Mental states of a person

Concept of mental state

Classification of mental states

Crisis states of personality

Mental states of a person

Concept of mental state

Classification of mental states

Crisis states of personality

The psychological state of a person and its components

Definition of mental state

Multicomponent structure of psychological states

Psychological conditions

Abstract: Psychological states

Recent Entries