How do animals differ from other living organisms? Animals are a special group of organisms
Differences between animals and other groups of living beings
There are many millions of species of living beings on Earth. How do animals differ from other living beings?
One would like to say that animals are capable of actively moving, while other living beings are motionless or produce passive movements. As a rule, this is true. However, motile plant flagellates are known, and some animals, for example among coelenterates, such as polyps and corals, are immobile.
Between these sheets there may be a matrix that is not true cellular tissue and does not contain a differentiated organ. Some classify sponges in this group, but jellyfish are the best example. Organisms in which tissue forms organs, such as for platygminths, and where the ocelli, digestive tract, and reproductive organs, and finally, the organisms of the organ systems, which make up the main part, are distinguished. They have one or more circulatory systems for several vital fluids, specialized respiratory system, digestive system, nerve network for perception, etc. annelids are one of the simplest examples.
Another important common feature In all animals, this is a feature in the structure of their cells. The animal cell does not have a dense outer shell, like in plants.
The main difference between protozoa, or single-celled animals, and multicellular animals.
We already know that the main difference between unicellular and multicellular animals is that the protozoan cell behaves and functions as an independent organism, while the cell of multicellular animals acts only as a part of a complex organism, it is adapted to perform only a certain function. In multicellular animals, individual cells become dependent on others, and the state of the entire organism depends on the coordinated activity of all cells. In a multicellular organism, homogeneous groups of specialized cells are combined into tissues; Tissues that differ in their functions form organs, and a group of organs is united into an organ system. All these groups must work in concert to ensure the life of a single organism.
Do multicellular organisms have an advantage over unicellular ones? Yes. It is expressed in the fact that multicellular organism there are more opportunities to survive in case unfavorable conditions. So, if you destroy cell wall single-celled organism, it dies. If this happens to a cell of a multicellular organism, it continues to live. Moreover, in multicellular animals, lost parts can be restored, for example, in the hydra and earthworm.
Elementary forms Sponge Sea sponge. Animal cells are heterotrophic, meaning they must eat to survive, unlike plants. The sponges' strategy is simply to filter the water that passes through them to capture prey. This strategy does not require complex structure or coordinated movement.
Sponges form the simplest organization: they are colonies of cells, practically undifferentiated, without real internal structures and not functioning. These are animals without a nervous system or digestive tract. Their body is formed by only two layers of cells Polyp: Hydra, coral and jellyfish Sea anemone.
Test yourself
1. What kingdoms do scientists divide living nature into?
Plants, Animals, Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi.
2. What is the structure of a cell?
The main parts are the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, organoids
3. What is the difference between plant and bacterial cells?
Bacterial cells lack basic organelles and a nucleus. Plants are eukaryotes, Bacteria are prokaryotes.
The formula developed by this group is to push food towards the stomach, where it can be digested without escaping. This innovative strategy allows it to feed on larger prey. By gradually acquiring animal characteristics, this evolution involves two things: cells become specialized and the organism gains the ability to assume a specific shape, so that efficient tentacles can push their prey towards an efficient stomach cavity. Worm Medicinal leech.
The main strategy of worm organizations is to move to get food rather than wait to achieve it. This strategy allows the use of organic waste, which may have a high nutritional value, but don't move. Having gone through the course of sponges and polyps, all complex organisms are bilaterians that arise from a fundamental pattern: the tube.
4. What is fauna?
This is the totality of all species of animals living on our planet.
5. How do animals differ from other organisms?
They feed on ready-made organic substances, are mobile, grow only up to a certain period, have sense organs, and complex relationships with each other and with the outside world.
The simplest verses mark an additional qualitative step in relation to the Cnidarians: nerve cells organized into a coherent nervous system, the prototype of what would become the brains of higher animals. This is the ability to move and react to environment, which leads us to believe that the degree of vulmogenic organization is the first truly “animal” stage.
The second important invention of worms is the presence of a digestive tract and alimentary canal: at one end the mouth absorbs food, and at the other end the anus secretes waste between the "outer tube", which forms the skin and the "inner tube", which is the alimentary canal, intermediate tissue, mesoderm , can develop and form internal organs more and more complex.
6. What organisms are called protozoa?
These are organisms consisting of one cell or having a very simple structure.
7. What is the role of mushrooms in nature?
They are destroyers of organic matter into its constituent parts, which can then be absorbed by plants.
8. Name measures to prevent mushroom poisoning.
1. You should only collect mushrooms that you know well. Unfamiliar and questionable mushrooms should not be taken.
2. You should not collect old, overgrown mushrooms, although they are not wormy.
3. Mushrooms are a perishable product and cannot be stored for a long time, especially in a warm place.
4. Under no circumstances should you taste an unknown mushroom. You should not eat mushrooms raw.
5. When collecting champignons, be sure to look at the color of the plates, which should be pink and even black (in old specimens). The champignon's counterpart, the toadstool, has white plates.
6. Lamellar mushrooms that have a tuberous thickening on the lower part of the stem, like those of the toadstool and fly agaric, should not be taken under any circumstances.
7. When collecting honey mushrooms, never take mushrooms similar to them with a brightly colored shiny cap.
8. To prepare mushroom dishes, you should take only clearly edible mushrooms, without wormholes or signs of rotting, thoroughly washed; Mushrooms are well boiled or fried.
In a protostome, two openings of the digestive tract are formed from a blastopore, whose lips are close to form a canal by longitudinal welding. Worms are at the beginning of evolution's second major invention: segmentation. This invention also appears to have been made in several different branches. Vermiform radiation explosion. Flatworm.
The opening of the digestive tract and the ability to move was a winning formula: worm-like organisms are highly versatile and can serve as the basis for various types life. This is called a radiation explosion: from a common underlying pattern, the shapes take diverging paths as if they were radiating from a central explosion. All other more advanced organizational schemes are based on this fundamental type: they are somewhat complex verses.
9. How do bacteria feed?
There are autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria (the latter are saprotrophic, that is, they feed on dead organic matter).
10. Why is it necessary to study viruses?
Because they - non-cellular form life, are very interesting for science, viruses also cause diseases. By studying viruses, scientists find ways to cure diseases.
The main groups that fall under the level of Wulfic organization are. Flatworms, especially flat, especially simple organizations, roundworms or nematodes, are more typical representatives of unsegmented worms, and segmented worms are elementary representatives of the segmented form of organization.
A strong level of organization is not maintained among all doubles. Organisms such as shells are more similar to sponge or coral forms than worms, which is usually the case for forms that revert to a vegetative lifestyle. Finally, this form of organization is complex in three ways, the solid parts of which can leave fossils.
11. Name the main groups of plants.
Flowering plants, Gymnosperms, Mosses, Horsetails, Ferns, Mosses, Algae
12. Why do plants have different tissues?
The tissues each perform their own functions, which allows all plant organs to form a single organism.
13. Where do lichens grow?
They live everywhere where there is moisture. They are the first to inhabit habitats - rocks, lifeless places. Then they are replaced by more developed organisms. Lichens continue to exist on trees, walls of houses, and on the ground.
Molluscs that acquire a rigid structure with a shell; Arthropods, which organize themselves within an exoskeleton, Vertebrates, which organize themselves around an internal skeleton. Mollusks develop from a worm-like organization. A functionality that appears to condition primitive mollusks appears to be defensive to protect themselves from active predators: the acquisition of calcareous plates to protect their backs. Therefore, these primitive mollusks should look like polyplacophorans, but this type is now very marginal.
Molluscs include the following important classes. Gastropods are bivalves cephalopods. Arthropods Monarch. By general formula arthropod worms have introduced several innovations. Segmentation, shared by many other organisms, is to elongate the body by repeating segments of the same anatomy. Formation of locomotor paws. Tentacles that act like legs are present in some worms. Transformation of the epidermis into a hard skeleton, exoskeleton.
14. Why is the plant called an autotroph?
The plant itself creates organic substances from inorganic ones with the help of the sun.
15. What animals does a person keep at home? Why does he need this?
For food - livestock, for guarding and hunting - dogs, for transport - deer (some nationalities) and dogs, for wool - sheep, goats, etc. For aesthetic pleasure - cats, birds, etc.
This winning formula is general form centipedes. This was just at the beginning of a new radiation explosion, in which various formulas were being explored for the transformation of one or another group of legs in the jaws, antennae, specialized legs, or their regression in the tail.
The cranial branch is by far the largest of all species and most individuals in the entire animal kingdom and contains more than one and a half million modern arthropods. Main question, which apparently structured its distribution: how many legs does it take to get around? Main article: Arthropods. For swimmers: fish. Mandarin fish, an example of a bone fish.
Complete tasks
A. 1. bacterial cell has a simpler structure, smaller size, and lacks a nucleus and organelles. The protozoan cell has a nucleus, is larger, and has organelles (chloroplasts and others).
2. fungi and animals are heterotrophs (they feed on ready-made organic substances), plants are autotrophs (they themselves create organic substances from inorganic ones with the help of the sun).
The essential feature that originally structured this order was the ability to float in water. But this ability did not lead to a radiation explosion: by itself it does not provide sufficient functional autonomy for organisms to specialize very freely.
Main articles: Amphibian, Reptile, Aves, and Mammals. Tetrapods, four-membered animals, had a radiation explosion after gaining the ability to move on land. However, some groups of species, such as cetaceans or snakes, retain only remnants of members as a result of their evolution.
3. because plants and fungi feed on ready-made organic substances that plants create.
B. 1.b
2.g
3.b
B. 1. Lichen.
2. animals.
3. mushroom root.
4. plants.