How long can a smear for oncocytology be stored? Cytological tests: methodology and interpretation of research results

Nowadays, many women suffer from diseases of the uterus and cervical canal. The causes of such dangerous pathologies are very diverse. The main thing is to identify the disease in time and begin to fight it. Otherwise, you can lead to cancer, which is rarely treated and with great difficulty.

There are many methods and tests that can be used to identify negative abnormalities in a woman’s genitourinary system. Most of them do not cause discomfort for patients during material collection. The results of such tests almost always accurately determine the type of disease. This is also the method of oncocytology - analysis of the cervical epithelium.

This analysis is intended to identify negative abnormalities in the organ and its cervical canal. It is mainly used for suspected malignant tumors in the reproductive organ.

The essence of studying material from the uterine cavity and its canal

Oncocytology and its analysis involve taking a smear from the cervix for further research for the purpose of prevention. To do this, a smear is taken from the woman using a special instrument. The procedure is performed on a gynecological chair during scheduled inspection. It is painless and does not harm health. That is, there are no damages or adhesions after such a smear taking. The analysis is carried out on the basis of material taken from the cervix.

There are two types of analysis of the reproductive organ: simple and liquid oncocytology. The first is that the smear is blurred on a special glass. This type of oncocytology analysis may not always give an accurate result. Liquid oncocytology has become an innovative method. The essence of the analysis is that the taken material is not smeared on glass, but is immersed in a special liquid that separates the affected cells. For a doctor, this method is more convenient; it provides more reliable results than simple oncocytology.

The oncocytology procedure allows you to analyze the condition of the cervix and accurately determine the stages of development of cancer, if any. The cells needed for analysis have a two-layer structure and do not allow external microorganisms to penetrate into the cervical cavity. It is a smear with such material that a doctor needs for oncocytology. A change in the state of the epithelium provides information about what is happening in the cervix pathological changes which can lead to cancer.

In order for oncocytology to give an accurate result, you need to know how to properly prepare for the test and when is the best time to take it. A smear is not taken at a time when a woman has inflammation in the genitals, especially in the cervix. Analysis of epithelial cells of the reproductive organ will not give results even during menstrual cycle. Therefore, before prescribing oncocytology, the doctor recommends special treatment and only after this, the procedure for collecting cervical epithelial cells for Papanicolaou analysis (one of the methods of oncocytology) is carried out.

Preparing a woman to take a smear to determine cancer:

• It is worth refraining from intimate relationships at least a few days before the procedure for collecting material from the cervix.
• It is necessary to refuse special means intimate hygiene or douching a few days before the test. It is better to shower and not take a bath before the examination.
• Suppositories and other drugs are also prohibited before the oncocytology procedure.

Do not neglect your doctor’s advice before preparing for oncocytology. The analysis results will be more accurate if everything is done correctly. Otherwise, repeated studies may be prescribed, which can take away valuable time in getting rid of a dangerous pathology.

Useful video:

Indications for examination of the reproductive organ

The oncocytology procedure does not harm the woman’s health, it is painless and takes a few minutes. Therefore, taking a smear for analysis is recommended for girls after reaching 18 years of age every year for prevention, and for women after 30 years of age, this test is required once a year to exclude negative changes in the cervix, which can lead to cancer. If we talk about pregnancy, then oncocytology is performed at least three times during the entire period of gestation. This analysis will help prevent dangerous phenomena that may threaten the health of the woman and the unborn child.

Important! Oncocytology in pregnant women is performed only if the pregnancy is proceeding normally and the expectant mother is healthy. In case of any abnormalities or pathologies, it is not recommended to take a smear from the cervix for cancer analysis.

With the help of oncocytology research it is possible to early stages discover malignant formations in the cervix. Smear analysis allows you to identify negative abnormalities and prevent the development of dangerous pathologies.

Note! If a woman experiences menstrual irregularities, it is recommended that the oncocytology procedure be performed on a regular basis every six months. Such indications include cervical erosion and any abnormalities in the condition of the reproductive organ. The reason for regular oncocytology and smear taking, as well as research necessary tests A woman may also be predisposed to cancer. This may be a malignant disease in the patient's family.

There are many more factors that can cause cervical cancer, the main ones are:

• Immune system disorder (vitamin A and C deficiency).
• organs genitourinary system which has become chronic.
• The presence of various types of infections in the body.
• Frequent, long-term use of drugs that prevent conception.
• Early sex life and a large presence of partners in sexual relations partners.

It is worth noting that with the help of oncocytology it is possible to identify other diseases that are poorly diagnosed by other tests:

1. Detection of atypical cells on the cervix. This - .

Results of the procedure

Oncocytology analysis takes no more than two weeks. During this time, specialists can accurately determine the identified deviations based on the smear taken. In a short time, they provide the doctor with the final results of studying the collected material.

Content

Oncocytological smear is used as a screening method of assessment reproductive system. Unlike flora analysis, which evaluates the composition of the biocenosis of the vagina and cervical canal, cytology shows changes at the cellular level, the presence or absence of atypical elements. Interpretation of the results of oncocytology of the cervix allows one to determine the degree of damage to the integumentary epithelium in various pathological processes. However, patients are often interested in what exactly this or that abbreviation means in the decoding.

Types of research

There are various methods of smears for oncocytology with to varying degrees accuracy.

1. Leishman's method is old, traditional method painting and fixing elements. Applicable in district clinics, least expensive. Decoding consists in determining simple oncocytological transformations.
2. Papanicolaou method or PAP test- a more common manipulation. The accuracy of the smear for oncocytology is higher than that of the previous method. The biomaterial of the cervix is ​​smeared onto a glass slide, fixed with a special solution and sent to the laboratory. The doctor studies the composition of cellular elements in the form of a polychrome micropreparation. Instant fixation and new staining methods make it possible to qualitatively decipher the analysis of oncocytology of the cervix and identify precancerous conditions on early stages.
3. – the most modern analysis of cervical cells for oncocytology, has the highest accuracy. Due to the high cost of the equipment, it is not used in all clinics. Once received, a smear for oncocytology is immediately placed in a liquid medium. Using special devices, the material is cleaned of foreign elements and placed on the glass in a thin, even layer. There is no loss of elements during transportation. Decryption is expensive and requires a highly qualified specialist.

According to European recommendations liquid oncocytology is a more sensitive method. A significant advantage is the fact that after deciphering the results, the smear can be used for molecular studies of proteins, the breakdown of which indicates dysplasia and cervical cancer.

Rules for the preparation and collection of material

To avoid errors when deciphering cervical oncocytology, the patient should prepare for the study. The doctor warns the woman that the results of the smear can be distorted by:

• taking antibacterial drugs for 10-14 days before the procedure;
• sexual contact 48 hours before sampling;
• use of tampons 2-3 days before;
• douching, local treatment candles, creams the day before;
• use of special care products.

Smear for oncocytology It is not carried out during menstruation, preferably 5 days before the onset of discharge.

The patient should not urinate for approximately 2 hours before the test. An oncocytological smear excludes a transvaginal ultrasound before collecting material. The manipulation is carried out with special brushes and spatulas after the insertion of gynecological speculum.

Mandatory technical condition: a smear is taken before a two-manual vaginal examination. It is important to take material from the transition zone of transformation of the cervix. This is the border between the epithelium that covers the outside of the organ and the cells of the cervical canal. Up to 90% of tumors arise from this area.

The procedure is painless. After the manipulation, bloody or bloody discharge may appear within 48 hours. Decoding the results of a PAP test takes 12-14 days. Liquid cytology will be ready after 5-7 days.

Indications, risk groups

A smear for oncocytology of the cervix is ​​performed to determine disorders at the cellular level. The most important goal- detect the presence of malignant or potentially malignant elements. During a preventive examination, the method is used as follows:

• standard early detection cancer, before symptoms appear;
• cytological assessment of the body's response to inflammation, suggesting a pathogen.

When deciphering the smear, the reason for the transformation of the epithelium is determined. An indicative or specific pathogen is identified. The consequences of hormonal, mechanical changes, chemical, radiation damage, and medication are assessed.

Every woman is analyzed after the onset of sexual activity, regardless of age. Starting from the age of 18, the study is carried out annually. After receiving two results without atypia in a row, it is possible to take a smear every three years.

Deciphering precancerous changes in the cervix, carriage of the human papillomavirus (HPV), and burdened by heredity requires examination annually, or even once every six months. Every year, a smear for oncocytology is performed in the following categories of patients:

• after 30 years;
• upon detection of dysplasia, cervical erosion;
• with early onset of sexual activity;
• with long-term use of oral contraceptives;
• smokers;
• in the absence of a permanent partner;
• with menstrual irregularities;
• more than 2 births;
• carriage of HPV, chlamydia, herpes.

In women with similar risk factors the likelihood of developing cervical cancer is higher. Oncocytology is a simple way to monitor organ changes and identify pathology at a very early stage.

Interpretation of results

Sometimes, when deciphering a study, in the laboratory technician’s conclusion you can find only two words: positive, negative. This implies the presence or absence of potentially malignant elements. Today, such interpretation of a smear for oncocytology is incorrect. More accurate and detailed description lesions.

Decoding according to the degree of dysplasia has become widespread in the country. The smear is graded according to the following grades:

• CIN 1, mild dysplasia – persists normal structure words of epithelium, there are altered foci;
• CIN 2, moderate dysplasia – cell degeneration occupies half of the layer;
• CIN 3, severe dysplasia - pathological transformation of elements is observed in most of the epithelium.

To simplify the interpretation of oncocytological smears, depending on the chosen technique, special classifications have been compiled. According to the results of the Pap test, decoding consists in determining the appropriate class. Another gradation recommended by WHO is widely used abroad - the Bethesda method. Modern laboratories when deciphering a cervical smear, the latest classification is used. The practitioner must know the group ratios in order to explain the results to the patient.

The deciphered smear of groups 1 and 2 is considered normal or has minor deviations. The second type requires additional examination and clarification of the diagnosis. The remaining classes require additional colposcopic and histological examination. After receiving a full package of tests and deciphering the biopsy, the doctor will determine further treatment tactics.

Study during pregnancy

Oncopathology of the reproductive system largely depends on hormonal levels. Gestation due to the increased concentration of estrogen acts as a trigger for the development of cancer. There is an opinion that it is necessary to perform a smear for oncocytology three times: when registering, when registering for maternity leave and on the eve of childbirth. The results of the manipulation are entered into the exchange card. It is especially important to carry out a smear in patients at risk.

Oncocytology is an important method for diagnosing cervical cancer. A painless and quick smear procedure accurately determines the presence of cancerous cell changes. Identification of erosion, dysplasia, and HPV carriage as the main culprit of cancer does not necessarily mean tumor degeneration. Reproductive health needs to be carefully monitored. An annual smear for oncocytology helps prevent the spread of the tumor, which significantly extends the length and quality of a woman’s life.

For some reason, everyone thinks that oncocytology concerns exclusively the female genital area (cervix, cervical canal). This is probably because the condition of the cervix is ​​the subject of daily study by any cytologist, while a smear for oncocytology can be applied to the glass after scraping or fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) from other places. In addition, you can make smears of the mucous membrane of the larynx, nasopharynx, skin (melanoma), and soft tissues. In principle, if an oncological process is suspected, material for research can be obtained from any place, albeit using different methods. For example, using fine needle aspiration biopsy. Most often this is done if there are doubts regarding the health of the dairy or thyroid gland where cytological diagnostics plays main role , because histological verification is provided only during surgical intervention

(urgent histology) and after organ removal.

Oncocytology Oncocytology involves microscopic analysis (study of cellular composition

and the state of cell organelles) material suspicious of an oncological process and taken from any accessible place.

• In this regard, patients should not be surprised by smears for oncocytology, prepared not only from scrapings of the female genital organs, but also fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNA): Enlarged regional lymph nodes (cancer of the larynx, nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses, salivary glands
• , penile cancer, eye tumors, etc.);
• Seals and nodes of the mammary and thyroid glands.

Detection and diagnosis of malignant neoplasms of soft tissues, skin, lips, mucous membranes of the mouth and nose, cancer of the direct or colon, bone tumors often begin with the examination of smears-imprints. And then FNA of the changed lymph nodes and/or histological diagnosis (histology) is added. For example, if a tumor of the rectum or colon is suspected, cytology is the first stage of diagnosis, but cannot replace histology.

It should be noted that some organs are not subjected to histological analysis until surgery, after all, you can’t cut off a piece of fabric in a dairy or thyroid gland and send for research. IN similar cases– the main hope is in cytology, and here it is important not to make a mistake and not create the risk of removing an organ that could be saved by other methods.

A smear for oncocytology during a preventive gynecological examination or for the purpose of identifying oncological pathology(squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva, cervix and vagina) is taken by a gynecologist or midwife, applied to a glass slide and transferred to the cytology laboratory for staining (according to Romanovsky-Giemsa, Pappenheim, Papanicolaou) and examination. It will take no more than an hour to prepare the drug (the smear must first be dried and then painted). Viewing will also take no more time if the drugs are of high quality. In short, for cytology you need glasses, paint prepared in advance, immersion oil, a good microscope, eyes and the knowledge of a doctor.

The analysis is performed by a cytologist, but in other cases, smears during screening after medical examinations are entrusted to an experienced laboratory assistant who is well acquainted with variants of the norm (normal – cytogram without features). However, the slightest doubt is the basis for transferring the smear to a doctor, who will make the final decision (refer to a specialist, suggest histological examination, if possible). TO gynecological smears We will return to oncocytology a little lower, but for now I would like to introduce the reader to what oncocytology is in general and how it differs from histology.

Cytology and histology – one science or different?

What is the difference between cytology and histology? I would like to raise this question due to the fact that many people in non-medical professions do not see the differences between these two areas and consider cytological diagnosis to be a section included in histological analysis.

A cytogram shows the structure and condition of a cell and its organelles. Clinical cytology (and its important branch - oncocytology) is one of the sections of clinical laboratory diagnostics, aimed at searching pathological processes, including tumor cells that change the state of cells. To evaluate a cytological preparation, there is a special scheme that the doctor adheres to:

• Stroke background;
• Assessment of the condition of cells and cytoplasm;
• Calculation of nuclear plasma index (NPI);
• Kernel state (shape, size, condition nuclear membrane and chromatin, presence and characteristics of nucleoli);
• The presence of mitoses and the height of mitotic activity.

There are two types of cytology:

1. Simple cytological examination, including taking a smear, applying it to a glass slide, drying and staining according to Romanovsky, Pappenheim or Papanicolaou (depending on the dyes and methods used by the laboratory) and viewing the smear under a microscope, first at low (x400) and then at high magnification (x1000) with immersion;
2. Liquid oncocytology, opening up new perspectives, allowing the doctor to most accurately determine the state of the cell, its nucleus and cytoplasm. Liquid oncocytology is, first of all, the use of modern high-tech equipment (Cytospin) for the isolation and uniform distribution of cells on glass, preserving their structure, which ensures lung doctor identification cellular material after staining microslides in special automatic devices. Liquid oncocytology undoubtedly provides fairly high reliability and accuracy of results, but significantly increases the cost of cytological analysis.

Oncocytological diagnosis is carried out by a cytologist and, of course, in order to see all this, he uses immersion and high magnification microscope, otherwise the changes occurring in the nucleus are simply impossible to notice. While describing the smear and establishing its type (simple, inflammatory, reactive), the doctor simultaneously interprets the smear. Due to the fact that cytology is more descriptive in nature than establishing an accurate diagnosis, the doctor can afford to write the diagnosis under a question mark (in histology this is not accepted; the pathologist gives an unambiguous answer).

As for histology, this science studies tissues which, when preparing specimens (biopsy, autopsy), are cut into thin layers using special equipment - a microtome.

Preparation of a histological specimen (fixation, wiring, filling, cutting, staining) is a rather labor-intensive process, requiring not only a highly qualified laboratory technician, but also a long time. The histology (series of specimens) is “reviewed” by pathologists and a final diagnosis is made.

Currently, traditional histology is increasingly being replaced by a new, more progressive direction - immunohistochemistry, which expands the possibilities of histopathological microscopic examination of affected tissues.

Gynecological oncocytology (cervix) A smear is taken during a gynecological examination using a cytobrush, and then the material is placed on glass (for liquid oncocytology, a removable cytobrush is used, which, together with the material, is immersed in a bottle with a special medium). Oncocytology of the cervix, as a rule, is not limited to one smear (vaginal portion of the cervix), since there is a need to study the epithelium of the cervical (cervical) canal. This happens because the most problematic area in relation to the oncological process is the junction zone (transformation zone)

– the place of transition of the multilayered squamous epithelium of the vaginal part of the cervix (ectocervix) into the single-layer prismatic (cylindrical) epithelium of the cervical canal (endocervix). Of course, it is unacceptable to “slap” both smears on one glass during diagnosis (this is only possible during a medical examination), because they can get mixed up and the smear will turn out to be inadequate.

In a smear from the cervix of a young healthy woman, you can see cells of the superficial and intermediate layer (in various proportions) of non-keratinizing four-layer squamous epithelium growing from the basal cell, which is normally located deep and does not enter the smear, as well as cells of the prismatic epithelium of the cervical canal. Differentiation and maturation of epithelial layers occurs under the influence of sex hormones (phase I of the cycle - estrogens, phase II - progesterone), therefore smears in healthy women different phases They also differ during pregnancy, pre- and postmenopause, and after radiation and chemotherapy exposure. For example, the presence of more than 10% of superficial cells in a smear of an elderly woman makes one wary, because their appearance, in addition to inflammation, leukoplakia, vaginal dermatosis, may indicate the development of a tumor of the genital organs, breast, and adrenal glands. That is why the referral for a smear for oncocytology always indicates:

• Woman's age;
• Cycle phase or gestational age;
• The presence of an intrauterine device;
• Gynecological operations (removal of the uterus, ovaries);
• Radiation and chemotherapy treatment (reaction of the epithelium to these types of therapeutic effects).

If necessary (if the hormonal type of smear does not correspond to age and clinical data), the doctor conducts a hormonal assessment using vaginal preparations.

Issues of cervical carcinogenesis

Human papillomavirus

Issues of cervical carcinogenesis are often associated with the penetration into the body of a chronic resistant infection such as the human papillomavirus (HPV) high risk. Human papillomavirus (HPV) can only be detected by indirect signs(koilocytes, multinucleated cells, parakeratosis) and even then, after the virus was activated, it left the nucleus of the basal cell of the transition zone into its cytoplasm and “moved” to the more superficial epithelial layers. The conclusion “mucosal epithelium with signs of papillomavirus infection” is worthy special attention, because HPV, for the time being, “sitting quietly”, can lead to the development of a precancerous and then a malignant process.

Thus, the identification and study of this DNA virus is very important in oncocytology, since it relates to the factors of malignant transformation of stratified squamous epithelial cells into cervical precancer - dysplasia (CIN), Not invasive cancer in situ and finally into invasive tumor diseases.

Unfortunately, in a smear for oncocytology in women without dysplasia, but with high-risk HPV, the detection dangerous virus does not reach even 10%. However, with dysplasia this figure increases to 72%.

It should be noted that signs of HPV infection in a smear are most noticeable in mild and moderate dysplasia, but practically do not appear in severe CIN, so other research methods are required to identify the virus.

Dysplasia

A cytological diagnosis of dysplasia (CIN I, II, III) or cancer in situ is already considered bad oncocytology (the term is not entirely correct, more correctly “bad cytogram”).

Dysplasia is a morphological concept. Its essence boils down to disruption of the normal layering in multilayered squamous epithelium and access to different levels a layer of cells of the basal and parabasal type (cells of the lower layers that do not normally appear in a smear of a young healthy woman) with characteristic changes in the nucleus and high mitotic activity.

Depending on the depth of the lesion, there are weak (CIN I), moderate (CIN II), severe (CIN III) degrees of dysplasia. It is almost impossible to distinguish the preinvasive form of cancer (carcinoma in situ) from severe dysplasia in an oncocytology smear. Cancer that has not left the basal layer (cr in situ) can be difficult to differentiate from CIN III during histological analysis, but the pathologist always sees invasion, if it exists and the fragment of the neck in which it occurs is included in the preparation. When identifying the degree of dysplasia, the cytologist takes the following criteria as a basis:

• Weak degree (CIN I) is assigned if 1/3 of basal type cells are detected in smears of a young healthy woman in the absence of signs of inflammation. Of course, mild dysplasia will not develop into a malignant tumor overnight, but in 10% of patients it will reach a severe stage in less than 10 years and in 1% it will transform into invasive cancer. If there are still signs of inflammation, then when deciphering the smear, the doctor notes: “Inflammatory type of smear, dyskaryosis (changes in the nucleus)”;
• Moderate the degree of dysplasia (2/3 of the field is occupied by cells of the basal layer) should be distinguished from the cytological picture in menopause (to exclude overdiagnosis of CIN II), but on the other hand, the identification of such cells with dyskaryosis in reproductive age gives every reason to make a diagnosis: CIN II or write: “The changes found correspond to moderate dysplasia.” Such dysplasia develops into invasive cancer in 5% of cases;
• Oncocytology of the cervix captures well expressed (heavy) degree of dysplasia. In this case, the doctor writes in the affirmative (CIN III) and urgently sends the woman for further examination and treatment (the risk of developing cancer under such circumstances is 12%).

cervical dysplasia

Oncocytology of the cervix shows not only the inflammatory process and dysplastic changes in the stratified squamous epithelium. With the help of cytological analysis it is possible to identify other neoplastic processes and malignant tumors in this area (squamous cell carcinoma, glandular hyperplasia with atypia of type I, II, III dysplasia, cervical adenocarcinoma of varying degrees of differentiation, leiomyosarcoma, etc.), and according to statistics, the coincidence of the cytological interpretation of the smear and the histology conclusions is noted in 96% of cases.

Inflammation

Although the cytologist’s task is not to review the smear for flora, nevertheless, the doctor pays attention to it, since flora often explains the cause of inflammation and reactive changes epithelium. The inflammatory process in the cervix can be caused by any microflora, therefore a distinction is made between nonspecific and specific inflammation.

Nonspecific inflammation occurs:

• Acute(up to 10 days) – the smear is characterized by the presence of a large number of neutrophilic leukocytes;
• Subacute and chronic when in the smear, in addition to leukocytes, lymphocytes, histiocytes, macrophages, including multinucleated ones, appear. It should be noted that a simple accumulation of leukocytes cannot be perceived as inflammation.

The cytological picture of specific inflammation is determined by the influence of specific pathogens that enter the body and begin their development in the genital organs of the new host. It can be:

Thus, inflammation can be caused by the presence of various pathogens of a bacterial and viral nature, of which there are about 40 species (only a few of them are given as an example above).

table: norms of smear results for women, V - material from the vagina, C - cervical canal (cervix), U - urethra

As for opportunistic bacterial flora and leukocytes, the whole point here is their number in each phase of the cycle. For example, if a cytologist clearly sees an inflammatory type of smear, and the cycle is coming to an end or has just begun, then the presence of a large number of leukocytes cannot in any way be considered as a sign of inflammation, because the smear was taken from a non-sterile area and such reactivity only indicates that menstruation will begin soon ( or just finished). The same picture is observed during the period of ovulation, when the mucus plug comes off (there are many leukocytes, but they are small, dark, immersed in mucus). However, with a truly atrophic smear, which is typical for older women, the presence of a large number of surface cells and even a small flora already indicates an inflammatory process.

Video: smear for oncocytology and how to take it correctly

The task of every modern woman of any age is to carefully monitor her health, and, of course, gynecological health too. To do this, once a year you need to undergo a full medical examination, take all recommended tests, including conducting research such as oncocytology. What is it and why is the result of this analysis so important? This will be discussed in this article.

Oncocytology—what is it?

Cervical cancer is one of the most common women's diseases, which doctors and scientists around the world are fighting. Taking allows you to detect cancer cells and start appropriate treatment as early as possible, which is why such an analysis is considered extremely important.

An oncocytological study involves taking a smear from the vagina and cervix, as well as examining and analyzing the bilayer epithelium covering the cervix.

The first layer of epithelium, a cylindrical single layer, covers the cervix from the side of the cervical canal. The second layer, flat and multi-layered, covers the vagina.

Studying the structure of these layers of epithelium under a microscope allows you to see how healthy the cells are and determine whether any of them are mutated, that is, cancerous.

Analysis for oncocytology of the cervix detects not only the presence of altered cells, but also shows the presence of any inflammatory process or any other changes in the epithelium. Many diseases found on early stage, are amenable to successful treatment.

Indications for taking an analysis for oncocytology

Taking a smear for oncocytology is indicated for all women starting from 18 years of age.

According to statistics, even women who do not have bad habits those involved in sports and presenters healthy image life, however, are susceptible to cancer.

Therefore, all representatives of the fair sex who have reached the age of majority are required to take an analysis for oncocytology of the cervix. This should be done both when suspicion arises and for preventive purposes.

If cervical pathology is detected, the test should be taken at least 2 times a year. IN for preventive purposes One study every 12 months is sufficient.

Human papillomavirus is a mandatory indication for oncocytological research, since it is this virus that most often causes the formation of cancer processes.

In addition to the main indications, a cervical smear for oncocytology is prescribed for women with menstrual irregularities, infertility, complaints of pain in the lower abdomen, and prolonged hormonal treatment. Women who have close relatives with cancer are also at risk.

Oncocytology for older women

There is a misconception that women's problems with the sexual sphere disappear after menopause. This misconception leads to doctors discovering deeply advanced cancers, which are sometimes impossible to cure. Therefore, it would not be amiss to remind mothers and grandmothers that an oncocytology test is required annually, regardless of elderly age and health status.

Oncocytology for pregnant women

Every woman should know about the need for such an analysis as oncocytology, what it is and why it is needed, even at the stage of pregnancy planning.

The most correct thing would be to take a one-time test before the expected pregnancy, especially for women who have reached the age of thirty and older. Indeed, during pregnancy, all diseases tend to worsen sharply, which can lead to fetal loss and various complications.

During pregnancy, the doctor prescribes oncocytological studies three times. However, if there is a threat of miscarriage, the doctor may cancel the procedure, since taking this type of analysis involves some intervention, which can harm the pregnancy. In each case, the doctor makes a decision individually.

How is an oncocytology test taken?

The cells are collected by pinching off a small amount of epithelium from the surface of the cervix. To do this, the midwife uses a set of sterile instruments consisting of a brush and a special spatula.

The procedure does not require the administration of painkillers, as it is completely painless. However, many patients are afraid of some deformation of the epithelial surface and painful sensations, but this is fundamentally wrong.

The vaginal area is not damaged in any way, the structure of the epithelium remains intact, since no trace remains from the sample collection. The analysis is absolutely non-traumatic and will not cause the woman to experience pain or discomfort.

After taking the test, spotting may be observed for one to two days, which goes away without treatment.

The collected analysis is placed on a sterile piece of glass; there can be up to 3 pieces of glass. They are then treated with a fixing solution and coloring solutions are added.

In the laboratory, a morphologist examines cells under a microscope and issues his conclusion. Based on the results of the cytological report, the attending physician prescribes appropriate treatment.

Preparation for the procedure

The patient’s health and life depend on the results of any analysis, and a smear for oncocytology is no exception. The results of the analysis will depend, among other things, on how correctly the woman prepared for the procedure.

It’s worth mentioning right away that you can’t take the test during the menstrual cycle, or if you have any other bloody discharge. Immediately before the start of menstruation or immediately after its end is the best time when it is recommended to take a smear for oncocytology. Inflammation of the external genital organs will also be a contraindication.

In order to get the most reliable result, two days before the examination it is recommended to avoid sexual relations, avoid douching, and not use a tampon, any creams, ointments and vaginal suppositories.

Before taking a smear for oncocytology, the results of which will largely depend on how thoroughly the woman has prepared, it is not recommended to visit a gynecologist or perform any manipulations on the gynecological chair for 48 hours. All visits to the doctor must be rescheduled for any time after the test.

Types of oncocytology

The type of analysis for onccytology can be of two forms:

• simple oncocytology;
• liquid oncocytology.

When performing liquid oncocytology, the taken material is not smeared on glass, as during simple oncocytology, but is lowered onto a special brush into a bottle with a special medium. The analysis is preserved inside the liquid, turning into an even layer of washed cells.

This method of taking analysis is innovative; it is not used in all clinics. Liquid oncocytology allows the cytologist to obtain the most reliable result.

Analysis transcript

After in treatment room The woman underwent oncocytology; the analysis is deciphered in the laboratory by a cytologist, which usually takes about two weeks.

There are five classes of cervical condition:

1. First class is the norm. This means that not a single atypical cell was found in the smear. All cells are of normal shape and size.
2. The second class - the presence of an inflammatory process, for example, colpitis, is noted.
3. Third class - present in a smear in small quantities. A repeat analysis is required.
4. Fourth class - there are malignant cells in the smear.
5. Fifth class - all cells in the smear are atypical. The likelihood of cancer is high.

However, it is worth knowing that an oncocytology test is not an accurate indicator of cancer; it only indicates changes occurring in cells for subsequent more thorough study.

The final diagnosis is made by the doctor after conducting a number of tests and studies, as well as observing symptoms.

Also contains the following data:

1. Cervical smear from the canal - assesses the condition of the squamous epithelium from the vaginal side and from the cervical canal.
2. Vaginal smear - examines the cells of the stratified squamous epithelium covering the vaginal part of the cervix.

For a reliable result, a sufficient amount of test material is required. Otherwise, the doctor in the conclusion indicates an inadequate (insufficient for the study) amount of the drug.

Oncocytology during inflammation

For preventive purposes or if there is suspicion of gynecological disease The doctor prescribes oncocytology. Inflammation, if present, can prevent cancer cells from being identified.

In this case, you need to take a simple smear for microflora to determine the source of infection, as well as be tested for sexually transmitted diseases.

After treatment, the oncocytology test should be repeated. It will show whether the treatment helped and will reliably determine the presence of cancer cells in the smear.

Negative results

If an oncocytology test shows the presence of cancer cells, first of all, you need to not panic. A deviation from the norm most often does not mean that a woman is developing malignant neoplasms and that the situation cannot be corrected.

As studies show, a bad smear for oncocytology occurs quite often, and the uterus is much less common.

A qualified doctor will explain what type of abnormalities have been identified and prescribe additional tests, such as colposcopy or biopsy.

In any case, it should be remembered that an abnormal smear for oncocytology is not always evidence of the presence of cancer in a woman.

Every modern woman should be informed about the importance of such an analysis as oncocytology, what it is and why the analysis is so necessary for the timely detection of cancer.

Oncocytology is a microscopic examination that allows for timely detection.

A smear is taken from the cervix and cervical canal. During the procedure, biomaterial from different layers of tissue that lines the cervix is ​​examined.

Studying the structure of the epithelium makes it possible to determine how healthy the cells are and whether there are any mutated ones among them.

The analysis reveals not only the oncological component, but also various inflammatory processes. Thanks to timely diagnosis, most ailments can be successfully treated.

Indications

The study is relevant not only for the manifestations of any disease, but also for preventive purposes.

If the doctor suspects cancer, the test is compulsory. But a woman can always refuse the study.

The indication for the study is planning pregnancy. Must be carried out in the second and third trimester. The results are entered into the exchange card and taken into account when choosing a method of delivery. If the cervix is ​​damaged during childbirth, then it is necessary to carry out diagnostics several times a year.

Oncocytology is one of those procedures that is prescribed to girls and women, regardless of their lifestyle. For people under 30 years of age, it is done once a year. After passing this border, the risk of getting sick is much higher. Therefore, a smear test is required twice a year.

Direct indications for the study are:

• menstrual irregularities,
• erosion,
• presence of cancer patients among close relatives.

Representatives of the fairer sex who smoke, have various immunodeficiencies, and infections of the reproductive system should pay special attention to their health. An indication for diagnosis is a deficiency of vitamins A and C.

Sometimes you may hear that after menopause, diseases of the genital tract may disappear. This opinion is erroneous: women of Balzac age and older need to undergo cytology once every 12 months.

If the requirement is not observed, cancer cells may be discovered that are very difficult or impossible to cure.

Types of cytology

There are two main types of diagnostics:

• simple,
• liquid.

They differ in the technique used and the use of special equipment.

Simple

This type involves applying biomaterial to glass. In this case, a smear is taken only from a certain area. The disadvantage of the method is that it can show the presence or absence of a disease, but it is not always possible to draw a conclusion about quantitative characteristics virus.

The specificity of the study is that the doctor takes the material and makes a “smear-imprint”. To do this, touch the entire surface of the slide with a brush. It is then dried, placed in packaging and sent to the laboratory.

Liquid

It differs from the previous version in that the taken material is completely immersed in a container with special composition. At the same time, the morphological and biological properties of the cell are preserved. You can store such material for any amount of time.

The liquid medium in which the taken material is placed protects the cells from bacteria, premature drying and damage. This material remains resistant to temperature changes. A kind of preservation occurs inside the liquid, so the biomaterial turns into an even layer of washed cells.

Preparing for analysis

The study does not guarantee an accurate result if the study was carried out against the background of an inflammatory process. It is recommended to take it after treatment and not during menstrual bleeding.

For two days you should abstain from sexual relations, the use of tampons, creams and medications. You are allowed to take a vertical shower the day before. It is best to avoid taking a bath. All these factors can lead to incorrect examination results.

Technique for taking a smear for oncocytology

The gynecologist does not pinch off a large number of epithelium from the surface of the cervix. There is no pain or painful sensations.

After collecting the analysis, in rare cases, small red discharge is noted.

Usually they do not require correction and end that day or the next.

The tools used are a special cervical brush or spatula. They are inserted into the vagina, and after taking the analysis, the material is placed on glass or in a container with liquid.

What do oncocytology results show, interpretation and norm

There are five classes of cervical condition:

The result of oncocytology can be positive or negative. In the first case, the cells are carefully studied to determine the type of pathology. The final diagnosis is made based on the results of a comprehensive diagnosis.

Cytological studies may contain information about:

• Smear from the cervical canal. Then cells are normally found columnar epithelium without change. Sometimes metaplastic epithelium appears in small quantities. It is considered a variant of the norm. Indicate that the analysis was taken from the transition zone.
• Vaginal smear. In it, stratified squamous epithelial cells are considered the norm.

If any changes are detected, the cytologist must describe them in detail. If atypical cells are detected, colposcopy is performed. This method allows you to study cells under a microscope.

How many days does it take for results to be prepared?

In the laboratory, an oncocytology analysis is prepared from 3 to 5 days to obtain an overall picture. If there is a change in cells, then the study takes place in several stages.

Therefore you will have to wait best case scenario at least a week. Cytological examination in municipal clinics it is usually ready within two weeks.

Diagnostic price

The test is carried out in almost all clinics. In municipal and federal districts you can get diagnosed for free by medical policy. To do this, you will first have to make an appointment with a gynecologist.

In private clinics, a standard (simple) test is cheaper than a liquid test. The difference is almost double. Please note that the price lists usually include the cost of the analysis itself, without consulting a gynecologist. In some it is implemented comprehensive program cancer research. As part of this, a smear is also taken.

Oncocytology allows you to identify cancer cells even at the very beginning of the disease. At positive result a more thorough approach to examining the body is required.

Video about analysis for oncocytology of HPV and Pap test: