Healthy lifestyle. GDZ on OBZH (Fundamentals of Health) Individual and public health

Purpose: To understand the main criteria for health and the impact of bad habits on his condition.

Literature:

1. Textbook "OBZh" 10-11 cells. AST - LTD. M., 2000 .

2. Magazines "Military knowledge" No. 6 - 1996, p. 32, No. 8 - 1997, art. 43.

3. Magazine "OBZH" No. 9 - 2005, p. 8.

“Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being” - Charter of the World Health Organization.

“Well-being is a calm and happy state” (Ozhegov's dictionary)

The definition of health contains 5 criteria:

1. Absence of disease.

2. Normal functioning of the body

3. Complete physical, spiritual, mental and social well-being.

4. Ability to adapt to a changing environment.

5. Ability to fully fulfill the main social functions(work)

Health is divided into individual and public.

Public is the health of society, depends on state program aimed at preserving and strengthening the health of the population, allocating financial resources for its implementation.

Individual divided into spiritual and physical.

The spiritual is a system of thought, the absence of mental disorders, negative thoughts and desires.

Physical - normal work the whole organism.

If you take health - 100% what it consists of:

heredity - 20%

environment - 20%

IL (individual lifestyle) - 50%

health status - 10%

ILI is an individual system of human behavior.

Factors positively affecting health :

1. Compliance with the regime of the day (work, food, rest, sleep)

2. Rational nutrition

3. Motor activity

4. Hardening

5. Good relationships with people

Factors that negatively affect health :

1. Bad habits (smoking, alcohol, drugs)

2. Emotional and mental stress

3. Bad environment

Bad habits:

1. Alcohol - a narcotic poison that paralyzes brain cells.

7 grams of alcohol per 1 kg of body weight is a lethal dose. 80 grams of alcohol remain in the blood for 24 hours. From 100 grams of vodka, 7.5 thousand actively working brain cells die.

There are 3 degrees of intoxication:

Easy- an increase in mood, cheerfulness, contentment, a person is cheerful, noisy, filled with sympathy for others. There is self-confidence, a tendency to boast, there is a desire to speak, to demonstrate strength and dexterity. Speech is fast and loud. Lasts 30 minutes - 3 hours.

Medium- rude flat jokes, abuse. Difficulty shifting attention. Hidden feelings of resentment, jealousy, infringed justice are easily exposed. Unceremonious behavior, the feeling of shame is lost, sexual disinhibition appears. Lasts several hours, then sleep, severe sobering up with a long-lasting feeling of weakness, thirst, lack of appetite.

heavy- Difficulty perceiving the environment. Speech is slurred, its understanding is lost. Nausea, vomiting, involuntary urination, defecation. Sobering up slowly, over several days, sleep is disturbed, there is no appetite.

Effect on the body:

1. Disturbance of balance, coordination, attention - the cause of accidents.

2. chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver.

3. The regulation of vascular tone is disturbed, heartbeat irreversible changes in brain cells.

4. Negative effect on the endocrine glands - a decrease in sexual activity.

5. Average life expectancy - 55-57 years.

6. The risk of contracting syphilis, gonorrhea, AIDS increases.

7. Do drinking women- risk of birth of premature and dead children.

8. Drinking parents have a risk of giving birth to oligophrenics.

2. Smoking - this is a bad habit, consists in inhaling the smoke of smoldering tobacco.

*Active start tobacco smoke is nicotine, which instantly enters the bloodstream through the alveoli of the lungs. Nicotine is a strong poison, a lethal dose of 1 mg per 1 kg of body weight, i.e. 50-70 mg (1/2 pack). Every year 5 million people die in the world.

*In addition, the smoke contains carbon monoxide, hydrocyanic acid, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, ammonia, tar (resin). There are about 100 chemical compounds in tar, but the most dangerous are the radioactive isotope of potassium and arsenic, which cause cancer.

Effect on the body:

1. Harmful effect on the nervous system, first exciting, then depressing.

2. Memory and attention are weakening.

3. Violation of tooth enamel, deposition of tobacco tar.

4. The risk of developing bronchitis, stomach ulcers.

6. As you get used to it, physical and mental dependence appears.

7. Lung function weakens.

8. The risk of developing coronary heart disease, hypertension.

9. Smoking requires daily expenses.

10. Smoking affects others - passive smoking.

11. Smoking kills 50 times more than AIDS.

3. Addiction

1. Opium addiction. Opiates - opium, heroin, morphine, poppy straw. Signs - narrow pupils, lethargy, detachment, very fast addiction - 1-2 doses. After euphoria comes chills, excruciating pain in the arms, legs, back, insomnia, diarrhea, lack of appetite.

2. Hashishism- these are hemp preparations - hashish, marijuana, marijuana. The symptoms are bloodshot eyes. There is foolishness, laughter, mobility. Further, mood, irritability, anger, and sleep disturbance decrease.

3. Stimulant addiction- ephedrine, ecstasy, LSD, mescaline, cyclodol, diphenhydramine. Hallucinations, hysteria, aggressiveness, ecstasy. Then prolonged insomnia and depression.

4. Sleeping pills addiction- Methadone, Nembutal, Seduxen, Elenium, Nitrozepam. They give the impression of alcohol intoxication.

substance abuse- inhalation of vapors of gasoline, acetone, glue, solvents. The impression of light alcohol intoxication.

Further use of drugs leads to a decrease in euphoria and an increase in the dose, increasing the risk of overdose.

The sole purpose of an addict is to acquire and use the drug.

drugs- This chemical products synthetic or plant origin that have a specific effect on the entire body.

Addiction – serious disease caused by drug abuse.

Questions to control:

1. Health. Main criteria.

2. Factors that positively and negatively affect health.

3. Alcohol, the effect on the body.

4. Smoking, the effect on the body.

5. Drugs, types, influence.

Project on the theme: "Healthy lifestyle".

Target : understand how important it is for a person to lead a healthy lifestyle and follow the rules that will help keep health in order.

Health - this is the main value of life, it occupies the highest level in the hierarchy of human needs. Health - one of the most important components of human happiness and one of the leading conditions for successful social and economic development. Realization of the intellectual, moral, spiritual, physical and reproductive potential is possible only in a healthy society.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

The modern concept of health allows us to highlight its main components -physical, psychological and behavioral.

Physical the component includes the level of growth and development of organs and systems of the body, as well as the current state of their functioning. The basis of this process is morphological and functional transformations and reserves that ensure physical performance and adequate adaptation of a person to external conditions.

Psychologicalcomponent is the state mental sphere, which is determined by motivational-emotional, mental and moral-spiritual components. Its basis is the state of emotional and cognitive comfort, which ensures mental performance and adequate human behavior. This state is due to both biological and social needs, as well as the ability to meet these needs.

behavioral component is outward manifestation human condition. It is expressed in the degree of adequacy of behavior, the ability to communicate. It is based on a life position (active, passive, aggressive) and interpersonal relationships that determine the adequacy of interaction with the external environment (biological and social) and the ability to work effectively.

Modern life conditions put forward increased demands on the health of young people. Therefore, the main thing for young people is to be healthy.

Determining the relationship between social and biological principles in a person makes it possible to identify their impact on human health. Just as in the essence of the person himself it is impossible to separate the biological from the social, so it is impossible to separate the biological and social components of health. The health and disease of an individual is fundamentally biological. But general biological qualities are not fundamental, they are mediated by the social conditions of his life, which are decisive. Not only in the works of individual researchers, but also in documents of international medical organizations talks about the social conditionality of health, that is, about the primary impact on health of social conditions and factors.

social conditions- this is a form of manifestation of production relations, a method of social production, the socio-economic system and the political structure of society.

Social factors- this is a manifestation of social conditions for a particular person: working conditions, recreation, housing, food, education, upbringing, etc.

The WHO Constitution defines health as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease”. But it should be said that there is no single definition now. We can offer the following options for defining health, proposed by Yu.P. Lisitsyn: health is a harmonious unity of biological and social qualities due to congenital and acquired biological and social influences (disease is a violation of this unity); a state that allows you to lead a life not constrained in your freedom, fully perform the functions inherent in a person (primarily labor), lead a healthy lifestyle, that is, experience mental, physical and social well-being.

individual health- the health of the individual. It is evaluated by personal well-being, the presence or absence of diseases, physical condition, etc.

group health- health of individual communities of people: age, professional, etc.

Population health- the health of people living in a certain area.

It is most difficult to define public health. Public health reflects the health of the individuals that make up society, but is not the sum of the health of individuals. Even the WHO has not yet come up with a concise and comprehensive definition of public health. “Public health is such a state of society that provides conditions for an active productive lifestyle, not constrained by physical and mental illness, i.e., this is something without which society cannot create material and spiritual values, this is the wealth of society ”(Yu. P. Lisitsyn).

Public health potential- a measure of the quantity and quality of people's health and its reserves accumulated by society.

Public health index- the ratio of healthy and not healthy lifestyle the life of the population.

Healthy lifestyle- the way of life of an individual in order to prevent diseases and promote health. A healthy lifestyle is a concept of human life aimed at improving and maintaining health through appropriate nutrition, physical fitness, morale and the rejection of bad habits.

Healthy lifestyle elements:

A healthy lifestyle is an active participation in labor, social, family, household, leisure forms of human life.

In a narrow biological sense, we are talking about the physiological adaptive capabilities of a person to environmental influences and changes in conditions. internal environment. Authors writing on this topic include various components in a healthy lifestyle, but most of them are considered basic:

Education from early childhood healthy habits and skills;

Environment: safe and favorable for living, knowledge about the impact of surrounding objects on health;

Refusal of bad habits: self-poisoning with legal drugs (alcoid, tobacco poison) and illegal ones.

Nutrition: moderate, appropriate physiological features a particular person, awareness of the quality of the products used;

Movements: physically active life, including special physical exercise(for example, gymnastics), taking into account age and physiological characteristics;

Body hygiene: compliance with the rules of personal and public hygiene, first aid skills;

hardening;

On the physiological state of a person big influence renders his psycho-emotional state, which depends, in turn, on his mental attitudes. Therefore, some authors also highlight the following additional aspects of a healthy lifestyle:

Emotional well-being: mental hygiene, the ability to cope with one's own emotions, difficult situations;

Intellectual well-being: the ability of a person to recognize and use new information for optimal action in new circumstances;

Spiritual well-being: the ability to establish truly meaningful, constructive life goals and strive for them, optimism.

10 tips for a healthy lifestyle:

There are 10 tips developed international group doctors, nutritionists and psychologists who form the basis of a healthy lifestyle. By following them, we can prolong and make our lives more enjoyable.

1 tip: solving crosswords, studying foreign languages, making calculations in the mind, we train the brain. Thus, the process of age degradation is slowed down. mental abilities; the work of the heart, circulatory system and metabolism is activated.

Tip 2: Work is an important element of a healthy lifestyle. Find a job that suits you and makes you happy. According to scientists, this will help you look younger.

Tip 3: Don't eat too much. Instead of the usual 2,500 calories, manage 1,500. This contributes to the maintenance of cell activity, their unloading. Also, do not go to extremes and eat too little.

Tip 4: The menu should be age appropriate. Liver and nuts will help 30-year-old women slow down the appearance of the first wrinkles. The selenium contained in the kidneys and cheese is useful for men over 40, it helps to relieve stress. After 50, magnesium is needed to keep the heart in shape and bone-healthy calcium, and fish will help protect the heart and blood vessels.

Tip 5: Have your own opinion on everything. A conscious life will help you get depressed and overwhelmed as little as possible.

Tip 7: it is better to sleep in a cool room (at a temperature of 17-18 degrees), this helps to preserve youth. The point is that the temperature environment depends on the metabolism in the body and the manifestation of age-related features.

Tip 8: Move more often. Scientists have proven that even eight minutes of exercise a day prolong life.

Tip 9: Pamper yourself from time to time. Despite recommendations regarding a healthy lifestyle, sometimes allow yourself a tasty treat.

Tip 10: Don't always suppress your anger. Various diseases, even malignant tumors, are more susceptible to people who constantly scold themselves, instead of telling what upsets them, and sometimes arguing.

As a result of mastering and studying the discipline

"Medico-biological foundations of life safety"

the student must:

know:

general patterns of impact physical factors per person;

major occupational and regional diseases;

· tasks and principles of hygienic regulation of hazardous and harmful factors of the environment.

be able to evaluate and explain :

main patterns of formation and regulation physiological functions an organism exposed to various adverse environmental factors;

· combined action several harmful substances;

· combined effect of harmful substances and physical factors (noise, vibration, EMF, etc.) on a person;

to get skills:

- use of norms of harmful and traumatic factors in specific conditions of production, life and other types of habitat to preserve and maintain human health.

The course of lectures on the discipline "Medical and biological foundations

Life Safety"

Safety is an acceptable risk.

BJD is a field of scientific knowledge, studying common hazards that threaten every person and develop appropriate ways to protect against them in any human habitat.

Danger - phenomena, processes, objects, properties of objects that can, under certain conditions, cause damage to human health.

Dangers are by their nature probabilistic (i.e. random), potential (i.e. hidden), permanent (i.e. constant, continuous) and total (i.e. universal). Human health is the natural state of the body, characterizing its balance with the environment and the absence of any painful changes.

Health is the main indicator of human life.

Health- a relative concept corresponding to the optimal state of the body. The WHO defines it as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."

According to this definition, to be healthy is not only not to be sick, but also to have positive physical, mental and social well-being, and these aspects are interconnected.

The main indicators of integral health population are:

The level and harmony of physical development

Level functional state the main systems of the body and the degree of tension of regulatory mechanisms, indicating its reserve capabilities,

The body's resistance to various adverse factors.

Health status is an indicator of the final impact of environmental factors on people. This refers to both negative and positive and protective interactions.

WHO notes that in the cumulative impact on public health 50% takes lifestyle, 20% - habitat, 20% heredity, 10% - quality of health care. But according to scientists' forecasts, in the next 30-40 years, while maintaining the existing trends in the development of the industry, 50-70% of the health of the Russian population will depend on the quality of the environment.

Currently in external environment 4 million toxic substances have been registered, and their number increases by 7 thousand annually, about 100 thousand xenobiotics enter the human body, more than 80% of diseases are caused by environmental stress.

When analyzing various aspects of the impact of OS on human health, priority is given to risk factors that directly lead to the occurrence of diseases.

From the moment of birth, the body enters completely new conditions for itself and is forced to adapt the activity of all its organs and systems to them. In the course of individual development, the factors acting on the body are continuously modified, which requires constant functional restructuring. Thus, the process of adapting an organism to climatic, geographical, industrial, and social conditions is a universal phenomenon.

Under adaptation understand all types of innate and acquired adaptive activity, which are provided by certain physiological reactions occurring at the cellular, organ, system and organism level. Protective-adaptive reactions are regulated by a reflex and humoral way, and the main role in these reactions belongs to GND.

Theory functional systems, formulated by P.K. Anokhin, contributed to the understanding of the patterns of development of the reactions of the whole organism to a changing environment. The systems approach made it possible to explain how the body, with the help of self-regulation mechanisms, provides optimal vital functions and how they are carried out under normal and extreme conditions.

The process of self-regulation is cyclical and is carried out on the basis of the "golden rule" - any deviation from the vital level of any factor serves as an impetus for the immediate mobilization of numerous functional systems, restoring this vitally important adaptive result.

Such useful adaptive results useful for the body are: 1 / indicators of the internal environment - the level of oxygen, nutrients, temperature blood pressure and etc.

2/ results of behavioral activity - food, drink, sexual, etc.

3 / results of social activity - social and individual experience, position in society, etc.

The biological meaning of active adaptation consists in establishing and maintaining the constancy of the internal environment - homeostasis, which allows one to exist in a changed external environment. homeostasis - relative dynamic constancy of the internal environment and some physiological functions of the body (thermoregulation, blood circulation, gas exchange, etc.), supported by self-regulation mechanisms under conditions of fluctuations in internal and external stimuli.

External stimuli- environmental factors in contact with the human body - physical, chemical, psychogenic.

The main constants of homeostasis (body temperature, osmotic pressure of fluids, etc.) are maintained by self-regulation mechanisms that involve the nervous, endocrine, and sensory systems. The range of fluctuations in the parameters of environmental factors, in which the mechanisms of self-regulation function without physiological stress, is small. When parameters deviate from optimal levels, self-regulation mechanisms begin to function with tension, and adaptation mechanisms are activated to maintain homeostasis.

So, adaptation is the process of adapting an organism to changing environmental conditions, i.e. natural, industrial and social conditions.

It provides performance maximum duration life and reproduction of the organism. If the levels of exposure to factors go beyond the adaptive capabilities of the organism, then additional defense mechanisms, counteracting the progression of the pathological process.

Compensatory mechanisms are adaptive reactions aimed at eliminating or weakening functional changes in the body caused by inadequate factors. Compensatory mechanisms serve as an integral part of the body's reserve forces.

Possessing high efficiency, they can maintain a relatively stable homeostasis long enough for the development of stable forms of the adaptation process.

The effectiveness of adaptation depends on the dose of the influencing factor and the individual characteristics of the organism. The dose of exposure and tolerance depend on hereditary characteristics, duration and strength (intensity) of the impact of the factor.

Under extremely strong influences, the stress syndrome can transform into a pathogenetic one and cause the development of diseases.

General concept about health

“In general, 9/10 of our happiness is based on health. With it, everything becomes a source of pleasure, while without it absolutely no external benefits can give pleasure, even subjective benefits: the qualities of the mind, soul, temperament sick state weaken and freeze. It is by no means without reason that we first of all ask each other about health and wish it to each other: it is truly the main condition for human happiness "- so said the famous German philosopher of the 19th century Arthur Schopenhauer. Indeed, health occupies the most important place among human life values .

There is a range definitions of health, but all of them usually contain five of the following criteria:

• absence of diseases;
• normal functioning of the organism in the system "man - environment";
• complete physical, spiritual, mental and social well-being;
• the ability to adapt to constantly changing conditions of existence in the environment;
• ability to fully perform basic social functions.
• There is a concept of individual and public health.

individual health is the health of the individual. Enough is being invested in this concept today broad sense, it implies not only the absence of diseases, but also such forms of human behavior that allow him to improve his life, make it more prosperous, achieve high degree self-realization. For example, the constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO) states that health is "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."

It is possible to achieve well-being only through work aimed at expanding and realizing one's spiritual, physical qualities and social capabilities.

Well-being concerns all aspects of a person's life, and not just his physical condition. Spiritual well-being is associated with the mind, intellect, emotions. Social well-being reflects social ties, financial situation, interpersonal contacts. Physical well-being reflects the biological capabilities of a person, the state of his body. Human well-being includes two components: spiritual and physical.

At the same time, its spiritual component is of great importance. The ancient Roman orator Mark Tullius Cicero said about this about 2 thousand years ago in his treatise "On Duties": what seems harmful and to get everything necessary for life: food, shelter, etc. The desire common to all living beings to unite in order to produce offspring, and care for this offspring.But the greatest difference between man and beast is that that the beast moves as far as his senses move him, and adapts himself only to the conditions around him, thinking little of the past and the future.On the contrary, a man endowed with reason, thanks to which he sees the sequence between events, sees their causes, and the previous events and no matter how the forerunners escape him, he compares similar phenomena and closely connects the future with the present, easily sees the entire course of his life and prepares everything necessary for himself to live. Human nature is, first of all, a tendency to study and investigate the truth.

Spiritual and physical health- two integral parts human health, which must constantly be in harmonious unity, ensuring a high level of health.

Spiritual health reflects the health of our mind, and the physical reflects the health of the body.

Spiritual health is the ability to know the world and oneself, analyze ongoing events and phenomena, predict the development of situations that affect life, form a model (program) of behavior aimed at solving emerging problems, protecting one’s interests, life and health in a real environment. The higher the intellect, the more reliable the forecast of events, the more accurate the model of behavior, the more stable the psyche, the higher the level of spiritual health.

Physical health is the ability of the body to implement the developed program of actions and reserves in case of unforeseen extreme and emergency situations.

This is how it is said about the unity of spiritual and physical health in the book of the American nutritionist Paul Bragg "Building a powerful nerve force": "The story tells of two knights who killed each other because of the color of the royal shield that was hung in the center of the huge castle hall. One knight said that the shield is red, the other - green. After the tragic battle, someone looked at both sides of the shield: one side was red, the other green. There are also two sides to a health shield - physical and spiritual - and both are important. Both of these sides - physical and spiritual - are so closely intertwined that it is impossible to separate them. Physical health affects the spiritual life, and spiritual control provides the necessary discipline to maintain physical health.

Spiritual health is determined by the system of thinking, knowledge of the surrounding world and orientation in it; how we relate to the environment or to any particular person, thing, field of knowledge, principle. This health is achieved by the ability to live in harmony with oneself, with relatives, friends and society, to predict and model events, to draw up a program of one's actions on this basis.

Physical health is ensured by high physical activity, rational nutrition, hardening and cleansing of the body, the optimal combination of mental and physical labor, the ability to relax, and the exclusion from the use of alcohol, tobacco and drugs. Here is how A. Schopenhauer said about it: “Consequently, first of all, we must try to preserve good health. The means to this are simple: to avoid all excesses, excessive stormy and unpleasant unrest, as well as too intense and prolonged mental labor, then increased movement in the fresh air for at least two hours, frequent bathing in cold water, and similar hygienic measures. measures".

public health- these are social, socio-political and economic categories that characterize the viability of the whole society. This health is made up of the health of individual members of society. Public health and individual health of each person are inextricably linked and depend on each other.

Reproductive health is an important part of human and social health

The existence of any kind of living organisms is impossible without the reproduction of their own kind. Man is no exception in this respect. The history of mankind is a continuous change of generations. However, unlike other living beings, a person endowed with reason can manage the reproduction system, ensuring not only the birth, but also the necessary upbringing of offspring, taking into account the social needs of society. Its reproductive function involves not only the birth of a child, but also its upbringing and preparation for the performance of certain duties that ensure the social development of society. This system of population reproduction, which ensures the birth of healthy children, the upbringing and training of a new generation, is the main content of reproductive health.

The state of reproductive health of a person and society is determined by the following criteria:

• sustainable motivation of people to create a prosperous family and the attractiveness for them of the personal model of an exemplary family man;
• the responsibility of parents and the state for the state of health; physical, mental, spiritual and moral development of children; for children to receive the necessary education;
• ensuring the reproduction of the population within the limits that guarantee the demographic security of the state.
• These criteria quite fully characterize the ability of society and the state to create and implement the necessary conditions for the birth of healthy children and the preparation of a new generation capable of ensuring social security and the development of civilization.
• Historical experience shows that the best social structure that most fully meets the interests of the individual and society and ensures the continuous change of generations is the family.

Under family is understood as a small social group, based on marriage or consanguinity, whose members are connected by common life, mutual assistance, moral and legal responsibility.

IN modern society The family is a moral and legal union of a man and a woman and consists of spouses and children. The forms of formation of married couples and the nature of the relationship of spouses are subject to certain social and cultural norms that are developed by society in the course of historical development. Norms are largely influenced by the social structure and the characteristics of a particular historical stage in the development of society.

IN Russian Federation On March 1, 1996, the Family Code of the Russian Federation was put into effect. Its content is based on the principles of strengthening the family, building family relations on mutual love and respect, on the responsibility to the family of all its members, on the inadmissibility of arbitrary interference by anyone in family affairs, on the unhindered exercise by family members of their rights.

The family performs functions that largely determine the preservation and strengthening of the health of both the individual and the whole society. Only in the family does a person receive sustainable opportunities to meet daily needs and develop his personality. The family most successfully performs the reproductive function: the birth and upbringing of children. It is in it that parents introduce their children to moral values ​​and norms of behavior in the world around them, in society, interaction with other people, here they pass on work skills to them. In the family, the leisure function is solved, which ensures the harmonious development of a person, and the sexual function, which ensures the satisfaction of the sexual needs of the spouses.

A high level of reproductive health implies that a person has a stable motivation to create a prosperous family and the attractiveness of the personal model of a good family man, as well as the ability to choose a worthy life partner with whom he can create a happy family.

Unfortunately, the analysis of statistical data and the results of youth surveys in Russia indicates that Lately family and family relationships are drastically losing their appeal. In our country, there is a growing number of children who live and are brought up in single-parent families or were born to women who are not in a registered marriage. The significance and value of happy family life. Among young people, the proportion of those who do not consider it necessary for themselves to legally formalize their marriage relations when creating a future family is noticeably increasing. From this we can conclude that the level of an important component of human health and society - reproductive health has recently decreased significantly, and this process continues.

The family, as the most important social cell of society and the state, performing a reproductive function, must ensure the upbringing and development of the child's physical, spiritual and moral qualities of a person and citizen, integrated into the society of his day and aimed at improving this society. The quality of the performance of this function can be estimated with a certain degree of reliability using statistical data.

According to the Ministry of Health of Russia and the State Committee for Epidemiological Surveillance of Russia, only 14% of children school age practically healthy, 50% have functional deviations, 35-40% are chronically ill. Among schoolchildren, during the period of study, the number of children and adolescents with visual impairments increases 5 times, 3 times - with diseases of the digestive system and urogenital tract, 5 times - with impaired posture, 4 times - with neuropsychiatric disorders. Many students have disharmonious physical development (lack of body weight, decrease in muscle strength, lung capacity, etc.), which creates problems with the overall performance of the younger generation. On the other hand, according to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, juvenile delinquency is growing rapidly. In general, among all identified persons who have committed crimes, the proportion of adolescents aged 14-17 is 11.8%. Statistical materials also testify to the rapid growth of alcoholism and substance abuse among adolescents.

Many states consider the demographic potential as the main guarantee of survival in the face of global and regional rivalry and the struggle for existence. The best minds of Russia also linked the future with the growth of its population. So D. I. Mendeleev, based on the demographic indicators of the beginning of the 20th century, determined the probable population of Russia in 2000 at 594.3 million people. However, the revolution of 1917, the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945, the collapse of the USSR and some other processes made significant adjustments to this forecast.

As of 2001, the population of Russia amounted to 144.8 million people and continues to decline. The main reason for this is the natural decline in the population, which consists in the excess of the number of dead and dead people over the number of births. The main factor determining this process is the low life expectancy of the Russian population. It is 59.8 years for men and 72.2 years for women and, according to long-term forecasts, it will remain close to this level for quite a long time.

Factors affecting health and well-being

Among the factors affecting human health, the leading place is occupied by physical, spiritual and social.

From physical factors the most important are heredity and the state of the environment. Studies show the significant influence of heredity on almost every aspect of our physical and mental health(the degree of their influence on health can be up to 20%). The state of the environment has a direct impact on health. Even the healthiest living habits cannot fully compensate for exposure to polluted air or water. The degree of influence of the environment on human health can also be up to 20%. Polluted air can contain harmful substances that enter the human body through the respiratory system. Poor quality water may contain pathogenic microorganisms and toxic compounds, which, getting into gastrointestinal tract, cause various diseases and poisoning.

In addition, under the influence of a polluted environment, gene changes (mutations) can occur in living organisms. Changing genes under the influence of the environment - mutagenesis constantly occurs in every organism, but in conditions of increasing environmental pollution, it goes out of control of natural mechanisms. Substances and factors that cause changes in genes are called mutagens. Mutagenic activity is possessed by ionizing and ultraviolet radiation, various natural and artificial chemical compounds. When ingested, mutagens can cause the development malignant tumors, the appearance of deformities, etc. All mutagens are usually divided into chemical, physical and radiation. Once in the body, the mutagen is affected by many substances: food components, hormones, metabolic products, enzymes. Some of them enhance its effect, while others reduce and even stop.

Recently, substances have been actively studied (antimutagens), that can stop the harmful effects of mutagens. Some of them make mutagens inactive, others change the effect of mutagens so that they become harmless, and others strengthen the system for countering mutagens. The most active antimutagens are vitamins: retinol (vitamin A), tocopherol (vitamin E), ascorbic acid(vitamin C).

Vitamin A is found in animal products (butter, egg yolk, liver). Vitamin A is not found in plant foods. However, many of them (carrots, spinach, lettuce, parsley, apricot, etc.) contain carotene, which is a provitamin A. In the body, carotene turns into vitamin A, ensures normal growth, the formation of visual pigments that regulate the dark adaptation of the eye, normalizes metabolic processes in the skin, liver tissues, eyes.

Vitamin E is found in the green parts of plants, especially young cereal sprouts. Rich in this vitamin vegetable oils: sunflower, cottonseed, corn, peanut, soy. Vitamin E plays the role of a biological antioxidant, it prevents the development of formation processes toxic to the body. free radicals and normalizes metabolism in muscle tissue.

There is a lot of vitamin C in plant products: rose hips, cabbage, lemons, oranges, black currants, other fruits and berries. Vitamin C is involved in redox processes, blood clotting, carbohydrate metabolism and tissue regeneration.

A healthy lifestyle, rational nutrition, complex consumption of foods containing vitamins A, E and C reduce the impact of mutagens on the body and, therefore, help maintain health in a polluted environment. Vitamins are absorbed most fully if they are consumed in combination. It must be borne in mind that artificially created preparations are not always better than natural multivitamin sets contained in products. The most available plant products containing vitamins A, E and C are presented in Table 8.

Table 8. Some Foods Containing Vitamins A, E, and C

Spiritual Factors are also an important component of health and well-being. These include the ability to perform good deeds, self-improvement, mercy and selfless help. This requires a certain willpower from a person. Leading a healthy lifestyle is a difficult task. Knowing what a healthy lifestyle is is one thing, but actually practicing it is quite another. The choice in favor of a healthy lifestyle requires a high level of consciousness and culture from a person, but the importance of spiritual factors is very high, the degree of their influence on health is about 50%.

In a certain way, people's health is affected and social factors. The level of well-being and health in this case can be high only when a person has the opportunity for self-realization, when he is guaranteed good living conditions, affordable education and quality medical care.

Each person is responsible for their own health and well-being, and this includes certain life position and behavior. The well-known scientist N. M. Amosov spoke about this well in his book “Reflections on Health”: “It is not nature, not society, but only the person himself who is to blame for most diseases. Most often he gets sick from laziness and greed, but sometimes from unreason "To be healthy, you need your own efforts, constant and significant. Nothing can replace them. A person is so perfect that you can restore health from almost any point in his decline. Only the necessary efforts increase with old age and the deepening of diseases."

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A healthy lifestyle is a system of habits and human behavior aimed at ensuring a certain level of health.

What is health?

There are a number of definitions, which, as a rule, contain five criteria that determine human health:

• complete physical, spiritual, mental and social well-being;
• normal functioning of the organism in the system "man - environment";

• the ability to adapt to constantly changing conditions of existence in the environment; and the absence of disease;
• ability to fully perform basic social functions.

We will focus on the definition of health, which is given in the Charter of the World Health Organization (WHO). It states that health is “a state of physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”.

In a generalized form, health can be defined as a person's ability to adapt to the environment and their own capabilities, to resist external and internal negative factors, diseases and injuries, to preserve themselves, expand their capabilities, increase the duration of a full life, i.e. ensure their well-being. Meaning of the word prosperity explanatory dictionary Russian language (author S.I. Ozhegov) is defined as “a calm and happy state”, and happiness is defined as “a feeling and state of complete supreme satisfaction”.

Based on these concepts, we conclude that human health is inseparable from his life activity and is valuable because it is an indispensable condition for the effective activity of the individual, through which well-being and happiness are achieved.

It is possible to achieve well-being only through work aimed at expanding one's spiritual, physical and social capabilities.

Consider the statement on this subject from the treatise “On Duties” by the ancient Roman politician, orator and writer Marc Tullius Cicero (106-43 BC): “The duties of the wise are to take care of their property, without doing anything contrary to customs, laws and regulations; after all, we want to be rich not only for ourselves, but also for the sake of children, relatives and friends, and especially for the sake of the state; for the means and property of individuals constitute the wealth of the civil community.

Thus, health is an indispensable condition for effective human life.

Factors affecting health

Individual health mainly depends on four factors:

• biological factors (heredity) - about 20%;
• environment (natural, technogenic, social) -20%;
• health service - 10%;
• individual lifestyle - 50%.

From this distribution it follows that the state of health of each person is 90% individual, since it depends on heredity, environmental factors and mainly on individual image life (behavior of each, his habits, actions, aspirations, passions).

The book of N. M. Amosov “Reflections on Health” says:

“Most diseases are not to blame for nature, not society, but only the person himself. Most often he gets sick from laziness and greed, but sometimes from unreason.

To be healthy, you need your own efforts, constant and significant. Nothing can replace them. A person is so perfect that it is possible to restore health from almost any point of its decline. Only the necessary efforts increase with old age and the deepening of diseases.

Let's conclude: in all troubles with health, we ourselves are most often to blame. This is first. Secondly, we have no one to rely on, we need our own efforts, primarily in the knowledge of risk, the development of a program of behavior, and most importantly, in its constant implementation.

A healthy lifestyle is that individual system of behavior and habits of each individual person, which provides him with the necessary level of vital activity and healthy longevity.

A healthy lifestyle largely contributes to the reasonable satisfaction of the physical and spiritual needs of a person, the formation of a socially active person who understands personal responsibility for his health as a criterion for socio-economic development.

It should be emphasized that the formation of motivation for a healthy lifestyle among young people is of particular importance today.

This idea is confirmed by official data on the state of spiritual and physical health of young people at the present time (see the section "Additional materials"),

The main components of a healthy lifestyle

The first step to creating your individual healthy lifestyle system is to develop a solid motivation. A healthy lifestyle cannot be reached by someone else's instructions. This should be a personal deep conviction and confidence that there is simply no other way to health, the realization of one's life plans, and the provision of well-being for oneself, one's family and society.

Another component of a healthy lifestyle is the mode of life. All human activity takes place in the mode of time distribution, partially forced, associated with social necessary activities, partly on an individual plan. So, for example, the mode of life of a schoolchild is determined curriculum classes at school, the regime of a serviceman - the daily routine approved by the commander of the military unit, the regime of a working person - the beginning and end of the working day.

Thus, the regime is the established routine of a person's life, which includes work, food, rest and sleep.

The main component of the mode of human life is his work, which represents the expedient human activity aimed at creating material and spiritual values.

The mode of life of a person of working age should be subordinated primarily to its effective labor activity.

A working person lives in a certain rhythm: he must get up at a certain time, perform his duties, eat, rest and sleep. And this is not surprising, all processes in nature are subject to one degree or another to a strict rhythm: the seasons alternate, the night replaces the day, the day again comes to replace the night. Rhythmic activity is one of the basic laws of life and one of the foundations of any work.

A rational combination of elements of the mode of life provides a more productive work of a person and a high level of his health.

The whole organism as a whole participates in the labor activity of a person. The labor rhythm sets the physiological rhythm: at certain hours the body experiences a load, as a result of which metabolism increases, blood circulation and respiration increase, and then a feeling of fatigue appears; in other hours, days, when the load decreases, rest comes after fatigue, strength and energy are restored. Proper alternation of load and rest is the basis of high human performance.

Now it is necessary to dwell on the issue of rest, while emphasizing that rest is a state of rest or vigorous activity leading to restoration of strength and performance.

Most effective tool to restore working capacity is an active rest, which allows you to rationally use your free time. The alternation of types of work, the harmonious combination of mental and physical labor, physical culture provide effective recovery strength and energy. A person needs to rest daily, once a week and once a year, using his free time to strengthen his physical and spiritual health.

Talking about the need to alternate work and rest, it should be emphasized that sleep is one of the most important types of daily rest. Without sufficient, normal sleep, human health is unthinkable.

The need for sleep depends on age, lifestyle, type nervous system person. Sleep primarily contributes to the normal functioning of the central nervous system. Lack of sleep, especially systematic, leads to overwork, exhaustion of the nervous system, disease of the body. Sleep cannot be replaced by anything, it is not compensated by anything. Sleep is the foundation of a healthy lifestyle.

To be healthy and efficient, it is necessary to develop the habit of going to bed and getting up at the same time, learn to fall asleep quickly and sleep soundly.

Proper nutrition- This essential condition human health, performance and longevity. What does it mean to eat right? This means getting enough food and the right ratio necessary for the body substances: proteins, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts, vitamins and water. There are several theories of proper nutrition, but so far no one can give each of us solid instructions: eat this and that in such and such an amount. The diet depends on the views and lifestyle of each person.

All elements of the mode of human life (work, rest, sleep and nutrition) are largely individual. A person who adheres to the requirements of a healthy lifestyle will have a high level of efficiency, health and longevity.

conclusions

1. No medical institutions will be able to make a high school student healthy if he has not received the skills of a healthy lifestyle in the family from an early age.
2. High performance depends on physical activity, hardening of the body, the optimal combination of mental and physical labor.
3. The causes of health problems can be mental and physical overstrain, excessive industrial and household noise, insufficient sleep and inadequate rest, poor ecology, excessive or insufficient nutrition, bad habits, not provided on time and of poor quality. health care and etc.
4. A healthy lifestyle involves physical activity, optimal mode of work and rest, proper nutrition, sufficient motor activity, personal hygiene, hardening, negative attitude towards bad habits positive outlook on life, etc.
5. Longevity is gained primarily by those people who always adhere to the rules of a healthy lifestyle.

Questions

1. What does the concept of "human health" include?
2. What factors have a favorable and unfavorable effect on human health?
3. Why should a healthy lifestyle be considered an individual system of human behavior?
4. What are the main components of a healthy lifestyle?

Tasks

1. Make a routine of your day that you consider the most effective.
2. Determine the time of the day for classes physical education and sports.
3. Work in the library and, using the facilities mass media, prepare a message on the topic "Spiritual and physical state youth in our region.